3 Phase Power Calculation and Mathematics

3 Phase Power Calculation

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There are several mathemat$cal ' (hase (o)er calculat$ons that you can use to calculate your ' (hase (o)er d$str$"ut$on to ma%e sure that your )$r$n* d$str$"utes your load evenly ma$nta$n$n* a "alanced system. These calculat$ons are use+ul +or many (ur(oses $nclud$n* )hen you have s$n*le (hase e,u$(ment and ' (hase e,u$(ment runn$n* on the same (o)er l$nes. Read more a"out ' (hase (o)er calculat$on here. Th$s art$cle deals )$th the "as$c mathemat$cs and (r$nc$(les o+ three-(hase electr$c$ty. -or $n+ormat$on on )here. ho) and )hy three-(hase $s used. see three-(hase electr$c (o)er. -or $n+ormat$on on test$n* three-(hase %$t. see three-(hase test$n* /n electr$cal en*$neer$n*. three-(hase electr$c (o)er systems have at least three conductors carry$n* volta*e )ave+orms that are !01' rad$ans 21!03.11' o+ a cycle4 o++set $n t$me. /n th$s art$cle an*les )$ll "e measured $n rad$ans e5ce(t )here other)$se stated.

Variable 3 Phase Mathematics Setup and Basic Definitions

#et

)here t $s t$me and + $s +re,uency. 6s$n* 5 7 +t the )ave+orms +or the three (hases are

)here A $s the (ea% volta*e and the volta*es on #1. #! and #' are measured relat$ve to the neutral.

Balanced 3 Phase Power Loads

8enerally. $n electr$c (o)er systems the load $s d$str$"uted as evenly as (ract$cal "et)een the (hases. /t $s usual (ract$ce to d$scuss a "alanced system +$rst and then descr$"e the e++ects o+ un"alanced systems as dev$at$ons +rom the elementary case. To %ee( the calculat$ons s$m(le )e shall normal$9e A and R to 1 +or the rema$nder o+ these calculat$ons

Star Connected Systems With Neutral Constant Power ransfer

An $m(ortant (ro(erty o+ three-(hase (o)er $s that the (o)er ava$la"le to a res$st$ve load.

. $s constant at all t$mes. 6s$n* R71

6s$n* an*le su"tract$on +ormulae

6s$n* the Pytha*orean tr$*onometr$c $dent$ty

s$nce )e have el$m$nated 5 )e can see that the total (o)er does not vary )$th t$me. Th$s $s essent$al +or %ee($n* lar*e *enerators and motors runn$n* smoothly.

No Neutral Current
The neutral current $s the sum o+ the (hase currents. :$nce R71

6s$n* an*le su"tract$on +ormulae

Star Connected Systems Without Neutral

:$nce )e have sho)n that the neutral current $s 9ero )e can see that remov$n* the neutral core )$ll have no e++ect on the c$rcu$t. (rov$ded the system $s "alanced. /n real$ty such connect$ons are *enerally used only )hen the load on the three (hases $s (art o+ the same ($ece o+ e,u$(ment 2+or e5am(le a three-(hase motor4. as other)$se s)$tch$n* loads and sl$*ht $m"alances )ould cause lar*e volta*e +luctuat$ons.

!nbalanced 3 Phase Power Systems

Pract$cal systems rarely have (er+ectly "alanced loads. currents. volta*es or $m(edances $n all three (hases. The analys$s o+ un"alanced cases $s *reatly s$m(l$+$ed "y the use o+ the techn$,ues o+ symmetr$cal com(onents. An un"alanced system $s analy9ed as the su(er(os$t$on o+ three "alanced systems. each )$th the (os$t$ve. ne*at$ve or 9ero se,uence o+ "alanced volta*es.

"e#ol#in$ Ma$netic %ield

Any (oly(hase system. "y v$rtue o+ the t$me d$s(lacement o+ the currents $n the (hases. ma%es $t (oss$"le to *enerate eas$ly a ma*net$c +$eld that revolves at the l$ne +re,uency. :uch a revolv$n* ma*net$c +$eld ma%es (oly(hase $nduct$on motors (oss$"le. /ndeed. )here $nduct$on motors must run on s$n*le-(hase (o)er 2such as $s usually d$str$"uted $n homes4. the motor must conta$n some measure to (roduce a revolv$n* +$eld. other)$se the motor cannot *enerate any stand-st$ll tor,ue and )$ll not start. The +$eld (roduced "y a s$n*le-(hase )$nd$n* can (rov$de ener*y to a motor already rotat$n*. "ut )$thout au5$l$ary +unct$ons the motor )$ll not accelerate +rom a sto( )hen ener*$9ed.

Con#ersion

o &ther Phase Systems

Prov$ded t)o volta*e )ave+orms have at least some relat$ve d$s(lacement on the t$me a5$s. other than a mult$(le o+ a hal+-cycle. any other (oly(hase set o+ volta*es can "e o"ta$ned "y an array o+ (ass$ve trans+ormers. :uch arrays )$ll evenly "alance the (oly(hase load "et)een the (hases o+ the source system. -or e5am(le. "alanced t)o-(hase (o)er can "e o"ta$ned +rom a three-(hase net)or% "y us$n* t)o s(ec$ally constructed trans+ormers. )$th ta(s at ;0< and 86.6< o+ the (r$mary volta*e. Th$s :cott T connect$on (roduces a true t)o-(hase system )$th 903 t$me d$++erence "et)een the (hases. Another e5am(le $s the *enerat$on o+ h$*her-(hase-order systems +or lar*e rect$+$er systems. to (roduce a smoother =C out(ut and to reduce the harmon$c currents $n the su((ly. Re+erences&W$ll$am =. :tevenson >r.. ?Elements o+ Po)er :ystems Analys$s?. 'rd ed. 19 ;. @c8ra) A$ll. Be) Cor% 6:A /:BB 00 061!8;D

