TELEVISION TRANSISTOR-RADIO

Practical CEreuits
AND

Servicing
ii q,{
'q d

+t 4{ sr'{(

rl

.,
.

ir 'i

:4
.,; ,',

!-r

.".
,;
4 4

Yi

i
i:

q -; :]'
:

By ARORA KRISHAN
PRINCIPAL R. T. T. C. AGRA
*r1 6\'Y

..

t-

' : :"!. ts
Jrh
a{

-t

!!t

IRill{lNG 0[NTR[ R[Dr0 Tlr,[vlst0ll puBLlcATioNs

TECrtNlcAr (fNDfAt DfvlsloNAQRA-I
Phone: 76083 Priee : Rs.8-50
'E

'.-t-

-----\

PREFA[E
on servicing This practical guide prepared by R. T. T. C. contains informatlons in Radioa technicaltraining course receivers It presents Radio, Transistorand Television of electronics knowledge elemcntry an have who for those radio servicemen Television to learn more by self study. and are interested fundamentals, and not from pure it was written fiom experience This is practicalbook because given book' in this is theory. Twenty five yearsof valuablepracticalexperience the book complete In this edition a new televisionchapterhas becnaddedto make for radio technicians' in this subject, essentialfor satisfactoryrepair of radio A logical methodof fault finding is techniques havebeenpresented servicing department.For this reason in the service receiver you informations'Both give the latest and all materialhasbeenup dated to in everysection circuits are considered valvesand transistor tteatment the most comprehensive The author feelsthat this edition of the book is one book' any found in on TV radio transistorservicing circuit diagramsare also included and NPN Transistor receiver receiver Television and servicing' in this edition for assembling judgmentsin fault finding. I hopethis book will enableyou to mak intelligent and more prosperousfuture for This book will be a steppingstone to a better everyone. KRISHAN ARORA Principal Training Centre Television Radio AGRA-282001

lst Jan.197?

Gwalior Road, Agra-l TrainingCentre,27, @ Radio Television Ar-l RIcsrs RrsERvso' Printedat : Sethi Packers, AGRA .; Phone 62257 "

CONTENTS
LessonNo. Page No. Lesson No. 24 25 26 27 28 Page No.

!
!

'; I {
t:

39 tor Receiver of Transis Servicing Section-A : 4l Transistorwith Piano Band Switch Televison TheorY and Servicing 42 All World TransistorReceiver 44 I of Vision Signal Radio usingSiliconTransistors I Transmission 46 J & C'R'T' Receiver System Receiving P.N.P. TransistorRadio 2 Television 48 8 Tube Picture Ant. Coil Section on Rastcr Assembling 3 Television 50 9 Antennas Osc.Coil Section Assembling 4 tnstallationof Television 5l 1 0 Receiver Receiver TV R,F, Amplifier in I.F. Alignmentof Transistor 5 Cascade 54 1 l changerstageof TV Receiver Chart of Audio Section 6 Frequency 29 Servicing 55 Chart of DetectorStage 7 Vision I.F. Amplifiersand Trouble 30 Servicing t4 56 Shooting Stage Chart of I.F. 31 Servicing t 4 Receiver TV in 57 8 Video Detector Chart of Converter Stage32 Servioing 1 5 Receiver TV 59 9 Automatic Gain Control in 33 R.F. Alignment Chart Receiver 1 5 6 1 10 SoundSystemin Television 34 SignalInjeetor l 7 Tube Picture and 6 l 1l Video AmPlificr 35 Circuit Diagram of SignalTracer Circuit in TV Receiver l 8 62 l2 Synchronization 35 Light Blinker 62 l3 HorizontalOscillatorand Output Stage 20 AmPlifier 22 37 TelePhone 6 3 14 The DamPerValve in TV Receiver Set 38 Inter Communication 2? Stage Voltage Rectifier High 64 l5 Extra Power SuPPIY Transistorized 24 39 in TV Section 65 16 Vertical Deflection Eliminator for Transistor 25 40 Battery Receiver l? PowerSupplyof Television 66 4t TransistorEquivalents 26 & Diagram Circuit Television 18 Section-C: Radio Practial Circuits 27 Valvesusedin TV Receiver 67 42 Four ValvesAll World Radio Section-B: 69 Radio 43 ACIDC SuPerhetrodYne Transistor Radio Assembling & Eervicing 7 l Radio 44 AC SuPerhetrodYne IJ 29 45 Six ValvesAC Radio 19 General Instructions for Transistors 75 3 l 46 High FidelitY Audio AmPlifier Receiver 20 M.W. Band Transistors 77 Swltch 32 47 Radio with Piano Band Teceiver 2l M.W. Band Transistors 81 Radro 34 48 Five ValvesBand-SPread 22 Two BandsTransistors Receiver 83 36 49 High Fidelity Radio Receiver 23 Silicon Transistor Receiver

{
t Sh*-.

LessonNo.

P a g eN o . 85

Lesson No.

Page No.

105 Chart of I.F. Amplrfier 68 Servicing 107 o9 Servicing Chart of ConveiterStage Section-D : Radio Servicing 108 R.F. Amplifier of Chart 70 Servicing 87 109 Antenna Chart of Tuning indicator 7l Servicing 51 Instructionsfor Installation 88 Radio Superhetrodyne 52 Servicing 90 Section-E : For Radio Beginners 53 Voltageand Current specificatlons 9l Radio with Signal-generator 54 Servicing 110 of RadisComponents 93 72 Symbols 55 Alignmentof I'F' Amplifier Stage I 11 93 73 Toolsand Test EquiPrnents of R'F' and Mixer Stage 56'Alignment ll2 Board Service 74 Workshop 95 of Hum in a Receiver 5l Causes lt3 Unit Prefixes 95 75 Electronics of Distortionin a Receiver 58 Causes in Electronics ll4 Abbreviations in a Receiver95 76 General of Noisy Reception 59 Causes 115 Code Numbering Valves 96 77 English Radio 60 Instructionsfor Assembling 116 for the Safetyof Multimeter 96 78 How to solder 6l Instructions 116 97 79 Radia waves 62 TestingHeater Circuit of AC/DC Radio lL7 Stations Radio of All Indio 99 80 Metres 63 TestingHeaterCircuit of AC Radio 118 8l ftesistor Color CodeChart. 100 Rectifier Wave Chart of Halt 64 Servicing Chart I 19 Char(of Full Wave Rectifier 101 82 CeramicCapacitorColor Code 65 Servicing Chart 120 Code Dots Color Six 83 Capacitor;s Chart of PowerAmplifier 66 Servicing 122 103 84 InternationalElectrical Units Stage 123 Laws 104 87 Electronic's Chart of L'F. Amplifier 67 Servicing Radio Receiver 50 F.M Superhetrodyne

# fr Technical Education Scheme# Advance of F NR A I N I N GC E N T R E R A D I O T E L E V I S I OT

LEARN MORE & EARN MORE

be the member of

AGRA-282001 phone-76088

s
F

rffiffi K H$%K1%ffi K !fis?tlffi Kr hntH$ HshRl ffi,%ffi x ffi hffi

SECTION

dnlnoi"ion6ln"on, nrJ 8"nai"ioq

l. Transmission of Vision Signal

The TV camera takes a moving picture of the programming at studio. The photosensitive plate insides the camera's picture tube is electrically alteredby the light of the scene that is focused on it. An electrongun scansthe photosensitive plate with a ray that has a 15625 cyclehorizontal rate and a 50 cycle vertical rate produced by pulse generator. The electronray hits eitherlight or dark spot according to the scene that is coming in through the lens. A wire comes out of the photosentiveplate. If the ray hits a light spot on thc plate, a small vohageis developed and small voltagewill emerge through the wire. If the ray hits a dark spot a highervoltageis developed.

FREQ. |.l uLtl.

vEslt6tAL SIDE BAHD FILTER

Fig. 1-Block Diagram of Vision Transmitter. This signalvoltagerepresents eachpicture in team of millions of tiny spotsranging from light to dark. The signalvoltageis processed, bcamedout on the air wavesaocepted by your TV and fed into the picturetube to makelight and dark spots. Between the time the signalleaves the cameratube and is transmittedquite a bit hasto be doneto it. EachTV stationis known by its frequency.Eachstation hasa differentfrequency. As vou flip your channel selectoryou are tuning in differentstationeachtime. The

2 felevision Theoryand Servicing by an oscillator set to run at that or carrieris developed frequency station'sdesignatetl the picture signal is in the transmitter. It is calledthe carrier the wavebecause frequency to your TV set. on it for transmission impressed There is a nricrophonenear the camera' It picks up the soundof the scene. The soundis on the carrierwave,but in slightly alsoimpressed fashion. different While the picturc signalaffectsthe height or amplitude of the carrier, the sound affects the frequency. The picturesignal, on the otherhand. is it affccts amplitude modulated(AM) because of the radio wavcs. The the heightor amplitude AM fact that pictureand sotrnd are respectivcly rvitlr from them keep intefcring helps FM and each other. Fig. 2-Tv Set I Tv Camera One other important detail must be taken careof at the TV station In your set the verticaloscillatorruns freeand automatically. That's not good enough. For unlesg the exact lime as the cameraat your verticaloscillatordrawsthe beamdown at precisely out of vcrticalsync' So at the end of every the TV studio,your TV picturewili appear lockingor verticalsyncpulse.This transmitted a vertical pictlre, the studioinserts second TVsignal4nd sent from the composite verticalpulse, upon arrival at your TV, is seperated the end of the picture informationit is applied and to the vertiial oscillator.At precisely floppingover' locksthe vertical sweepin to step,preventing to seea picture and The horizcntalsynchworks like the vertical. In order for yoLr not a distortionof any horizontallines, the 625lines must be drawn and rvhipped back end of everylirre at the studio. So,at tl.re scanned precisely in time with the picturebeing cf eachlineofvideo' ofvideoinformation,ahorizontaloscillatorat preciselythe end back for the next line beam electron yoke the whips the The pulsefiresthe oscillatcrand to begin. synch and sound, are loaded into the carrierand radiated In this way, picture, from a transmittingantenna. Your TV aerial picks up some of the transmitted signal it down into Yourset. and channels transmitter. The Let us now consider the basic block diagram of Television generates of vision frequency the carrier stage multiplier frequency and oscillator crystal

f--

and Servicing 3 TheorY Television of visionsignalof Delhi TV station is 62.25 Mc/s. The signal The cerrierfrequcncy pulses of 15625 Cpsand 50 Cpsis mixedwith the videosignalhavingthe synch composite to power amplifier stage for and then is sent stage carrier frequencyin the modulating amplification. Finally the modulatedvision signalafter vestigial side band filtcr is sent on one bands system someof the sides ant(rna for radiation. In vestigial to transmltting " side miiy be removedlbr reducingthe band width occupied by the transmitterandthis day TV transmissions. is usedin all present system

2. Television receiving sYstem:

ot.0!t rNleHiA

Fig. 3-Block Diagram of TV Receiver common receiving dipole Visio' and soundcarrier signalsare picked up by the The R.F. circuits are tuned to antcnnaand arecoupledto R F. voltagcamplifierstage. broad to pass the picture and is The tuning sufficiently selecttle desirepicturecarrier.
sorrndsignal. radio rec:iver is The bandwidth is as high as 7 lr4c/s.The bandwidth irr normal which to converter stage coupled and then amptifiod are signals only l0 Kc/s' These R.F' of mixer and local oscillator' consists

t. !l'-

Theosciilatorfreqltencyvoltagefromoscillatorstageand to picture Carriers' one corresponding mixed in the mixer stage. This will give two I'F'

R.F. carrierssignal are

I
t I

t
!
L '3---

to soundsignal' signaland the other corresponding is sarn as diference two intcrmediatc frequencics the between scparation The give two Thus mixer output will Mc/s. the 5'5 that is trvo carrierfrequencies between picture for Mc/s' signal 33'4 and for sound is is Thc I F' frequencies. intermediate 38'9 lv{c1s'

and Servicing 4 TelevisionTheorY The R. F. ampiifier,the mixer and local oscillatorgroupedtogetherand the whole by unit is known as R.F. TUNER. The propcr coilsfor the tuning eachcircuitsare switched I.F's one The seperation two for the betv'een sound wafer on switch. a turret mechanism and one for picture may be done immediately after the frequencychangeror the separation is doneafter the first I.F. stage. The SoundChannelI.F.'s bandwidth is about 150to 200 Kc/s. and is narrower to the vision I.F. bandwidth. compared The gain requiredfor the soundI.F. stageis about the same as the picture I.F. stagebut the bandwidth is narrow for the soundI.F. stage,the gain obtainedper stage is will be less. much higher and so the numberof stages A m p l i f e r : Vision l. F. receiver the vision LF. signat .is separatedin In thls block diagramof televlsion must be sufficiently board enoughto the converterstage. The bandwidth characteristics passthe full rangeof picture signal. As the gain per stageis low at leastthrce stagesare for the video detector. usedto obtain the amplificationneeded Video Signal Detector & Sound System : the vision information frequencies The functionof videodetector is to separate diodecan work as video detcctor. Alier this the signal from the carrier. The germanium for reproducing synchronizing blankingpul.es but contains all the informationllecessary r the sound signalis thesoundsignalis no more present. In modern television reccive separated from this video detector stage instead of convcrterstage. So therewill be a the vision I. F. and soundI. F. and a new sound signal I.F. is hetrodyingaction between of two I.F.'s that is 38'9-33.4:5.5 Mc/s. In produced whichis equalto the difference is by the sound I. F. amplifier stage and amplified I. F. rhe sound sigrial soundsystem, stagefor getting the audio outpttt The audio output ampliis then fed to discriminator fied by the poweramplifieris sentto loud-speakerfor reproduction of soundas shown in the block diagram. Video Detector: The video detectoroutput providesa video signalvoltage which contains all the the of the picturcs. This includes for the reproduction informationrequiredand necessary synchronizing, blanking and desirepicture information. This vidco amplifier usually a capacitycoupled resistance stageis designedto amplify uniformly the picture or video signal. The one video amplifier stage is quite enough for amplification of visionsignal is approxiniately3.5 to operation. The range of frequencies requiredfor picture-tube 4 Mo/s,

Theory and Servicing 5 Tele,vision of tbe When the video signalis sufficientlyamplified,it is coupled to the cathode the oF light on and spot current of the beam intensity the picturetube. Tbis will cause ihe scfeento vary so that the desirepictureis reproduced. Synchronizing Pulse SeParator : pulses or informationin the Thc functionof this stageis to separate -this synchronizing TV camera signal to provide an output video signal from complete or composite consisting only of synchPulses. to keep the vertical and horizontal oscillator running in exact This is necessary of television station. at the transmitter stepwith those and the synchpulsrsfor horizontal scanning stag. separator In this synchronizing are aie sepaiated. Th9 horizontat synchpulses for vertfcaiscanning verticalsynchpulses the pulses are to applied vertical and synch appliedio horizontaltime baseoscillatol, verticalline baseoscillator. Horizontal Deflection Circuit : This is a time baseoscillatorwhich producesa sawtooth voltageor cufrent wave, on the screenof the pic-turetube. ft is a type shaperequiredfor horizontaldeflection frequency is adjustedto just a littie lower than the .l'requency of or"illaiot rhor. operating pulses.operate the oscillatorjust of the synchronizing signalpulses. The horizontal^synch and hence bring in time of its own circuit beforeii would opeiatJ due to the charactcristics the synchronizing signals. The output is of sawtooth type so_that the be,rmwill move the lines._The output from ictive line and fiorizontal relracebetween horizbntallyduri-ng is amplifiedto the required level and applied to the deflecting the horizontalosci-llator coilsin the yoke which are fitted on the neckof the picturetube. Vertical Deflection Gircuit r to operate circuit and is designed This stageto similar to the horizontaldeflection at a frequency of 50 cyclene:dedfor vertical deflectionof the beamof the picture tube. The output of the vertical sweeposcillatoris amplifiedto the required level and applied coilsin the yoke. These deflectioncircuits producethe required to the verticaldeflection deflction signals and the scanning pattern with or without the synchronizingsignal as the deflection generatorsare self oscillator and do not require any signal for operation. But the synchronizingsignals are essentialto maintain the TV receiver with the scanning at the transmitterin order to produce sianningexactlysynchronized the imageproperly. Power Supplies: Thereare two typesof power suppliesare required in televisionreceiverNo. l. gridsof amplifiers, mixer und screen Low voltageof about 250 volts- D. C. foi the anodes & oscillators. This may be full waverectifierusingvalve or silicon diode. No. 2. High voltagesupplyor abouf 16 to 18 Kilo volts is requiredfor the final anode o-f tle pictrre tube ind ttris'maybe half wave reclifier getting the high a-c voltage in the horizontal output stage.

TheorYand Servicing 6 Television

CathaderaY tube :
a narrow beam' This from a cathodecan be focused-into after emission Electrons the utilization of this eiectric Tigi"tlt: l:l*"'{ canttren"ile"Je-fii"itJuv beam electron 1n television recePtion. "I callec as.rtls ray tubeor kinescope -iiri"f"1."Oi to tt" cathode studY the oPerato tool laboratory as andalso
l
I

I
I

iiil"#;ff;i;tt;i;;i

i"io'-ation

tion of electric circuits'

: ;

''t

ts on the.screenS" Anode No' At be G, servesas grid to control the spot. Uiiitti*tt may beam electron the anodesinceby uuriuti.ri'oilit p"ttiii"f known as rhe f,rcusing anode- X and Y' Az it';'h;;;;;"d-tt'"""A"t"ting on the ;;;;."^'ti;ode sharplyfocused the innersrtrlace otr sulphide tittt are two pairsof O.ne.tingpiates.Sis a.t.t",it-O.potit"d UVhigh velocityelectrons' whiili givesoff light fi;"-#;i;;tO.O of the glassenvetope,
FNN EooSftO t/.7

:;:ff pi.tolJ'; urou. rnthe

:*1Hn

rhe.cathode de insi I#lLhow n, :"",

^/VV\^,r-

.PAB'r7ot+

IYEZIF|EP.

Ltre

ottatcfiilo CqLS-

Fig. 5-Picture Tube & Deflecting coils'

I f a n A C v o l t a g e i s a p p l r c d b e t w els-rjositive e n t h e i r a i rat. ofo . Y ,moment '-pll.tes the electrons inthebea one repelledby and the *rtictr will be arrractect,o*o,iriil5pi",. do*tt as thevoltagevariesand w',chis'egatire.Th";:;;i'irt.t.i"t.OtntittJitpund

Theoryand Servicing 7 Tele-vision on the screen. The other. pair. of X platesis the luminiousspot movescorfespondingly acrossthese plate rvill produce horizontal ;;;;il;tChtingl;toifr.nirt,';V-uoitig" polarity' on depending right left or the io defleclions Th:re is anothertvpe of C. R. T. in which cleflectionis produced by horizortal flowing in .the deflecting coils x and y' . This and verticalmagneticief,ir'..i"p ""irarts typeof deflecrion""ntioiir6.it.iaooptedto tubJs using very high acceleratingvoltages and is commortlyuscdin TV receivers materials is available for the formation of screen' The A variety of flourescent colourof glow varieswith the materialand this may be a matter of someimportance'
glow When the electron beam moves awav from a particLtlar spot on the screen the rates of ilifferent exhibit strbstances fluroesceni various disappearsbut not instantaneously available rvith d"iav'of brightness nfiliiir" L*"iii,ti,* is removed and the t,.tbes are norv of yellow persistance. with long Those persistirnce sfeens. or short either long persistance

lconoscope :

of white glow ls usually used ln televlslon informa-tion. The tube having short persistancc receiver.

