TERM PAPER on

Frame Relay
Course code: CAP660

Submitted To: Mr Parvesh Mor '"(#6A))

Submitted By: Name: J ala Sharma Re!d: """"#$%0 Roll&o:

Contents
Contents..................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction................................................................................................................ 5 Transmission.............................................................................................................. 5 Benefits of Frame Relay.............................................................................................. 6 The Frame Relay Protocol........................................................................................... 7 Frame Relay Frame Formats:..................................................................................... 8 Con estion Control..................................................................................................... ! "ulticastin ................................................................................................................ ! #et$or% Im&lementation.......................................................................................... '' To&olo y................................................................................................................ '( Confi urations....................................................................................................... '3 References................................................................................................................ ()

Acknowledgement
* ould li+e to e,-ress my dee-est a&d si&cere res-ect to my su-ervisor. Mr/ Parvesh Mor . 'e-artme&t o0 Scie&ce a&d Tech&olo!y hose e&coura!eme&t. 0or his !uida&ce a&d su--ort 0rom the be!i&&i&! hich allo ed me to develo- a& u&dersta&di&! o0 the sub1ect/ This or+ ould &ot have bee& -ossible ithout the hel- a&d su--ort o0 my 0amily a&d 0rie&ds/ My si&cere tha&+s !o to all the sta00s o0 'e-artme&t o0 Scie&ce a&d Tech&olo!y 0or -rovidi&! a -ros-erous atmos-here 0or lear&i&! a&d research/

Introduction
Today2s commu&icatio& &et or+s are built usi&! di!ital tru&+s that are i&here&tly reliable. hile -rovidi&! a hi!h throu!h-ut a&d mi&imal delay/ The traditio&al a--roach to -ac+et s itchi&! 34/#)5.used i&6ba&d si!&ali&!. a&d i&cludes e&d6to6e&d a&d ell as -er6ho- 0lo co&trol a&d error co&trol/ This a--roach results i& co&siderable overhead/ Frame relay is a -ac+et6mode tra&smissio& service that e,-loits characteristics o0 moder& &et or+s by mi&imi7i&! the amou&t o0 error detectio& a&d recovery -er0ormed i&side the &et or+/ Thus. by streamli&i&! the commu&icatio&s -rocess. lo er delay a&d hi!her throu!h-ut is achieved/ Frame relay o00ers 0eatures that ma+e it ideal to i&terco&&ect 8ANs usi&! a 9ide Area Net or+ 39AN5/ Traditio&ally. this as do&e usi&! -rivate li&es. or circuit s itchi&! over a leased li&e/ :o ever. this method has several dra bac+s; mai&ly that it becomes -rohibitively e,-e&sive as the si7e o0 the &et or+ i&creases 6 both i& terms o0 miles a&d &umber o0 8ANs/ The reaso& 0or the hi!h6cost is that hi!h6s-eed circuits a&d -orts must be setu- o& a -oi&t6to6-oi&t basis bet ee& a& i&creasi&! &umbers o0 brid!es/ Also. circuit6mode co&&ectivity results i& a lot o0 asted ba&d idth 0or the bursty tra00ic that is ty-ical o0 8ANs/ Frame Relay -rovides a -ac+et6s itchi&! data commu&icatio&s ca-ability that is used across the i&ter0ace bet ee& user devices 30or e,am-le. routers. brid!es. host machi&es5 a&d &et or+ e<ui-me&t 30or e,am-le. s itchi&! &odes5/ =ser devices are o0te& re0erred to as data termi&al e<ui-me&t 3'T(5. hile &et or+ e<ui-me&t that i&ter0aces to 'T( is o0te& re0erred to as data circuit6termi&ati&! e<ui-me&t 3'C(5/ The &et or+ -rovidi&! the Frame Relay i&ter0ace ca& be either a carrier6-rovided -ublic &et or+ or a &et or+ o0 -rivately o &ed e<ui-me&t servi&! a si&!le e&ter-rise/

Transmission
For tra&smissio& o0 data bet ee& e&d6users. the -rotocol used is >/?##. versio& o0 8AP'/ @&ly the core 0u&ctio&s o0 >/?## are used 0or 0rame relay: "5 Frame delimiti&!. ali!&me&t a&d tra&s-are&cy 3usi&! :'8C 0la!s5 #5 Frame multi-le,i&! a&d demulti-le,i&! usi&! the address 0ield/ %5 Ali!&i&! 0rame bou&daries A5 *&s-ecti&! the 0rame to e&sure that it is &ot too lo&! or too short )5 'etectio& o0 tra&smissio& errors usi&! a 0rame chec+ se<ue&ce 3FCS5 65 Co&!estio& Co&trol 0u&ctio&s/ hich is a& e&ha&ced

