12 Induction Machine Analysis

1
12. Three-Phase Induction

Machine Analysis
Torque production
Field theory viewpoint: Torque on rotor
is proportional to cross product of rotor
ELCT 553Spring2012 InductionMotor Analysis 1
is proportional to cross product of rotor
flux and net air gap flux
Circuit theory viewpoint: Torque is
proportional to air-gap power divided
by synchronous speed
V
1
R
1
jX
1
I
1
jX
m
E
R
2
/s
jX
2 I
2
Equivalent wye (per phase LN)
circuit, rotor circuit referred to stator
2
2
2 scl in gap ag
1
2
1 scl
1 1 in
s R I 3 P P P P
loss Cu stator R I 3 P
) cos( I V 3 P
= = =
=
| =
fwc mech shaft
rcl gap mech
2
2
2 rcl
P P P
P P P P
loss Cu rotor R I 3 P
=
= =
=
s
gap
m
mech
mech
gap mech
P
) s 1 (
P ) s 1 (
P
T T
P ) s 1 ( P
e
=
e
= =
=
p
gap
mech
s
gap
mech
N f 4
P
T T
P
T T
t
= =
e
= =
V
1
R
1
jX
1
I
1
jX
m
E
R
2
/s
jX
2 I
2
Apply Thevenin's theorem
V
th
R
th
jX
th
E
R
2
/s
jX
2 I
2
Z
th
= R
th
+jX
th
= (R
1
+jX
1
)||(jX
m
)
V
th
= V
1
[jX
m
/(R
1
+jX
1
+jX
m
)]
2
p
gap
s
gap
2
2
2 gap
N f 4
P P
T
s R I 3 P
t
=
e
=
=
( )
2
2 th
2
2
th
2
th 2
2
X X
s
R
R
V
I
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+
=
( )
X X R s R 1 s if
X X
s
R
R
s R V 3
T
2 th th 2
2
2 th
2
2
th s
2
2
th
+ >> <<
(
(
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ e
=
s T
R
s V 3
T
X X , R s R 1 s if
2 s
2
th
2 th th 2
e
~
+ >> <<
( )
R R s R R 1 s if
X X
s
R
R
s R V 3
T
2 th 2 th
2
2 th
2
2
th s
2
2
th
+ ~ + ~
(
(
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ e
=
( ) ( ) | |
s 1 T
X X R R
s R V 3
T
2
2 th
2
2 th s
2
2
th
2 th 2 th
+ + + e
=
T
T
T
start
T
max
e
m
s
0
0
1
e
s
T
rated
T
T
max
e
m
s
0
0
1
e
sm
s
maxT
( )
( ) + +
=
+ + =
2
2 th
2
th
2
T max
2
2 th
2
th
T max
2
X X R
R
s
X X R
s
R
( )
( )
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + e
=
+ +
2
2 th
2
th th s
2
th
max
2 th th
X X R R 2
V 3
T
X X R
3
150
200
250
300
t
ind
R
2
si ,
( )
N m
t
ind
5R
2
si ,
( )
N m
R
2
small
R
2
x 5
R
2
x 10
t
ind
= T
mech
= T
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
50
100
150
t
ind
10R
2
si ,
( )
N m
t
max
N m
n
m
si ( )
speed in rpm
Increasing R
2
increases the starting torque
decreases the starting current
increases the rotor copper loss
( h l )
(since the slip is greater)
Best situation would be small R
2
at running condition but larger
R
2
at starting condition
Deep bar rotor
Sketch of rotor
leakage flux
Deep bar rotor
Current filaments in the top of
the rotor bar are linked by a
small leakage flux: L
rt
is small
g
rt
Current filaments in the bottom
of the rotor bar are linked by
almost all of the leakage flux:
L
rb
is larger
R
rt
L
rt
R
rb
L
rb
L
rb
>L
rt
b tt
top
Cage end rings
bottom
Rotor equivalent
On starting, s=1
Rotor frequency = stator frequency
eL
rb
is significant
Most of current flows through tops
Most of current flows through tops
of the rotor bars (outer part of
cage)
Effective value of R
2
is large
4
On running, s<<1
Rotor frequency << stator
frequency
eL
rb
is much less significant
Current is more uniformly
Current is more uniformly
distributed over the rotor bar
cross section
Effective value of R
2
is smaller
than on starting
R
1
jX
1
I
1
jX E
jX
2o I
2
R /
jX
2i
Induction motor equivalent circuit
for deep bar or double cage rotor
V
1
jX
m
E
R
2o
/s
R
2i
/s
Outer (top) cage
Inner (bottom) cage
100
150
200
t si ( )
N m
t
o
si ( )
N m
Torque [N m]
outer cage
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
50
t
i
si ( )
N m
n
m
si ( )
Speed [rev/min]
inner cage
Speed Control
Changing number of poles such
as 2 poles switched to 4 poles
(2:1 speed change)
Varying the rms voltage applied
Varying the rms voltage and
frequency in proportion
(constant V/Hz)
Voltage control
300
400
500
t
ind
V
1
s
i
,
( )
N m
V
1
rated
Torque
[N m]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
100
200
t
ind
0.5V
1
si ,
( )
N m
n
m
s
i ( )
V
1
50%
Speed [rev/min]
Voltage control
Drastic reduction in breakdown
(or maximum) torque with
change in voltage at constant
g g
frequency
Small speed range unless rotor
resistance is made large (not
efficient)
5
Variable f at constant volts/Hz
f=60 Hz
f=50 Hz f=30 Hz
f=40 Hz
f=20 Hz
Torque
[N m]
Shaft
load