;;;;;g;:

ihir" j..""n, ur" rn.ful for sturlyolextremelybrief pheno=.-11,t1T1_11-1*I

*osrl< -

i! It
ii
l:

/ ^*

"""*l

:
1

i..-

Fig. 6-lconoscope used in Television Camera' having an is a special type of tube used in someTV cameras The iconoscope focused is image optical The electrons. -by.alenson to electrone;n anA focrisedbeambf by a metal card backed a on mica hots silver of tiny a mosaic r"rritii"g-of il;;;.";i;tJ,

Theoryand Selvicing 8 Television of electrons plate. Each dot is photo electrically sensitizedand gives up a number potential charg' positive a pioporrionulto the light intensitystriking it and thus assumes plate' the tiny dot and the backing formed between ing itt" small capacitor the horizontally across is deflected the mosaic towards directed beam, The electron each field. After pictureby a pair of deflectingplates or by a contrelled magnetic of two lines and width the by downward deflected is beam the line or horizontaldeflection the are scanned lines numbered old the l al After repeated. the horizontal deflection the evennumberedlinesuntil the entire optical imagehasbeen oprrntlo" is repeated'on betweendot and backing beam strikeseachsilver dot the eapacity covcred. As lhe electron flows to the backing current and a dot the to electroas by additionof plate is discharged that particulardot' on intensity light to the thus plateis proportionalto the chargeand completepictures giving 25 fate at a dots scanned of tiny of a composite A pirt.rr" consists pcr second. of split second The television picture that appears before yotrr eyes is a result understood easily can be opcrations electronic These n threcoperations. timing betwee projector lamp proThe projectio' a movie of by comparingthem to ihe functioning light on a phosphor screen' The produces just as the TV receiver duce lighr ()1 a screeu the raster' In a movieprojector a is called TV lieht some light the in picture that appears a produces film 9-*-*-* what like the way a TV signal, interceptedby your TV set, producesa picture in the raster' The film feeding rnechanismin the projector puts the film in similar to the front of the light in proper sequence path circuits gnal si recciver's way in which the TV tube' picture leaclto the TV signalto the eIu a ntovie projector the lamp shines through ? ab a rectangularopening into a screen' The rectangleis Ftlsr .tt.o ' t ^ saCONOfttl| shape.l so that for evcry four inches of width there is picture also has a aspect Fig. 7-Showing Interlaced three inchesheight' A TV the simiratio of four to three. At this point however scanning on the screen larity beginsto end' A frame of movie film is shown of picture tube. screen in a meticulous atl in one flash' A raster franre is shown on the on the screen points on the screen pin than one more with no pin pointsof light of 1,50,000 "onporit" at anYone instant. in an electron a cathode The point of light appears on the phosphor because by the ray' hit glows when pho.sphor The In u ,ignot fi1e ray. gun is emitting electrons of an inch 32nd more than a dot nol the beamis narrow it froducesonly a tiny Because

3. Television Raster:

taieiiili6'nlfrretiry and servicin$ I I you ha-ve noticedthat alin Point :d.J rentr" at the pointsai wliich it ii dirn"a. Fdrhaps 'off your TV set," rThis'dot,is'i inU gradualty fades away wheh you tum ;ifih;;;ilint in one place. moving, hitting the screen stopped has the rays,-which bt ilo6],ged The elecrroniay must be grabbedhold of.f and ryuTg back.andforth and up aBd.,j and tracedacrsssthe i left-hand ..cornqr pr6cticeit is startedat the uppe-r down. in 'itrin took it o-ne sifth.llhe ".iuat about it ,nuppia U*k in i! ,o"rott. . ,.t""ii, .time 19 tytte. tnvtslble. trace is almost As the it then faster much rs so br retrace back snap Sincett,is the electron ray { r"iru"" is comptetedthe next line is begun. Line-by line ,o.;;i'h" ''Yo4 see only a full ir-uu.f,u.iori h" ,cr..t until it covers the complete viewingsurface' human eyeca! follow. faster.than, times many !h9 Jiiigfrt.iOr ttris;iiny dot,travels ;;;; ,yokea19 pJaced,arouqd the ''picturetpbe 1 A pair of electromagnets _known aslhe fi,efa. ai1e9f]ng the magnetic its yoke,.with neck. ftri ray must passtfiroughthem,_ The yoke the fields set-up by magnetic the varying grabbing. Ify the d6es .-i*.oT"t""tionr, triced retraiedand-pullidup and'down' Onepart"of the"voke, the" ;il;;y-a;be pulls theray back and forth. The.other half of the yoke the vertical': rrorizontql,section, l"ctiri, ptits the iaf uP and down. If youmuttiply 625 by25itcomes. to 15625 Therearc21frameseverysecond. ' , The horizontal your horizontalfrequency. It lin"s per-JllttO. '"iripioO*", R"..rber this number. is per'second. , cycle of' 15625 urrent altrnating an ,r"iif

4.

of TV Antertnas lnstaltation ;

i 'j

ri t

tl

,f

will depend on mlny factors. to be installed of the tvpeof antenna The selection from, the transmitting :IV stalion'. A. goodout,'' The mosi irpoitunt factor is iire distance and makereception.possible 'mediumdistance picture_at door aniennasgive the bcstpossible in fringe areasI00 to 150milesaway from TV transmitters , i , ,. r ':, i Dipoles Antonnas \i 'r ) . The simpledipoleantennaconsists of two rods.or tubesof steelor aluminumrvhose ' combinedlengtlisare equalto the half of th3 transmitting wavelength. . ,': ""' ,rj ,A"foldeddip.qleiqa siSgle hollowrod ofaluminum bentbackonifjibtfatea6li "Aipbtr is ab6ut 300 ohms The trahsmission lrne whiclfl ;i f"fA.b end. ffre impedende -have as the anlerulai "= the impedence approximately to tht endsof .rod should connects

!!.

Theoryand Servicing 10 Television This foldeddipoleis easyto mount and works well over a wide rangeof frequeneies. For this foldeddipoleis widely usedin televisionantenna system' Delhi TV stationis transmittingthe signalon the 4th channel (61 to 68 Mc/s). The the Therefore of TV stations. on the frequencies lengthof the dipoleantennaalsodenpends 80 inches. approximately should be signal TV Delhi the tengttrof foldeddipolefor receiving The spacing between the folded dipole elements is usually 2 to 3 inchesfor the lorv band. Low band coversfrequencyrange 54 Mc/s to 88 Mc/s' range 174Mcis to 216 Mc/s. Ultra High Frequency frequency High band covers to 890 Mc/s' 470 Mc/s range frequency band covers are directional. This means that they respond best to signal All dipoleantennas arriving from certain direction. $.otating television antenna for best reception is necessary. A metal rod of aluminum placed at a definite distance back of a folded dipole is them rod absorbs signals that get past and reradiates knorvqasreflector. The reflector of receiver. line goes the transmission to down signal back tedipole and for this a stfonger unwantedsignalscomingfrom back side. to suppress A reflectoralsoserves It A metal rod placedaheadof dipoleat a difinite distance is knorvn as director. the signalto give addition of signalsat the dipole' alsoreradiates shorterand reflcctoris 5llolonger than thc dipole element. The directorrod is 5o/o Any hntenna having one reflector and more than one directoris known as Yagi a very high gain lor this reason This Yagi antennais highly dircctiveand provides antenna. area. fringe in used it is eommonly are addedthe gain is increased. There are ten director elements directors As mor.e in Yagi antennas. can be employed are basically combination of dipole, reflector and Rll the television anterrnas, director elements. The different shapesand arrangementare used to give different gain, directivity and frequency of threeimportant antenna characterstics' compromises good reception is being obtained evenout as for as ,.rponr.. With high gain antennas 200 miles from TV station.

5. CascadeR. F. Amplif ier in TV Receiver :

F' The first circuit in the tuner of televisionreceiveris the R.F' anlplifier. The R' times' fifty about amplifier takesthe carrier signal of picture and sound and amplifies static Th; R. F. amplifier must amplify the carrier only and reject any noise and interference.

Theoryand Servicing 11 Television Pentodes havethe Pentodesand special typesof triodescan be usedin this stage. advantages of giving high amplificarion but tend toallow somesnowto get into the picture

ar|c

Fig. 9-Circuit Daagramof TV R.F' Stage Triodesdo not producc as much amplification but they are quite static free. For this 'Fig. 9' golden grid cascader-f amplifiersare commonly.used in reason-like the^ -combinei low noise pentoderruith ofthe the high amplification fV ii""inets. This fievice of the triode. Two' triodes wi-th goli plated grids weie placedinto ore tube charactcristics envelope. The output of this stagewill be fed to the mixer stage. Tuner . troubles are 1noti iit"ty to o"cui in the i-f uri'ptin.r stagethan in the following tuner circuits w.hich are known as the mixer and local oscillator. The valve vl and v2 arethe trlodesportlons of valve ECC 88 combinein onc envelope.

6. Frequincy changer stage of TV Receiver

!--

il

Fig. 10-Circuit Diagram of Converter Stage

7-

Theorvand".Splv,icing \2 Teluqision,
:

This.Fig ll,is a converter portion is the pentode V2lB of eCF-6olt *o.Wig o. ijt"iif"i"i portion "-irf""i "t[-i1n Triode formed circuit tuned Z7git:f6.-t" ih;R f' ;;;." valve*"r6i|", of this same connected is R5 "f the bv thecoil L5 uno cil'in"q'"r"lv- d"p"^;;;"';'f;il;ffit.-.-n.tittor to select "irili' i""J is designed the tuningcoil'iiioi-biirad fotti"g' across "iiti.ritI from 6l to 68 Mc/s f#ifth;;;i'oi"sana at l0l'15 Mo/s' circuitL6 andCl0 iormsa resonant'ciidirit In theoscillator Thefrequencyofpicturesignalo.|DehliTvstationis62..25t'tg/.*,"119]:]lY of frequency jn-t'heq"1Ai.e*" *iltt osciilator for sound. tl"se tottisfr;fi-are,-mixed ,s lMc/s. Mc/s.and38.9 ii i,,li,l,i" rorlniii" il r. of -33.4 r"rir. picture. The variablecapacitor of -it and.iL's-:M"/* Mc/s is 33.4 TheI.F. of sound By of fV receiver' purrpt itt.O -*ttlcil ClO is knownasfine turrine.apac.itbr sound d "tiFoTt,, picture of -an iriup-*itor youcaiir"i."i itt. desired.sidnai {he capaciry varying 6t l' r"- amplifier' "i-it ;ila; i'puitii""it rt toit i2iHi;;fi-6 varve or Theoutpur

i' ' ' , ', R ? : s g K o b h * ir ii:;[-t'4"trm $'5r!-2JM.ohrn ,' ,. ,'R8:t ohm R10=15K ohrn iis-:)zr K "i6=i;F;ffii "hil,.ce:IoOo-Pfd (vari) *--' c8:2-'i,Pfd 3;113t"'"ril , ' irJ' ' circuit' -:-^i = 9?:1090.Pfq, cl0:2.5 ,,* luari) c-il:50 stage.iriode valve ECF!6-; usedin this

.:Resistor-s-:F

i'.'^'--;",';

':

'

'i ' '

:;. ---+Lltllnt'u+tl,."P1+g+
-J{. ---

:, i

.-a slinptoms S lmptoms

--- -

---

.,

- .: : ,t
'I

| I

crr;g5 Cures ve

l.

No soirnd,good raster.'

Reolace = 1 n - - " , i R. F )

or Osc'mixervalve' amplifier .) .

) 2. Snowvraster'snowypicture,no_ sould or weak sound'

3. No recePtiono[ channelNo' 4'

weak R. F. amPlifiervalve' Replace

valve.

distoited sound' 4. Hum bars if'pictures,r

Replacefaulty R. F. amplifier *or Osc-mixer : valve.

5. Ghosts fine tun e- S"t"d;d

Replace R. F. amplifiervalve. are irffected bY oililithat " ,---i control. or-mixer Oscillat picturedo not tune-together' Replace
5,1 l

and Servicing13 Theory Television

7 . Vision I. F. AmPlif iers:

FiS. 12-Circuit Diagramof l' F' Stages' Resistors'

Rl l, Rt4, R t S

:5 K ohm i-l K'ohml

Rl2 'Rl6

:300 ohm Rl3, Rls' R17:12 K ohm -150'ohm

Capacitors. cl3,cl6,cl8:2'5Pfd. ' V3:EF 183 :'005 Mfd' Cl4,Cl5,C17' V4:EFl84.

diagram-ofa tvpjcal two,llae.I, F' g*ptii:l Thisjp.a schematic tht^I,.l^,1ut' a nut of the mixir is mutually .oirpteato L8 This amplifieris also broadly.tunedto handle aoossthe coil L8 resiistorRl I is connected eI\i"7;. F;athis reason ;;il;;i;';;' il;]in"i are. usedin four I:F: stqgeg or ffi"rc. th; ;"i";f ihis amplifier is low so three il;T#d to pass br.99d. is. citcuit sufficiently and o-u_tplt of input each ttLeiuning i"i""i.*"..*i"5r. "Vision I F. is 38'9 Ma/s and soundI. F. is 33'4 Mc/s. rigrut. ;;;;]irg-;;eiound of at secondary In caseof split sound TV receiver the sound I. F. is separated des Intemational on Comite-Consultatif are based I. F. T.l, but the *od"rn TV receiver alter the first video amplifiers Thc done is of sound system, separation t. nuOio tC.a F.) R t 8' Cl5 and C16 are the by-pass and ,.q"irJ ro..,, giiO. voltageare providedby R14 ResistorntZ and Rl6 are T"9 to provide the grid biasvoltageto valveV3 and V4 is coupled to pideo detector to "up""itorr. ii respectively. The output of 2nd I. F, amplifier ,nr piclure, sync, and blanking information from the modulatedI' F' carriet' "iiti*

r
Theoryand bervicing 14 Television Trouble Shooting in l. F. Section Symptom onlY,no snow,no audio. Raster

Cures
bad I F. valve. Locateand rePlace
Replace weak or dead I. F. valve, Trouble most olten causedby lst. I.F. valve.

l.

2. Washedout Picture,weak audio, no snow. 3. Fifty cyclehum bars in Picture'

I. F. valvehas heateror cathode Defective short, rePlace Reolace I. F. valve. Trcuble most often carised by the last I F. valve. Cleanall I. F. valvepins and base sockets

4, ' Picturegetsmoreand more contrast' buzz appearsin sound iript "ifiically, 5. Jumpy picture, linesthrough.picture' Con'dition not due to outside interference.

8.

Video'Detectot'
Aril, corfr^tu attq arj Gfio$./rroue

-:

--

rl

-J

Fig 12-Diode working as Video'Detector stage.knowtl the I. F. sectionit is directedinto a seperation After the carrierleaves the [. F' from pulses unlbaded are sync and thJaudio as video detector. at tfrir-poiniptcture' and sound create to ways go seperate their ;;il;iuta

Theoryand Serviclng 15 Television Tne funcdn of the detectoris to perform the unloading job and discard the of of the TV signalare.in the.range I. F. carrier since the picture and sound.elements pass no higher than frequencies thes to designed is detector vidlo the cvcles, 5.j maea ,.pp.i iirnii. The 33 mega cycles I. F. carrier can not enter the detector and is eliminated. The videodetectorcan take one of two forms.It can either b: a diode valve circuit diode circuit as shownin Fig. 12. or a gefmanium

9. Automatic Gain Control :

to the video -amplifier. Thereis anothercircuit that operatesas the sub-ordinate or of the functionit gain because control AGC automatic as the That circuit is known performs. thc AGC is actually an automaticcontrast control. The receiver In the television through the air is constantlyvarying in strength. If permitted nicture sienalthat comes i" ;;p;;; on tn. TV screenlhnt *ay would seea constantly changing - picture. . The thevideosigla_l I-tdoesthisbysampling ybuseeit. nCCt".p, the contrastat alevel ilrough a tap from video implifier. tf the contrast go:s. too.high.the AGC ;;;"dii video signal. ihe senritiuity of the tunel and I. F. amplifiers.reducing_the reduces The ofthereceiver. "ii"nfi thesensitivity increases theAGC tolow Iithesignalvoltagegoes AGd i"rf*ms th'f,' io! instantly so that you have a constantpicturc that never varies in contrast. voltagethat variesfrom about 0-5 volts a smallnegative The AGC circuit develops to 5 volts. The strongerthe signalbecomesthe more negativethe AGC output_voltage. voltagei'f fed to th! grids of turler and I. F. amplifiers.In this way the signal fni negatiue and kept at a constantlevel. controlled is strengt[

l
I

10. Sound System ln Television :

reciverthe sound carrier signal travelswith picture carrier In moderntelevision vision demodulator and video I. f.-amplifie_r, signalthroughthe r. f. amplifiefi converter,_ the soundand pictureL f. carriers ailplifier. in passing -otheito through the vision demodulator producea new soundi. f. signalof 5.5 Mc/s. The picturesignal mii with each and the soundi.f. carrier signalgoesto through it own 5.5 Mc/s goesro the video amplifie? audio. amplifierand loud speakerjust asin an F.M. receiver discriminator, if. amplifier, This is^knownas intercarriertelevisionsoundsystem. modulatedsoundsignalfrom the last soundI.F. amplifier is applied The frequency to F. M. detectbr. The F. M. detectoris also known as discriminator. There are trro type of discriminator which are commonly.used in the TV receiver. These are ratio' is used discriminator discriminator. In this circuit Fosterseelay deiectorand Fosterseelay for extracting the audio signal ftom I. F. signal. rr is used in the anodecircuit in the secondary tap cenre T3 the having transformer The the secondarywinding. of pentodevalveand a singletuning capacitor C7 is usedacross

16 TelevisionTheory and Servicing ;: at the centre frequencyof to resonatg tuned are Both the primary and secondary -windings I' F' signal, the signal the of variations freq-uency of'the thel. F. signal. f<rgutii"rt 0,

i rt .r.:-i

!
i

rr'gw

'I

C5

u::'.f:i9"J:Ti:i.'i,,t#{"tixrtir*'gt aqu:lep:l vortage frequencv; radio the ?l to h';':"iil?':r",,1* orri isred +i,1x?;f?"J:1il""::$,JJJ&##T;ffi* "oii
L3 -ih" choke choke """'- L3

in TV' Set' Fig l4-Foster Seelay'Discriminator

-r^ -.^r.^-^ ^^rnao rha rrnmr

'

the upper portion of L2 -- the voltage across L.3 !J addsboth to-r^^^ across voltage.'vru)D lne vortaBe -^r^-+:^-^Linc rrprweFn across voltages across the volta.ses between -ift;;;t the reli'tionships L-ui" ''" crrcurt tnrs cir:ItJ i2'-rn.,this towe_r to*"rpoiilongf deviatesandari deviaGs i*,p""+ha inrarmerriare freouencv .ln _portion lf^!1'r ""**ii"'ini;il;;i';, .an{ari
rrnrtion

of L2 and and

Lia,i,,,!Yr"ii,lift: : or Receiver "r"i."^iirf;;section

-. "^t9 ortarrtt/alo2

i-j,if

nt't nrst to trre I'2, (L-"1.-l]#*.'il; iupper).and couprec c6 which wilbe *r'i"r,*iil';;;"i";1;'lo-ir'" J"piit'iEe i;i.V$:'i :11""3# l^noni,n

.,f 1" I
t_

-T-.

Fig. 1S-Audio Amplifiers of TV Receiver

Television Theoryand Scrvicing 17 List of parts:Rl: lM ohm R5:680 K ohm value:ECL 82. Resistors R3:22 M ohm R2:10 K ohm R7:500 ohm R6:300 ohm Capacitors C3:50 Mfd, c2:.01 Mid

R4:220K ohm

i-

ct:10 Mfd.
''
I

C4:0.002 Mfd

I
I I

t.

The audio signalfrom the discriminator is fed to triode portion of ECLS2through R2 and Cl. The resistorRl works as volumecontrol of audio amplifier. R2 is the r, f. stopper resistor to avoid unwantedr. f. disturbancein this stage. The output of this portion of this valve tlrough _tqecouplingcapacitorC2. trio-d!is coupled to the pentode R6 and C3 amplifier. Resistor portion works as the output stageof the audio_ Ttris pentode are uied in Cathodecircuit for providing the negativebias to the control grid ofthis pentodevalve. of output transformer is fed back to A small amountof outpnt from the secondary control grid of pentodeas a negativefeedback for improving the quality of audio signal. the audio signalis increaseduntil it is powerfulenough to In this audio amplifier stage drive the loudspeaker. The power output of this amplifier is about three watts. procedure of TV sound sectionis sameas the audio sectionof radio The servicing receiver.

ll.

Video Amplif ier and Picture Tube:

*'./\.
yt*|o - ArfP.

ril\*
fir

r
I

i i
p

Fig. 16-Video Arnplifier and Picture Tube. portion of ECL84. Partslist :-Valve Pentode RL:6.8K ohm Rl:100 K ohm R3:500K ohm(vari) RK:47 ohm There are threeexits out of the video detector one for audio rvhich is already and the second one for syncand the third one video. The in the previouslesson, descrrbe

18 Televislon Theory and Servlcing syncpulsesare inclued in the compositer. f. signals tfansmittedby a TV broadcast stationto prbvidetiming information requiredfor synchronization of the transmitterand receivef system. scanning The function of abovevideo amplifleris to increase the pure pictutesignal so that a pictureon the TV tube. The videosignalvoltageis nor to create it will be strongenough constant in frequency. It covers a bfoad rangeof frequencies from zero to 4'5 Mc/s the miliionsof light and dark dots makingup rhe TV picture. Video it represents because amplifiersmust be carefullydesignedto coverthe entite rangeo[ video frequencies. The valves that havea low inter-electrode capacitanee shouldbe usedfor video large stray capaoity will kill off the higher frequencies amplifer. This is because in tho i ideosignal. The output of this video amplifier is appliedto the cathode of the picturetube to the electronbeam during its vertical and horizontal scanningof ths intensity-modulate conffol R2 adjuststhe grid bias on the pictufc tubc to picturetube screen. The brightness assure that the blankinglevel occurs at the correct blank point, so it controls the intensity picture of of screen tube. The brightriess of illumination acljusted wheirno pict're signal on the screen'a point where the vertical retrace lines just clisappcar is present is ths correct position.

