A.

2 TERMINOLOGY
The efficiency of any communications system (drawings or specifications) lies in the ability of all concerned to understand the terminology used in the documents. Since the range of individuals who can benefit from a glossary is so wide, this is an attempt to make definitions as basic as possible. It is not intended to cover every term used in the precasting industry but those which are most used or misused. Every effort has been made to include all terms common to drafting, engineering, production, and erection of precast concrete.

aggregate. Granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, and iron blast-furnace slag, used with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic-cement concrete or mortar. (See also aggregate, heavyweight, and aggregate, lightweight.) aggregate, coarse. See coarse aggregate. aggregate, fine. See fine aggregate. aggregate, gap-graded. See gap-graded aggregate. aggregate, heavyweight. Aggregate of high density, such as barite, magnetite, hematite, limonite, ilmenite, iron, or steel, used to produce heavyweight concrete. aggregate, lightweight. Aggregate of low density, such as (a) expanded or sintered clay, shale, slate, diatomaceous shale, perlite, vermiculite, or slag, (b) natural pumice, scoria, volcanic cinders, tuff, and diatomite, (c) sintered fly ash or industrial cinders, used to produce lightweight concrete. aggregate, structural lightweight. Aggregate having a dry, loose weight of 70 pounds per cubic foot or less. aircraft cable. Multi-strand steel cable which are used in loop form cast into precast concrete panels for handling purposes; aircraft cable is more flexible than prestressing strand. air content. The volume of air voids in cement paste, mortar, or concrete, exclusive of pore space in aggregate particles, usually expressed as a percentage of total volume of the paste, mortar, or concrete. air, entrained. See entrained air. air-entraining. The capability of a material or process to develop a system of minute bubbles of air in cement paste, mortar, or concrete during mixing. (See also air entrainment). air entraining admixture. A chemical added to the concrete for the purpose of providing minute bubbles of air in the concrete during mixing to improve the durability of concrete exposed to cyclical freezing and thawing in the presence of moisture. Air entrained concrete displays increased workability and cohesiveness. air-entraining agent. An addition for hydraulic cement or an admixture for concrete or mortar which causes entrained air to be incorporated in the concrete or mortar during mixing, usually to increase its workability and frost resistance. (See also entrained air). air entrainment. The occlusion of air in the form of minute bubbles (generally smaller than 1 mm) during the mixing of either concrete or mortar. (See also air entraining and entrained air). air pocket. Pits (entrapped air or water bubbles) in the form faces of a panel caused by improper consolidation or inadequate draft. Often referred to as a bughole. alignment face. Face of a wall panel which is to be set in alignment with the face of adjacent panels. allowable load. The ultimate load divided by a factor of safety. allowable stress. Maximum permissible stress used in design of members of a structure.

A
AASHTO. American Association of Highway Transportation Officials. Organization that develops standards and codes for highway construction. abrasive nosing. A non-skid metal unit which is cast into the nose of a stair step. absorption. The process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body; also the increase in weight of a porous solid body resulting from the penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. absorption test for concrete. A test for early indication of predictable weather staining (rather than durability). abutment. In bridges, the end structure (usually of concrete) which supports the beams, girders, and deck of the bridge, or combinations thereof, and sometimes retains the earthen bank, or supports the end of the approach pavement slab; in prestressing, the stationary anchorage system that is independent of bed or casting mold, used to withstand tensioning loads with various strand patterns. The structure against which the tendons are stressed and anchored. ACI. American Concrete Institute - Detroit, MI. Association which promotes the use of concrete in construction and has established codes and standards which are normally considered legal documents. addendum. A supplement to specifications or contract drawings issued prior to the execution of the construction contract. adhesives. The group of materials used to join or bond similar or dissimilar materials: for example, in concrete work, the epoxy resins. admixture. A material other than water, aggregates and cement used as an ingredient in concrete or grout to impart special characteristics. "A" frame. An A-shaped frame used to support panels in the yard and on flatbed trucks during shipping.

A Frame
alternative. A method or material to be used in place of that originally shown.

259

ambient temperature. The temperature of the air surrounding the form into which concrete is to be cast. anchor (noun). Headed studs, deformed bars, straps, rebar, etc. welded to steel angles or plates that are embedded in concrete for use as part of a connection.

approval. Acceptance of the Precaster's drawings and/or design calculations by the Architect, Engineer of Record, and General Contractor indicating that all building conditions and dimensions shown are correct and final. approval (shop drawings or submittals). Action with respect to shop drawings, samples and other data which the General Contractor is required to submit, but only for conformance with the design requirements and compliance with the information given in the contract documents. Such action does not extend to means, methods, techniques, sequences or procedures of construction, or to safety precautions and programs incident thereto, unless specifically required in the contract documents. architect. A person or firm that determines the general design and appearance of a building, draws the plans, writes the specifications, and supervises the construction.

Anchors
anchor (verb). In prestressed concrete, to lock the stressed tendon in position so that it will retain its stressed condition; in precast concrete construction, to attach the precast concrete units to the building frame; in slabs on grade or walls, to fasten to rock or adjacent structures to prevent movement of the slab or wall with respect to the foundation, adjacent structure, or rock. anchor bolt. A metal bolt or stud, headed or threaded, either cast-in-place, grouted in place, or drilled into finished concrete, used to hold various structural members or embedments in the concrete, and to resist shear, tension, and vibration loadings from various sources such as wind, machine vibration, etc.

architectural concrete. Concrete which will be permanently exposed to view and which therefore requires special care in selection of the concrete materials, forming, placing, and finishing to obtain the desired architectural appearance. architectural precast concrete. Any precast concrete unit of special or occasionally standard shape that through application of finish, shape, color or texture contributes to the architectural form and finished effect of the structure; units may be structural or decorative, and may be conventionally reinforced or prestressed. arc welding. A process by which two pieces of steel to be joined are heated by an arc formed between an electrode and the steel; as the electrode melts, it supplies weld material which fuses the pieces of steel together. area of steel. The cross sectional area of the reinforcing bars in or for a given concrete cross section. arris. Shape edge or ridge formed by two surfaces meeting at an angle. assembly. A set of parts arranged into one unit.

Anchor bolt
anchorage. In post-tensioning, a device used to anchor the tendon to the concrete member; in pretensioning, a device used to anchor the tendon during hardening of the concrete; in precast concrete construction, the devices for attaching precast concrete units to the building frame; in slab or wall construction, the device used to anchor the slab or wall to the foundation, rock, or adjacent structure. anchorage deformation or slip. The loss of elongation or stress in the tendons of prestressed concrete due to the deformation of the anchorage or slippage of the tendons in the anchorage device when the prestressing force is transferred from the jack to the anchorage device anchorage device. See anchorage. angle. A rolled structural shape having two legs perpendicular to each other. ASTM. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. organization that develops standards and codes for materials used in the construction industry, authority. The power, conferred or implied by contract, to exercise effective direction and control over an activity for which a party has responsibility. auxiliary reinforcement. In a prestressed member, any reinforcement in addition to that participating in the prestressing function. axial. Of, on, or around an axis, axial load. A load applied on the axial center of an element.

B
back span. The distance between the supports of a cantilevered member.

Angle

Back span
260

backup material. Material used to limit the depth and control the shape of a sealant used in panel joints. (e.g. polyethylene rod). Also referred to as backer rod.

size; bar numbers are rolled onto the bar for easy identification. (i.e., #8 = 1 dia.) bar spacing. The distance between parallel reinforcing bars, measured center to center of the bars perpendicular to their longitudinal axes. bar support. A rigid device used to support or hold reinforcing bars in proper position to prevent displacement before or during concreting. (See also bar chair).

Backup material
backup mix. The concrete mix cast into the mold after the face mix has been placed and consolidated. A less expensive mix than face mix.

base line. The bottom reference point of a building which serves as a basis for measurement and/or dimensions. base plate. A plate of metal used to distribute vertical loads, as for building columns or machinery.

Base plate Backup mix

batch. Quantity of either concrete or mortar mixed at one time. bag (of cement; also sack). A quantity of portland cement: 94 lb. in the United States, and 50 kg in most other countries; for other kinds of cement a quantity is indicated on the bag. bagtie. Thin gage wire ties (generally No. 16, 15, or 14 gage) used to fasten reinforcing bars together at intersections. balance point. See center of gravity. bar bender. A tradesman who cuts and bends steel reinforcement; or a machine for bending steel reinforcement. bar chair. An individual supporting device used to support or hold reinforcing bars in proper position to prevent displacement before or during concreting. batch plant. An installation for batching or for batching and mixing concrete materials. batter. Inclination from the vertical or horizontal. battery mold. A series of reusable casting slots used to manufacture panels in a vertical position, thus reducing reinforcing requirements and imparting a smooth form finish to both laces. bay. The space between two adjacent piers or mullions or between two adjacent lines of columns. beam. A horizontal structural member subjected primarily to flexure; also the graduated horizontal bar of a weighing scale on which the balancing poises ride. (See also girder, girt, joist, ledger, purlin, spandrel beam, and stringer). beam pocket. Opening left in a vertical member. in which a beam is to rest; also an opening in the column or girder form where forms for an intersecting beam will be framed. bear. To transfer vertical load to another member.

Bar chair
bar, deformed. See deformed bar. bar joist. A lightweight steel truss for supporting floors and roofs.

bearing area. The surface which comes in contact with a vertical load transferring member. bearing pad. A pad which is placed between a member and its support.

Bar joist
bar number. A number (approximately the reinforcing bar diameter in eighths of inches) used to designate reinforcing bar

Bearing pad
bearing plate. A steel or teflon coated plate placed between a member and its support.

261

blockout. To form a hole or reduce the height or width of a panel by affixing material to the form. A space within a concrete structure under construction in which fresh concrete is not to be placed. blowhole. See bughole. blue line print. A nontransparent blue on white copy of a drawing.