3 Phase Power 'enerators

There are many o(t$ons +or ' (hase (o)er *enerators. These ran*e +rom small (orta"le ' (hase *enerators to lar*e $ndustr$al d$esel *enerators. There are many d$++erent +uel o(t$ons to choose +rom and your a((l$cat$on )$ll hel( determ$ne )hat $s "est +or your com(an$es need. Pro(ane *enerators and d$esel *enerators are the most (o(ular "ecause o+ the ava$la"$l$ty o+ these common +uels.

3 Phase Loads
The most common class o+ ' (hase load $s the ' (hase electr$c motor. A common ' (hase $nduct$on motor has a s$m(le des$*n. $nherently h$*h start$n* tor,ue. and h$*h e++$c$ency. :uch ' (hase motors are a((l$ed $n $ndustry +or ' (hase (um(s. +ans. "lo)ers. com(ressors. conveyor dr$ves. and many other ty(es o+ motor-dr$ven e,u$(ment. A ' (hase motor $s more com(act and less costly than a 1-(hase motor o+ the same volta*e class and rat$n*E also 1-(hase AC motors a"ove 10 AP 2 .; %W4 are not as e++$c$ent and thus not usually manu+actured. #ar*e a$r cond$t$on$n* e,u$(ment 2+or e5am(le. most Cor% a$r cond$t$on$n* un$ts a"ove !.; tons 28.8 %W4 cool$n* ca(ac$ty4 use ' (hase motors +or reasons o+ economy and e++$c$ency. Read more a"out ' (hase (o)er loads here.

3 Phase Loads "un on 3 Phase Power 'enerated on ( Phase Power

There are many (laces and $nstances )here 1 (hase (o)er $s the only ty(e o+ (o)er that $s ava$la"le. or )here the (o)er com(any )ants to char*e tens. or even hundreds o+ thousands o+ dollars to $nstall and su((ly ' (hase (o)er. /n th$s s$tuat$on a ,ual$ty ' (hase *enerat$n* (hase converter $s the easy cho$ce to "e run on 1 (hase to (o)er ' (hase e,u$(ment o+ any ty(e. Fual$ty ' (hase converters are su(er e++$c$ent and a a *ood cho$ce +or th$s use. Cl$c% here to read more a"out (o)er$n* ' (hase loads )$th ' (hase (o)er *enerated +rom 1 (hase (o)er.

3 Phase Con#erters
G+ten the advanta*es o+ ' (hase motors. and other ' (hase e,u$(ment. ma%e $t smart and eas$ly

)orth)h$le to convert s$n*le-(hase (o)er to *enerate ' (hase. :mall and lar*e customers. such as res$dent$al. rural "us$nesses. or +arm (ro(ert$es may not have access to a ' (hase su((ly. or may not )ant to (ay +or the e5tra cost o+ a ' (hase serv$ce. "ut may st$ll )$sh to use ' (hase e,u$(ment. :uch ' (hase converters may also allo) the +re,uency 2see also +re,uency converters4 to "e var$ed allo)$n* +or d$++erent e,u$(ment +re,uency re,u$rements 2;0A9. 60A9. D00A9. etc.4 and also +or motor s(eed control 2H-=s4. :ome locomot$ves are dr$ven "y '-(hase motors )$th ' (hase converters converted +rom the $ncom$n* su((ly o+ e$ther =C or 1 (hase AC. The t)o ma$n ty(es o+ 1 (hase to ' (hase converters are Rotary Phase Converters and :tat$c Phase Converters. Cl$c% here to read more a"out ' (hase converters.

Continue )nd "ead )bout )dditional 3 Phase Power Details*

- ' Phase Po)er Converter - ' Phase Converters * Rotary Phase Converters * :tat$c Phase Converters - ' Phase 8enerators

- ' Phase Po)er Aome - ' Phase W$r$n* - ' Phase Po)er Calculat$on - ' Phase Electr$c$ty - ' Phase Po)er #oads

- ' Phase Trans+ormers * ' Phase /solat$on Trans+ormers - ' Phase @otors - ' Phase -re,uency * -re,uency Converters

- ' Phase =$str$"ut$on - ! Phase :ystems - 1 Phase #oads on ' Phase Po)er - ' Phase #oads on 1 Phase Po)er

Contribute 3 Phase Power )rticles to he 3 Phase Power "esource Site* /+ you )ould l$%e to contr$"ute add$t$onal ' (hase $n+o to our ' (hase (o)er resource s$te (lease +eel +ree to ema$l your ' (hase (o)er art$cle to us at $n+oI'(hase(o)er.or*. By do$n* so you are *$v$n* us +ull r$*hts to ed$t and d$str$"ute the $n+o +reely )orld)$de $n (er(etu$ty $n any )ay )e see +$t. Bote that The ' Phase Po)er Resource :$te $s run "y all volunteers and thus )e do not have the a"$l$ty to res(ond to all ema$ls. Also not all $n+o su"m$tted )$ll "e added to the s$te. /t $s at the sole d$scret$on o+ our electr$cal ed$tors. Than% you +or contr$"ut$n*J