Circuit 72, Synchronization

-l-n.r*

caegrT

r'tof,C

t&et

Fig 17-9ynch Separatorand Amplifier Cireuits' the integrator, of four main parts,the sync separator, The svnc section consists of the sign4l roltage entersthe pertion A A.F.C. the differentiatorand the horizontal up so that the video detector. The sync circlits 4re,set after it leaves syncsepa.ratof stage aloneare tile syncpulses arEclippedawdy nicely from the video and audio and the_pulses valve as slrown sentintoihe grid of syircseparitor valve. This rvork is doneby a pento'de in the abovecircuit.

T h e o r ya n d S e r v i c l n g 1 g Television In the syncseparator valve the vertical pulseis isolated from the horizontalpulse. The differenceof time constant( R><C \ duration of line and field sync pulse make it possible to sort them out. If output is taken from the resistorit is differentiatorand if frorn the capacitorit is integrator. The verticalsync is applied to the vertical oscillator precisely in time with the way the studio camerais scanning valveand locksthe oscillator eachinterlacedfield. Your TV picture is thus lockedin vertically. The horizontalsyncis applied to horizontaloscillatorand locksthe oscillatorso it beatsprecisely is scanning in tinreu'ith the way the studio camera eachline of the fiame. Your TV picture is thus lockedin horizontally. The simplest trouble to diagnose in a TV set is sync trouble. The picturejust will not remain still. Sync trouble can be causedin the vertical oscillator or horizontal o;cillator circuits. Trouble No. 1 :-Picture Rolls and Slips. A bad sync valve will not permit the syncpulsesto get either the horizontalor vertical oscillators. If thereis no sync pulse there is no synchronization. The second reason is that the vertical oscillatorfrequencyis not exactly50 cycles per sec. It is set a little below This is done so the addition of the sync pulse will raise the frequency to exactly50 cycles.If the sync valve fail to process the vericalsyne pulse to the oscillator the oscillator will run free at slightly lessthan 50 cyclesper secondcausing the pictureto roll. If the picturerolls and instead of lockingslipseitherway according to the direction in which you will adjustthe verticalhold control,the verticalsyncpulse is not arrivingat the vertical o.icillator, This condition could be caused by a defective sync valve.If the picturelocksin vertically then this needs constant.adjustment is due to defective also but ' ^ syncvalve. T r o u b l eN o . 2 : - H o r i z o n t a l D r i f t i n g , than the verticalas mentioned The horizontal sync processing is more complicated previously. Noisewhile it will not affect the 50 cycleper sec,vertical frequency, can be quite detrimentalto 15625cls horizontalfrequency. Rather than take the horizontal pulse and inject it driectly into the horizontal circuit oscillator grid as is donein the verticaloscillator,the pulse is sentinto a special of the known as tl-re horizontal autornatic frequency control. In this circuit the speed pulseis compared with the speedof the horizontaloscillator. As long as the horizontal two are running exactlyneckand nack no votageis devcloped. and If one should begin to lead the other a DC correction voltageis developed fed to the horizontaloscillator grid.

l l tl

l, t:
l .

l:
[:
l. l+

iL

i'

20 TelevlslonTheoryand Servlcing so that it comiJares eoffeeti; - The voltage shiftsthe horizontal oscillatorfrequehcy with tbe frequency of the horizontal pulse. This DC correetion voltage,a resultof thb comparison,actually controls the horizontal frequency automatically. If the syncpulse doesnot get past the sync cifcuitsdue to defective valvesthere will be no De corrcetion voltageand the picture will drift back and forth horizontally,

13.

Horizontal Oscillator,

I 1

;I

Tal

-t

Fig. 18*Practlcal Time-BaseOscillator. This is the cathode coupled tirnebase oscillatorcircuit which rs cdnlmohil usd Here the two tfiode vaives in televisionreceivef, at'ecoupled to eachother bv resistarrse squafewaves.The grid leat resistorR3 is usedis the liolti ;apacity couplingand produces sontrol arrd broughtoilt crn the front pdnel of telcvistm t'edeiver. It deterntinesthe frequency.of oscillations and thus it controlsthat picture doesnot slip up and dcywn. The plate load resistotR2 is also a variable resistor which corrtrolsthe sile or height of the picture. This is kept at the back of the {elevision fec'eiver. Ttrre main function of this stageis to producean alternatingcurrent &,tthe frequenc-r' per sccond per everyline drawn on the TV scCeen exactly one pulse of 15625 cycles by the gun. electron Some of the alternaiing current produced by the horizon{al oscillatoris usedin makingtheveryhigh voltagetedessary tocreatelightonthefacb crfpicfuretutre, This will study in the next lesson. The first cheekin deterrnining rlhether or not the orcillafor is running is to listerr for it. Most people can hear this high pitched if they try. io become acquainted with it do this while your TV set is turned on rotate the horizontal hold dontrbl R3. As yotr rotate the coatrol you shotrld hear an extrefnely high pithcd while changing in frequency. Ifyou donot heartiris soundand there isno tnightness crnthe TVscreen; ale the horizontal oseillatoris not operating. Norv sheckthe horizontaioscillator' shanees va.lve"

T h e o r ya n d S e r V i c i n g 2 1 Television cyclespersecond' It The iroriZotriai oseillator has specifictiquency of 15625 This is the frequencythe picture inust run a.r"exactlythat speed not a cycle eitherway. is not exactlyin stepyou ivill at the studio. If your TV receiver beingtake' or scanned ofapict're, Ifthesethasonlyafewlineson g e t J s c r e e n f u l lo f s l a n t i n gl i n e s i n s t e a d 'r"h. thoughnot exact' If the is closeto 15625 r.r..rr, the horizontaloscillator frequency away from 15625' The first step screen shows many slanting lines the ffequency is far the horizontaloscillator replace to towardscurihg the loss of hLizontal syncblonization resitorsRq and R3 are 'A'djustable stef i, to tfy making adjustments. tube. The secotrd for wear' in circuitsto compensate included. it tire other way and goes up, way and the l'reqtiency Tufn the shaft of R2 o11e _tufn cyclcp3r second' down. i{iilst it to bestpositionfor getting 15625 goes ihe frequency
? I f, e { !{ ;\

Fig. t9-Horizontal OutPtrt Stage it is too $erk pirlse is first rrlade in tirehorizontal oscillator Wheii the horizontal the horizontal output frOrt the osCillator into the ilext sta']er i,o be used. So it is passed outputstage'This circuittakes amplifier. This Circuit is also knowtr as iinetime-base them till they calracitot Ci artd blotrs them rip or arnplifiss ihe 13625cpspbises through "Fiotn is sntto p*lse amplified the of outprrt valve the anode are large enough to rvo,k. tube picture the across forth the electronray to be slveptbaekand the yoke t'here it causes oscillator the horizontal upon face. operatioir of the horizontalout-put tube is tlependent the lackofpulseon goesdead horizontalosci{lator ifthe infactitissodepen.tlentthat than it should' hotter run tut'e the makes amplifier the grid of the horizontal output acti'ity will burn out the output t*bc. any:suchprolonged

Theoryand ServicinE 22 Television

1 4 . The Damper Valve"

a8)!. {a/r
-/]ff6:?fr---1

t
I *-J'?Fd:FT_J A5,t2.C44.

n k/

|'tz

Fig. 20=-Darnp-.rstage in TV treceiver. or varia dampervalveis usedto damp:ning the vibrations In the TV reseiver ation itr the fly back sYstem. When we speak of fly back action we are talking about an electromagnetic phenomenon.The actual activity is this. The horizontal output amplifier feeds the isgoing offandonat l5625cps' Whilethe intoyoke. The frequency horizontnlputrse powerful magletic field surroundsthe yoke' a voltage is at the height of its frequency During the next instant the frequencydropsoff to the depth of voltage' The magnetic suddenlyor fliesback. fleld follows the voltagedrop and collapses collapsingcause electricity of thousandsof volts to appear for an The sgclden the fly back instantin the yokecoil. The voltage is fed back into a smalt winding in many other, not quite as strong, freciuencies transformer, The fly back activity causes many other, not quite as strollg, frcquencies voltageractifier. The flp back activity causes must be darnp:ned. Tltat is what the volrage transient These to begin to dcvelop. so. frcquencies to directcrtrretlt transient these changes does It is a rcctifierthat Camper anY more. they are not frequencies and produced in the horizoutal oscillator As you known that the horizontal pulse ol swingingthe electronray across amplifiedin the horizontaloutput valve for the purpose production very high voltage neededto create of function of an has additional screel the picture tube. the face of the on brightness

andServicing23 Television Theoty

tS. High VoltageReetlfier

+ *- r -r{ftJ'tiT-Fr'r- - -

PI 6
rl v. ** .: -."

.; rY L.O/15 i.o/t r 0t.;rE /)t

.i\rr -2Lt Ltei.Lp -

dT"

F i E .2 1 - C l r c u i t D i a g r a n to f E . H . f . $ u p p l y . facea high voltageof about t80d0 ln order tor electt'on ray to feachtne phospiror \'oits tnust be appliedto the picturettbe, and propeflyutilizing it the TV set By takihga samplingof the horizontal pulse can produce product. hrghvoltage as ir by will flow in the 'AB' ttpper-portloll cyclcs Whcnthe varyingplatecurrentof 15625 of transformgr the lvholewindingdue to winding,a vefy high voltage lvill developed across arc given liigh rateof change fiux. From th terminalC the hlgh AC voltage of magnetic .ioltage from the to tlte anode of V2 for rectification and we a1epettingthe extrahigh d c. cathode of this diodevalve. of pict[re tt]be. The f,nal anode These are appliedto the i'inal anode high voltage picture ls connected to the top cap of tube on the TV scfeen,then first checkthe Iftlie soundis oS and thereis no brightness highvoltage recrifiervalve, is only a hundredvolts there is vey littie darrgerof' If the electficalpressurc of plastic leakage bea.cause the combination and air is plentyol insulation, Howeverwhen critical. Things like the voltdgesrises to 18000 volts, the insrrlationproblem becomes intheait'becomesimportant humidity positioning the wife and ageingof thewireo of factors, one. The miid leaks are called Your TV setcandevelopa mild leak of a sefious the room you will seeat the discharge. Thereis a hissing corona noiseand if you clarken or to a placeon the chassis troublespot,a bluishray emanating from high voltagesSstem

T h e o r ya n d S e r v i c i n g 24 Television high voltagecage. The cureis usuallyeasy.Take a piece of plastic rvith high insulating it irr the path of the ray. and position qrialities leak is called arcing. It sounds miniature pistol shots and lookslike A serious or a high f;;; ih. high voltagesystemto. a point on the chassis dfsCfruiga little figtrtning the higli carefully riinsulate iape and io ..,r" Jo;ng uii hiltr vottage ;;iiil";'"g;. voltage area.

16. Vertical Def lection Section

setis the verticaldeflection Thereis another important section of the television vertical cps, 50 of oscillator time-base vertical of circuitwhichconsists -amplifier and ;;,p"i stige. The vertlial time baseoscillatorrvorksin a similar fashionto the horizontal per second' e."xecpt that the vertical deflection is at a relatively slow,50 cycles "*iifuior line ii pulled down beneath the each h-orizontal ili;^it;;;.tlliin.iigitirp..O**tut other. takes placedueto alterIn nitiltivibratoroscillator the sawtooth type oscillation and oscillateatits running free may Ue circuit The nateconditionrbfth"two triotles. 'lvith the signal from a TV truturuiit.quency but to synchronizethe osclllatoi action the oscillator. for triggerting verticalsynchfulsesareinjected tiansmitter, oll of 625linesare madeper second consisting of frames Twentyfivepictures ,TV fields' as knorvn halvei into two up picture brok;n is screen. each 6f tt1.i"tornpt"te -n"*U.i This is first.. lines is trbced acrossthe screen The firsr field consistir;;a';dd lines' numbered ail the even which lield includes 6y interlacinfln tt.,"s"cond io11oii.A

rcl

Fig. 2}-Practical Circuit of Field Out-put Stage' Sinceit takestrvo fields to make one complete picture and there are25 complete ir can be seenthat the vertical oscillator must drive the electronray uicturesper 'i0 second for the 50 cpsoutput from the ficlcl per second. This is the reason complere iil;irC!

T e l e v i s i o nT h e o r y a n d S e r v i c i n S 2 5 vertical oscillator. The flickering is avoided in this type of interlacescanning. In this circuit VrA is the part of multi-vibrator oscillator and VrB is the vertical output tube which takes the vertical pulses from the oscillator and amplifies them so they are large enough to drive the vsrtical deflection coils in the yoke. If the vertical oscillator is not functioning then there will be nc vertical sweeping and there will be only bright line acrossthe centre of the screen and will burn and darken the phosphor of picture tube. In effect it will burn a line acrossthe centre of the screen. If you come up rvrth no vertical sweepturn the brightnesscontrol all the way down while you repair the set. The first step when your TV set develops this condition is to change the vertical oscillator valve. If the picture rolls up and down then it means that you have lost vcrtical synchronization. Loss of vertical sync can happen duc to u'eak vertical oscillator valve which throws the frequencyeither below or above the 50 cps. [f the vertical hold control fails to correat this condition then replace vertical oscillator valve and adjust vertical hold control. Under nornral conditions the vertical hold control should lock in the picture in the middle, not at one extremeor the other. If tliis occurs the vertical oscillator is to be replaced. If the vertical osciilator valve becomesweak the picture can shrink-in from top and boitom. Usually when thashappensthe shrinking is even or linear'

,tl

il 'll
I

t-

17. Power Supply of TelevisionReceiver.

The circuit .Fig 23' is the power supply of a televisionreceiver. This is the only of a television circuit in a TV set upon which all the rcst depend The remaining sections power this supply goes set act ln one way or another to help create picture and sound. If dead none of them will function. When you turn on your TV receiver you close a circuit that permits 220 volts 50 cycle AC house current to enter the pou'er supply. The AC line curreut is changed by the powcr-supply to the precise voltages needed to operate the remaining circuits. Televison receiver valves need three separate v. ltage potentials in order to operate. The first is the heater voltage necessaryto heat up the cathode and drive electrons off it. cating the In this circuit there are two separateL.T. secondary windings of 6'3 volts for lT potential plate receiver. type of The ail the tubes TV the voltage of of second is a heaters plates TV tubes. Since plate of the the must electrons for the voltage necessalyto attract

26 Television Theory and Servicing be direct surrent, the power supply has the job of changing the alternating current from the line into direct currentwith the help of silicondiodeDt. The third type of voltage uscd is grid voltage. Grid voltageis deriveddirectly from the AGC circuit and the television signal itself. Sincethe power supplyis called

. Fig. 22-Heater & Rectifier Circuit of AG/DC TV Reciver the TV signal, grid voltagealso upon to operatethe AGC circuit and the tubes that process suPPlY. dependsupon the Power There aretwo main typesof power supply,the transformer type is usedin a/c TV type used in nC/DC TV receiver. In this transformertype and transformeiless receivef throughthe two step down windings in the transformer. The is furnished heatervoltages the primary of the transformer. There are two extra 220 rolts 50 cycleAC currententers The50/ dronwindig feedsthe tappingof2t0voltsand230voltsintheprimarywinding. this to 6.3 volts. The secondaryvoltagefeedsthe converts windingsin the transformer tubesafe connected in parallel. the ofall directly. The heaters heaters The silicondiodeDt is working as a half wavc recfifier. The pulsatingDC voltage chokeand two in the cathodeis filtered to pure DC voltagewith the help of low frequency capacitorC8and Ceand then delivers to different stages through their R. C. electrolytic filters.

Televieion Theoryand Scrvicing 31

Receiver. 20. M. W. Band Six Transistors

PartslistTR2-Ist I. F. Amplifiar:AF 116 TRr-Converter:AF ll7 TRa-Ist A. F. Amplifier:ACl26 TR3-2nd L F. Amplifier:AFl16 TRo-Power Amplifier: AC I 28 ACl28 TR5-Power Amplifier: :OA79. -Detector D Resistors R4:33 Kn, R3: I K,Q, R5:2.2 K.tl, R1:10 Ktl, R8:150,Q, R7:220t1, R6:R5:680 Kf,l, Rrz:l f,i,K Rrr:68 K.Q, Rro:4'7 K,Q, Re:5 K .Q, R14:22tI, Rr3:47 .Q, Capacitors ca:0 05 Mfd. c3:.01 Mid. C2:0'01 Mfd. C1:310 Pfd. C8:10 Mfd. Mfd. C?:'01 Mfd. c6:0.05 Mfd. c5:10 C11:100Mfd. Cil:0.01 Mfd. C'g:0.01Mfd. mediumwaveband. Circuit Description-This is a typical circuithaving__only of Ti and C1 Primary The aerial. wbiks as Tr the tuning coil tlie rod inside ferrite The circuit for selectingthe desire signal. The capacitor Cr is the gang formsthe resonant TRl through caDacitor. This tuned circuit is coupledto the baseof the convertertransister iftJ"up".iro. Ct. The forward bias'isplovlded by Rt andT.2. The oscillatortunedcircuit n f C r a n d T r T h e p r i m a r y o fT 2 i s c o u p l e d t o s e c o n d a r y w i n d i * i o r i l e d b v t h e 2 n d s e c t i oo feedback between collectorand emitier. The emitter resistorRB actsas ;ili..;;q;red resistor and for the additional bias to the transistorwhen circuit is ttrEemittei stabilzing oscillating. TheI. F. signal from TRl is picked out by the first_I.F.T.l This tranaformer of two win?ings,one forming-the resonant circuit with fixed ceramiccapacitor, consists I. F. signalto the baseof I. F. amplifierTR2. The resultant it . oitt." winding feeds-the forward biat to t[e baseof TRg is piovided by Rn,R5' R10 4nq Ct. The I. F. amplifierTRz feeds the I. F. transformer I. F. T.1 which is similar to L F T,r. The bias is stabilized-_by R? and C6. The I. F, T.2 feedsthe signalto 2nd I. F. amplifierTR3. the emitterresistor in the secondaryof I F. T3. is fed to the diode for detection. The a.g.c' The I.F. signal voltageis fed throughR10to TR2 only. The volume control -i*o Re feedsthe audio stageTR4. The bias fqr T$-ais provided by TB output transistori through the push-pulltransformer Rr1. Transistor TRa feeds pushpull transformer B and class power in output transistors TRt anil TRo ara operated The thc ioudspeaker.The forward bias is provided feeding iiir' rtt" L. F. output transformer of the biasis by of TRdand TR6 by the rdsist6r R12. end Rtt, Stabilization to the bases classB. the transistorare operatin-g not be by-passedbecause the resistor Rra which due feedback "an with bittery of three volts to reducepossible ihe capacitoiCrr is in parallel impedence. to the battery

..Q.^ -"- "

d P * P H P H * F.Y ^
- _ - F @ t J

O: A"J

. s^ lu P5 u ). * '' il.qr nlzrl p"";cp.-

i tr il il ll

iJ lill

!98 pzE FF

F
11

4pnnn
-4.@{6

N (tl I

-*hJ5-

,! ril!

ll

3CY.x
x-4Xp

h-ccJv

, A

'ifii
A,-A

a o o

z (]
-l

3,5;5
.+Z19u-'

,'1, A .:.

s tt
a

o 9. o
a

4nnnn
rr.i*1,tJ

: i<; :i=
..