Bearing plate
belt. Commercially manufactured cloth or nylon web strip with eyes at each end, utilized when a wire rope sling could damage the member. belt course. A flat, horizontal panel which bands the perimeter of a building marking a division in the wall plane. benchmark. A datum point, the elevation of which is known, from which differences in elevation are determined. bent. For analysis purposes, the structural cross section through a bay of a building. Also, a structural beam that spans several points, often has an irregular shape and supports other components. bent bar. A reinforcing bar bent to a prescribed shape such as a truss bar, straight bar with hook, stirrup, or column tie. bill of materials. Material list for individual project or product. bituminous paint. Paint made from bituminous coal byproducts used to prevent corrosion of steel; applied after all welding is completed. bleed hole. A hole in a plate or angle which is provided solely to release entrapped air or water during concrete placing operation.

bond. Adhesion of concrete to reinforcement or to other surfaces against which it is placed. bond beam. A horizontal reinforced concrete masonry member.

Bond beam
bond breaker. A substance placed on a material, such as prestressing strand, to prevent it from bonding to the concrete, or between a face material such as natural stone and the concrete backup. bond prevention. Debonding procedures whereby specific tendons in pretensioned construction are prevented from becoming bonded to the concrete for a predetermined distance from the ends of flexural members. bonded member. A prestressed concrete member in which the tendons are bonded to the concrete either directly or through grouting. bonded tendon. Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through end anchorage and grouting. bonding agent. A substance used to increase the bond between an existing piece of concrete and a subsequent application of concrete, mortar or grout. bowing. The deflection of a vertical panel in a single plane.

Bleed hole
bleeding. A form of segregation in which some of the water in a mix rises to the surface of freshly placed concrete; also known as water gain. block. A concrete masonry unit, usually containing hollow cores; also a solid piece of wood or other material to fill spaces between form work members. blocking. The shims required to level and/or plumb a unit in its proper position. (See dunnage). blocking points. The predetermined locations at which a panel is to be supported during storage and/or shipping to minimize bending moments.

Bowing
box out. To form an opening or pocket in concrete by a box-like form. brace. Any structural member used to support another, either temporarily or permanently. break line. Lines used to increase or decrease the space used to draw a large item or section. bridging. Braces between and perpendicular to steel floor and roof members which provide stress distribution.

Blocking points
262

butt joint. A plain square joint between two members. buttress. A projecting structure to support either a wall or a building. by others. Service or material supplied and/or installed by someone other than the precast concrete manufacturer. Also, stated as "not by (precasters name)".

Bridging
brittle. Nature of a connection or product design, whereby, failure occurs suddenly without warning. broom finish. The surface texture obtained by stroking a broom over freshly placed concrete. (See also brushed surface). brushed surface. A sandy texture obtained by brushing the surface of freshly placed or slightly hardened concrete with a stiff brush for architectural effect. (See also broom finish). buckling. Failure by lateral or torsional instability of a structural member, occurring with stresses below the yield or ultimate values.

C
cable. See tendon. cadmium plating. electroplating. Coating with rust resisting cadmium by

cage. A rigid assembly of reinforcement ready for placing into position. caisson. A large drilled in type pile structure lined to render it water tight. Also, a pressure chamber sunken to construct bridge piers in deep water. calculations. The numerical design for reinforcement, panel sizing, connections, etc. prepared by a structural engineer. call out. A note on a drawing with a leader to the feature. camber. The vertical deviation from the longitudinal product axis which occurs in prestressed concrete members due to the net bending resulting from stressing forces, dead load, and/or live load. It specifically does not include dimensional inaccuracies due to errors in manufacture, improper bearings, or other deficiencies in construction. Positive camber is vertical deviation above the longitudinal axis and negative camber is below the axis.

Buckling
bugholes. Small holes on formed concrete surfaces formed by air or water bubbles. building code. Laws or regulations set up by building departments of cities, states and Federal Government for uniformity in design and construction. bulk cement. Cement which is transported and delivered in bulk (usually in specially constructed vehicles) instead of in bags. bulkhead. A partition in formwork blocking fresh concrete from a section of the form or closing a section of the form, such as at a construction joint; a partition in a storage tank or bin, as for cement or aggregate. bull float. A tool comprising a large, flat, rectangular piece of wood, aluminum, or magnesium usually 8 in. (20 cm) wide and 42 to 60 in. (100 to 150 cm) long, and a handle 4 to 16 ft. (1 to 5 m) in length used to smooth unformed surfaces of freshly placed concrete. bundled bars. A group of not more than four parallel reinforcing bars in contact with each other, usually tied together. burr. (1) To disfigure the threads of a bolt by stroking with a screwdriver or other tool; (2) Unwanted, uneven projections on the edge of a precast concrete product. bush hammer. A hammer having a serrated face, as rows of pyramidal points used to roughen or dress a surface; to finish a concrete surface by application of a bush hammer. bush hammer finish. The finish on concrete surface obtained by using a bush hammer.

Camber
canopy. The roof projection over windows and doors, not necessarily at the same elevation as the main roofs. Its purpose is to provide weather and/or sun protection. Cant strip. See chamfer strip. cantilever. The projection of a member beyond its support.

Cantilever
cap plate. A steel plate anchored into the top of a precast concrete unit used to distribute bearing stresses.

263

central-mixed concrete. Concrete which is completely mixed in a stationary mixer from which it is transported to the delivery point. chair. See bar support. chamfer. A beveled edge or corner formed in concrete work by means of a chamfer strip.

Cap plate
cast. To place concrete (in plastic state) into a form. cast-in. Cast integrally with a concrete unit; (not inserted into the wet concrete after casting). cast-in-place (CIP). Mortar or concrete which is deposited in the place where it is required to harden as part of the structure, as opposed to precast concrete. cast stone. Concrete or mortar cast into blocks or small slabs in special molds so as to resemble natural building stone. caulking. Material used to exclude water and solid foreign materials from joints between precast concrete members and such units and adjacent materials.

Chamfer
chamfer strip. Triangular or curved insert placed in an inside corner to produce a rounded or flat chamfer or to form a dummy joint, also called fillet, cant strip, skew back. channel. A precast concrete unit having the shape of an open rectangle, also, a rolled structural steel shape.

Concrete channel Caulking

cement, high-early-strength. Cement characterized by producing earlier strength in mortar or concrete than regular cement, referred to in United States as "Type III." cement, masonry. A hydraulic cement for use in mortars for masonry construction, containing one or more of the following materials: portland cement, portland blastfurnace slag cement, portland-pozzolan cement, natural cement, slag cement or hydraulic lime; and in addition usually containing one or more materials such as hydrated lime, limestone, chalk, calcareous shell, talc, slag, or clay, as prepared for this purpose. cement, normal. General purpose portland cement, referred to in the United States as "Type I." cement, portland. A hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, and usually containing one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate as an interground addition. cement, white. Portland cement which hydrates to a white paste; made from raw materials of low iron content the clinker for which is fired by a reducing flame, centerlines. Broken lines indicating the center of an object.

Steel channel

chase. (1) A vertical space within a building for ducts, pipes or wires; (2) A long groove or recess formed or cut in a panel. choker. Sling or wire rope with eyes spliced on each end used to lift load; sling is placed around the load and attached back through itself forming a noose that tightens on the load. chuck. A device which holds strands into their elongated position during the prestressing operation.

POSTTENSION

PRETENSION

Chuck
cinch anchor. A type of expansion bolt. cladding. Architectural precast concrete used primarily for decorative purposes (non-loadbearing panels). clearance. The distance between two items.

Center line
center of gravity. The point from which, if suspended, an object will hang perfectly plumb or level.

clear span. The distance between the inside edges of the bearing surfaces of two supporting members.

264

composite concrete flexural members. Concrete flexural members constructed in separate placements but so interconnected that the elements respond to loads as a single unit. composite construction. A type of construction using members produced by combining different materials (e.g., concrete and structural steel), or members produced by combining cast-in-place and precast concrete, such that the combined components act together as a single member. compression. A force which works to compress, compact and shorten.

Clear span
clevis. A Ushaped piece of metal with holes in each end through which a pin is placed. (See shackle) clip angle. A noncontinuous steel angle used for fastening precast concrete units.

Compression
compression reinforcement. Reinforcement designed to carry compressive stresses. (See also stress.) compression test. Test made on a test specimen of mortar or concrete to determine the compressive strength; in the United States, unless otherwise specified, compression tests of mortars are made on 2 inch (50 mm) cubes and compression tests of concrete are made on cylinders 6 inch (152 mm) in diameter and 12 inch (305 mm) high. compressive strength. The measured maximum resistance of a concrete or mortar specimen to axial loading; expressed as force per unit cross sectional area; or the specified resistance used in design calculations. concrete. A composite material that consists essentially of a binding medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate: in portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of portland cement and water. concrete, fibrous. Concrete containing dispersed, fibers randomly oriented fibers. concrete, normal weight. Concrete having a unit weight of approximately 150 lb. per cu. ft. (2400 kg/m3) made with aggregates of normal weight. concrete, precast. See precast concrete. column cover. A precast concrete panel which covers one or more sides of a column which would otherwise be exposed. concrete, prestressed. See prestressed concrete. concrete strength. See compressive strength, and ultimate strength. strength, tensile

coarse aggregate. Aggregate predominantly retained on the U.S. Standard No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve: or that portion of an aggregate retained on the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve (See also aggregate.) coefficient of thermal expansion. Change in linear dimension per unit length or change in volume per unit volume per degree of temperature change. coil thread. A helicalshaped thread which fits the contour and diameter of the wire from which a coil insert is formed. This thread is fast, nonclogging, self-cleaning and damageresistant. cold joint. A joint or discontinuity resulting from a delay in placement of sufficient time to preclude a union of the material in two successive lifts. column. A member used primarily to support axial compression loads and with a height of at least three times its least lateral dimension.

concrete, structural lightweight. Structural concrete made with lightweight aggregate; the unit weight usually is in the range of 90 to 115 lb per cu. ft. (1440 to 1850 kg/m3). confinement reinforcing. Reinforcing that confines" an edge of concrete and keeps it from spalling. connections. A structural assembly or component that transfers forces from one precast concrete member to another, or from one precast concrete member to another type of structural member. consistency. The degree of plasticity of fresh concrete; the normal measure of consistency is slump. consolidation. The use of hand tools, vibrators or finishing machines during the casting process to eliminate voids other than entrained air, and to provide a dense concrete, good bond with reinforcement and smooth surface.