Benefits of Frame Relay

Frame relay ma+es better use o0 ba&d idth because o0 its statistical multi-le,i&! a&d lo 6 -rotocol overhead/ As a result o0 this. the user sees the 0ollo i&! be&e0its o0 0rame relay: Reduced Internetworking costs: 9he& usi&! a -rivate 0rame relay &et or+. multi-le,i&! tra00ic 0rom ma&y sources over -rivate bac+bo&e &et or+s ca& reduce the &umber o0 circuits a&d Corres-o&di&! cost o0 ba&d idth i& the ide area/ Si&ce multi-le lo!ical co&&ectio&s ca& be multi-le,ed o&to si&!le -hysical co&&ectio&. access costs are also reduced/ (<ui-me&t costs may blo ered by reduci&! the &umber o0 -ort co&&ectio&s re<uired to access the &et or+/ For remote access devices. access li&e char!es ca& be lo ered by reduci&! the &umber o0 -hysical circuits &eeded to reach the &et or+s/ Increased Performance with Reduced etwork Com!le"ity: Both by reduci&! the amou&t o0 -rocessi&! 3as com-ared to 4/#)5 a&d by e00icie&tly utili7i&! hi!h s-eed di!ital tra&smissio& li&es. 0rame relay ca& im-rove -er0orma&ce a&d res-o&se times o0 a--licatio&s/ Increased Intero!era#ility $ia International %tandards: Frame relay2s sim-li0ied li&+ layer -rotocol ca& be im-leme&ted over e,isti&! tech&olo!y/ Access devices o0te& re<uire o&ly so0t are cha&!es or sim-le hard are modi0icatio&s to su--ort the i&ter0ace sta&dard/ (,isti&! -ac+et s itchi&! e<ui-me&t a&d T"B(" multi-le,ers o0te& ca& be u-!raded to su--ort 0rame relay over e,isti&! bac+bo&e &et or+s/ Protocol Inde!endence: Frame relay ca& easily be co&0i!ured to combi&e tra00ic 0rom di00ere&t Net or+i&! -rotocols li+e *P. *P4 a&d SNA/ This is es-ecially use0ul 0or com-a&ies hich use SNA to commu&icate ith a ce&trali7ed mai&0rame. have started usi&! other -rotocols 0or clie&t6 server a--licatio&s/ Cost savi&!s ca& be achieved by usi&! 0rame relay as a commo& bac+bo&e 0or the di00ere&t +i&ds o0 tra00ic. thus u&i0yi&! the hard are used a&d reduci&! &et or+ ma&a!eme&t/ Frame relay is a !ood choice 0or a busi&ess i0 the tra00ic is u&-redictable. hi!h6 volume. a&d bursty ty-ically 0or a--licatio&s li+e electro&ic mail. CA'BCAM 3Com-uter Aided 'esi!&. Com-uter Aided Ma&u0acturi&!5 a--licatio&s. a&d clie&t6server a--licatio&s/ *t is e,celle&t 0or medium6to6lar!e si7ed &et or+s ith hi!h mesh or star co&&ectivity/ Frame relay may &ot be the best choice 0or co&ti&uous tra00ic a--licatio&s li+e so0t are co6 develo-me&t. multimedia. 0or tra&s0erri&! hu!e "00 Mb 0iles. or 0or co&&ecti&! slo . dumb termi&als to a mai&0rame/

The Frame Relay Protocol

Frame Relay Bearer %er$ice &FRB%' Frame relay -rovides a co&&ectio&6orie&ted li&+6layer service ith the 0ollo i&! -ro-erties: "5 Preservatio& o0 the order o0 0rame tra&s0er 0rom o&e ed!e o0 the &et or+ to the other #5 No&6du-licatio& o0 0rames %5 Small -robability o0 0rame loss The 0act that FRBS &eed &ot -rovide error detectio&Bcorrectio& a&d 0lo co&trol relies o& the e,iste&ce o0 i&telli!e&t e&d user devices. the use o0 co&trolli&! -rotocol layers. a&d hi!h6s-eed a&d reliable commu&icatio& systems/ Access to the FRBS is via a 0rame relay i&ter0ace de0i&ed bet ee& a date circuit6termi&ati&! e<ui-me&t 3'C(5 o& the &et or+ side a&d data termi&al e<ui-me&t 3'T(5 o& the user side/ 9hile the Frame Relay sta&dard s-eci0ies methods 0or setti&! u- a&d mai&tai&i&! both s itched virtual circuits 3SCCs5 a&d -erma&e&t virtual circuits 3PCCs5. most im-leme&tatio&s su--ort o&ly PCCs/ *& "??0. 0our ve&dors 6 StrataCom. 'i!ital (<ui-me&t Cor-oratio&. Cisco Systems a&d Norther& Telecom 6 collaborated o& develo-i&! a s-eci0icatio& called the Frame Relay S-eci0icatio& ith (,te&sio&s/ This docume&t i&troduced a 8ocal ma&a!eme&t *&ter0ace 38M*5 to -rovide co&trol -rocedures 0or -erma&e&t virtual circuits 3PCCs5/ *t is structured i& to a basic ma&datory -art a&d a &umber o0 o-tio&al e,te&sio&s/ The co&trol -rocedures 0orm three mai& 0u&ctio&s: "5 8i&+ i&te!rity veri0icatio& i&itiated by the user device a&d co&ti&uously mai&tai&ed/ #5 9he& re<uested by the user. 0ull status &et or+ re-ort -rovidi&! details o0 all PCCs/ Noti0icatio& by the &et or+ o0 cha&!es i& i&dividual PCC status. i&cludi&! the additio& o0 a PCC a&d a cha&!e i& PCC state 3activeBi&active5/ ANS* a&d *T=6T de0i&e 0rame relay o& *S'N/ The Frame Relay 0orum has im-leme&tatio& a!reeme&ts o& various -hysical layers. i&cludi&! C/%) leased li&es 3)6 +b-s5. T". a&d D/E0A 3#/0A$ Mb-s5/ De&erally. -ublic carriers o00er 0rame relay services 0rom s-eeds o0 )6 +b-s to T"B(" s-eeds/ Private &et or+s ca& be im-leme&ted at hi!her a&d lo er s-eeds/