.-d

tt

z a
V>

rillllllll

u
;'

53x58 I4pxxp:c ;Jv

+?

o
v v
I

o
g. o a

44nn>q

EIs,r.,'.
d

ri ri 1i 1F ,i

Ee5 ,rilll aoz

isssg

3<=

& S e rv i c i n g 3 3 R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Transistor Cl and.Lr T.ttit by capacitor signalit^1"19d Circuit Description. The incoming sisnal is applied to u'tut" through a capiitoi Caof 0.01 mfd. The basebiasis supplied It T[; iesistorR3 inlhe emittercircuit is known as a stabilizing.resistor. ffiiii;;,i'tr':'by and permits.replacement to temperature.changes tJOii*-iil'iensitivity-of the rransistor might te stightly different that the original .transistor characteristics a irunslrtor whose to the baie oi TRr aids and oppS.el the biason the appliei signaiuottng. When ro. ef f wi.lJ yTy the collector current. fliis varyingcurrent baseto emitter input circuit; ttrii the secondarvwhich a voltag-e.across Li induces coil.of 1i'," tni;,,gh ;'i;;;;;l;g fii.irv The oscillator 002mfd' of Ca. a through -capacitor f.O ti the edit{;; o? ir it frequencv "onu.tt"r signg] mixing. incoming B-y"ti oscilhlor. hartley a rotto ;ii'L; ;;App"d .the formed which is equalto 455 Kc/s' In fr.qrr"n"y,a third be'at_frequency.is anl oscittat6i tnprrtand ouiput Lircuits of the, stages are tuned to the same irc f F "*pi;n.iJtottiifr. inieim.diorl"frequency. The outputof list I F.T is fed to the diodefor detectjon. The transistorTa is the first audio amplifier. The input voltagefrom the'rolume and capacitor. t; i;;";;;;-throughCld of l0mfd eleitrolytic . R10 controlntlr R1a resistor The the base "-ppfi.a to forward bias fi;r-pot""iiaiiiulAei foi- providilg thi by-pass with the currnt collector the staU;tiized belpof resistbiwn'rfn rhe is s'tabilizing to the base of TRt througha rop."iioi Ct; inio.rtpr,iuottuge of reristor Btlt! coupled power. arirplifier.used in the from TR' and rpe ."ipiirg capacitor Ci;:-Tr;;;iiioi ' orip"t'ituge. _The driver collector "r.,rient through S.tn provi symetricaf complimentary ovr modulation. A small amount cross reduces f- p;;;. stage"and ;;; ih; ;;;;r.iyiiur pzr. The ourput iqn5.{enc1.i-t,1.:H:;,_Jn' or n.gotiu.- t .i-Uu.t"ir";;phJ-ihiough very little iurrent in the output stage. -A specialityot thts translormercircuii consumes as in i"ri outpr,t stageis ti,ai'li i*t u very low distorti6n, bettei frequency response batteryconsumption' high fidelityrcceiverand less since the and the otherare P.N'P. transisto-s Transistor TR?is N.P.N transistor in the difficulty in ;h; market, there is no N.P.N. transistoror" ro*'"urlfy"""if"Ul;of this typeof receiver. assembling

'+1-!!:J'r-C

t-(

2-'-{

1-1-C

r-'d

1-C

2+jt

1l
il

stlt/ed roblems l)L t r lle e sctro l , l ' o l ln r (i-cs ) p Q e t q cu r E Pt

rl
l{

I fl

I lsk for . d ,.., taitsfr

il.

Be the memberof EducationScheme Postal Technical Advance

Radio Tolevision Training Centre

ll 1l
J

JJ 'll

A g ra -2 8 2001 Phone.'76083

& Servicing Radio Assembling 34 Transistor

RadioReceiver 22. Two BandsTransistor

Fig. 26--Six Transistor Radio l. Converter-AFl 14 2. Ist I.F. Amp.-AFl l7 3. 2nd I.F. Amp -.\Fl 17 4 . l s t A . F .A m p . - { C 1 2 5 5" PowerAmp -ACl26 6. Power Amp -ACl26

Resistors
Rr :47K ohm R5 :68K ,, Rlo:'lK ,, R1a:5.6K ,,
R2. Re: lOK ohm R3, R12:2.2K ,, R6. Rl1 :22K ,, R7. R18_4.7K ,, R8. R15:680 ,, Capacitors e. cr4-0 05mfd c C8, Cl?-l0mfd c20, c22-0.05m1d grs, ero:30mfd Czr, Cza_l00mfd Rr :200 ohm K16:100 ,, R16:100 ,, R1?:5 ,,

Cl :0.0lnrfd C a:0.00lmfd C 7:0 05mfd Cr6:0 04mfd

C 5:500PF C 6:600PF C e:300PF Clo:5 PF C12:5 PF

Servicing Procedur,e of this Radio

Causeofno receptionofthe both bandsfor no This is one of the easiest trouble to remove but there are so many causes signal output in a transistorreceiver.

& Servicing 35 T r a n s i s t o tR a d i oA s s e m b l i n g

list of causes. l. Dead battery. 2. Bias resistor The following is the complete etc 3. Open Coupling capacitor C17. 4' Voicecoil open. openin any transistor,R1?, 5. Open or shorted jack for head phone 6 Open winding of L.F. transformers. Cz3. 8. Open or shortedRr3 volume contiol. 9. Open 7. Shortedfiltering capacitors basewinding of I.F.T. 10. Open or shorted collector winding of I F T. I l. Shorted 13.Openantenna loop' 14.Shorted gang-capacitor. in the circuitwinding 12. Shorted oscillator section. 16. Open oscillatorcoil' by-pass capacitor Cdetc. 15. Inoperative of the battery' 17. Defective diode. 18. Misalignment. 19. Op;n lead connection 20. DefectivcTransistor. It is a big and impressivelist can be easily divide-up the radio receiverinto trvo sections by feedinga signal from the signal injector across the volume'control. If of the set is functioningnormal. the audio section you hearda response in the loud-speaker If t1e sounddoesnot comeout, the fault is to be found out in the audio section Thereaftcr one has to checkthc circuit stageby stageand locate the fault' Oscillatormixer and LF. amplifiersis the H.F. section of the receivef' The outthe p u t f r o m t h e c o n v e r t e r , A F l 1 4 i s f e d t o a n l . FA . m p l i f i e rA F l l 7 . T h e n r a j o r i t yo f rtsetwo I.F. stages. rccerver No output when modulatedr. f. signal is fed at the antennapoint would indicate that A.F. sectionhad already beentestedand found satisassuming a faulty H.F. section, and locatethe fault' and I'F' stages factory:. Checkthe converter

I
F

ll'

XrE!,\A'$A$r4*f.SAiYz$A''SA$k$A*AiE$A$A$)ASh'$AK "7 '' of Bethemember $ fr---'-r'-/ Rr'rc'

{E
U

fr

S uuooo::,:lll;511il?flT#:,hoveq s \-r'r'Jr"!# tr

GetYour selfqualified

tr

r
I

s ,r* for details: TrainingCentre RadioTelevision {t

76083 fi enonu. ,1...a, F $Hi.ffi%K1?kl-#,f( $'ffi KrKlknrLfi ?it,?i.tfi *mmtnHi,ffi

fr

AQRA-282001

r
h.

4rx

o
o
d, U' E

o .: o () o cc o
a '6

<i
r'r

Xt--E O"+ a HYA

iltJtl llilrl

t <Is a

o F
vr
a

Ft-t-

lrklr

i
{

z
&. F

z
o .g o o
t' E o 6
C

ErE

o(l

i-

CO

c)

z o
U
=

3 F
I

o
I

5AE
'd + 'lrl\ d:.'l
I F': I.,l

9i= FUA

I
q

lt

d, l i l r ..
o

t ruU Ecq<
?

tl

-1.. .k

6F:-t' =

I E

TransistorRadioAssembling& Servicing 37

Radio Receiver 23. Silicon Transistar

Resistors : R 2 :IKfi, R 6:not used R1o:=8.2K 5L :200K tl, R11 R1B:47 n R 3: 15 fU R ?:not used R11:820Q, R15:not used R1e:820,fL R a:150K ,Q, R 8:470K tl, R12:10 Q, R16:47 .Q,

R 1:330K ,Q R 8:150 n

R e:not used R13:10K tL R1?:820 tL

Capacitors :
ClA, CrB- l80Pfd-gang. C?:'04Mfd. Cll:5Pfd. gro, ezo-4Mfd. .

Mfd. cn.cu,cre.c22_0.01 Ce:200/fd.

C12! C2Br C2a:20OMfd.

c81-10 Mfd.

C F I A R T F O R T E S T I N G P , N , P .T R A N S I S T O R S REFERENCE Test step 1. Base Meter positive Collector Meter Negative Emitter :( :< Meter Positive Ohm- Meter Reading

s00K tt 300 ,, 300 ,, 50K ), 500K ,o 275 ,,

Meter Negative Meter Positive 3. 4. ( 6.

1

Meter Negative Meter Positive >< :< Meter Positive

:< :<

Meter Negative 500K ,,

Meter Negative Meter Positive Meter Positive

Metef Negative 5o0K ,.

Meter Negative Meter Positive

8.

Meter Negative Meter Negative Meter Positive

for testing N.P.N. transistor and readingwill be the meterconnections Reverse are having high resistancebetween base and same. The silicontransistors approximately to germaniumtransisrors' collectorin comparison

I
^)laJ

I
l-a3
h

%lcql

-l

o
d. d.
;

r'ttal r tta. o@

g
eci \Dho
F

v a-\

cA

o
tn

dRE E#F E i E tr,

t< FJ

IJ

9 fr o
=oL

6 _r

=t I

z
&. F

=Fg

z2 er
l?.-

E l: t-aI

,4 9

2
F
I
I I l.r IF I
I

F
rt

rpt
i\4]

o J

o
J

= s: r.ttE
dR E
l- .d, F

(nel

;
I I

i$ t; I
I

ll^
fri

l q-.. 1
I I
I

i
I

l^ s I I loo

o* -o
a

t"-

a,g

zt
a

9;idT
u

;i,#,+t:i

I t

"lJ

c)

()

& Servicing 39 T r a n s i s t oR r a d i oA s s " m b l i n g

24

RadioReceiver of Transistor Servicing

with the receiver switchedon and the First thc batery voltageshouldbe checked output,may resultfrom and reducedlpower iistortion, low sensitivity sevefe loaded, battery -battery voltage If it is found that a owner has connectedthe cells in the reverse a low as the in the circuit are as likely to be damaged direction, the elcctrblyticcapacitors transisto"s When the receiveris completely out of order and the battery is found to b; to locate possibleloose,dirty, or intermittent then makea visualinspection serviceable that a transistor connectlons It mustbe remembered,when testing transistors speaker thorughly beeh have components should never de replaced befirrc the surrounding shouldbe in the receiver it examined Sincethe tfansistoris the mostreliablccomponent to be suspected. the lasscomponent it is across the receiverbettery leads with ohm-meter, Now checkthe resistance indicating to be eithervery low generally possible whethcrthe readingappears to observe circuit open similarfault. The resistrnce an or a shortcircuitor very high indicating the resistancecheck shows fault only. Where D. C. checkwill give information on generator. with The quick trouble the signal a normal value.the signalpath is to be checked basegoingfrom each transistor signal into is to inject an appropriate shootingtechnique to antenna. loud-speaker Apply a signalof 400 cyclefrom the signal gener:rtor to the eachba.e of power from amplifiertransistors, equal volumeof 400 cyclenote should be heardin the speaker OC7l. to the base of driver transistor the signalgenerator eachtransistor. Now conncct lead normal.The signalgenerator isfunctioning stage driver th: Iithe audionoteir heard, ar'rdio complete check the to volume-control the of may then be touchedto the upperend for checking section of the receiver. The signalinjectorcan be used for signal generator properly the working of the receiver is theseaudio amplifierstages. If the audio section to detectorOA?0 and I.F. amplifiersOC45. testscan proceed Now apply a 455 Kc/s modulated signal from the signal generator to higher frequency sectionof the receiver. As soon as the signal is not passed by a stagcof amplification,this stageshouldbe checked. Care must be taken that the signal generator capacitor inorder not to change thc bias conditionin poritiu" leadshouldhave a series the circuit under test, or usea radiant loop with the signal generator for injectingthe of transistorreceiver. signalto the stages

o o
I

o
lI

t,

o .: o
I

o o

z,
E, F

o z t
':

.9
EI G g

o .2

o J
E
=

'*l'
il

o
(!

'--'l

- . F l -

t'rrqri+ | I I,ct-*.-l

F I t
N

o)

o
J J

ii

m b l i n g& S e r v i c i n g 4 1 T r a n s i s t oR r a d i oA s s e

25.

TransistorRadio With Piano Switch.

Parts List Transistors :

Tr. Number
Trl-AFl l4

Funetion

Tr. Number T16: ACl25

Function 2nd A F. Amp. PowerAmp. PowerAmP. Detector.

Mixer & osc.

lst I.F. emp. 2nd I.F. Amp. lst A.F. Amp.

Tr2-AF I l7
lI

I
I

Tr?:ACl28 Tr3:AC128 Dl:oA79

Trr-AFl

l7

Tr6-ACl25

Resistors Rr : l0 Ktl, ] OK , , R6: R e = =l c O K , , R 1 3- l 0 K . , R1?: l0 K ,, R21:5'6 K,, R25:100 ,, R, : 33 Ktl, R6: lK,, Rlo:33 ,, Rla:l K ,, R18:3.9 K ,, R22:100 R26: 5 ,, o, R3 : 100,Q, R7:68K,Q, Rtt:4'7 K ,, R15:5 K ,, K ,, Rle:l Rz3:510 ,, R27:22 K ,, Ra :2'5 K R8:22 K R12:680 R16:47 K Rzo:22 K Rsa:4 7

t' l.

l,
c1 :310 PF. C5 :0 0l Mfd. Ce :0 05 Mfd. Cr3:0.01 Mfd. C17:30 Mfd C21:0 005 Mfd

Capacitors C2 :3IOPF. c6 :0.005 Mfd. clo:0 0l Mfd. cla:0 05 Mfd. c18:10 Mfd. c22:0 005 Mfd. C3 :0'005 Mfd. c ?:0.002 Mfd. c1l:5PF. c 1 5: 0 0 | M f d c1e:30 Mrd. cr3:0'002 Mfd. c4 :0.05 Mfd. C8 :0 002 Mfd' C12:10 Mfd. C16: i0 Mfd. C'zo:100 Mid. C2a:100 Mfd.

ConnectionsWith Piano and Switch. Thereare | 8 polesin this bandswitch. Each poleshastwo terminals The poles terminalsare indicatd by the arrow mark Six poles aie usedfor the upperthree antenna coils. coils,and twelvepolesfor lower oscillator

h
I.

,:

and Servicing 42 TransistorRadioAssembling to pole to No. I pole and baseof TRr is connected Aerial and Cr are connected poles No. 3 and No. 5 Pole No. 2 through capacitor C3. Pole No. I is shorted to No. 2 is shortedto PolesNo. 4 and 6. voltageare comingto pole No. 8 through resistorR3. The lower Battery negative to this pole for getting negative voltage. Pole ofosc. coil should be connected connection No. 8 is shortedto polesNo. 12 and 16. voltage throughthe lower parts of primary The collectorof TRl is gettingnegative to poleNo. 15 for primary winding is connected tap of centre The windingof I.F.T. l. pole 7. No. 1l to and pole No' l5 is shorted voltage, gettingnegative The tapped winding of Osc.coil is the primary windingand the otherwinding sec. winding are across is the Sec. winding. The feedback voltageswhich are developed to pole connected is capacitor C8 The capacitor C8. TRr through appliedto emitter of pole No. 18 is right 9. pole 13 and The No. extreme f.i". fZ and this poleis shorted to connected gang is also fo capacitor C2 osc. The section and 10. No. 14 shortedto poles to the particular of the coilsand trimmers to poleNo. 18. Connect tbe others terminals terminalsas shownin the figure.

26.

Alt world Transistor Radio Receiver'

Function
l-

Tr. Number Tr1-2SA234 Tr2*25A234 Tr3-2SAl2 Tr4-2SAl2

Tr. Number Tr5-2SB75 T16-2SB?5 Tr7-25877 Tr8-2SB77

Function

Mixer Oscillator 1stI.F. Amplifier 2nd I.F. Amplifier

lst A. F. Amplifier 2nd A.F. Amplifier PowerAmplifier PowerAmplifier

R 1 : 3 3K n
R5: Re: lK lK,o ,,

Resistors R3:100K o P.2:2'2 K n

R6_ lK Rro:22 K Rra: I K Rr8:3.3 K R22:100 R26: 5
r, rr rr ,, ,, ,, R.l:47K RJL: 'lK ftrs- 5K

R4:3.3K n
R8:1.5 I( R12:680 R16:47 K R2o:22 K ,, ,, ,,

,, ,,

R13:5'6K,, Kl?:4.7K,, R21:5'6K,, R25:50 ,,

R19:680K ,, Rzg:470 ,, Rz7:22 K

,, Rza:l'5 K ,, D1:OA79 Diode

& Servicing Assembling Radlo 44 Transistor

Cr :310Pfd' C5 : l00Pfd. Ce -0'005nrfd C13:0'0lmfd. Cl?-30mfd. C21:0 005mfd

GaPacitors : Cs :0'04 Mfd' C2 :3l0Pfd. C7 --300Pfd. C6 :300Pfd" cro:0'0lmfd Cr4:0 05 mfd. ClB:10mfd. c22:0.005mfd. c1l:0'0-5mfd. Ctr:o'Olmfd Cle:30mfd. c22:0'002mfd.

Ca:0'05Mfd. Cs:0.lMfd.
C12: l0mfd. C16:100mfd. C2!: l00mfd, C2a:lOOmfd,

ications Voltage SPecif

Transistor

254234 2As231 2 ^ S l 2 (Mix) (Psc) (2nd IF

25817 (out-put)

Collector

"*

-t" [** iljlt:_ |

-o ,n -o'ntu -o'tu i -o"tu i | ]

-0'14V

i--- t -l Emirter I o'+v | *o'lsvl -0'4v| -o'ls l-o zsvl-0'75v I l r ]___--__l__

A|l Worl,: Transistor Radio Using Silicon'Transistors.
Resistors : Rl :3g0 K,fl, R5:100K,, Ke :6E0 ,, R1&:220K,, R1?:47 ,, V. C.-Volume Cl :0'01Mfd . C5 :not used Ca:0'05Mfd. Crt:0.4Mfd. l'K Rz : n, lK Ru: ,, Rto: I M ,t ft1a:100 ,. R18:820 ,, Control -5K ,f& C2:$'QlMfd. 10Mfd, C6: Cle:0'0sMfd' Cr4:0'04Mfd.

27.

R3:470
R7 *220

te

Ra :220 K n,
R.8 -220 R12R16: l0 I K ,i ti ,,

,' R11:6'8K ,, R15:100 ,, R1e:47 ',

R2o:820

,,

CaPacitors Cs :100Mfd. C7 :0'05Mfd' Clr:O 0lMfd' CI5-200Mfd, Ca :3'05Mfd, C8 :0'05Mfd, C12:0'0lMfd, C16:200Mfd

$cQco-

YiQ;.;

r$sx

TX<: r.lll
.9J.h'i

o
d.

o -rtrtsq 6 .r-{{t
F X P - F - H

d.

o F
a
1t

tr - . i > > o ?A^o^c .9 l l l l l l l th

a6o

ibur
FFFF

(!

dfr&d

l-

z
d. h? "o r 6

'6 o
E

(r'i:
614

vc\

iH'"

'F

I o (9
lJ.

9
rt

tit ' :

coL CO r! or +."(= ^!1':.Eiio, n E Ft= trd Ha

=<A ll qrY r. I h<

v l i L

tr'*
A-

:*

\J

P , -; EC\ A
llllllll ; --;-^ f-FI// ^) t4

l-{

46 TransistorRadio.Asssmbling & Servicing :30Pfd. Capacityof eachtrimmer Capacityof eachsectionof Gang-350 Pfd. Battery voltage: 6 Volts Loudspeaker resistance:8 Ohms. TransistorLeadsIndenrificafion(Bottomview)

r48

BF I94

BF I95

e 8c
Fig. 3t-

\5t

/>(

,-\ fe r e;
3EC

Transistors Symbols and Pin C o n n e c t i cn s .

OscillatorCoil. AntennaCoilsNumbering. No. l. Start of Sec. t.to. l. Start No. 2. Tappingof Sec. No. 2. Tapping. No. 3. Finish. No. 3. Finish. No. 4. Startofpri No. 5. Finishof pri.

I. F. Transformers. No. l. Start of pri. No. 2. Tappirrgof pri. No. 3. Finishof pri. No. 4. Startof sec. No. 5. Finishof sec.

23.

All World P.N.P TransistorRadio Receiver.

Resistors.

R1 :100 R5 :220 R e: 2 ' 2 K

.fl ,, ,,

RI3:1 K t, R 1 7 : 1 0K ' , R21-33 K ),

R2 :5 it R6:22K ,, Rr0:33K ,, Rla:22K ,, Rle: 68K ,, R2s:100 ,,

R3 :3.3 K Rt :10 K Rll:10 K Rt5:4.7 K R1e:100 R2s:100 Capacitors.

fi, ,,
,, ., ,.