Column cover
column line. A plan reference line which is usually the centerline or exterior face of a column as determined by the Architect. come along. A lever and ratchet operated pulling device that uses a wire rope or chain to exert a load on an object.

265

construction joint. The surface where two successive placements of concrete meet, across which it is desirable to develop and maintain bond between the two concrete placements, and through which any reinforcement which may be present is not interrupted. construction load. The loads to which a permanent or temporary structure is subjected during construction. continuous beam. See continuous slab or beam. core drill. To cut holes in concrete with a cylindrical bit. continuous graded mix. A concrete mix that contains all the sizes of aggregates (below a given maximum) in amounts which ensure an optimum density of the mix. continuous slab or beam. A slab or beam which extends as a unit over three or more supports in a given direction. cornice. Panel which fits under a ceiling or projecting root Also, a panel with a projecting overhang at a roof parapet.

Corbel

Cornice
coupler. (1) A device for connection reinforcing bars or prestressing tendons end to end; (2) A device for locking together the component parts of a tubular metal scaffold (also known as a clamp). course. In concrete construction, a horizontal layer of concrete, usually one of several making up a lift; in masonry construction, a horizontal layer of block or brick. (See also lift.) coursing. Module which coincides with the even vertical spacing of brick or block. cover. In reinforced concrete, the least distance between the surface of the reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete. crazing. A network of fine cracks in random directions breaking the exposed face of a panel into areas from 1/4 inch to 3 inches across. Some probable causes are rich cement mix, too early stripping and inadequate curing. creep. Time-dependent deformation due to sustained load. cross hatch. Lines drawn closely together, generally at an angle of 45 degrees, to denote a sectional cut, such as masonry or steel.

Continuous slab or beam

contract documents. The design drawings and specifications, as well as general and supplementary conditions and addenda that define the construction and the terms and conditions for performing the work. These documents are incorporated by reference into the contract. contractor. A person or firm that enters into an agreement to construct all or part of a project. construction manager. A person or firm engaged by the Owner to manage and administer the construction. cope. To cut away a portion of one member to provide clearance for another member. Also, referred to as "dap".

Cope
coping. The material or units used to form a cap or finish on top of a wall, pier, pilaster, or chimney. cross section. The section of a body perpendicular to a given axis of the body; a drawing showing such a section. crust. A thin layer of dried cement paste which forms on the top surface of a panel as a result of additional water being added during placing. (concrete laitance).

Coping
corbel. A projection from the face of a beam, girder, column, or wall used as a beam seat or a decoration.

cull. A precast concrete unit which is discarded as unacceptable for use. curing. The maintenance of humidity and temperature of freshly placed concrete during some definite period following placing, casting, or finishing to assure satisfactory hydration of the cementitious materials and proper hardening of the concrete; where the curing temperature remains in the normal environmental

266

range (generally between 50F and 90F) use the term normal curing; where the curing temperature is increased to a higher range (generally between 90F and 190F) use the term accelerated curing. curtain wall. Precast concrete wall panels which when in place may form window frames and interior/exterior wall construction, but support no loads from the building. Also used for other exterior wall materials. cut sheet. Small drawings, usually 8 inches x 11 inches, showing details of individual assemblies or panel conditions.

is fastened to angle or plate with a special gun (stud welder) by passing a current through the stud. design. (As a transitive verb) The process of utilizing the principles of structural mechanics and materials science to determine the geometry, composition, and arrangement of members and their connections in order to establish the composition and configuration of a structure. design. (As a noun) The product of the design process, as usually expressed by design drawings and specifications. design drawings (plans). Graphic diagrams with dimensions and accompanying notes that describe the structure.

D
dapped ends. Blocked out section at end of beam or deck member at the support.

detail. (As a transitive verb) The process of utilizing the principles of geometry and the art of graphics to develop the dimensions of structural components. detail. (As a noun) The product of the detailing process, shown on either design or shop drawings, such as the graphic depiction of a connection. detensloning of strand. The release of tension from the strand, usually occurring at the time the prestressing force is transferred from the bed anchorage to the individual pieces cast in the bed.

Dapped end
dead-end. When stressing a tendon from one end only, this is the anchored end. dead-end anchorage. The anchorage at that end of a tendon which is opposite the jacking end. dead load. A constant load that in structures is due to the mass of the members, the supported structure, and permanent attachments or accessories. deadman. An anchor for a guy line, usually a beam, block, or other heavy item buried in the ground, to which a line is attached. deck members. Those making up a floor or roof slab such as hollow-core slabs and double tees. deflected tendons. Tendons which have a trajectory that is curved or bent with respect to the gravity axis of the concrete member. deflection. A variation in position or shape of a structure or structural element due to effects of loads or volume change, usually measured as a linear deviation from an established plane rather than an angular variation.

detensioning strength. The strength of the concrete cast on a particular line at the time the prestressing force is transferred. development length. The length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of the reinforcement at a critical section; formerly called bond length.

Development length
diagonal crack. An inclined crack caused by shear stress, usually at about 45 degrees to the neutral axis of a concrete member; or a crack in a slab, not parallel to lateral or longitudinal dimensions. dimension line. Fine line placed outside the view or object to indicate measured distance. door buck. Steel door frame consisting of the jamb (side) and head. door jamb. The side of a door. double T. A precast concrete member composed of two beams and a top slab projecting on both sides; also a flat slab panel with projecting stems. dovetail anchor. A tenon consisting of a flat piece of light gage metal. dovetail connection. A connection system which employs a mortise and tenon interlock joint. dovetail slot. A mortise consisting of a preformed slot.

Deflection
deformation. A permanent change of dimension or shape in a body resulting from external loading. deformed bar. A reinforcing bar with a manufactured pattern of surface ridges which provide a locking anchorage with surround concrete. deformed stud anchor. A steel rod having an irregular surface texture and used for anchoring an angle or plate in concrete; stud

267

duct. A hole formed in a concrete member to accommodate a tendon for post-tensioning; a pipe or runway for electric, telephone, or other utilities. DOVETAIL ANCHOR DOVETAIL SLOT DOVETAIL CONNECTION ductile. Nature of a connection or product design whereby deformations occur prior to failure (e.g. deflections in a beam). ductility. The property of a material to stretch or "give a little" when overloaded rather than fail abruptly. dummy joint See false joint. dowel. A steel pin used to fasten panel bases to cast-inplace concrete or other precast concrete by fitting into corresponding holes in the respective units. dunnage. Materials, usually wood, used for keeping concrete units from touching each other or other materials during storage and transportation. durability. The ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack and abrasion. durometer. The measure of hardness of a material (i.e. neoprene pads): higher numbers indicate increased hardness.

Dovetail

E
draft. The slope of concrete surface in relation to the direction in which the precast concrete element is withdrawn from the mold: it is provided to facilitate stripping with a minimum of mold breakdown. Also, as a verb - to draw. early strength. Strength of concrete or mortar usually as developed at various times during the first 72 hrs. after placement. eccentric tendon. A prestressing tendon which follows a trajectory not coincident with the gravity axis of the concrete member. eccentricity. Distance between the line of load and the center of gravity of a section.

Draft
draped tendons. See deflected tendons. draw. The process of describing the shape and dimensions of an object on paper with lines and figures. drip. A transverse groove in the underside of a projecting piece of wood, stone, or concrete to prevent water from flowing back to a wall.

Eccentricity effective length. The length between lateral supports used for design of compression members. effective prestress. The stress remaining in concrete due to prestressing after all losses have occurred, excluding the effect of superimposed loads and the weight of the member; the stress remaining in the tendons after all losses have occurred excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load. effective stress. In prestressed concrete, the stress remaining in the tendons after all losses of the prestressing load have occurred. efflorescence. A deposit of salts, usually white, formed on the surface of concrete. It is a substance that has emerged in solution from within concrete or masonry and deposited by evaporation. elastic shortening. In prestressed concrete, the shortening of a member which occurs immediately on the application of forces induced by prestressing. elevation. (1) The dimension (above (+) positive, below (-) negative) from any point to the established datum; (2) Drawing of

Drip
dry-mix concrete. Concrete mixtures designed with very low water-cement ratios and slumps. Often referred to as zero slump concrete. dry pack. Concrete or mortar mixtures deposited and consolidated by dry packing.

268

front, sides or rear face of a building in a vertical plane, usually made as though the observer were looking straight at it. elongation. Extension of strand under given load based on its physical characteristics. gross theoretical elongation. The calculated elongation for a particular setup from chuck to chuck which includes all necessary corrections for operational losses (slippage, seating, thermal, etc.). net theoretical elongation - The calculated elongation for a particular setup from chuck to chuck after seating including appropriate corrections (slippage, thermal, etc.). embedment length. The length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section. end block. An enlarged end section of a member designed to reduce anchorage stresses to allowable values. end closure. A precast concrete unit which fits between the stems of a prestressed slab forming a diaphragm or wall closure.

expansion. Increase in length or volume. expansion bolt or anchor. An expandable device made of metal inserted into a drilled hole in hardened concrete that grips concrete by wedging action when the nut or head is tightened. expansion joint. (1) A separation provided between adjoining parts of a structure to allow movement where expansion is likely to exceed contraction; (2) An isolation joint intended to allow independent movement between adjoining parts. exposed aggregate finish. A decorative finish for concrete work achieved by removing, generally before the concrete has fully hardened, the outer skin of mortar and exposing the coarse aggregate. Light Exposure: where only the surface skin of cement and sand is removed, just sufficient to expose the edges of the closest coarse aggregate. Medium Exposure: where a further removal of cement and sand has caused the coarse aggregate to visually appear approximately equal in area to the matrix. Deep Exposure: where cement and fine aggregates have been removed from the surface so that the coarse aggregates become the major surface feature.