Frame Relay Frame Formats:

Congestion Control
The ob1ectives 0or 0rame relay co&!estio& co&trol are s-eci0ied as 0ollo s: "5 Mi&imi7e 0rame discard/ #5 Mai&tai&. ith hi!h -robability a&d mi&imum varia&ce. the a!reed u-o& <uality o0 service/ Mi&imi7e the -ossibility o0 o&e e&d user2s mo&o-oli7i&! &et or+ resources at the e,-e&se o0 other e&d6users/ 3Fair&ess5 %5 @verhead o& e&d6users should be limited/ A5 8imit the s-read o0 co&!estio& to other &et or+s a&d other eleme&ts i& the &et or+ )5 @-erate e00ectively re!ardless o0 tra00ic 0lo i& either directio& bet ee& e&d6users Co&!estio&6avoida&ce -rocedures are used at the o&set o0 co&!estio& to mi&imi7e the e00ect other &et or+/ This re<uires e,-licit si!&ali&! by the &et or+/ Co&!estio&6recovery -rocedures are used to -reve&t &et or+6colla-se i& the 0ace o0 severe &et or+ co&!estio&/ These -rocedures are ty-ically i&itiated he& the &et or+ has be!u& to dro0rames. hich must be re-orted by some hi!her level o0 so0t are a&d serve as a& im-licit si!&ali&! mecha&ism/

Multicasting
The Frame Relay Forum has s-eci0ied a sta&dard ay o0 im-leme&ti&! multicast services over a PCC/ These services must be -re6co&0i!ured by a &et or+ admi&istrator/ The model used is based o& the 4/6Multicast Service 'e0i&itio&/ The multicast service model sho s a multicast group co&sisti&! o0 members that -artici-ate i& a multicast commu&icatio& usi&! a& i&termediate e&tity called the multicast server/ The multicast server is a lo!ical e&tity hich -rovides the multicast service to all members/

There are three ty-es o0 multicast service/

(ne)way Multicasting
*& this co&0i!uratio&. o&e &ode acts as a root a&d the rest as leaves o0 a tree/ This multicast service re<uires that the root have -oi&t6to6-oi&t 0rame relay co&&ectio&s established to all leaves i& the multicast !rou-/ The root ill also mai&tai& a se-arate o&e6 ay multicast co&&ectio& to the multicast server/ 9ith this co&0i!uratio&. the root se&ds multicast 0rames via the o&e6 ay multicast co&&ectio& ide&ti0ied by a o&e6 ay multicast '8C* 3Mdlci5/ The multicast server ill acce-t 0rames 0rom the Mdlci a&d ill se&d the 0rame to each lea0 member o0 the active multicast !rou-/

Two-way Multicasting
The t o6 ay multicast service -rovides 0or du-le, tra&smissio&s/ *& o&e directio& the data u&its are multicast. hile i& the other. they are co&ce&trated/ @&e -artici-a&t i& a t o6 ay multicast co&&ectio& is de0i&ed as the root; it 0u&ctio&s to se&d the data u&its i&to the multicast server 0or multicasti&!/ The rest o0 the -artici-a&ts are de0i&ed as the leaves/ The 0ollo i&! rules a--ly to the t o6 ay multicast service/ '* A&y data u&its se&t by the root are tra&smitted to all leaves i& the active multicast !rou-/ (* A&y data u&its se&t by a lea0 are tra&smitted to the root o0 the active multicast !rou-. but &ot to the other leaves/

)way Multicasting
The third multicast service is &6 ay multicasti&!/ All tra&smissio&s i& this scheme are du-le, a&d all are multicast/ All members o0 the multicast !rou- are tra&smissio& -eers/ A&y data se&t o& a &6 ay multicast co&&ectio& is se&t to every other member o0 the active multicast !rou-/

etwork Im!lementation
Frame Relay ca& be used as a& i&ter0ace to either a -ublicly available carrier6-rovided service or to a &et or+ o0 -rivately o &ed e<ui-me&t/ A ty-ical mea&s o0 -rivate &et or+ im-leme&tatio& is to e<ui- traditio&al T" multi-le,ers ith Frame Relay i&ter0aces 0or data devices. as ell as &o&6Frame Relay i&ter0aces 0or other a--licatio&s such as voice a&d video6teleco&0ere&ci&!/

Topology

Configurations Router *

Router +

Router ,

Router -

Router .

Router /

%witch *

%witch +

%witch ,

References
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