Ra:100 Rs :680

fi, ,,

Ri:l:5 K ,, R16-680 ,, Rzo: l'2 K ,,

Cl :100Mfd. C5:l00Mfd. C'g:0.0lMfd' c13:30Mfd. Cr7:0.00 Pfd'

c, :l00Mrd.
C6:l0Mfd. Clo:5Pfd. Cla:0'05Mfd.

CB: lOOMfd. C7 :0.0lMfd. clr-5Pfd. c15:0.005Mfd.

CL : l0Mfd. C8 :0.05Mfd. c12:g.OsMfd. C16:0.01Mfd.

o
o
d.

&.

o
a a

'i s tA

s.:;* I ;t6! E rltT

,--iv

ea$$

H;

AE

:KKe a6CI <<<\r

o. 2
c'l c
U'

ll ll ll ri F F*n t-t-r-

z
d. F

.Z

o J
d.
= ,]
'i

E o

g bs'g ".:Zsd
9 6 P e - ! 4

3i

c)

E Q ) . _ ' a I

o
J J

N hrt (Y)i--o

i-j

8.(s0 .d, rr llll

Ir. Il. U U

fr r- \O oo _:c.tc\

rllllllll
@ i 6 6 r

J I F* I trrFrqtE
@

I
I

4 3 T r a n s i s t oR r a d i oA s s e m b l i n g and Servicing

(-,@@

'-Bii
F i S 3 3 . A n t e n n a C o i l s& S y m b o t s

ig $# \F=ll
V \.-/

w 'sri
Ant. Coil.

of Coifs N u m b e r i n gC o l o r C o d e & C o n n e c t i o n s O s c i l l a t o rC o i l
of TRr

No. l-Start-white-Gang No. 2-Tapping-green-Base No. 3-End-Black-Chassis

No. l-Sec. Start -green-Gang No. 2-Sec Tap-yellow-Emitter No 3-Sec. End Black-( hassis No. 4-Pri. Start-whitc-Collector No. 5-Pri. End-Red-lst. I.F T.

ASSEMBLING A N T . C O I L SS E C T I O N The pictorial view of antennacoil Section of all world transistorreceiver is givenin Fig. 34 M.W. and S.W.2antennacoilsare wound on ferrite rod, and third coil of S.W.2 having as auto transferrite coreis fitted on the chassis of the set. All thesecoilsare designed former havingone winding only No. I is the 5 start of eachcoil, No. 2 is the tappingand to chassis. No. 3 is the end of eachcoil which is to be connected There are threetrimmers fitted on the chassis near the coils. No I terminal of eachcoil is conneted to the respective trimmerand the rofor terminalo[ all the trimmersare connected to chassis.

& Serviclng 49 R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Transistor switch is used in this band change Doublewafer type have6 Poles 3 positions transistorreceiver. In the diagramonly one wafer is shownwhich has 3 polcs and nine No. I for M.W. band,No 2 for S.W. I and No. 5 terminals. Eachpolehasthreeterminals for SW2band.

Fig. 34-Pictorial

view of Antenna coil setion

Telescopicantenna is connectcd to pole No. I, and the start end of SW2 antenna coils are conneetedto No. 2 and No. 3 position terminals of this pole Pl and No. I terminal remains unconnected. This No. I position is for mediuro wave band, it means that at M.W. position of the set the antenna remains disconnected to ant. coil of M. W. band. This antenna is not required at the time of M.W. band. The pole No. Pz is conn:eted to stator The middle terminal of one section of gang capacitor which is fitted on the metal chassis. The thrce terminals is roror terminal of this capacitor which is to be connectedto chassis. respective of their p2 No. I terminals start to the dre connected terminals of this pole No. green is 2 and tapping white, is No. I coils. There is color marking on the coils, start of Cr6. end terminal No. 3 is black. The pole No. P3 is connected to the one t'irminal This is a ceramic capacitor of 0.01 microfarad and the other end of this capacitor is to be connected to tbe base terminal of frequency changer transistor TRl. The three terminals of this pole pB are connected to the tapping terminal No. 2 of their respectivecoils. You ntust remember that in cach coil, number of turns between No. I and 2 are more than without between No. 2 and 3. In this way you can distinguish terminal one and three coils' any color marking. Always use copper tinned wire for this wiring of antenna

& Servicing R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g 50 Transistor A S S E M B L I N GO S C I L L A T O RC O I L S E C T i O N The below frgureis the pictorial view of oscillatorsection of all world transislor coilsof each band are fitted on the chassis. Each receiver. Threeferrite coreoscillator coil hastwo windingand a tappingin the primary section. For identificationNo. l, 2
Emftrff (tti. Collo.tot lnt

'

Fig. 35-Pictorial view of Oscillator coils saction

arrd 3 is the primary and No. zl and 5 is the secondarywinding. A strip of three is also shownin coils. Samegangcapacitor near these trimmersis alsofitted on the chassis for desire oscillator the of this capacitor 2nd will the utilize section We ,tuning this figure. wafer of the is the 2nd this figure in which is shown switch, frequency. The band-change poles and nine has also three wafer sameband switchwhich is usedfor antennacoils. This terminalsas threefor eachPole. TRr. (AFll5), and this pole's pole No. 6 is connccted to the collectorof transistor to No. 4 terminalof primary' winding of M.W, SWI 1.2 and3 are connected terminals and SW2oscillatorcoil respectively. In this wafer you have to otservethe samesequence for SWr and as you haveadoptedfor antennacoils,this meansthat No. I for M.W. No. 2 of one piece No. 3 for SWz. Connecttogetherths No. 5 terminal of eachcoil and connect of wire from the No. I terminalof the primary winding of lst. I.F.T. to the No. 5 terminal through get (-) reverse voltage a TRt will bias of way collector any oscillatorcoil. In this

T r a n s i s t o r R a d i o A s s e m b l i r r g& S 0 r v i c i n g 5 1 the primary winding when connectedin series with collector circuit- When the starting due narying current flows in the primary a voltage will be set up in the secondary winding windings coil' of each secondary tho across to mutual indication. Trimmers afe connected are connected to chassis' The rotor plate of each trimmer and No. 3 terminal of each coil to pole No' Pr connected is The stator plates terminal of 2nd portion of gang capacitor of their respective coils' For and its three terminal are connected to No. I terminal we will take the output from generating oscillations feed back is essential. For this the emitter of transistor TRr feeds and to If," tuppiig terminal of the secondary rvinding is connected to pole terminalPs through emitter the through the capacitor cri, because Capacitor micro farad' 0.005 of capacitor this ccramic capacitor CI5 having the antenna of MW terminal I No. the between Cr? is the padding capacitor which is connected capacity the having padder capacitor coil and No. I terminal of pole Pa. This Cl? is fixed section of transistor receiver' oscillator the assemble can of 500 picafarad. In this way yotl on the copper tinned wire for each band' To avoide mistake use different color sleeve pz 1220 ohm) which is ro bc connected between emrtter ;;;;;;;;;;;;*i;;;resistor the positive terminal of In this set chassisis connected to terminal of TR1 uoO "ftu.rir.s i x v o l t b a t t e r y . n r t . , " " * p r e i i n g t h e w i r i n g , c h e c k t h e e a c h t e r n r ihirs n a l i to i n dbe com parewith on assembled portion- of transistor receiver remaining rne diagram. circuit yoLr must stages' for assembling the remaining the printed board. For further loid"nce

,iuay'lslr-rcoN TRANSISToRASSEMBLING"'

I . F . A L I G N M E N TO F T R A S I S T O R F A D I O
?'

voicecoil terminals. the spcaker the A/C. voltmeteracross l. Connect tunedto 455 Kc/s and modulatedvia 0'l mfd' the signalgenerator 2. Connect betweenTr1 baseand chassis' capacitor out-put to mainlain 0.25 volt on the outPut 3. Attenuatethe signal generator of the reciver' meterto preventover-loading to the maximumcapacity' 4. Set the gangcondenser 5. Set thc volumecontrol to maximum' 6 . Ad.justcoreof LF.T3 f6r maximumresponse' 7 . Adiust coreof I'F,T.2 for maximam response' 8. Adjustcoreof I.F.Tr for maximumoutput' step No. 6,7 and 8 sealthe coreswith wax' 9 . Repeat

and Servicing 52 TransistorRadioAssembling R. F. ALIGNMENT

Signal-generatorwith400c/smodulatedoutputandlowoutputimpedence. l. Rotate tuning control to gangmaximum' ro s-itiKc/s and placethe loop nearaerialcoil. 2. Set the signalgenerator 3. Adjust the eoreof M' W' Osc'coil for maximum response' 4. Rotatetuning control to gangminimum' to 1600Kc/s' 5. Resetsignalgenerator maximum retponse' 6. Adjust the trimmer of M' W' Osc'coil for alwaysfinishingrvith No' 5' 7. RepeatStepNo. I to 6 asnecessary' frequencyand at (00 Kcls' Tunethe receiverat this 8. Setsignalgenerator response' maximum for rod eot. coil on ferrite adjustth"eprrii;rri"ilri.'w g.Setthesignalgeneratorto^15C0Kc/s.Tunethercceivertothisfreqtrency adjustthe tti**.t of"M. W. Ant coil for maximum response' is made' StepNo. 8 to l0 until no furtherimprovement 10. Repeat Bands Wave Alignment of Short at 2'5 Mc/s' Tune the set to thisfrequencyand ll. Setthesignalgenerator maximumresponse' for adjustthe coreof S. WI t. dsc. coil |2.SetthesignalgeneratoratT.0Mc/s.Tunethesettothisfrequencyand adjustrhe trimmer of S.W. 1 Osc.coil for maximum response' l3.setthesignalgeneratofto3.5Mc/s.Tunethesettothisfrequencyand adjustthe coreof the S.W. I Ant. coil. and the set to this frequency 14. Set the signalgenerator to 6 5 Mc/s. Tune adjustthe trimmerof S' W' I Ant. Coil' is made' StepNo. 1l to l4 until no further'improvement 15. Repeat signal freappropriate with Note :-Same R. F. alignmentprocedurefor S' W'2
according to djal setting. clencies

No Sound:_ l. ry rundown. l. Batte 2. 2. Openvoice coil. Openpri. of driver transformer. 3. prl. of output transformer. 4. 4. o^pen 5. on/off switch. 5 . Defective 6. 6. Break in battery lead. 1 7Shortedfilter capacitor.

F i g '2 9 ) CHART (See T R A N S I S T O RR A D T OS E R V I C I N G RemedY causcs Possible if low reP.lace Check'voltage' Checkthc continuity of voicecoil' Checkthe winding with ohm-meter' Ctreckthe winding with ohm-meter. Checkon/off switch' Checklead with ohm-meter' Onengne lead of C2a'

& Servicing53 R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Transistor Causes Low sound:l. 2. 3. '4. l' Weak batterY' 2' transformer' I.F' of Misalignment 3' Defectivetransistor' 4' caPacitors' LeakYbY-Pass 5' capacitors' filter line 5. Defective Checkvoltageof the battery on load ( hecklhe I. F. alignment. CheckA. F. or I. F. transistor. CheckCr4, Cu or Cle. Check6zos1 Qzr. RemedY

;Noisy-recePtion visuallY. 1 Checkthe stages DrY joint. if scrachY' replace R15' Check 2' Worn out volumecontrol' with Petrol' switch 3' Wash the band band-switch' Defective or Czo C24' 4' CheckcaPacitor filter caPacitor' Defective ' Tr?-25877 or Tr3 5' Check DefectivePower Transistor' centre' of out coil 6' Voice sPeaker. Defective or C18' C16 7 CheckcaPacitor LeakYcouPlingcaPacitor' of A.F. stage' 8' Checktransistor A' F. stage' Defective \Cr2. A G.C' filter capacitor' 9. CheckcaPacitor Defective r' 10. Rcpllce with a neu'transibrmer' output transforme 10. Mismatched 1. 2. 3. 45. 6. 7. 8. g. :Motor-Boating l. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. Fading:1. 2 3. 4. A.G'C' filter' Defective Poor diode detector' Misalingnment' OPenaerialconnection' l. 2. 3. 4. and C12' R1B Checkeesistor it. CheckOA79 and rePlace alignment' receiver's the Check Check antennacircuit. capacitor' neutralizing Defective Transitor. I.F. Defective oapacitor' bY-Pass Defective Weak batterY. ri Dry solderjoints. Misalignment .: l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. capacitors' Checkthe neutralizing Tra' Tr2 and Check Checkall the by passcapacitors' CheckbatterYvoltage' Checkthe circuit visuallY' Checkalignmentwith SignalGenerator \

5l

& Servlcin,g Tr:nsistorRadioAssembling

29. Servicing Chart of Audio Section

5-.,

Or vi

Fig. 36-Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram Ouick check :-Feed an audio signal at pick'up tefminals of across Rt the volumecontrol. Audio note should be hcard in the speaker,or touch a damp finger shouldbe heard irr the speaker, on the baseterminal of the tfansistorTRl. A hum response No OutPut Signal Causes .-1. Batterycompletely run down. 2. Open voicecoil of the speaker. jack. 4. Condenseracross the primary winding of output trans' 3. Faulty earphone formeris.shorted. 5. OpenemitterresistofR?. 6. Open pri. 01sec.windingof driver transformer. 7. Shortei filter capacitorsof 25 mfd. 8. Defective on/off srritch' g. Defectivepowef amplifiertransistorTRz or TRa. 10. Defectivelst. A.F. transistorTRl Symptoms :-Distortion or Low Out-put. of L,F. oulput speaker. 3, Mismatch Causes:-1. Weak battery. 2. Defective in the valueof 5. Change transformer. Mismatch of the power output trensistors. 7. Shorted resistors. bias valvc of base Ra and Rt. 6, Changein the emitter resistors Trz. Driver transistor Defective capacitorCz in the lst. A.F. staf. 8. emitter bypass of value reduced Leaky or g. Shortedturns in the primary of out-put transformcr. 10. Cl. couplingcapacitor

TransistorRadioAssemblirg& Servicing 55

30. Servicing Chart of DetectorStage

.R9 D

R5'

Rs

Fig. 37-Circuit Diagram of Datector and lst' Audio Arnplifier Rs: lOKfl, R2:47K,f1, Rl:lOK,Q, R6: l0Kft Rg:l Kf,l, Ra:5 K,Q, Capacitors : C3:30 Mfd. C2:10 Mfd' c1-0 0t Mfd. C5:10 Mfd. Ca: l0 Mfd. of the Pfimary Ouick check :-Apply a modulatedI. F' signalto the collector sPeaker' the in heard of t.F. transformerT3. The modulatiennote shouldbe r.r,inding Symptom-Weak Signal. Cl' capacitor R'F. by-pass crystaldiodeD' 2. Defective Causes ;-1. Defective transfor' I'F' of winding Ci of l0Mfd' 4. Defective capacitor 3. OpenA.G.C. by-pass transformer: 6. OPenor shorteddiodeload Rr' I'F' of mer l.F.T3. 5. Misalignment Symptom :-Distortion 8n Strong Signal' Defective coupling capa' Causea:*1. ShortedA.C.C. fflter capacitorCp' 2' citor C2. Testing of Diode :hours. Thesediodesrarely life of a crystaldiodeis more than 10,000 The average the' reverse the fevefse and forward resistanccwith an ohm'meterl. go bad. Measure resistanceshoiild be, 100 to shouldbe 1000Kilo ohmsof nlof and forward resistance 250ohm onlY. . r ., gain"' the stageis alsoproviding the A.G'c. voltageto control Note:-The detector :of I. F. amPlifietstages'

Resistors:

& Servicing 56 TransistorRadioAssembli;rg

31. Seruicing Chart of LF. Stages'

e--.TL-

I sl
I

I
I
I

biiit[' ----'r.l
nl

"arilf+

I I
_r_
?l

"v -T'
I

o0. i Rq-|ff.^,K*..{

R20^

Fig, 36 Circuit Diagrarn of l' F' Amplifiers' generator to the Ouick check '--npplv a modulatedI' F' signalfrom the signal speaker' the heard in be sbould notes modulation oFlst f.p. stoge'fR;:T'h" base Symptom :-No output signal from the speaker' C - -Oil; auses:-l.DefectiveTransistorTRlorTRz.2'openemitterresistorsR6. f . F. tiunii"imer coil. 4. Shorted base by-Plls -capacitor g,u Cn Rro. 3. 2' 6. Openbasewindingof I. F. T.1or I' F' T' t6e *inlire oif f.f. 5. Shb;t circuited misalignment. completely 7. LF. transtormer for low-gain, take a fixed capacitor.9jg91mfd' stage tror locatingthe defectrve andtollector of the transistor. When shortio bose touch the terminals'ofitr" cona.nser the volume will- drop considerallyif the condenser. a.nd this base collecto;-;iih ins a in the volume. j,r6e; G in:oiA, t. in-a defect;ve no change will be stagethere ' l!-. transistor Ifa400 of converter tocollector Nowapplyamodulate,ll.F.signal order, working in are stages I,F. thi the speaker in ishlar'l cycleresponse

& Servicing 57 TransistorRadioAssembling Warning :gain,many in an attemptto.improve.the of the receiver Do not alter the alignment the- tuning, the gain can be improvedby-.peaking tunedaid although receivers are sta.rger in distortion,if the align' and an increase by a lossof Jresponse this will be accorn-panied with the manufacturer's nrentof the receiver is suipectedalways-realign in accordance manual. service

32.

Servicing Chart of Converter Stage.

Arr. '\ii

a I I

J I

Fig. 39-Circuit Diagram of Converter Stage. Ouick Check :-Apply a modulatedR. F. Signalat the antenna terminal. Tune the radio at -this particularly frequrency. The modulation note should be heard in the speaker. to emitter,but in In P.N.P. transistor, the base is usually negative with respect the stager the base is at positivepotential with respect to emitter because this converter that positivefeedbacli from collector to emitter makesthe basepositive. This indicates the oscillatoris functioning. the emitter resistor Ouick Check for Oscillator :-Measure the voltage across R3,and note the reading. Now take a small pieceof wire and short the oscillatorsection of ihe gangcapacitor C5 and now take the vol{aggreading. If the meter pointet moves in voltageacross the emitter oack,the oscillatoris functioning,there will be slight decrease R3. re'istof set,keep Second Method of Checking Oscillator :-Switch on your transistor end it near a goodset which is in working condition. Tune the goodset to high frequency of rhe diil 1500Kc/s. Tune your set, which you are testing at 1045Kcrs. or near lbot,r If your set is working, a whistlewill be heardin the speaker of goodset. If no soundis in this converter stage. heird, checkall the components

-{

r
l! I
5
I

lr1

s
x o
t

T1 F

x
{
rn

o
o
t o o a

t j

rug v 3 o( o
!o blil Tl

-{
!

z (tt
(/t {

ct o {
o o CE 0, 3 CL
I l3

qt

9
Ul

o
r

o
2
-l

l{

I
t

N m

{
0, 5

c
v

2.
o t
D g

& Servicing 59 R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Transistor

33.

R.F. Alignment Chart.

Dial setting Ajusting to maximum output MW. OSC coil core 1500Kc/s 600 Kc/s 1500'Kc/s
I -r00 Kc/s

N,lW. OSC.trlmmer Repeatthreetimes steps(,) and (z) MW. ANT. coil core MW. Ant. trimmer

MW

':
ll

600 Kcis 1500Kc/s 7 2,5 Mc/s 6.0 Mc/s 2.5 Mc/s 6.0 Mc/s 2.5 Mc/s 1l t'2 6.0 Mc/s 2 5 lt'Ic/s 6 0 N{c/s 2 5 Mc/s 6.0 Mc/e 25 Mc/s, 6.0 Mc/s 2 5 Mc/s 6.0 lvlc/s 2 5 lt'Ic/s

Repcat three tirnes steps (a) and (5)

SWl OSC. coil core

osc.