End closure
end rail. That portion of a form which dictates the top and bottom of a panel. Engineer/Architect. A person or firm engaged by the Owner or the Owner's representative to design the structure and/or to provide services during the construction process. In some cases the Engineer may be a Subcontractor to the Architect, or vice versa. The EOR is usually an individual employed by the Engineer or Architect. Engineer of Record (EOR). Engineer who develops original building design and is responsible for the design of the building or structure of which the precast concrete forms a part. entrained air. Microscopic air bubbles intentionally incorporated in mortar or concrete during mixing, usually by use of a surfaceactive agent; typically between 10 and 1000 m in diameter and spherical or nearly so. (See also air entrainment.) entrapped air. Air voids in concrete which are not purposely entrained and which are significantly larger and less useful than those of entrained air, one 32nd inch or larger in size. envelope mold. A box mold where all sides remain in place during the entire casting and stripping cycle. epoxy resins. A class of organic chemical bonding systems used in the preparation of special coatings or adhesives for concrete or as binders in epoxy resin mortars and concretes. erection. The placing of precast concrete units into their respective positions in the structure. erection drawings. A set of instructions in the form of diagrams and text. These instructions show how and where to install precast concrete products. erector. Usually the Subcontractor who erects the precast concrete components at the site. The General Contractor may also be the Erector.

exposed concrete. Concrete surfaces formed so as to yield an acceptable texture and finish for permanent exposure to view. (See also architectural concrete.) extension line. A line used to indicate the extremities of a feature requiring a dimension.

F
fabrication. Actual work on reinforcing bars or hardware such as cutting, bending and assembly. facade. Face elevation of a building. face. The surface of a panel. face mix. The concrete at the exposed face of a concrete unit used for specific appearance reasons. factor of safety. The ratio of the ultimate strength (or yield strength) of a material to the working stress assumed in the design (stress factor of safety); may also be expressed as the ratio of load, moment, or shear of structural member at the ultimate to that at the working level (load factor of safety). false joint. Scoring on the face of a precast concrete unit; used for aesthetic or weathering purposes and normally made to simulate an actual joint. fascia. A flat member or bank at the surface of a building or the edge beam of a bridge; exposed eave of a building; often inappropriately called facia. fatigue. Weakening due to repeated cycles of stress. fax. Facsimile. A machine that scans and encodes a document with both alphanumeric and graphic data into electrical signals, then transmits these electrical signals over a telephone line and finally reconstructs these signals to print an exact duplicate of the original document at the receiving end.

269

fenestration. The design and placing of windows in a building. ferrule. The nut-like portion of an insert which receives a machine bolt; it is machined from bar stock. fiber-reinforced concrete. See concrete, fibrous. field. Job site. field bending. Bending of reinforcing bars on the job rather than in a fabricating shop. filler block. See end closure. fillet weld. A triangular-shaped weld along the interior corner of two steel members that are at right angles.

fireproofing. Concrete or other materials used to surround exposed structural steel members for fire protection. fire rating. The comparative resistance of a material to failure, as stated in hours, when subjected to standard fire test. fire resistance. The property of a material or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it; as applied to elements of buildings, it is characterized by the ability to confine a fire or to continue to perform a given structural function, or both. fire stop. (Fire safing) A tight closure of a concealed space with incombustible material to prevent the spreading of a fire. flag. To make note of a change or condition on a drawing. flange. (1) The horizontal portion of a precast concrete tee slab; (2) The projecting edges of a steel beam.

Fillet weld
fin. A projecting vertical nib.

Flange
flashing. Material used to make an exposed intersection weathertight; materials commonly used are aluminum, sheet metal and copper. flashing reglet or slot. A continuous slot cast into a precast concrete panel to receive flashing.

Fin Fin
final force. See final prestress. final prestress. The prestressing force in the concrete after all substantial losses have occurred. final stress. In prestressed concrete, the stress which exists after substantially all losses have occurred. fine aggregate. Aggregate passing the 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) sieve and almost entirely passing the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve and predominantly retained on the No. 200 (75 m) sieve; or that portion of an aggregate passing the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve and predominantly retained on the No. 200 (75 m) sieve. (See also aggregate and sand.) fineness modulus. An index of fineness or coarseness of an aggregate sample; an empirical factor determined by adding total percentages of an aggregate sample retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100. fines. Small aggregates such as sand. finger tight. contact. Tightened by hand until all materials make firm

Flashing reglet
flexure. Bending flexural member. A member subjected primarily to bending. floor plan. In drafting, it is the top view of a floor. flush. Surfaces in the same plane. footing. The spread foundation base of a wall or column; generally somewhat wider than the foundation wall.

finish. The texture of a surface after compacting and finishing operations have been performed. finishing. Leveling, smoothing, compacting, and otherwise treating surfaces of fresh or recently placed concrete or mortar to produce desired appearance and service. (See also trowel.) finish mark. A symbol used to indicate the surface to be finished as specified by the mix code or area exposed to view.

Footing
form. A temporary receptacle which receives concrete and dictates a units shape. It can be made of wood or steel but requires no pattern or positive.

270

form liner. Molded sheet which when affixed to a form gives the panel a special finish treatment; liners are made of rubber, plastic, wood, etc. form release agent. A substance applied to the forms for the purpose of preventing bond between the form and the concrete cast in it. foundation. Building sub-structure supported by earth, rock or piling. framing. The skeleton of a building or any part of its component parts, such as the floor framing, columns and beams. frost line. The distance below grade at which ground will not freeze; locality dictates the exact dimension, so check local codes. furring. A grid of wooden slates cast into or attached to the back of a panel for the purpose of receiving nailed interior wall construction.

grade of steel. The means by which a design engineer specifies the strength properties of the steel he requires in each part of a structure, generally using ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) designations to distinguish them. grid lines. Reference lines used on drawings; these lines represent the architectural design grid and often coincide with centerline and/or face of column.

Grid line

grout. A mixture of cementitious material and water, with or without aggregate, proportioned to produce a pourable consistency without segregation of the constituents; also a mixture of other composition but of similar consistency. gunite. air. Concrete placed in position by guns using compressed

G
gage. (1) A standard scale of measurement tor wire diameter and metal thickness. Larger numbers indicate increases thickness; (2) Standard position of holes punched into structural steel shapes. galvanize. To coat with rust resistant zinc by spraying, dipping or electrolytic disposition. gap graded aggregate. Aggregate so graded that certain intermediate sizes are substantially absent. gap graded concrete. A mix with one or a range of normal aggregate sizes eliminated, and/or with a heavier concentration of certain aggregate sizes over and above standard gradation limits; it is used to obtain a specific exposed aggregate finish. gap space. The distance between the structure and the back of the precast concrete units. General Contractor. A person or firm engaged by the Owner to construct all or part of the project. The General Contractor supervises the work of its Subcontractors and coordinates the work with other Contractors. GFRC. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Term applied to products manufactured using a cement aggregate slurry reinforced throughout with alkali resistant glass fibers. Used for making thinwalled architectural cladding panels. girder. A large beam, usually horizontal, that serves as a main structural member. girt. Small beam spanning between columns generally used in industrial buildings to support outside walls. gradation. The sizing of granular materials. For concrete materials, usually expressed in terms of cumulative percentages larger or smaller than each of a series of sieve openings or the percentages between certain ranges of sieve openings. grade. Reference elevation at top of soil. particular height something is to be placed. Also refers to the

gusset. A triangular or rectangular piece used to stiffen the angular meeting of two or more members in a framework.

Gussset

H
hairline cracking. Small cracks of random pattern in an exposed concrete surface. hairpin. A light hairpin shaped reinforcing bar used for shear reinforcement in beams, or tie reinforcement in columns.

Hairpin
hardrock concrete. Normal weight concrete with an approximate weight of 150 pcf. hardspot. An area of an exposed aggregate finish which contains no coarse aggregate. hardware. A collective term applied to items used in connecting precast units or attaching or accommodating adjacent materials or equipment. Hardware is normally divided into three categories: Field hardware: items to be place on or in the structure in order to receive the precast concrete units: e.g., anchor bolts, angles or plates with suitable anchors. Plant cast hardware: items to be embedded in the precast concrete units themselves, either for connections and precast erector's work or for other trades, such as mechanical, plumbing. glazing, miscellaneous iron, masonry or roofing trades.

grade beam. A reinforced concrete beam, usually at ground level, to form a foundation for the walls of a super structure. grade marks. Marking rolled onto a reinforcing bar to identify the grade of steel used in manufacturing.

271

 Erection hardware: all loose hardware necessary for the installation of the precast concrete units. haunch. See corbel. head. The top horizontal frame of a window or door opening.

honeycomb. Stoney or void areas in concrete due to incomplete consolidation or paste leakage from form. May vary from small to large in size.

Honeycomb
hook. A bend in the end of a reinforcing bar.

Head
headed stud. Resembling a threadless bolt; its use and installation are the same as a deformed stud.

hooked bar. A reinforcing bar with the end bent into a hook to provide anchorage. hook on and/or hook off. The act of placing or removing chokers or slings on or off a member and connecting or disconnecting the crane hook. horizontal shear. Horizontal forces acting between two sections of material tending to slide one past the other.

Headed stud
header. A horizontal cross member used to frame over openings.

Horizontal shear
hose bib. A hose or faucet connection usually on the exterior of a building at sill height requiring a hole in the precast concrete element.

Header
heavyweight concrete. Concrete of substantially higher density than that made using normal weight aggregates, usually obtained by use of heavyweight aggregates and used especially for radiation shielding. hidden lines. Lines behind or beyond the drawn object not seen from the exterior surface. high-early-strength concrete. Concrete which, through the use of high-early-strength cement or admixtures, is capable of attaining specified strength at an earlier age than normal concrete. hollow-core slab. Prestressed slabs varying in thickness from 4 to 12 inches having hollow interior cores to reduce weight, generally extruded.

hydration. Formation of a compound by the combining of water with some other substance; in concrete, the chemical reaction between hydraulic cement and water.

I
"I" beam. Structural steel having a cross section the shape of an "I" currently called as "S" beam, also a prestressed concrete
shape. Impact. A sudden increase in gravity load exerted at stripping or

"I" beam

Hollow core

handling which must be considered in handling design.