Speed [rad/s]
Constant volts/Hz
Keeps larger air-gap flux
(approx proportional to V/f, if
R
1
is small), which keeps
breakdown torque high
Very efficient, since it operates
the motor at low slip, regardless
of speed
Torque
Shaft load
torque
Motor developed
torque
T
Angular
speed 0
e
s
e
m
T
0
Induction machine tests
Parameter determination from tests
No-load test (running light test):
operate motor at no shaft load, rated
voltage and frequency on stator
voltage and frequency on stator
Locked-rotor test (blocked-rotor test):
operate motor with shaft
mechanically locked, at rated current
DC resistance test: gives R
1
V
1
R
1
jX
1
I
NL
jX
m
E
1
R
2
/s
jX
2 I
2
~0
Equivalent circuit for no-load test.
Since s ~ 0, R
2
/s ~ , V
1
sees
impedance R
1
+jX
1
+jX
m
~ j(X
1
+X
m
)
m 1
NL
1
NL
X X
I
V
Z + = =
IM
P1
A
V
u
r
c
e
IM
P2
S
o
u
fwc rot 2 1 NL
P P P P P = = + =
6
V
1
R
1
jX
1
I
LR
jX
m
large
R
2
jX
2 I
LR
Equivalent circuit for locked-rotor
test. Since s = 1, R
2
/s = R
2
, V
1
sees impedance R
1
+jX
1
+R
2
+jX
2
LR
LR 2 1
2 1 2 1
LR
1
LR
P
R R R
) X X ( j ) R R (
I
V
Z
= = +
+ + + = =
2
LR
2
LR 2 1
2
LR
LR 2 1
R Z X X
I
R R R
= +
+
Test conditions
No load test is usually at rated
voltage and rated frequency
Locked rotor test is always at
Locked rotor test is always at
reduced voltage (at rated
current typically) and often at
reduced frequency (better fit to
rotor parameters)
2 1 LR
test
LR
2
LR
2
LR LR
X X ' X
f
f
X
R Z ' X
+ = =
=
Problems: how to separate R
1
and R
2
and how to separate X
1
and X
2
?
DC test gives R
1
, so R
2
= R
LR
-R
1
DC
DC
1
DC
DC
1
I
V
5 . 0 R
I
V
R 2
=
=
R
A
V
D
C
S
o
u
r
c
e
R
1
R
1
R
1
NEMA
design class
X
1
X
2
wound rotor 0.5 X
LR
0.5 X
LR
Rule of thumb
wound rotor 0.5 X
LR
0.5 X
LR
Class A 0.5 X
LR
0.5 X
LR
Class B 0.4 X
LR
0.6 X
LR
Class C 0.3 X
LR
0.7 X
LR
Class D 0.5 X
LR
0.5 X
LR
7
V
1
R
1
I
1
jX
M
E
1
R
2
/s
jX
L
I
2
Equivalent circuit simplified to fit the
parameter tests better: Leakage
reactance X
L
= X
LR
~ X
1
+X
2
At rated voltage and frequency
Locked-rotor torque is the torque with the rotor
at standstill, same as the starting torque.
Locked-rotor current is the steady-state current
with the rotor locked, same as the rms starting
torque.
Breakdown torque is the maximum torque (also
called pull out torque).
Pull up torque is the minimum torque below
speed at which maximum torque is developed.
NEMA Design Classes
Design class B includes most motors
sold. Slip at full load is 5% or less.
General purpose motors.
D i l A t h hi h
Design class A motors have higher
breakdown torque than class B. Slip
at full load is 5% or less. May have
high starting current, or may be
designed for specific use.
Design class C motors have higher
starting torque than class B but may
trade off running performance to get
good starting performance. Slip is 5%
or less at rated conditions.
Design class D motors are high-slip
designs (above 5%) used for fluctuating
loads such as impact loads, often used
with flywheels. Lower running efficiency
than other design classes.
200
300
Torque % of
rated (full
load) value
D
C
A
Sketch of representative NEMA
design class torque-speed curves
Speed % of
synchronous
speed
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
100
200
B
Induction Generator
Drive the induction machine faster
than synchronous speed
generates average power P
generates average power P
still must absorb reactive power
from its stator terminals
induction generator connected to
infinite bus (ideal voltage source):
8
Brake
Motor
200
0
200
400
600
T
[N m]
Generator
2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
800
600
400
200
n [rev/min]
IG
P
Q
P
Q
V
T
Q
Capacitor bank needs to be
adjustable, so really use a static
var compensator
f
Static var compensator (simplified
schematic): Fixed capacitor with a
switched inductor. Switch rapidly,
duty factor determines the reactive
power delivered or absorbed
V
T
C
1
<C
2
V
T2nl
V
T1nl
V
T
I
m
I
C

12 Induction Machine Analysis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

12 Induction Machine Analysis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

12. Three-Phase Induction

You might also like