SWr OSC.trimmer(CT.1l
Repcat lhrce times steps(7) and (s)

SW1ANT. coil core SWt ANT. trimmer

Repeat thr,.e tlmes

ANT.

gq M./r

|rt.g11j*)and

(u)

& Servicing TransistorRadioAssembllng Adjust Circuit SignalGenerator output Dial sctting 7 0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s 7.0 Mcls 180 Mo/s Ajusting to maximum outprrt SW" OSC.coil core SWzOSC.trlmmer
Reoeat three tinies steis (3) and (1a)

13 l4

7.0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s 7.0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s 7.0 lvlc/s 18.0 Mc/s 7.0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s

l5

16
l1 ll

SWzANT. coil core SW' ANT. trimmer 7.0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s

Repeat three times steps(tu) and (17)

l8

PUBLIcATIoNS ouR FoRTH-coMING * Transistorized,Television Receiver $ t. j5 Z. Oscilto-Scope I RadioTV Test-Equipments, if S. Micro ElectronicsI Integrator Circuits

**rlFrShSptSA*.lA*fzShSAlYz*AHiiFztrklie

fr
fi
fi
i

Guide PhotograPhY 4. Mono-Chrome Publishing verq shortlq Btl CENTRE TRAINING RADIOTELEVISION
ShahzadiMandi, AGRA-282001

s f;
fi

Phone: 1 6 0 8 3

!tl

i I ii: l

TransistorRadioAssembling and Servicing 61

34. Signal lniecter'

lrK. .ooL4

'

't"f '

I
I t

Diagram of Signal Injector' Fig' 4l-Circuit PrinciPle and OPeration :harmonics The Its principle based on multivibrator oscillator, which is rich in TR'9==OC71' TR1& Kcis. l'5 generator is frequencytiini*ignat tundamentat by injectingthe signalfrom.this Now vou can test any stageof transistot teceiver an audio signalwill be woiking is stage the If oiirun.litot, .;enurini.iior'io*rtl"uu* hdardfr6m the loud'sPeaker' of the transistorradio and signaloutput lead Connectthe emitter lead to the chassis tested' be to of the transistor of TR: to thp Uase stagein a teceiver' It is very usefultestingequipmentfor locating the defective

35. Circuit Diagramof Signal Tracer

frc. t.a. a S|GNA! tl^cll

Fig. 42-Dircuit Diagramof Signal Tracer' PartsList, R1:470K ohm R2:470K ,, R3:330K ,,

Resistors Ra:4'7K ohm R5-330K ',

R6:4.7K ,,

'

R7:330 K ohm. R':toK "

& Sorvicing 6 2 T r a n s i s t oR r a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Capaiitors cr:0'002Mfd cr=.0.0lMfd C{:0'01 ,,

c3.=0'0lMfd

Battery voltage:4 5 volts. This signal tracer consists of a three-stage audio fiequtnc,v arlplifier. A. F. rundR. F. signalsare fed directly to the capacitorsCi and chassis.The indica-torcorrsist-c of crystal headphone Supposeby touchirrgthe prods to the base of lst. I.F. stagc and chassrs if you heard a response in the head-phone then, up to this stageset is functioning and il vou are not getting the responsein thc head-phone, therr the fault exists in the pre-stage and the signal is not coning to this stage.

36

Light Blinker
+bi:
R4.

R5
'raz.

Fig. 43-Automatlc Switching For Lightinga Bulb ON & OFF

i'artsLrst. 'Ir1=ACl28 Tr2:AC127 C t = -l 0 0 M f d . Rl:lOK,R Rr:6'8K R3:lKll R5:l'8K Ra:270 ,, R6:5 Lamp:6 volt.. 0'15 Ampere. A ,,

37.

TelephoneAntplif ier.

Fig. 44-Circuit Diagram of Telephone Amplifier,

;
i

A s s r n b l i n& g Servicing lnter'Ccnn'. Transistor PartsList TR2:ACl26 TR'z:ACl26 TR3_-AC128 TRa:ACl28 Rr:5K n R2: 1K ,, R2:33,, Ra: 220 ,,
R5:470 R6:2K R?:6'8K R8: l0K n " ,, ,. Jt Re:lOK (r, Q5:100mfd. C2,C3:30mfd. C4 :10mfd.

38. lnter Communication set.

R2 68k Cl

Re I l.lr. ?

R9 z.zK

Rto

rzri

+'J50mt Rs

{r

lomf R..

r
-'6 v
I

Fig. 46-Circuit Diagranr of Inter-Com' Set. This transislorizcd"intercom" set can be used to achieve reliable voicr' conrmunic a t i o n s b e t l r e e n t u o p o i n t s i n a n o r m a l s i z e h o u s c . T h e m a s t r r u n i t c o n s i t so f a t t d i o amplifiersof three OC7 I transistors. This Ampli0er operateson 6 volts D.C. Speakers LSI ancl LSz are uscd for borh talk and listen functions. The talk-listen switch Si ar the the lalk or listen ntotle for the intercom station. The vo;ec' master location establishes communicationis initiatcd from the master urrit. Now the switch Sr is set to the talk position No. l and the audio voltagedeveloped acrossthc voice coil of LSl is coupledb.v to lalk position No. I The I S: the YRl and Cr to the baseof TRl; With S' depressed speakeris automatically connectedto secordary of the audio amplifier output transformer (TL) for listen mode operation qnd the initiator can now talk to the intercom stttion rvhere ' LS] is irrstalled. this loud-speaker r untt speaker LSr is When the switch 51 is in the listcn position No. 2. The maste d to the amplifier input. in the listen mode and thc other ipcaker LSe is connecte connected Now a replv from the remote unit LSz is commuuicated to the spcakerLSr thrortgh the sameaudioimplifiers. The value of componentsare \^ritten in the circuit diagram.

64 Transistor Radio Assembling & Servicing

36.

Transistorized Power Supply.

DC 12 volts to 220 volts DC.

Fig, 46-Circuit Diagram of Converter 12 V to 22oV, DC capacitors:0.0lMfd. each Resistolg:l0tt & 300 n Transistors:2N2907 Diodes :BY-100 Circuit D6scriptionThis transistorizedpower supplyconverts12 volts DC. to 250 volts DC. in thc of a step-uptransformerwith the centretap of the primary' car-radio. The circuit consists to the batterynegative. The trvo endsof is connected to chassisand chassis connected The transistors of two switchingtransistors. primary winding are connected to the collectors are working as on-off switch,the time of switchiugb:ing so controlledby the upper centre that they conductalternately. The celtre tap of tap feedbaik winding of the transformer the across feid back winding is ionnectedto junction of two resistorswhich are connected to negative end of the battery is 300 ohms battery. The valireof resistorwhich is connected to positiveend having the value of l0 ohms. which is connected and the other resistor The emittersare connected to the positiveend of the battery. The battery,voltage a is thereby applied alternately across the tuo halves of the primary winding in_d-ucing which isthentransferto250volts persecond squarwave voltageofaboui 1000cycles diodes. The the secondar!winding. This voltageis rhen rectifiedby the two silicorr across are usedto diodes are working as full wave rectifier. The R.F. chokeand two capactiors filter the rectified loltage Thesefilter D.C. voltage are used as high tension voltagefor gridsofthe valves usedin rhe car radio" the anodes and screen

& Servicing65 T r a n s i s l o rR a d i oA s s t r n 6 l ; 6 9

40

Battery Eliminator f or TransistorReceiver'

l.
i

I
I I

Fig. A7-Power Pack for TransistorRadio C o m p o n e n s: of 9V, l. T-Step down transforme r havingprimaryof 220r'oltsand sccondary 6V, 4.5V AC. 2. S-On/offswitch in'the primary winding. are beingused 3. B-Band change switch4 poles,3 positions. Only trvo po for changing tappjng. the voltage 4. M-Metal Rectifier BridgeType. 100ma. Y:Yellow colour mark on the terminalfor a.c.input. output are for DC negative R:Black colourmark on the outer terminals at shortedtogetherand centreterminal having Red colour is to bc keprt positive potential. chassis 5 L.F.C.-Low frequency chokeof 250 milli-henry. of l00mfd. capacitor 6. Cr & C2-Filteringelectrolytic Circuit Description :receivers It is a full waverectifier circuit For testingdifferent typesof transislor switch is set at 6 volts one can set this supply 4'5 to 9 volt DC. Now the band change posilion. By switching the on/off switchat ON position,the current flowsin the primary in are being induced windiugof stepdown transformer and by mutual induction voltages rvinding. The a/c voltage secondary - are applied to the yellow terminalsof nretal rectifierthroughband change switch. Thus rectifierdeliversd/c negativeoutput from the red terminalswhich are connected togetherand a filter of one L.F. chokeand two capacitor are usedfor filtering the pulsations. Always connectlower chassisterminal to the positive side of the transistoi receiverterminal and L.F. choke terminalto the negtive sideof the receiver.

& Servicing Radiodssembling 66 Transistor 41. Transistors Equivalents.

Converter AFI I4 BFI94 I.F. Amp. AFl17 BFI95 Detector

OA78 oA79 A85 oA70 IN34 oAl74 oAls0 IS33 INA2 oA70 oA9l IN 60 tT23 oA70
,t

AC125 8C147

ACI28 ACI27

oc l7 0 oc44 25A:234 oc6l4 oc6r3

2SA58 28A10 2SA102 Al15 2SA93

oc4s oc4s
2SAI2 AFl0,{ oc6l2 2SA53 2SA3I 25A55

ocTl oc7l
25875

oc74 oc12
25871AClO5

oc602 oc602
2SA54 25B32 l7 I 2SB OC81D 2S853 2T64 2SD66 2SBl75 2SA17l 2 S B ll 2 ACl23 2N109 T1582

oc604
23856 2SB34 t74 2SB

oc45
25A53 2T76 25C76 2SAt0l 5SA45 2SA155 AFI17

oc81
25856 2'186 2SB5I 2SBl78 23At74 2SA163 AC128 2N270 2N1069

2:120r 25L123 2SA103 2SA70 2SAl53 AFI16 2N370 2N1058 ocl70 2N412 oc170

,t

IN38 oA79 IN34 ,,

2Nr3e

I 2N2e3 oc4s
2N410

oA70 rN87 oA70

oc71
2N406 ocSlD

ocSl
2N408

oc45

oc81

\x

9
o
t
EI

o c,
lrJ

F
I

i
t!

r"
4

ltJ O.

1n

SECTION

I
Parts List :-

(P.a al @.izeu itr, dia (pzaetie

42. Four valvesAll World Radio (Fig. 481

Resistors
Rr. R10 R2. I watt R3, 1 watt Rl, R6 R5' i/2 watt R7, v.C. R3, 1/2 watt Re v'att

Capacitors
cl, c;, c6, c7. c1o, cl1 gz, Ca, ce
Cls, Cl?

:lM :27 K :22 K :47 K :2M :'5 M :5M :'22 M :300 :1000 :1000 :100

: l00Pfd-Ceramic
-tnn
Jt ,)

:0.5 Mfd-Paper -.nn<

, , , l

c1{, c15 Ct, Ct c13

,, :500 Pfd :25 Mfd.

:32

Electrolytic Gang Electrolytrc

Miscellaneous :Padder:600 Pfd Dial lamP:'15 ampere, 6 volts Loudsp:iker:3 ohm Outputtransformer-L.F.T for UCL 82 I. F. transformer:I.F.T.A & LF.T.B. Bandchange switch:4 Poles; 3 Po:ition

1pr, 5 watt Rlr, l0 ,, R13,(vari) pra, 5 rvatt

R a d i oP r a c t i c aC l ircuits 69 Pin Connectionsof the valves rrsedin this circuits Valves No.
l: I
a'u g2
df

'l3 I
9l O1 lr o2
.' ot

h h

ah

Function ---eomreterDet. & I. F.

V2:,UBF 89 V3:UCL 82 V4:UY 85

k
s1 o

h h

h h

g:lktat
a

lst L.F.& PowerAmp. Rectifi:r

43.

Five Valves Ac-Dc Superhetrodyne Radio. (Fig.

Type Paper Ceramic Rl:1M R2: 47K

g)
Type

Parts ListCapacitors

cr :0.05Mfd C2 :0'01 ,,. c3 :100 Pfd c4 :100 ,, c5 :100 C6 :0'05Mfd c7 :0 05Mfd c8 : r0oPfd c9 :100 ,, cl0:0 005Mfd Cl1:0.01 ,, c l 2 : 0 . 0 0 5, , C13:0'005,,
cr4:25Mfd. 25V Cl5:32 ,, 350V C16:32 ,) ,, c17==0'05, 450V

Carbon1i" Watt

R3 :
R4: R5: R6 :

22K,,

,rl

,, rl2Watt 4 7K , , 05M,,
t, t,

) Ceramic
,1

R7: R8:

VolumeControl Carbon1/zWatt
tt t,

R9 :0.22 M,, R 1 0 : 0 . 4 7M , , Rl l: 150 ,, R l 2 : 5 0 0K , , Rl3:900 ,, R14: 159 ,, Choke:-SHenry or

Da-^-

, ,

t ,

Wire Wound 5 Watt Tone Control Wire Wound 10 Watt

,)Jr)

Electrolytic

L.F. Choke Wire Wound l0 Watt

Paper

R e s i s t o r oIf K Q

l'!

tf
EE

or Dl o = 1! CL o g
o o

rr
; .D
C}

ct.,

r|'

1F
{
o a
! a

() a o

o
fr
v
g
-

o 0 EL o :t o

r E

;'

I
;
(cl I

RadioPracticalCircuits 71 Pin Connections of the Valves used in circuit' Valve No. UCH 8I UF 89 U B C8 I UL 84 UY 85
S gl

lu lt llr
h h h
ll ,

i'
a
S

e
1g"

ah
S

s'1" 1"
', gt a"d
o2 b

61

k
,

h h h h

o! DI

k kgt \
1.

a'd

s 1 D

h
,l 11

44. Five ValvesAc SuperhetrodyneRadio (Fig 50)

Parts ListRssistors. pr :47 K ,ft, Rl : lMtt R5 :47 K ,, R5: lM,, R1l:150 Rlo=:0'5M,, VolumeControl Rt-0'5M ,, Ra :33 K .Q, R3 :22 K ,Q, 1 0 M Re :0.2 M ', R8 ,, R 13- I K R12:0'5M,, ,, Tone Control R 1 2 : 0 ' 5 M , ,

r I
I

Capacitors" Cr C3 :100Pfd' C'?:0.0lMftl' C1 :0 005Mfd :0'05Mfd' C8 : l00Pfd' C? C6 :0'05Mfd. C5 : l00Pfd. cl'z:'005Mfd. ci1:0.0lMfd. c10 :0.05Mfd. ca :100Pfd. cr6:32Mfd. c15:32Mfd. Cla:25Mfd. C13:0'05Mfd. Padder:600Pfd. : 500Pfdeach' Gan g Capacitor-2 section of eachcoil:70Pfd' secondary across Six Trimmers :l0OPfd'

t F\

Transformers. Two-I.F. Transformers, One-Power Transfsrmer 80ma. Three Ant. R.F. Transformers. One-L.F. OutPutTransformer HT. 250 volts and LT' 6 3 volts. ThreeOsc.R.F. Transformers

a,
Fl

t!
l I
('1

o
I
I

l! o g
o o

r r
{

o
U) E o o o
CL

o v
r U

g o
o
I

v t7

a
E. g

0t GI o
I

\}

l ircuits 13 R a d i oP r a c t i c aC Pin Connections of the Valves used in this circuit

',*
EL84
EBCsl

-l

ililil i i" i *' jr,e'l

1 at I e.i t I

;i;l;l;

h ;
tr i h i '.
h
h

I a
s

""
lc
o3
oo b ct b

i ad'
ah

EF8e
ECH8l

' I '-i"'i' I l-,"1 l-,oj

g',gni
I

s I r' I t

I r,r

n
h

s , a
g

g' lk,g'l

at

45 Six valvesAlc Superhetrodyne Radio {Frg.50)

Circuit Description This basic six valves superhetrodyne radio receiveroperatesdrrectly from an AC powerline of 220 volts. AC power inputs are convertedto DC Power by the EZ40 lut i wave rectifier circuit. The receiveruses a paraliel heater arrangement. The on/off swits i is connected in the primary of man's transformer. This power traosformer has thro': windings. The middle secondarywinding of five volts is not used in this circLLtt. secondary One or two dial lamp can be connectedacrossthe 6.3 volts L.T. wirding for dial light. Now the band changeswitch is set at SW2 band (7.5 to 22Mcls) and t'uring circtrit the desirer.f. modulated sienal of this band and couple this signal to the control selects grid of the ECH42 triode hexodeionverter valve. A local osclliatorsignil developedby th,' resonantcircuit formed by thr SW2 oscillator coil and other section of gang capacitor i , also applied to the mixer grid of this valve. The modulated r f and loc,l oscillatorsignars are mixed in this valve to produce the 455Kc/s intermediate frequencyuseclin thi; receireti Trimmer capacitors connectedacrossthe coils are adjustedto assurethat the desiretracking relationship is maintained acrossthe band. A single I.F. stage which usesEF4l remote cut-off pentodeprovidesthe requi.re,l a m p l i f l c a t i o n o f i n t e r m e d i a t e f r e q u e n c y s i g n a l sT . his stage is made selectiveat455Kcs by the double tuned input and out-put f.F. transforrners. The audio signal componcnts are extractedfrom the I.F. signal by the 2nd detector circuit which consists of dioCe components. sectionof EBC4I tube and associated The audio signal voltage across the volume control potentiometer is amplified by the triode sectionof EBC4I and is then used to drive the EL4 I audio output sra!e The output stage developsthe audio power required to produce an audible output fr.-'.rr the speaker.

ltr (tc

t) a
L
6d

vl
p

l! I

F
E7
Frl

c 'E
TTI

gr

I g? 5.

e
-t
(! f4
E -l

E;'l
i.j -t

:trg
|'l
"{

D
ll{

lF,t-'{ {lj+t ;;i3l

;4

g
rlt o t o

pS

oF g{
<Fl

tq

w:1

D CL

c) v
o -.
-l c

(n
)
-l

rnfi
5Ei trl mJ

z
fr
at^ 2rlFo
22a

'?; -i..

nf,
ep

T r I
(,
I

o
v

=. (o
J CL

z
Fl

m{ t{l :o Pi: gB

2 fn
n

m>

n3

o o o :

z
{ ,t

v
G)
F

$3l;lfi
'tlF-{l

F (a
IJii-

RadioPracticalCircuits 75 Pin Connections of the Valves used in circuit' Valve No. ECTT42 EF 4I EBC 4I EL 4I EZ 40 EM 84
h h h h h
o 1.

: I:l'
t,
N

h h

ar

h
o3

a a'
i^

L.

h h

Def a

ic

(Fig. 5I ) 46. Six ValvesHigh Fidelity Audio Amplif ier'

Circuit DescriPtion :opsrates can delivcrpoweroutput ol t5.watt' The circuit DC to This hi-fi. audioamplifier volts six corlverr ro used Th"'uibtutor'is from 220 volts AC toDC .1neun'iv"eOijt ";;;"T;il';;rqt. full"wave--r.iiin". whichconvertstheACinput pulsatingDC. output. as tha input stage io1 tltg -Xldin A high gain pentode voltrge .apnl1fier is used second vaive. The outputof this un.t ntrt amplifier The R.C. ;;;;,il,*";;"ft4.1, 1tr; of a triodesplit loed tvr'.re of oherc ittverter grid control t6 the 6N7 is crr.Lpted seco'dstage amplitude and irr .quil ar. *hi.n' of each triode oi-6SCz 'alve 6SC7. The outprits petltodes' power beam 6V6 pair of a ut" iJ"a;; i;;; in phase opposite the audroamplifierotttput to the speakers couples Thc pushpulloutput-tr-arrsformer of numberof speakers of this tranrformJi;;;;h to the diff-'rent The taps on the seconclary ,1to 500 ohms. General Instructions ll . T h e p o r v e r t r a n s | o r m e r a n d r e c t i t r e r . s tfollotning. a g e s h o ureasons' ldbeplac dn : a r bhum ytheoutpu slight Ifea lhe near rhe.r.il;i"; cnd of the amplifierl"trr.i-irru* so and "fi;;; stages following ihe atl Uy -p:"t.d it witl b6 lmplified ii"e", is picked up gy rh" po amplifier the by *p ;'t 1*n'' i'r," run," "rer vt:ry ob,ecs#bi; become ""1.;; no harm' does therefore and it-""it" anlptifiid 2 . K e e p t h e 2 2 0 v o l t s A / C l e a d s a s s h o r t a s p osrvitch s..ible ' . T h ebe m : placed rirrlirr ecordsho close should closeto the power tr"nsform.rl"Jo-lbr enterthe chassis to the main'stransformer'

u d

Uj*
I

(l

5'

i:. i:e

e
*l

I'l
C) I I

*l

r
I x
o o an

Fql

k*/

3
'4

ta'

(n

o
CL @ 0,

-l ?tt

r
-t

z z
ri

o a

fEl

o c)

a-

I I . 6 ?;

3 '(t

r" Tl
I

=. 3

m
F o
E
Fi

;
tat

?U

-t ct
*t

F t a d i oP r a c t i c a lC i r c u i t s 7 7 3. Hum may be picked up from AC heater wiring. To avoid this trouble, the two leadsshould bc twisted together as much as possible and kept as far from the control grid and plate leads as is convenient. 4. Motor boating is comm:n trouble encountered in the construction of audio the exhaustof amplifier. This difficuliy causesa nrise in the loud speaker that resembles a lack of regulation of the is voltage in dirficulty oi rhis cause mltor boat. The ccmmon the power supplY' plate or screer giid voltege will often cruse ho'vling plor qutlity. 5. Excessive 6. The grid bias on all the valves should be high enough to pievent any of the g r i c l sf r o m b e c o m i n gp o s i t i v c l yc h a r g : d . H o w e v e r , i i t h : b i a s i s u n n : s s a r i l y h i g h i t w i l l result rn lowered anrplification. '7. When using only unit-speakerconnect the leadsacrossclmmon aad l6 ohms terminal. 8. For using twc ullit speakerin parall:1,c)nn-'ci the leads across common and 8 chmsterminal. 9. F,rr using four unit-speakars in parallel cJnneci. the lcads across common rnd 4 ohms terminal. 10. \\'hen using matching transformer with the unit sp:aker, then connect the leadsacrosscJmmon and 500 ohms terminals.