272

impact testing. A testing device which measures concrete strength by applying a measurable impact force on the concrete. initial force. A term used in prestressing. It is the force in a tendon (strand) immediately after prestress transfer. initial prestress. The prestressing force (stress) applied to the concrete at the time of detensioning or when posttensioned concrete tendons are stressed and anchored. initial stresses. The stresses occurring in prestressed concrete members before any losses occur. insert. A connecting or handling device cast into precast concrete units. Inserts are machine or coil-threaded to receive a bolt or slotted to receive a bolt head, nut, strap anchor or threaded rod. instrument. Transit or level. interface. The plane between two adjacent surfaces. Inverted "T" beam. Precast/prestressed concrete beam with the shape of an upside down 'T'.

joint sealant. Material used to exclude water and solid foreign materials from joints between precast concrete members and such units and adjacent materials. joist. (Wood or Steel) A horizontal member in the framing of a floor or roof. These lightweight units are closely spaced and bear on beams or walls. joist. (Prestressed) A prestressed/precast member which acts in combination with a cast-in-place (CIP) concrete slab to form a composite floor system.

Joist

K
kerf. To cut or notch, as a beam, transversely along the underside to curve it; also a cut or notch in a member such as a rustication strip to avoid damage from swellingof the wood and to permit easier removal.

Inverted "T" beam

key. A continuous or semi-continuous slot in concrete to receive grout, leveling blocks or dowels.

J
jack. A mechanical device used to apply force to prestressing tendons, adjust elevation of forms or form supports, and raise objects small distances. jacking force. A temporary force exerted by a device (i.e., jack or ram) that introduces tension into the strand or tendon. jamb. The vertical sides of a window or door opening. jaws. The parts of a strand chuck which actually contact or grip the wires or stands. jig. A template to align parts of an assembly, usually for preassembling reinforcing steel cages with a minimum of measurement and consistent accuracy from one cage to the next. jog. Refers to a shift in the alignment. joint. The space between two adjacent erected members. joint filler. Compressible material used to fill a joint to prevent key plan. A separate drawing showing a project in plan and used as a common reference for all drawings. kip. 1000 lbs. knee brace. Brace between horizontal and vertical members in a building frame or formwork to make the structure more stable; in formwork it acts as a haunch.

Key

Knee brace

Joint
the infiltration of debris and to provide support for sealants.

L
273

laitance. A layer of weak and nondurable material containing cement and fines from aggregates. brought by bleeding water to the top of overwet concrete, the amount of which is generally increased by overworking or over manipulating concrete at the surface by improper finishing or by jab traffic. Ially column. The trade name for a cylindrical steel column filled with concrete and used as a vertical support. lap. The length by which one bar or sheet of fabric reinforcement overlaps another. lap length. Length of overlap between two reinforcing bars required to transfer force from one to the other through the surrounding concrete.

uniform: Distributed load over surface consideration or along length of a member.

area

under

dead loads: Those which are permanent such as precast concrete weight, topping, partitions, mechanical equipment, roofing materials, etc. live loads: Those which are temporary or moveable, such as people, cars, snow, etc. seismic loads: These are due to earthquakes and are applied to the structure through the structures support system. superimposed loads: Those loads applied to a member not including the member's weight. wind loads: Lateral loads resulting from wind. loadbearing. members. Supporting the dead and live load of other

Lap length
lap splice. A connection of reinforcing steel made by lapping the ends of the bars. lapping (reinforcing steel). The overlapping of reinforcing steel bars, welded wire fabric, or expanded metal so that there may be continuity of stress in the reinforcing when the concrete member is subjected to flexural or tensile loading. L-beam. A beam whose section has the form of an L, usually occurring at the edge of a floor. leader line. Fine lines with an arrowhead touching the edge of the surface referring to a note or dimension. leakage. Loss of water from concrete mix which occurs at joints of a form. ledger. An L-shaped horizontal member that supports other permanent or temporary structural members. level. An instrument used for measuring heights of land or other objects above a plane of reference. lift. The quantity of concrete placed in one operation; or a layer of concrete. lifting device. An assembly used in handling or erection of precast concrete products. lifting frame (or beam). A rigging device designed to provide two or more lifting points of a precast concrete element with predictable load distribution and prearranged direction of pulling force during lifting. lift point. Predetermined points from which a panel is to be lifted. lightweight concrete. Concrete of substantially lower unit weight than that made using gravel or crushed stone aggregates. lintel. A horizontal supporting member above an opening such as a window or a door. loads. concentrated: Point load acting at a local position.

loadbearing precast concrete units. Precast concrete units which form an integral part of the building structure and which are essential to its stability. Any panel (structural or architectural) which resists loads other than its own weight and wind (or seismic loads). load cell. Sensitive electrically operated strain gauges attached to a calibrated cell to provide direct readings of compressive loads applied to the cell. load factor. A multiplier by which an assumed load is scaled up to account for possible overload. longitudinal. Situated in the lengthwise direction. longitudinal reinforcement. Reinforcement essentially parallel to the long axis of a concrete member. loss of prestress. The reduction of the prestressing force resulting from the combined effects of relaxation in the tendons creep and shrinkage in the concrete, and elastic deformation. low boy trailer. A trailer with an underslung bed capable of transporting panels of considerable height and still conforming to legal height restrictions. low relaxation strand. Strand produced in accordance with ASTM A 416 (Supplement) which has relaxation loss limited by its method of manufacture. lubricate. To coat with a substance for the purpose of decreasing friction. lug. A continuous projection at the sill of a window panel to receive sash.

Lug

274

M
machine thread. A common National Coarse thread. main bar. See main reinforcement. main reinforcement. Steel reinforcement designed to resist stresses resulting from design loads and moments, as opposed to reinforcement intended to resist secondary stresses. mansard roof. A roof having slopes on all four sides with the lower slope almost vertical and an upper roof almost horizontal.

maximum amount permitted to be retained is 5 to 10 percent by weight. mesh. See welded wire fabric. mesh reinforcement. See welded wire fabric reinforcement. metal deck. Any of the various ribbed metal sheets used for floor or roof decking. mezzanine. A partial story occurring between two main stories of a building. miscellaneous steel. Miscellaneous pieces of structural steel which are not considered main steel. Usually, provided by a subcontractor other than the structural steel fabricator. miter. An edge that has been beveled to an angle other than 90.

Mansard roof
manufacturer. Producer, Precaster, Fabricator. manufacturers engineer. See precast engineer. marble. A metamorphic rock often irregularly colored by Impurities; it is sometimes used as a facing for architectural precast concrete panels. mark number. The individual identifying mark assigned to each precast concrete unit predetermining its position in the building. masonry. Construction composed of shaped or molded units, usually small enough to be handled by one man and composed of stone, ceramic brick or tile, concrete, glass, adobe, or the like; sometimes used to designate cast-in-place concrete. masonry opening. Overall opening to be provided in the precast concrete panel. master mold. A mold which allows a maximum number of casts per project; units cast in such molds need not be identical, provided the changes in the units can be accomplished simply as pre-engineered mold modifications. mat. A grid of straight reinforcing bars tied together. match line. An imaginary line which separates adjacent areas broken apart for drawing purposes.

Miter
mix. The act or process of mixing; also mixture of materials, such as mortar or concrete. mockup. A section of a wall or other assembly built full size, or to scale, for purposes of testing performance, studying construction details, or judging appearance prior to erection of actual project. module. A repeating or recurring dimension or detail. modulus of elasticity. Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses within the elastic limit of material. modulus of rupture. concrete. A measure of the tensile strength of

mold. The container or surface against which fresh concrete is cast to give it a desired shape; sometimes used interchangeably with form but made of fiberglass or concrete; a pattern or positive is built first and the mold is overlaid. (The term is used in this Manual for custom made forms for specific jobs while forms are used for standard forms or forms of standard cross section). moment. The colloquial expression for the more descriptive term bending moment. monolithic concrete. construction joints. Concrete cast with no joints other than

Match line
material list. Cumulated bills of materials. matrix. The portion of the concrete mix containing only the cement and fine aggregates (sand). matte finish. A finish free from gloss or highlights. maximum size aggregate. Aggregate whose largest particle size is present in sufficient quantity to affect the physical properties of concrete; generally designated by the sieve size on which the

mortar. A mixture of cement paste and fine aggregate; in fresh concrete, the material occupying the interstices among particles of coarse aggregate; in masonry construction, mortar may contain masonry cement, or may contain hydraulic cement with lime (and possibly other admixtures) to afford greater plasticity and workability than are attainable with standard hydraulic cement mortar. (See also cement, and masonry). Mo-Sai. Exposed aggregate architectural precast concrete produced under factory controlled procedures by licensed manufacturers to rigid quality standards established by the Mo-Sai Institutes quality control program. mosaic. Inlaid exposed surface designs of aggregates or other material.

275

mud. Plastic concrete (slang). mullion. A vertical precast concrete unit appearing between windows and/or doors.

normal weight concrete. See concrete, normal weight. nosing. A projection, such as that of the tread of a stair over the riser. no-slump concrete. of less than 1/4 inch. Freshly mixed concrete exhibiting a slump

O
Mullion
muntin. Horizontal precast appearing between windows and/or doors. object lines. Heavy lines used to indicate the profile of the object drawn. Object lines should be approximately 2 1/2 times as thick as dimension lines. offset. An abrupt change in alignment or dimension, either horizontally or vertically; a horizontal ledge occurring along a change in wall thickness of the wall above. opening. A hole through a precast concrete member. opposite hand. Reverse or mirror image, exact opposite of that shown, as one hand is to the other when palms are held up. outrigger. Any projecting frame extending laterally beyond the main structure.

Muntin
mylar. Fine quality plastic type drafting paper. special pencil leads. Requires

overhang. The projection area of a roof or upper story beyond the wall of the lower part. Owner. The public body or authority, corporation, association, firm or person for whom the structure is designed and constructed.

N
nailer. A beveled wooden strip cast into a precast concrete panel for the purpose of nailing flashing or roofing to it. The use of such material in concrete is not recommended.

P
pachometer. An electronic device used to locate and size reinforcements in hardened concrete. panel. A concrete member, usually precast, rectangular in shape, and relatively thin with respect to other dimensions. parapet. That part of a wall that extends above the roof level.

