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Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in p
Natural/free convection
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Natural Convection
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Buoyancy Force
The upward force exerted by a fluid on a body completely or partially immersed in it is called the buoyancy force. The magnitude of the b buoyancy f force is i equal lt to th the weight i ht of f th the fl fluid id di displaced l db by th the b body d
F = fluidgVbody
It is i the th buoyancy b f force that th t keeps k the th ships hi afloat fl t in water (W = Fbuoyancy ) for floating objects
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At constant P
= (T T )
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Equation of Motion
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ax =
du u dx u dy u u = + =u + dt x dt y dt x y
Forces
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Momentum Equation
u u 2 u P = 2 x g u x + y y
The x-momentum equation for the quiescent field outside the boundary layer can be found by applying the above equation as u = 0
P = g x
The y-momentum equation results:
P =0 y
P = P( x ) = P ( x )
P P = g = x x
u u 2u u x + y = 2 + ( )g y
u u 2u u x + y = 2 + g(T T ) y
= (T T )
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Grashof Number
g(Ts T )L3 T 1 2u c u +v = 2 + 2 2 Re Re y x y L L
Gr L =
g ( Ts T ) L3 c 2
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The Grashof number Gr is a measure of the relative magnitudes of the buoyancy force and the opposing viscous force acting on the fluid.
Limits
For a vertical plate Gr < 109 Laminar > 109 Turbulent
Forced convection dominates Free convection dominates
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Ra L = GrL Pr =
g(Ts T )L3 c
2
Pr
Values of n and C depend on g geometry y of the surface and flow regime The value of n is usually for laminar flow and 1/3 for turbulent flow. The value of the constant C is normally less than 1 1.
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Verticalcylinders: y
35L
1/ 4 GrL
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Inclined Plate
Use vertical plate equations for the upper surface of a cold plate and the lower surface of a hot plate L. Replace g by g cos for Ra < 109 and < 60
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Horizontal Surface
For a hot surface in a cooler environment, the net force acts upward, forcing the heated fluid to rise. If the hot surface is facing upward, the heated fluid rises freely, inducing strong natural convection currents and thus effective heat transfer. But B t if the th hot h t surface f is i facing f i downward, the plate will block the heated fluid that tends to rise (except near the edges) edges), impeding heat transfer
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Identifytheconditions:Ts </>T
Ts < T
Ts < T
Ts > T
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Ts > T
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Empirical E i i l Correlations
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Natural Convection
inside Enclosure
g(T1 T2 )L3 c
2
Pr
Horizontal enclosure
Initially, the heat transfer is by pure conduction and Nu = 1. When Ra > 1708, the buoyant force overcomes the fluid resistance and initiates natural convection currents, , which are observed to be in the form of hexagonal g cells called Bnard cells. For Ra > 3 x 105, the cells break down and the fluid motion becomes turbulent
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(a) Formation of evolutional hexagonal structures for Ra = 2x105, Pr = 2.0. Temperature and vector-field. (b) Comparison of temperature field between numerical solution (lines) and results (dots) in the middle plane. for Ra = 2.5x105 Pr = 1.5
N.M. Evstigneev g , N.A. Magnitskii g , S.V. Sidorov, Nonlinear dynamics y of laminar-turbulent transition in three dimensional Rayleigh?Benard convection, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation Volume 15, Issue 10 2010 2851 2859 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.10.022
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The fluid in an enclosure behaves like a fluid whose thermal conductivity is kNu as a result of convection currents. Therefore, the quantity kNu is called the effective thermal conductivity of the enclosure. keff = kNu
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/4 N = 0.195Ra Nu R 1 L /3 Nu = 0.068Ra1 L
can also be used for other g gases with 0.5 < Pr < 2. Using water, silicone oil, and mercury in their experiments, Globe and Dropkin (1959) obtained correlation for horizontal enclosures heated from below,
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/3 0.074 Nu = 0.069Ra1 L Pr
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for RaL <105, 0 < < 70 70, and H/L 12. 12 Any quantity in [ ]+ should be set equal to zero if it is negative. This is to ensure that Nu = 1 for RaL cos < 1708 26
Pr Ra L ) 0.29 0.2 + Pr
10 < H / L < 40
L 1 < Pr < 2x10 4 10 4 < Ra L < 107
/3 Nu = 0.46Ra1 L
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Lc = (Do - Di)/2. )/2 for 0.70 Pr 6000 and 102 FcylRaL 107. For FcylRaL 100, natural convection currents are negligible and thus keff = k.
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This is especially the case for surfaces with high emissivities. For example, about half of the heat transfer through the air space of a double pane window is by radiation
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A review of experimental data suggests a correlation of the form Nu combined = (Nunforced Nunnatural)1/n
The value of the exponent n varies between 3 and 4 4, depending on the Determined from pure forced and geometry involved. It is observed that n natural convection correlations = 3 correlates experimental data for vertical surfaces well. Larger values of n are better suited for horizontal surfaces
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