47. SuperhetrodyneRadio with Piano Band switch

Circuit Description coils. T.re rangein meteis is written in front of All the lower co ls are the alli.e:tna the s:c.rndaryof each coi[. connected across each coil. Trimmers are All the upper coils are the osr:iilrtorsco.ls. The coil in front of each anlenna coil is the oscillatorcoil or thet particular band. C8 and C9 are the p-rdderc:pacitor of SW4 and MW. band. All the windings of antennaa,rd oscillator ccils are being shorted with a moviug strips of band switch which"are ind:cated iry the ilrrows. By pressing the button of particular band change switch removes the shoftins of rhe both primary and secondary winding of the antenna and oscillator coil of that band and the moving strips make the contacts with pole terminals and the set works on that band.

6<
E

,tl-'

r* 6k
tlJ

!n
zEl

oJ

3rn
z oEg

,F
:E rA

=z
ffl

''lHt ,'iH}
{

l t \_

RadioPractical,Circuits79 an other station on the next band pressthebuttonofthatband' For selecting the shortsof the coil of l.rewband arid deviceis being'sed which will relcase Mechanical coilswhjch is previouslyworking the short circuitedthe windingsof simultaneously all the buttonsset rvill not work When you release Poles Connections of Band Change Switch :to the lst pole terminal of the primarv rvinding Cr is connected Aerialcapacitor the 2nd pole terminal of the of the antcnna coil. Grid capacitor c3 is connected d to C; is connecte (Ant' section) coil. Gangcapacitor windingof the antenna secondary is connected section) Cr (Osc. switch. Gang capacitor the 3rd terminalof bandchange capacitorC0 is changesu'itch osc. band spreacl band the of to the 4th pole tcrminal capacitor su'itch' Ant' band spread io the 5th poleterminalof the band change connected sxitcl-t to the 6th pole terriinal of bandchange C7 is connected of l0 N{ft in the controlgrid of valvc v3 and lmportant Note-connect one resistor to chassis This is the grid leak the otherend of this resistoi connect the circuit' in u'hich is not shou'n resisror Parts Lists Resistors. Rr: I N{,lc R;=l M,, R!':10K ,, tt
l {

Rr :4? K f,?, R,i :47 K ,, R i o : 0 5 l v l, ,

R3 :'22 K tl R; :0'2 M ,' Rr1: 150 ,.

R4 --33 K fi, Rs :0.5 IU ., VC R1::0'471\{^,

CaPacitors

r []

Cl, Cl'l:'005 mfd Cn:5000Pfd Cr5:25mfd.

C B ,C 6 , C t , C t o , C 1 3 : l C 0 P f d C$:600Pfd 6ra, Qtt:32 ntfd'

C ' r ,C ' r : C a n g c e p a c i t o t Crl, Ci2:0'05rnld'

*O.{:

.:!.>q->;a;^';?^;tA'A>>t;7;7a'7'.

4{ $

MusrsruDY

'?>'?zx'>>'''4'i;';"V>*;>'tA;A'7>;A:>

F o r S e rvi ci n gA l l W or ld Radios { $ P l r o n e : 7 6 0 3 3 A G R A 1 C ' T ' T f B ' B y e d * ,un,irt <'< * u4qqv-<<-!qv1q4'+ " Y4u(v/:s<'!i qqqqqqq *f o\g.=+.*f

Guide Rodio Trsnslstor Servicing { f n - t t i n dIi

t'
$ $

i*

EE

i2z
i('
l

3un

Hro
,5F
:g
3FJ

-eF FF
FI F

I
!

t_

I I

l i

RadioPractical Circuits 81

48.

Five Valves Band Spread Radlo.

Value and function componcnts. Capacitors Cl:'005Mfd CZ :l00Pfd c3:'0rMfd C4 : l00Pfd C5 : r00Pfd C6 : lOOPfd C7 : lOOPfd c8 :0.05Mfd C9 :100Pfd cr0: r00Pfd Cll:l0OPfd cl2:0.005Mfd cr 3:8Mfd cl4:25Mfd ct5:.005Mfd
J i

Function Aerial capacitor Grid leak capacitor Earth capaciter Band spread capacitor Bandspread ,, Osc.grid capacitor Osc anode capacitor grid capacitor Screen I.F. by-passcapacitor I.F. by-pass ,, R.F. by-pass capacitor CouplingcapacitorPaper capacitor Decoupling Cathode by-pass
Fixed Tone canacitor Smoothing capacitor Resen,oir capacitor Anode by-pass capacitor

Resistors Rl :IM R2 :22K R3 :2M R4:15K R5 :47K R6:05M, p7 : lOM ,, Rg -200K ,, R9 :20K ,, p1g.= 150 ,, Rll _0.5M ,, R r2 : 9 0 0 R :47K R :150
Valves

Function Grid leak resistor. Osc.anodeload resistor. AVC Filter resistor, grid resistor Screen I.F filter resistor. Volume contrsl. Grid leak resistor. Anode load resistor. resistor. Anodedecoupling Cathode bias resistor. Grid leak input resistor. Balastresistor. UCHSI Grid leakresistorof of Vi Anoderesistor Portionof Rr.

N, ,, ', ,, ,,

,, ,, ,,

cl6:32Mfd cl7:32Mfd t l8:'05Mfd

G l , G 2 : 5 0 0 P f d 2 Section gang-capacitor Trimmer:70Pfd Variable capacitor

Note : (i) (ii)

8l vl:ucH V2:UF 8 V3:UBC 8I V4:UL 64 V-i:UY 85

Converter. I.F. Amp. lifier. Det and L.F. Amp.lifier. Powerpentode. Rectifier.

Connect the pole terminal of Sec. Ant coil to the lower terminal of C4. Connect the pole terminal of Pri. Osc. coil to the lower terminal of C5'

l! I
('t (,I
I

11

ut
o
f

a o
o o o
th

;' f!
:0 9) 7 o

g.

g.
o o

RadioPracticalCircuits 83

49. Seven Valves High Fidelity Radio Receiver'

Parts List :Rr:l Mtl, R2:22K,, R3:2'2M,, Ra:22 K,, R5:47 K ,, Resistors R16:60 R11:47 K & Ro :47 K ,Q, Kt7:22 Rtz:47 K ,, R? :0'5M ,, R 1 8 : ' 6 8M R L B : 2 Z K , , R 8: 5 ,, R 1 s : 1 0K : l 0 K M , , R r a : ' 6 8 Re ,, (2o:4'l K K R1510 Rlo:lM ,, ', Tone control R7:-q00 K f,i, Volumecontrol' R21:250 K f,1, ,ft '' ,, " ,,

CaPacitors C3, C8, C14:'05 Mfd C2, C4, C5: lO0Pfd C6,C7, C9, Cl0:100Pfd :'004Mfd C l7 : 0 l M f d C l 5 , C l 6 : l , i M f d . Cll,Cl2,Cll3 C l , C l S rC 1 9 : 0 0 5 m f d . Sp--cialF*atures of this Circuitdifficult to design a receiverwith singlespeaker1o 9591i{. 3 ruu Ir is exrremely rangeof muii.ut fi.qu"nciesfor gooA quality reproduction. For this in High-Fidelity two are moresplokersare ised Fbr refroducingthe lower notesa large diaphragm reseiver for high notes. and oneor two smallspeakers rsrequired The net work, Rzd & Cr4,is providingnegative feedback, reproduction is thus feed back, In this are usedwithout negative more faithful than when the power pentodes to the input transformer of output secondary the by feedingthe voltagefrom arrangement. improvement a marked obtain so the amplitudeof undesiredharmonicand V3 reduces quality. is being donein the valve EBF 89. The diodc PD' is functioningas Detection potential diode PD" is kept at chassis 2nd detector. The second of stage througha filter consists A.V C. voltageis providedto I. F. and converter V2 or Vr' oi circuit the anode R3 & C3. To test the A.V.C colloecta milli-ammeter in one or and tune the radio to a local or strongstation. The tuning point shouldbe passed the meter, in the currenttake placein the two times and seethe meter. If no change A.V.C, system is not functioningthen checkthe A'V'C' circuit R3 and C3' usuallyemploya pushpulloutput stage. In pushpull The highestquality receivers cancelled. An increasein powur coupling 2nd harmonicsdistortion is completely lnsteadof pushpullinput .outputper valve is another one result of the pushpull circuit. R c. coupling is usedhere, which causesless distortion than transfornrer transformer, coupling.

l! I

('r (t)

1t o lt c o a o

F
vr

3
o
CL

z o
o c tt o

c
v

rc
rn

CL

cn
o o
CL
a

:E m

v
\.i

o
U

o T o o g. o

H-r
*z

z m
v

a
o

!*J

I I
I

g.

I ,t1--+ts

GI

I s

,E irill

RaclioPractical Lircuits

85

B a n d s p r e a . d c i r c u i t s a r e u s e d t o c b t a i n a t u n i n g c u r v e t h a t s h o u l d b eall wid erone these If high fidelitV reception is to be attained to receiver highcr and lower notes. frequenciesmustbereceivedequallywell'onesectionofgangcondenserwithaseries wave form a band spread circuit' capacitor Ca and tuning coil of short

6.

F.M. SuperhetrodyneRadio Receiver'

Principlesof F. M. ReceiverInfrequencymodulationsystemthefr e q u e n c y ^ o f t h e r .audio f . c a rsignal' r i e r i s vIn ariedor of rv.i" ur'pJr ih"'ft.qn"n.v of the deviatedto a higher;i;;;;;;mbJr to the audiovaried according the amplitud. of r.i' carrier is amplitudemodulationsystem signal. high I n T e l e v i s i o n s o u n d r e c e i v e r F . M . s y s*itft t e m n'-M' isbeing.usedn owada of ys .InF.Ivl Because .receiver The reactance ttre r.i. and a.f ,,u*.. ur. rii-.if"t basically receiver circuit' mixer and f. r. tt',.;t;;;; thereare;.;;^t#;;"n.'"in lies frequencies The maior difference f..qr,"nly of the o-sclllato.r' . tubeis usedto controlthe oscillator to demodttrcquired is dtittimiitotor type of circuitilo|nn^ii special in the de-modulator, clipsofft he ,nJ l. F. amolificr'and late the a.f. signal. ih" u-itb, vatue es,i;;;; amplitude' in tonstant more output i"prt signal, *"ting its variarions amplitude This i' Foster Seelav sen' "i'irr" The output of timiier'^jr"'i;' ir-Jout,r."ti"t.'""i"tis com monly lype.of descriminator descriminatornamed after its inventor' ft'i' " Th'e descriminator 5 the 3c1es^ outpul used in F.M. receiverand TV sound tyttt* A'F'C' ftx voltage t..iin-ttt,tigual ?i.fi".tt functions. also,.ru.r'dorrnte potentiometer, " l2ATl ' The arrdtoautput oscillatorfreque;;'.i the for stabilizing valve which ro the reactarice i" .1'rtl receivcr FM sets of is fed to theaudio amplifierwhich is.*r"iri"'tititiiot."tnrust be capablc itugtt are to be usedto recei"e high fidelity "'ollt'ig"li'trtt "tol"the wide rangeof audiot' eqtlencles' reproducing T h e a d v a n t a g e o f F . M . i s t h a t i t p r o v i d e s c x c e l l e n t n o i s e f r etuning e r c c eindicalti:i:l::und receiverwhich providos this in used also is 6BR5 uulu. .y. Magic signal. signai. incoming tion of desire

^^;;;;;,t h<.h.h->h.^.>.>.^.>.>h->-^.>'a'^'>'>'>'=a'>'>'>">+* iJlt

+'
L ul

Pubticationin DELHT vLrI or ou'

Y
\l

,t E3rmsirness
,{

Prornotion
Phone;277147

---

--Brrreea'rr

L
$t

376' La! Pat Rai Market' DELHI

gr q vv q 4'v: \4 q < q < g' v1 q v{ q q v1 < v

v
V
t'

4 'I f
n *uugt

Circuits 86 RadioPractical o f t he valves l s e d i n t h i s c i r c u i t s Pin Connections

Valves No.

-r--l
1. 6CB6 2. 6A84 Mixer Reactance-osc. I F. & V5 Limiter Discriminator Triode-PowerRmpl T'uning Indicator Full waveRectifier kih
isi

'ltl ' I ,\
h h h h h h k,s ic k h h h h

'l 6 7
o

03
ll(

7 Pin 7 Pin Noval 7 Pin

3. r2AT7
4. 68A6 5.6A5 6. 6 \88 7. 6BR5 8. EZsl

cl k

o'

k a'
91

Noval

a a'

{i\er'Y*h**fr
*

SH*"iffal}ft $atYte}AlXiVzSA*pt*A*k#
BUILDYouR owN TRANSISToR ni

,i & Servicing fissembling Transistor fi $'$ilicon Hindi Simple MADE-EASY in ] I

in
*

Throughour ftome-StuJtl coursePublishedin

Published by :

GENTRE NR A I N I N G R A D t o T E L E V I S I oT $ s AGRA-282001 Phone:76083 SnanzaAi-Mandi, $ fr

s s

tfi$%ffi K.KIK *pagg$H'$h'*$asasaH*:hft il*';?tthfr

SECTION

(P.odio Scztticing

51. Instructions for lnstallation Radio Antenna'

i s n o t c l e a r i n r a d i oo r i f t h c r e i s a l o t o f d i s t u r b a n c e , t h e n f i r s t o f If programme all checkthe aerial and the earth system. Ii aerial and earth are not fitted well, even goodand perfectly all-right radio will not give good reception. While checkingaerial and earthbe carcfulaboutthe following things' l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. g. g. 10. be any joint in the lead-in-wite Thereshouldn't to the Main's wire' be in parar''lel shouldn't Aerial'santenna while comingdown' etc, touch walls shouldn't Lead-in-wire less than 25 to 30 feetlong. nor more than Antennashouldneithetbe them with longerones. Higher the antenna change If aerialpolesare smaller, will receive' it morethe signalvoltage Alwaysuseplugswhilefltting-in aerialand earthto the radio. wire is consumed, Useearth-wirenearerthe radio so that lesser pip-', do use C-clamp for proper water the to connected wire is earth If connection with the radio, makea point to useone. This If thereis no earth-connection noisein the radio. will reduce fading. causes fit it tightly. Looseantcnna-wire is loose, If antenna-wire OF THE RECEIVER VISUAL INSPECTION Beforerepairingthe radio, ascertainthe causeoi the trouble and for that reason or opening inspectthe set properly. Checkmains cord and plug before repairingthe set cabinet of the radio. is no dry-joint any Now take out the set from the cabinetand be sure that there cracked it. If insulationof any wite is perished or ts where. If you find one, resolder is broken resistance if any look now over it And that wire or put new sleeve either change

88

Radio Servicing

or has becomeblacky due to over-heating. Particulary check all wire-wound resistances with a meter' check transformer and see,it is not over-heated Now capacitorsmust be checked' See if wax etc. does not seem oozing out due to over-heat, and if you find anv capacitor like that, replaceit. Now check gang capacitor and be sure tnui ,oto. uni stator plates do not touch each-other. Revolve fully the gang and check it with an otrmfiIeter. Sometimes the plates get shorted due to dust prrticles. Check the valvcsand see that lhese are fitted in their proper sockets.' Their sockets and valvc.pins should be clean. Even if slightly dirty, clean them with petrol. To wash Band-change switch is also a necessitybecause dirt ctc. can result in bad contacts In this u,ay the causeof the defect can be found by visual Inspection. Checking the Heater Circuit of A;C Radio In A/C Radio, all the valvesare connected parallel to 6 volt secondary winding of the power-transformer. In that radio, as such, -even if one valve is fusc4, the other contitrueto glow. To test the heatersof the valve pull them out from sockets and check valves with an ohm-meter. If heater doosn't show continuity, the valve is bad and slrould be replaced. If, however, heatersof all thc valvcs are O.K. and even then if a certain valve is not glowing then check the voltage across 6-volt winding of the power transformer using voltmeter in paraltel to it. Also check the wire connecting heatersof all the valves. If voltages are not presentin the winding, go for the checking of the power transformer.

A d v a n t a g eo f A / C R a d i o
l' 2. 3. 4. 5. Less filtering caplcity is required in the filter circuit due to full wave rectification, and there is lessclectrical interference noises Power consumption is less than eC/DC-radio. More power output due to higher H. T. voltage produced in power transformer. No dangcr of shock as chassisis always neutral. Heat prod*ced inside the receiveris lessas compared to AC/DG Radio.

52. Servicing Superhet,odyne Radio Receivero.

First of all checkthe continuityat the plug terminalsby putting the or-r/off switch at on position. If the meterdoesnot sho,vany continuity, the heater circuit of the valves is opencircuited' A circuit which doesrrot form a completepath for the flow of current

TELEVISION TRANSISTOR-RADIO

Practical CEreuits
AND

Servicing
ii q,{
'q d

+t 4{ sr'{(

rl

.,
.

ir 'i

:4
.,; ,',

!-r

.".
,;
4 4

Yi

i
i:

q -; :]'
:

By ARORA KRISHAN
PRINCIPAL R. T. T. C. AGRA
*r1 6\'Y

..

t-

' : :"!. ts
Jrh
a{

-t

!!t

IRill{lNG 0[NTR[ R[Dr0 Tlr,[vlst0ll puBLlcATioNs

TECrtNlcAr (fNDfAt DfvlsloNAQRA-I
Phone: 76083 Priee : Rs.8-50
'E

'.-t-

-----\

PREFA[E
on servicing This practical guide prepared by R. T. T. C. contains informatlons in Radioa technicaltraining course receivers It presents Radio, Transistorand Television of electronics knowledge elemcntry an have who for those radio servicemen Television to learn more by self study. and are interested fundamentals, and not from pure it was written fiom experience This is practicalbook because given book' in this is theory. Twenty five yearsof valuablepracticalexperience the book complete In this edition a new televisionchapterhas becnaddedto make for radio technicians' in this subject, essentialfor satisfactoryrepair of radio A logical methodof fault finding is techniques havebeenpresented servicing department.For this reason in the service receiver you informations'Both give the latest and all materialhasbeenup dated to in everysection circuits are considered valvesand transistor tteatment the most comprehensive The author feelsthat this edition of the book is one book' any found in on TV radio transistorservicing circuit diagramsare also included and NPN Transistor receiver receiver Television and servicing' in this edition for assembling judgmentsin fault finding. I hopethis book will enableyou to mak intelligent and more prosperousfuture for This book will be a steppingstone to a better everyone. KRISHAN ARORA Principal Training Centre Television Radio AGRA-282001

lst Jan.197?

Gwalior Road, Agra-l TrainingCentre,27, @ Radio Television Ar-l RIcsrs RrsERvso' Printedat : Sethi Packers, AGRA .; Phone 62257 "

CONTENTS
LessonNo. Page No. Lesson No. 24 25 26 27 28 Page No.

!
!