Nailer Parapet
neoprene. A synthetic rubber often used in bearing pads. neutral axis. A line in the plane of a structural member subjected to bending where the longitudinal stress is zero. nominal. (1) Approximate, not specific; (2) The size of a building material after joints or manufacturing processes are considered. nonferrous. Relating to metals other than iron; not containing or including iron. non-load bearing panel. Any panel (structural or architectural) which resists only wind, (or seismic loads) and its own weight. nonprestressed reinforcement. Reinforcing steel not subjected to either pretensioning or post-tensioning. partial prestressing. Prestressing to a stress level such that, under design loads, tensile stresses exist in the precompressed tensile zone of the prestressed member. paste. That portion of a concrete mix which comprises 30% by volume; the usual composition of which is 5% air, 15% water and 10% cement. patch. To repair a superficially damaged member by filling the damaged area with concrete of matching color and texture. pattern or positive. A replica of all or part of the precast concrete element sometimes used for forming the molds in concrete or fiberglass.

276

pea gravel. Screened gravel, most of the particles of which pass a 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve and are retained on a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve. pedestal. An upright compression member whose height does not exceed three times its average least lateral dimension, such as a short pier or plinth used as the base for a column.

plain concrete. Concrete without reinforcement; designed to not require reinforcement. plan. A horizontal section cut at eye level. planimeter (compensating polar). An instrument which accurately determines areas of irregular shapes by tracing the perimeter. plank. Frequently used term for hollow-core slabs. plastic concrete. A condition of freshly mixed concrete indicating that it is workable, readily remoldable, cohesive and has an ample content of fines and cement but is not over wet. plastic cracking. Short cracks often varying in width along their length that occur in the surface of fresh concrete soon after it is placed and while it is still plastic; some probable causes of plastic cracking are high watercement ratio, low sand content, poor compaction and rapid evaporation. plate. A sheet of metal having a thickness of 1/8 inch or greater. plate washer. A special washer prefabricated from steel plate. plug weld. A weld wherein one member partially penetrates another member and the remaining distance is filled with weld.

Pedestal
percentage of reinforcement. The ratio of cross-sectional area of reinforcing steel to the effective cross sectional area of a member, expressed as a percentage. pier. Isolated foundation member of plain or reinforced concrete.

Plug weld Pier

plumb. Vertical or to make vertical. pilaster. Column built within a wall, usually projecting beyond the wall. point load. A load whose area of contact with the resisting body is negligible in comparison with the area of the resisting body. pole trailer. A trailer used to ship long structural members such as giant tees. This trailer has no bed as such but employs a long pole which fastens the cab to the rear wheels. popout. The breaking away of small portions of a concrete surface due to internal pressure which leaves a shallow, typically conical, depression.

Pilaster
pile. A slender timber, concrete, or steel structural element, driven, jetted, or otherwise embedded on end in the ground for the purpose of supporting a load or of compacting the soil. pile cap. (1) A structural member placed on, and usually fastened to, the top of a pile or a group of piles and used to transmit loads, into the pile or group of piles and in the case of a group to connect them into a bent; also known as a rider cap or girder; also a masonry, timber, or concrete footing resting on a group of piles; (2) A metal cap or helmet temporarily fitted over the head of a precast concrete pile to protect it during driving; some form of shockabsorbing material is often incorporated. pipe column. A steel cylinder which is used as a vertical support.

Portland cement. See cement, portland. post-tensioning. A method of prestressing concrete whereby the tendon is kept from bonding to the plastic (wet) concrete, then elongated and anchored directly against the hardened concrete, imparting stresses through end bearing. post-tensioning conduit. Bright, metallic, flexible interlocking conduit through which a prestressing strand is threaded for posttensioning. poured in place. See cast-in-place. pour strip. A narrow strip of C.I.P. concrete which joins precast to precast or precast to other structural concrete components after they are erected to create a monolithic condition.

277

purlln. A horizontal floor or roof structural member usually resting on joists.

Q
Pour strip
precast concrete. Concrete cast elsewhere than in its final position. Includes prestressed and nonprestressed components used in structural or nonstructural applications. precast engineer. The person or firm who designs precast concrete members for specified loads and who may also direct the preparation of the shop drawings. The Precast Engineer may be employed by the Manufacturer or be an independent person or firm to whom the Manufacturer subcontracts the work. preliminary. Not completely finalized and reviewed. pre-post-tensioning. A method of fabricating prestressed concrete in which some of the tendons are pretensioned and a portion of the tendons are post-tensioned. prestress. To place a hardened concrete member or an assembly of units in a state of compression prior to application of service loads; the stress developed by prestressing, such as by pretensioning or post-tensioning. (See also prestressed concrete, prestressing steel, pretensioning, and posttensioning.) prestressed concrete. Concrete in which internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution are introduced that the tensile stresses resulting from the service loads are counteracted to a desired degree; in reinforced concrete the prestress is commonly introduced by tensioning the tendons. prestressing force. The force imparted to a concrete member through a high strength steel tendon which has been stretched with a hydraulic jack. prestressing steel. High strength steel used to prestress concrete, commonly seven-wire strands, single wires, bars, rods, or groups of wires or strands. (See also prestress, prestressed concrete, pretensioning, and post-tensioning.) pretensioning. A method of prestressing concrete whereby the tendons are elongated, anchored while the concrete in the member is cast, and released when the concrete is strong enough to receive the forces from the tendon through bond. pretensioning bed (or bench). The casting bed on which pretensioned members are manufactured and which resists the pretensioning force prior to release. primary dimensions. (1) The basic dimensions of a piece; (2) The first in order of importance. Reglet prime consultant. The Architect, Engineer or other professional responsible for the design of the building or structure of which the precast concrete forms a part. production drawings. The drawings that show all information required to produce a precast concrete element. project drawings. The drawings which accompany project specifications and complete the descriptive information for construction work required or referred to in the project specifications. Often referred to as contract drawings. reinforced concrete. Concrete containing adequate reinforcement (prestressed or not prestressed) and designed on the assumption that the two materials act together in resisting forces. (See also plain concrete.) reinforcement. Bars, wires, strands, and other slender members which are embedded in concrete in such a manner that the reinforcement and the concrete act together in resisting forces. quality assurance. Actions taken by an owner or his representative to provide assurance that what is being done and what is being provided are in accordance with the applicable standards of good practice for the work. quality control. Actions taken by a producer or contractor to provide control over what is being done and what is being provided so that the applicable standards of good practice for the work are followed. quirk miter. A corner formed by two chamfered panels to eliminate sharp corners and ease alignment.

Quirk miter

R
rake. Roughened finish to form a composite action between two pours, accomplished with a rake. ready-mix concrete. Concrete manufactured for delivery to a purchaser in a plastic and unhardened state. rebar. Abbreviated slang term for "reinforcing bar". (See also reinforcement.) rebound hammer. An apparatus that provides a rapid indication of the mechanical properties of concrete based on the distance at rebound of a spring-driven missile. reglet. A groove in a wall to receive flashing.

278

reinforcement ratio. Ratio of the effective area at the reinforcement to the effective area of the concrete at any section of a structural member. (See also percentage of reinforcement.) relaxation. The loss of stress in a prestressed steel strand which occurs over time while the strand is under stress due to the realignment of the molecules in the steel. release. (1) The time at which the prestressed strands are cut prior to removing the prestressed units from the forms; (2) Submittal of drawings to plant tor production; (3) Stripping of the precast concrete panels. release agent. See form release agent. repair. To replace or correct deteriorated, damaged, or faulty materials, components, or elements of a structure. responsibility. Accountability for providing the services and/or for performing the work required by contract. retarder. An admixture which delays the setting of cement paste and, hence of mixtures such as mortar or concrete containing cement. retarder, surface. A chemical applied to the mold surface, used to retard or delay the hardening of the cement paste on a concrete surface within a time period and to a depth to facilitate removal of this paste after the concrete element is otherwise cured (a method or producing exposed aggregate finish). retemperlng. The addition of water and remixing of concrete which has started to stiffen in order to make it more workable. return. A projection of like cross section which is 90F to or splayed from main face or plane of view.

Rib
rigger. Worker whose function is to brace, guy and arrange for hoisting materials. rise. The vertical distance from the center of a roof span up to the ridge line. The distance between floors denoting stair rise. riser. One of the vertical parts of a stair. rod. Term used to describe any of a number of types of round steel bars. rolled section. Structural steel member, such as an "I" or "S" beam, wide-flange, angle or channel that is formed into its shape by hot rolling at the mill. rolling block. A single or double sheave block arranged so that one or both cheek plates can be opened permitting the block to be reeved without having to pass a free rope end through it.

Rolling block
rotation. Motion in which the path of every point in the moving object is a circular arc centered on a specific axis.

Return
reveal. (1) Groove in a panel face generally used to create a desired architectural effect; (2) The projection of the coarse aggregate from the matrix after exposure.

Rotation
run. The horizontal distance covered, as for stairs, or half the roof span. rustication. A groove in a concrete or masonry surface.

Reveal
rustication strip. A strip of wood or other material attached to a form surface to produce a groove or rustication in the concrete. revibration. Delayed vibration of concrete that has already been placed and consolidated: most effective when done at the latest time a running vibrator will sink of its own weight into the concrete and again make it plastic. rib. (1) Continuous vertical projection from the panel face: (2) Local thickening providing stiffness in concrete panels.

S
sacking. A common remedy for pits and air bubble holes in concrete. A slurry (the consistency of thick cream) consisting of

279

a mixture of sand and cement is thoroughly rubbed over the moistened area with clean burlap pads or sponge rubber floats. safety factor. See factor of safety. safe working loads. That magnitude of load which a connection or member can safely resist while maintaining a specified factor of safety. sample. A group of units, or portion of material, taken from a larger collection of units or quantity of material, which serves to provide information that can be used as a basis for action on the larger quantity or on the production process; the term is also used in the sense of a sample of observations. sand. (1) Granular material passing the 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) sieve and almost entirely passing the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve and predominantly retained on the No. 200 (75 m) sieve, and resulting from natural disintegration and abrasion of rock or processing of completely friable sandstone; or (2) That portion of an aggregate passing the No.4 (4.75 mm) sieve and predominantly retained on the No. 200 (75 m) sieve, and resulting from natural disintegration and abrasion of rock or processing of completely friable sandstone. sandblast. A system of cutting or abrading a surface such as concrete by a stream of sand ejected from a nozzle at high speed by compressed air; often used for cleanup of horizontal construction joints or for exposure of aggregate in architectural concrete. sandwich panel. A prefabricated panel which is a layered composite, formed by attaching two thin facings to a thicker core; such as a precast concrete panel consisting of two layers of concrete separated by a nonstructural insulating core.

scupper. An opening in a wall panel through which the roof is drained.

Scupper
sealants. See joint sealant. sealers or protective coatings. A clear chemical compound applied to the concrete surface for the purpose of improving resistance to water penetration or for improving weathering qualities. secondary dimensions. Related directly to the primary dimensions and of secondary rank or value. They must always total the primary dimensions. section. Cut away view through a general plan or elevation view to explain details. section indicator. A symbol indicating the direction in which a cross section is cut or viewed. section modulus. A term pertaining to the cross section of a flexural member; the section modulus with respect to either principal axis is the moment of inertia with respect to that axis divided by the distance from that axis to the most remote point of the tension or compression area of the section, as required; the section modulus is used to determine the flexural stress in a beam. section mark. A letter or number in a section indicator indicating the location of a section on that drawing or on another drawing. segmental construction. This term, or prestressed segmental construction, is used to describe a form of prestressed concrete bridge construction. Often it is used, loosely, to mean either precast segmental construction; in which precast concrete segments or box units are manufactured in a plant or at the site itself, transported, erected and post-tensioned together in place or cast-in-place segmental construction in which the segments are cast-in-place in moveable forms on the superstructure itself, and then post-tensioned together. segmental member. Structural member made up of individual elements prestressed together to act as a monolithic unit under service loads. segregation. The tendency for the coarse particles to separate from the finer particles in handling; in concrete, the coarse aggregate and drier material remains behind and the mortar and wetter material flows ahead; this also occurs in a vertical direction when wet concrete is over vibrated or dropped vertically into the forms, the mortar and wetter material rising to the top; in aggregate, the coarse particles roll to the outside edges of the stockpile. self-stressing form. A form which carries the load from pretensioned strand through end plates or bulkheads attached directly to the form. The form (bed) may shorten during tensioning and subsequent anchoring of strand against the ends; magnitude of shortening depends on cross-sectional area of form, number of and prestress force on strands, and form length and stiffness. sepia. A brown on white, transparent, reproducible print.

Sandwich panel
scaffolding. A temporary structure for the support of deck forms, cartways, or workmen, or a combination of these such as an elevated platform for supporting workmen, tools, and materials; adjustable metal scaffolding is frequently adapted for shoring in concrete work. scale. In mechanical drawing it is the size that an object is drawn to. It could be actual size or any variation. Expressed as a ratio of drawing dimension to actual dimension (1" = 1'-0"). scaling. A finish defect resulting in a thin layer of hardened mortar breaking free from the concrete surface and exposing mortar or stone. schedule. A formal list of parts or details. Schokbeton. Shocked concrete; a method of precasting architectural concrete in which the mold is fastened to a steel shocking table and repetitively raised a fraction of an inch and dropped at the rate of about 250 impacts a minute to consolidate the concrete. score. To use a saw to notch hardened concrete. screed. A wooden or metal tool used to level off the back surface of a panel flush with the form side rails.

280

set. Erect, place, install. setting plate. A steel plate which is preinstalled and grouted to the desired elevation and line for the purpose of receiving a precast concrete column or panel. (Often referred to as a leveling plate). set-up. The process of preparing molds or forms for casting, including locating materials (reinforcement and hardware) prior to the actual placing of concrete. shackle. A "U" shaped piece of metal with holes in each end through which a pin is placed. (See also clevis.)

shim space. The space between floor (or beam) levels and bearing areas of precast concrete connections. shop drawings. (1) Collective term used for erection drawings, production and hardware details; (2) Graphic diagrams of precast concrete members and their connecting hardware, developed from information in the contract documents. They show information needed for both field assembly (erection) and manufacture (production) of the precast concrete. Shop drawings for precast concrete may be separated into erection and production drawings. Erection drawings typically describe the location and assembly details of each precast concrete member at the construction site. Connection hardware is detailed on erection drawings and may be shown on production drawings. Production drawings contain all information necessary for the manufacturer to cast the member. shore. A temporary support for formwork and fresh concrete or for recently built structures which have not developed full design strength; also called prop, post, strut. shoring. Temporary supports.

Shackle
shear. An internal force tangential to the plane on which it acts. (See also stress.) shear friction. Concept used in connection design whereby two sections of concrete must move apart so that irregularities of surface bypass one another before concrete shifts laterally. shear key. A continuous slot formed expressly to receive plastic mortar or concrete to resist lateral separation.

shrinkage. The volume change in precast concrete units normally occurring during the hardening process of concrete. side rail. The side of a form. sill. The horizontal bottom portion of a window or door opening.

Sill
simple span. A member spanning between supports at each end where the member can "rotate" freely at the ends.

Shear key
shear reinforcement. Reinforcement designed to resist shear or diagonal tension stresses. shear wall. Wall designed to resist forces resulting from wind, blast or earthquake. sheet pile. A pile in the form of a plank driven in close contact or interlocking with others to provide a tight wall to resist the lateral pressure of water, adjacent earth, or other materials: may be tongued and grooved if made of timber or concrete and interlocking if made of metal. shim. Material placed between a precast concrete member or its connecting device and the supporting structure for the purpose of controlling alignment, (usually steel or plastic).

Simple span
skew. Refers to any surface not being at right angles to another. slab. Concrete floor or roof members. prestressed. Can be precast or

sleeve. Any cylinder cast into a panel for the purpose of creating a circular void. sling. A system of wire ropes, chains, fiber ropes or web straps used to securely attach a load to a crane hook. slot. A hole having a length of approximately 2 1/2 times its diameter.

Shim

slug. A short length of rebar used as a filler in completing welds.

281

spacer. Device which maintains reinforcement in proper position, or wall forms at a given distance apart before and during concreting. spall. A fragment, usually in the shape of a flake, detached from a larger mass by a blow, by the action of weather, by pressure, or by expansion within the larger mass; a small spall involves a roughly circular depression not greater than 20 mm in depth nor 150 mm in any dimension; a large spall may be roughly circular or oval or in some cases elongated, more than 20 mm in depth and 150 mm in greatest dimension.

Slug
slump. A measure of consistency of freshly mixed concrete, mortar, or stucco equal to the subsidence measured to the nearest 1/4 inch (6 mm) of the molded specimen immediately after removal of the slump cone. slump cone. A mold in the form of the lateral surface of the frustum of a cone with a base diameter of 8 inch (203 mm), top diameter 4 inch (102 mm), and height 12 inch (305 mm), used to fabricate a specimen of freshly mixed concrete for the slump test; a cone 6 inch (152 mm) high is used for tests of freshly mixed mortar and stucco.

span. Distance between the support reactions of members carrying transverse loads.

Span
spandrel. That part of a wall between the head of a window and the sill of the window above it. spandrel beam. A beam in the perimeter of a building, spanning between columns and usually supporting floors or roof.

Slump cone
slurry. Thin mixture of water and finely divided materials, such as portland cement, in suspension. soffit. The underside of a part or member of a structure, such as a beam, stairway, or arch.

Spandrel beam
specifications. The type of printed directions issued by Architects to establish general conditions, standards, and detailed instructions which are used with the contract drawings; (specs.) spiral reinforcement. Reinforcing bar or wire supplied in coils and used in place of ties for columns. splay. A beveled or slanted surface. (See also draft).

Soffit
soffit beam. A shallow prestressed/precast rectangular section containing the positive reinforcement of stirrups which combined with cast-in-place concrete and negative reinforcement form a composite beam.

splice. Connection of one reinforcing bar to another by lapping, welding, mechanical couplers, or other means; connection of welded wire fabric by lapping; connection of piles by mechanical couplers. spot weld. A quickly applied weld which is not required to perform structurally. spread footing. A generally rectangular prism of concrete larger in lateral dimensions than the column or wall it supports, to distribute the load of a column or wall to the subgrade. spreader beam. A structural rigging fitting used to spread the legs on a sling to provide vertical loading only on a load being lifted.

Soffit beam
282

strain. The change in length per unit of length, in a linear dimension of a body, that accompanies a stress; strain is a dimensionless quantity which may be measured conveniently in percent, in inches per inch, in millimeters per millimeter, but preferably in millionths. strand. A tendon usually composed of three or sevenwire assemblies used as reinforcement in prestressed concrete. strand chuck, anchor or vise. A device for holding a strand under tension, generally comprised of a barrel, grooved jaws, with an "0" ring pulling them together and a spring equipped cap. strand grip. A device used to anchor strands. spud vibrator. A vibrator used for consolidating concrete, having a vibrating casing or head, that is used by insertion into freshly placed concrete. stainless steel. Steel alloyed with sufficient chromium to resist corrosion, oxidation or rusting. stem. The vertical leg of a prestressed concrete tee. strand seating. The amount of movement by a tensioned strand into an anchorage chuck and its jaws as it is released from a tensioning ram and seated into the chuck or at the dead end of the bed as strand seats into chuck under loading from initial to final tension. strand slippage. Slippage of strand into the end of a product due to loss of bond with concrete. strand splice. A mechanical method of connecting two lengths of strand together that will sustain the breaking strength of the strand. stress. Intensity of internal force (i.e., force per unit area) exerted by either of two adjacent parts of a body on the other across an imagined plane of separation; when the forces are parallel to the plane, the stress is called shear stress; when the forces are normal to the plane the stress is called normal stress; when the normal stress is directed toward the part on which it acts it is called compressive stress; when it is directed away from the part on which it acts it is called tensile stress. stressing end. In prestressed concrete, the end of the tendon at which the load is applied when tendons are stressed from one end only. stress-strain diagram. A diagram in which corresponding values of stress and strain are plotted against each other; values of stress are usually plotted as ordinates (vertically) and values of strain as abscissas (horizontally). Stiffener stirrup. A reinforcement used to resist shear and diagonal tension stresses in a structural member; typically a steel bar bent into a U or box shape and installed perpendicular to or at an angle to the longitudinal reinforcement, and properly anchored; lateral reinforcement formed of individual units, open or closed, or of continuously wound reinforcement. (The term "stirrups" is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural members and the term "ties" to lateral reinforcement in vertical compression members.) stringer. (1) The supporting member of a stair upon which the treads are laid; (2) Horizontal structural member usually (in slab forming) supporting joists and resting on vertical supports.

Spreader beam

Stem
stiffener. A steel plate welded to a steel beam or column to increase the sections stiffness at a desired point.

Stringer stripping. The process of removing a precast concrete element from the form in which it was cast. strong-back. A temporary structural beam or truss bolted or welded to the back of a precast concrete member to stiffen or reinforce it during shipping and handling operations. structural member. units weight. A unit which carries live load or another

Stirrup stone anchor. An anchor commonly used to fasten natural (cut) stone units; such anchors are seldom suitable for use in precast concrete attachment.

stud. See headed stud.

283

sub-contractor (sub). A person or firm contracting to perform all or part of another's contract. submitted. Presented to the Architect/Engineer for review. superplasticizer. A high range water reducer (HRWR) admixture producing concrete of significantly higher slump without addition of water, or reduces water with no change in slump. Used to improve workability of concrete. superstructure. That portion of any building which extends above the foundation. surface applied reglet. A reglet which is installed on finished concrete or masonry. It requires special provisions during fabrication of the surface. swiss hammer. See rebound hammer. swivel plate. A clevis which can be bolted to a panel, thus, providing a hook for use in handling. symmetry. Exact correspondence of shape on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane. systems building. Essentially the orderly combination of "parts" into an "entity" such as sub-system or the entire building; systems buildings make full use of industrialized production, transportation and erection.

template. A thin plate or board frame used as a guide in positioning or spacing form parts, reinforcement, or anchors; also a full-size mold, pattern or frame, shaped to serve as a guide in forming or testing contour or shape. tendon. A tensioned element, generally high-strength steel wires, strands, or bars, used to impart prestress to the concrete. In posttensioned concrete, the complete assembly of prestressing steel, anchorages and sheathing when required is also called a tendon. tendon (bonded). Tendon which Is bonded to the concrete through grouting or other approved means, and therefore, is not free to move relative to the concrete. tendon profile. The path or trajectory of the prestressing tendon. tendon (unbonded). Tendon in which the prestressing steel is permanently free to move relative to the concrete to which it is applying the prestressing forces. tensile strength. Maximum unit stress which a material is capable of resisting under axial tensile loading. tensile reinforcement. Reinforcement designed to carry tensile stresses such as those in the bottom of a simple beam. tension. Stress or force in a material caused by a pulling action which tends to create a lengthening of the material. (See also stress.)

T
tack weld. See spot weld. tag line. A rope attached to a precast concrete unit during erection for use in helping the crane operator guide the members into place. It is manipulated by hand from the ground level. Tension

terrazzo. Flooring surface of marble chips in concrete which is ground and polished after setting. texture. Any finish other than a smooth finish. thermal movements. Volume changes in precast concrete units caused by temperature variations. threaded. Having National Coarse machine thread. tie. (1) Loop of reinforcing bars encircling the longitudinal steel in columns; (2) A tensile unit adapted to holding concrete forms secure against the lateral pressure of unhardened concrete.

Tag line
tamp. To pack concrete down tightly by a succession of blows or taps. T-beam. A beam composed of a stem and a flange in the form of a T. tee. A structural floor or roof member consisting of one or more stems and a thin flange. Tees are sometimes used as architectural wall panels. teflon pad. A bearing pad with a very low coefficient of friction. These pads are used when restraint of movement is not desired. temperature reinforcement. Reinforcement designed to carry stresses resulting from temperature changes; also the minimum reinforcement for areas of members which are not subjected to primary stresses or necessarily to temperature stresses. temperature rise. The increase of concrete temperature caused by heat of hydration and heat from other sources.

Tie
tieback connection. A connection between a cladding panel and the supporting structure that provides restraint of forces due to eccentric panel weight, wind and seismic. tieback. A rod fastened to a deadman, a rigid foundation, or either a rock or soil anchor to prevent lateral movement of formwork, sheet pile walls, retaining walls, bulkheads, etc. tie wire. See bagtie.

284

tilt table. Mechanical table used in precast plants to rotate units from the horizontal casting position into the vertical handling position without the necessity of handling inserts; when employed the amount of reinforcement required for stripping a panel is greatly reduced. tilt-up. A method of concrete construction in which members are cast horizontally at a location adjacent to their eventual position, and tilted into place after removal from molds. tolerance. (1) The permitted variation from a basic dimension or quantity, as in the length or width of a member; (2) The range of variation permitted in maintaining a basic dimension, as in an alignment tolerance; (3) A permitted variation from location or alignment. tool. To slightly round a corner in freshly cast concrete with a cement masons edger.

transfer. Act of transferring force in prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning bed to concrete member. transit. A surveying instrument to measure horizontal and vertical angles. transverse. At right angles to the long direction of the member (crosswise); also referred to as lateral. tread. The horizontal section of a stairway (walking surface). trowel. A flat, broad-blade steel hand tool used in the final stages of finishing operations to impart a relatively smooth surface to concrete floors and other unformed concrete surfaces; also a flat triangular-blade tool used for applying mortar to masonry. trowel finish. The smooth or textured finish of an unformed concrete surface obtained by troweling. truss. Structural members arranged and fastened in triangular units to form a rigid framework for support of loads over a long span.

Tool
tooling. Most of the manufacturing and service processes preceding the actual set-up and casting operations. topping. (1) A layer of concrete or mortar placed to form a floor surface on a concrete base; (2) A structural, cast-in-place surface for precast concrete floor and roof system; (3) The mixture of marble chips and matrix which, when properly processed, produces a terrazzo surface. torsional stress. The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action.

Truss
truncated cone. A cone with the apex cut off.

Tshore
T-shore. An inverted tee-shaped concrete unit used to support precast concrete panels during storage.

Torsional stress
tracing. A reproducible original drawing, translucent background with black printing. trailer.

U
UL approved. Rated and approved for performance during a fire by the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., a nonprofit organization; ratings are in units of hours based on tests. ultimate strength. The maximum resistance to load that a member or structure is capable of developing before failure occurs; or, with reference to cross sections of members, the largest moment, axial force, torsion, or shear a structural concrete cross section will support. unbonded member. Post-tensioned, prestressed concrete element in which tensioning force is applied against end anchorages only, tendons being free to move within the elements. unbonded post-tensioning. Post-tensioning in which the tendons are not grouted after stressing. unbonded tendon. A tendon that is permanently prevented from banding to the concrete after stressing.

Trailer
285

V
vacuum pad. Hydraulic suction cups used for handling flat panels; a smooth finish is required if such a device is to be used. vapor barrier. A barrier preventing the transfer of airborne water from one side of the barrier to the other. It is installed on the warm side of the insulation. vellum. A heavy off-white translucent fine quality tracing paper. veneer. A facing which is attached to the backup, but not so bonded as to act with it under load. vibration. Energetic agitation of freshly mixed concrete during placement by mechanical devices either pneumatic or electric, that create vibratory impulses of moderately high frequency that assist in consolidating the concrete in the form or mold.

weep hole. A hole provided for drainage. weld. To join metals by applying heat with a tiller metal which has a high melting point. weldment. together. A unit composed of an assembly of pieces welded

welded wire fabric. A series of longitudinal and transverse wires arranged substantially at right angles to each other and welded together at all points of intersection.

W
wall (bearing). own weight. A wall supporting a vertical load in addition to its

Welded wire fabric

welded wire fabric reinforcement. Welded wire fabric in either sheets or rolls, used to reinforce concrete. weld plate. A plate with attached anchors cast into concrete for the purpose of making a welded connection.

wall panel. A precast concrete panel used as part of a wall. warping. The bowing of a precast concrete unit in two places. wash. The sloped surface of a sill panel which permits rainwater to run off.

Wash

Weld Plate
wet mix concrete. Concrete mixtures designed for typical watercement ratios, slumps and handling and consolidation methods. whiteprint. A non-reproducible print made from a tracing, and having white background with blue or black printing. wide flange. An H-shaped rolled steel section.

waterproofing. A transparent coating which when applied to a panel surface tends to repel rainwater. weatherproofing. The process of protecting all joints and openings from the penetration of moisture and wind. weather sealing. The process of treating wall areas for improved weathering properties. web. That portion of a beam or unit to which the flanges are attached.

Wide flange
Web web reinforcement. Reinforcement placed in a concrete member to resist shear and diagonal tension. wedge insert. An insert having a wedge shaped holding face which permits vertical adjustment without slippage through the use of a special askew head bolt. winch. Mechanical lifting device attached to derricks on which a cable is wound up by means of a crank and locked in position by a ratchet. wire loop. A lifting loop cast into the back of a precast member for handling purposes; this loop is usually formed with discarded prestress strand or aircraft cable.

286

Wire loop
wire mesh. See welded wire-fabric. workability. The ease with which a given set of materials can be mixed into concrete and subsequently handled, transported, placed and finished with a minimum loss of homogeneity. working point. A real point from which a dimension (panel) is measured. It must be accessible to workmen. working stress. The maximum unit stress considered desirable in a structural member subjected to loads. work point. A real, imaginary, or inaccessible point from which a dimension on a drawing is measured. wrinkled tin. Slang for corrugated metal. wythe. A continuous vertical section of wall tied to its adjacent vertical element (part of a composite wall).

Z
zipper gasket. A neoprene rubber window gasket used to fasten window glass to a precast concrete panel.

Zipper gasket
zinc rich paint. steel hardware. A protective rust inhibitive coating applied to

287