'; I {
t:

39 tor Receiver of Transis Servicing Section-A : 4l Transistorwith Piano Band Switch Televison TheorY and Servicing 42 All World TransistorReceiver 44 I of Vision Signal Radio usingSiliconTransistors I Transmission 46 J & C'R'T' Receiver System Receiving P.N.P. TransistorRadio 2 Television 48 8 Tube Picture Ant. Coil Section on Rastcr Assembling 3 Television 50 9 Antennas Osc.Coil Section Assembling 4 tnstallationof Television 5l 1 0 Receiver Receiver TV R,F, Amplifier in I.F. Alignmentof Transistor 5 Cascade 54 1 l changerstageof TV Receiver Chart of Audio Section 6 Frequency 29 Servicing 55 Chart of DetectorStage 7 Vision I.F. Amplifiersand Trouble 30 Servicing t4 56 Shooting Stage Chart of I.F. 31 Servicing t 4 Receiver TV in 57 8 Video Detector Chart of Converter Stage32 Servioing 1 5 Receiver TV 59 9 Automatic Gain Control in 33 R.F. Alignment Chart Receiver 1 5 6 1 10 SoundSystemin Television 34 SignalInjeetor l 7 Tube Picture and 6 l 1l Video AmPlificr 35 Circuit Diagram of SignalTracer Circuit in TV Receiver l 8 62 l2 Synchronization 35 Light Blinker 62 l3 HorizontalOscillatorand Output Stage 20 AmPlifier 22 37 TelePhone 6 3 14 The DamPerValve in TV Receiver Set 38 Inter Communication 2? Stage Voltage Rectifier High 64 l5 Extra Power SuPPIY Transistorized 24 39 in TV Section 65 16 Vertical Deflection Eliminator for Transistor 25 40 Battery Receiver l? PowerSupplyof Television 66 4t TransistorEquivalents 26 & Diagram Circuit Television 18 Section-C: Radio Practial Circuits 27 Valvesusedin TV Receiver 67 42 Four ValvesAll World Radio Section-B: 69 Radio 43 ACIDC SuPerhetrodYne Transistor Radio Assembling & Eervicing 7 l Radio 44 AC SuPerhetrodYne IJ 29 45 Six ValvesAC Radio 19 General Instructions for Transistors 75 3 l 46 High FidelitY Audio AmPlifier Receiver 20 M.W. Band Transistors 77 Swltch 32 47 Radio with Piano Band Teceiver 2l M.W. Band Transistors 81 Radro 34 48 Five ValvesBand-SPread 22 Two BandsTransistors Receiver 83 36 49 High Fidelity Radio Receiver 23 Silicon Transistor Receiver

{
t Sh*-.

LessonNo.

P a g eN o . 85

Lesson No.

Page No.

105 Chart of I.F. Amplrfier 68 Servicing 107 o9 Servicing Chart of ConveiterStage Section-D : Radio Servicing 108 R.F. Amplifier of Chart 70 Servicing 87 109 Antenna Chart of Tuning indicator 7l Servicing 51 Instructionsfor Installation 88 Radio Superhetrodyne 52 Servicing 90 Section-E : For Radio Beginners 53 Voltageand Current specificatlons 9l Radio with Signal-generator 54 Servicing 110 of RadisComponents 93 72 Symbols 55 Alignmentof I'F' Amplifier Stage I 11 93 73 Toolsand Test EquiPrnents of R'F' and Mixer Stage 56'Alignment ll2 Board Service 74 Workshop 95 of Hum in a Receiver 5l Causes lt3 Unit Prefixes 95 75 Electronics of Distortionin a Receiver 58 Causes in Electronics ll4 Abbreviations in a Receiver95 76 General of Noisy Reception 59 Causes 115 Code Numbering Valves 96 77 English Radio 60 Instructionsfor Assembling 116 for the Safetyof Multimeter 96 78 How to solder 6l Instructions 116 97 79 Radia waves 62 TestingHeater Circuit of AC/DC Radio lL7 Stations Radio of All Indio 99 80 Metres 63 TestingHeaterCircuit of AC Radio 118 8l ftesistor Color CodeChart. 100 Rectifier Wave Chart of Halt 64 Servicing Chart I 19 Char(of Full Wave Rectifier 101 82 CeramicCapacitorColor Code 65 Servicing Chart 120 Code Dots Color Six 83 Capacitor;s Chart of PowerAmplifier 66 Servicing 122 103 84 InternationalElectrical Units Stage 123 Laws 104 87 Electronic's Chart of L'F. Amplifier 67 Servicing Radio Receiver 50 F.M Superhetrodyne

# fr Technical Education Scheme# Advance of F NR A I N I N GC E N T R E R A D I O T E L E V I S I OT

LEARN MORE & EARN MORE

be the member of

AGRA-282001 phone-76088

s
F

rffiffi K H$%K1%ffi K !fis?tlffi Kr hntH$ HshRl ffi,%ffi x ffi hffi

SECTION

dnlnoi"ion6ln"on, nrJ 8"nai"ioq

l. Transmission of Vision Signal

The TV camera takes a moving picture of the programming at studio. The photosensitive plate insides the camera's picture tube is electrically alteredby the light of the scene that is focused on it. An electrongun scansthe photosensitive plate with a ray that has a 15625 cyclehorizontal rate and a 50 cycle vertical rate produced by pulse generator. The electronray hits eitherlight or dark spot according to the scene that is coming in through the lens. A wire comes out of the photosentiveplate. If the ray hits a light spot on thc plate, a small vohageis developed and small voltagewill emerge through the wire. If the ray hits a dark spot a highervoltageis developed.

FREQ. |.l uLtl.

vEslt6tAL SIDE BAHD FILTER

Fig. 1-Block Diagram of Vision Transmitter. This signalvoltagerepresents eachpicture in team of millions of tiny spotsranging from light to dark. The signalvoltageis processed, bcamedout on the air wavesaocepted by your TV and fed into the picturetube to makelight and dark spots. Between the time the signalleaves the cameratube and is transmittedquite a bit hasto be doneto it. EachTV stationis known by its frequency.Eachstation hasa differentfrequency. As vou flip your channel selectoryou are tuning in differentstationeachtime. The

2 felevision Theoryand Servicing by an oscillator set to run at that or carrieris developed frequency station'sdesignatetl the picture signal is in the transmitter. It is calledthe carrier the wavebecause frequency to your TV set. on it for transmission impressed There is a nricrophonenear the camera' It picks up the soundof the scene. The soundis on the carrierwave,but in slightly alsoimpressed fashion. different While the picturc signalaffectsthe height or amplitude of the carrier, the sound affects the frequency. The picturesignal, on the otherhand. is it affccts amplitude modulated(AM) because of the radio wavcs. The the heightor amplitude AM fact that pictureand sotrnd are respectivcly rvitlr from them keep intefcring helps FM and each other. Fig. 2-Tv Set I Tv Camera One other important detail must be taken careof at the TV station In your set the verticaloscillatorruns freeand automatically. That's not good enough. For unlesg the exact lime as the cameraat your verticaloscillatordrawsthe beamdown at precisely out of vcrticalsync' So at the end of every the TV studio,your TV picturewili appear lockingor verticalsyncpulse.This transmitted a vertical pictlre, the studioinserts second TVsignal4nd sent from the composite verticalpulse, upon arrival at your TV, is seperated the end of the picture informationit is applied and to the vertiial oscillator.At precisely floppingover' locksthe vertical sweepin to step,preventing to seea picture and The horizcntalsynchworks like the vertical. In order for yoLr not a distortionof any horizontallines, the 625lines must be drawn and rvhipped back end of everylirre at the studio. So,at tl.re scanned precisely in time with the picturebeing cf eachlineofvideo' ofvideoinformation,ahorizontaloscillatorat preciselythe end back for the next line beam electron yoke the whips the The pulsefiresthe oscillatcrand to begin. synch and sound, are loaded into the carrierand radiated In this way, picture, from a transmittingantenna. Your TV aerial picks up some of the transmitted signal it down into Yourset. and channels transmitter. The Let us now consider the basic block diagram of Television generates of vision frequency the carrier stage multiplier frequency and oscillator crystal

f--

and Servicing 3 TheorY Television of visionsignalof Delhi TV station is 62.25 Mc/s. The signal The cerrierfrequcncy pulses of 15625 Cpsand 50 Cpsis mixedwith the videosignalhavingthe synch composite to power amplifier stage for and then is sent stage carrier frequencyin the modulating amplification. Finally the modulatedvision signalafter vestigial side band filtcr is sent on one bands system someof the sides ant(rna for radiation. In vestigial to transmltting " side miiy be removedlbr reducingthe band width occupied by the transmitterandthis day TV transmissions. is usedin all present system

2. Television receiving sYstem:

ot.0!t rNleHiA

Fig. 3-Block Diagram of TV Receiver common receiving dipole Visio' and soundcarrier signalsare picked up by the The R.F. circuits are tuned to antcnnaand arecoupledto R F. voltagcamplifierstage. broad to pass the picture and is The tuning sufficiently selecttle desirepicturecarrier.
sorrndsignal. radio rec:iver is The bandwidth is as high as 7 lr4c/s.The bandwidth irr normal which to converter stage coupled and then amptifiod are signals only l0 Kc/s' These R.F' of mixer and local oscillator' consists

t. !l'-

Theosciilatorfreqltencyvoltagefromoscillatorstageand to picture Carriers' one corresponding mixed in the mixer stage. This will give two I'F'

R.F. carrierssignal are

I
t I

t
!
L '3---

to soundsignal' signaland the other corresponding is sarn as diference two intcrmediatc frequencics the between scparation The give two Thus mixer output will Mc/s. the 5'5 that is trvo carrierfrequencies between picture for Mc/s' signal 33'4 and for sound is is Thc I F' frequencies. intermediate 38'9 lv{c1s'

and Servicing 4 TelevisionTheorY The R. F. ampiifier,the mixer and local oscillatorgroupedtogetherand the whole by unit is known as R.F. TUNER. The propcr coilsfor the tuning eachcircuitsare switched I.F's one The seperation two for the betv'een sound wafer on switch. a turret mechanism and one for picture may be done immediately after the frequencychangeror the separation is doneafter the first I.F. stage. The SoundChannelI.F.'s bandwidth is about 150to 200 Kc/s. and is narrower to the vision I.F. bandwidth. compared The gain requiredfor the soundI.F. stageis about the same as the picture I.F. stagebut the bandwidth is narrow for the soundI.F. stage,the gain obtainedper stage is will be less. much higher and so the numberof stages A m p l i f e r : Vision l. F. receiver the vision LF. signat .is separatedin In thls block diagramof televlsion must be sufficiently board enoughto the converterstage. The bandwidth characteristics passthe full rangeof picture signal. As the gain per stageis low at leastthrce stagesare for the video detector. usedto obtain the amplificationneeded Video Signal Detector & Sound System : the vision information frequencies The functionof videodetector is to separate diodecan work as video detcctor. Alier this the signal from the carrier. The germanium for reproducing synchronizing blankingpul.es but contains all the informationllecessary r the sound signalis thesoundsignalis no more present. In modern television reccive separated from this video detector stage instead of convcrterstage. So therewill be a the vision I. F. and soundI. F. and a new sound signal I.F. is hetrodyingaction between of two I.F.'s that is 38'9-33.4:5.5 Mc/s. In produced whichis equalto the difference is by the sound I. F. amplifier stage and amplified I. F. rhe sound sigrial soundsystem, stagefor getting the audio outpttt The audio output ampliis then fed to discriminator fied by the poweramplifieris sentto loud-speakerfor reproduction of soundas shown in the block diagram. Video Detector: The video detectoroutput providesa video signalvoltage which contains all the the of the picturcs. This includes for the reproduction informationrequiredand necessary synchronizing, blanking and desirepicture information. This vidco amplifier usually a capacitycoupled resistance stageis designedto amplify uniformly the picture or video signal. The one video amplifier stage is quite enough for amplification of visionsignal is approxiniately3.5 to operation. The range of frequencies requiredfor picture-tube 4 Mo/s,

Theory and Servicing 5 Tele,vision of tbe When the video signalis sufficientlyamplified,it is coupled to the cathode the oF light on and spot current of the beam intensity the picturetube. Tbis will cause ihe scfeento vary so that the desirepictureis reproduced. Synchronizing Pulse SeParator : pulses or informationin the Thc functionof this stageis to separate -this synchronizing TV camera signal to provide an output video signal from complete or composite consisting only of synchPulses. to keep the vertical and horizontal oscillator running in exact This is necessary of television station. at the transmitter stepwith those and the synchpulsrsfor horizontal scanning stag. separator In this synchronizing are aie sepaiated. Th9 horizontat synchpulses for vertfcaiscanning verticalsynchpulses the pulses are to applied vertical and synch appliedio horizontaltime baseoscillatol, verticalline baseoscillator. Horizontal Deflection Circuit : This is a time baseoscillatorwhich producesa sawtooth voltageor cufrent wave, on the screenof the pic-turetube. ft is a type shaperequiredfor horizontaldeflection frequency is adjustedto just a littie lower than the .l'requency of or"illaiot rhor. operating pulses.operate the oscillatorjust of the synchronizing signalpulses. The horizontal^synch and hence bring in time of its own circuit beforeii would opeiatJ due to the charactcristics the synchronizing signals. The output is of sawtooth type so_that the be,rmwill move the lines._The output from ictive line and fiorizontal relracebetween horizbntallyduri-ng is amplifiedto the required level and applied to the deflecting the horizontalosci-llator coilsin the yoke which are fitted on the neckof the picturetube. Vertical Deflection Gircuit r to operate circuit and is designed This stageto similar to the horizontaldeflection at a frequency of 50 cyclene:dedfor vertical deflectionof the beamof the picture tube. The output of the vertical sweeposcillatoris amplifiedto the required level and applied coilsin the yoke. These deflectioncircuits producethe required to the verticaldeflection deflction signals and the scanning pattern with or without the synchronizingsignal as the deflection generatorsare self oscillator and do not require any signal for operation. But the synchronizingsignals are essentialto maintain the TV receiver with the scanning at the transmitterin order to produce sianningexactlysynchronized the imageproperly. Power Supplies: Thereare two typesof power suppliesare required in televisionreceiverNo. l. gridsof amplifiers, mixer und screen Low voltageof about 250 volts- D. C. foi the anodes & oscillators. This may be full waverectifierusingvalve or silicon diode. No. 2. High voltagesupplyor abouf 16 to 18 Kilo volts is requiredfor the final anode o-f tle pictrre tube ind ttris'maybe half wave reclifier getting the high a-c voltage in the horizontal output stage.

TheorYand Servicing 6 Television

CathaderaY tube :
a narrow beam' This from a cathodecan be focused-into after emission Electrons the utilization of this eiectric Tigi"tlt: l:l*"'{ canttren"ile"Je-fii"itJuv beam electron 1n television recePtion. "I callec as.rtls ray tubeor kinescope -iiri"f"1."Oi to tt" cathode studY the oPerato tool laboratory as andalso
l
I

I
I

iiil"#;ff;i;tt;i;;i

i"io'-ation

tion of electric circuits'

: ;

''t

ts on the.screenS" Anode No' At be G, servesas grid to control the spot. Uiiitti*tt may beam electron the anodesinceby uuriuti.ri'oilit p"ttiii"f known as rhe f,rcusing anode- X and Y' Az it';'h;;;;;"d-tt'"""A"t"ting on the ;;;;."^'ti;ode sharplyfocused the innersrtrlace otr sulphide tittt are two pairsof O.ne.tingpiates.Sis a.t.t",it-O.potit"d UVhigh velocityelectrons' whiili givesoff light fi;"-#;i;;tO.O of the glassenvetope,
FNN EooSftO t/.7

:;:ff pi.tolJ'; urou. rnthe

:*1Hn

rhe.cathode de insi I#lLhow n, :"",

^/VV\^,r-

.PAB'r7ot+

IYEZIF|EP.

Ltre

ottatcfiilo CqLS-

Fig. 5-Picture Tube & Deflecting coils'

I f a n A C v o l t a g e i s a p p l r c d b e t w els-rjositive e n t h e i r a i rat. ofo . Y ,moment '-pll.tes the electrons inthebea one repelledby and the *rtictr will be arrractect,o*o,iriil5pi",. do*tt as thevoltagevariesand w',chis'egatire.Th";:;;i'irt.t.i"t.OtntittJitpund

Theoryand Servicing 7 Tele-vision on the screen. The other. pair. of X platesis the luminiousspot movescorfespondingly acrossthese plate rvill produce horizontal ;;;;il;tChtingl;toifr.nirt,';V-uoitig" polarity' on depending right left or the io defleclions Th:re is anothertvpe of C. R. T. in which cleflectionis produced by horizortal flowing in .the deflecting coils x and y' . This and verticalmagneticief,ir'..i"p ""irarts typeof deflecrion""ntioiir6.it.iaooptedto tubJs using very high acceleratingvoltages and is commortlyuscdin TV receivers materials is available for the formation of screen' The A variety of flourescent colourof glow varieswith the materialand this may be a matter of someimportance'
glow When the electron beam moves awav from a particLtlar spot on the screen the rates of ilifferent exhibit strbstances fluroesceni various disappearsbut not instantaneously available rvith d"iav'of brightness nfiliiir" L*"iii,ti,* is removed and the t,.tbes are norv of yellow persistance. with long Those persistirnce sfeens. or short either long persistance

lconoscope :

of white glow ls usually used ln televlslon informa-tion. The tube having short persistancc receiver.

;;;;;g;:

ihir" j..""n, ur" rn.ful for sturlyolextremelybrief pheno=.-11,t1T1_11-1*I

*osrl< -

i! It
ii
l:

/ ^*

"""*l

:
1

i..-

Fig. 6-lconoscope used in Television Camera' having an is a special type of tube used in someTV cameras The iconoscope focused is image optical The electrons. -by.alenson to electrone;n anA focrisedbeambf by a metal card backed a on mica hots silver of tiny a mosaic r"rritii"g-of il;;;.";i;tJ,

Theoryand Selvicing 8 Television of electrons plate. Each dot is photo electrically sensitizedand gives up a number potential charg' positive a pioporrionulto the light intensitystriking it and thus assumes plate' the tiny dot and the backing formed between ing itt" small capacitor the horizontally across is deflected the mosaic towards directed beam, The electron each field. After pictureby a pair of deflectingplates or by a contrelled magnetic of two lines and width the by downward deflected is beam the line or horizontaldeflection the are scanned lines numbered old the l al After repeated. the horizontal deflection the evennumberedlinesuntil the entire optical imagehasbeen oprrntlo" is repeated'on betweendot and backing beam strikeseachsilver dot the eapacity covcred. As lhe electron flows to the backing current and a dot the to electroas by additionof plate is discharged that particulardot' on intensity light to the thus plateis proportionalto the chargeand completepictures giving 25 fate at a dots scanned of tiny of a composite A pirt.rr" consists pcr second. of split second The television picture that appears before yotrr eyes is a result understood easily can be opcrations electronic These n threcoperations. timing betwee projector lamp proThe projectio' a movie of by comparingthem to ihe functioning light on a phosphor screen' The produces just as the TV receiver duce lighr ()1 a screeu the raster' In a movieprojector a is called TV lieht some light the in picture that appears a produces film 9-*-*-* what like the way a TV signal, interceptedby your TV set, producesa picture in the raster' The film feeding rnechanismin the projector puts the film in similar to the front of the light in proper sequence path circuits gnal si recciver's way in which the TV tube' picture leaclto the TV signalto the eIu a ntovie projector the lamp shines through ? ab a rectangularopening into a screen' The rectangleis Ftlsr .tt.o ' t ^ saCONOfttl| shape.l so that for evcry four inches of width there is picture also has a aspect Fig. 7-Showing Interlaced three inchesheight' A TV the simiratio of four to three. At this point however scanning on the screen larity beginsto end' A frame of movie film is shown of picture tube. screen in a meticulous atl in one flash' A raster franre is shown on the on the screen points on the screen pin than one more with no pin pointsof light of 1,50,000 "onporit" at anYone instant. in an electron a cathode The point of light appears on the phosphor because by the ray' hit glows when pho.sphor The In u ,ignot fi1e ray. gun is emitting electrons of an inch 32nd more than a dot nol the beamis narrow it froducesonly a tiny Because

3. Television Raster:

taieiiili6'nlfrretiry and servicin$ I I you ha-ve noticedthat alin Point :d.J rentr" at the pointsai wliich it ii dirn"a. Fdrhaps 'off your TV set," rThis'dot,is'i inU gradualty fades away wheh you tum ;ifih;;;ilint in one place. moving, hitting the screen stopped has the rays,-which bt ilo6],ged The elecrroniay must be grabbedhold of.f and ryuTg back.andforth and up aBd.,j and tracedacrsssthe i left-hand ..cornqr pr6cticeit is startedat the uppe-r down. in 'itrin took it o-ne sifth.llhe ".iuat about it ,nuppia U*k in i! ,o"rott. . ,.t""ii, .time 19 tytte. tnvtslble. trace is almost As the it then faster much rs so br retrace back snap Sincett,is the electron ray { r"iru"" is comptetedthe next line is begun. Line-by line ,o.;;i'h" ''Yo4 see only a full ir-uu.f,u.iori h" ,cr..t until it covers the complete viewingsurface' human eyeca! follow. faster.than, times many !h9 Jiiigfrt.iOr ttris;iiny dot,travels ;;;; ,yokea19 pJaced,arouqd the ''picturetpbe 1 A pair of electromagnets _known aslhe fi,efa. ai1e9f]ng the magnetic its yoke,.with neck. ftri ray must passtfiroughthem,_ The yoke the fields set-up by magnetic the varying grabbing. Ify the d6es .-i*.oT"t""tionr, triced retraiedand-pullidup and'down' Onepart"of the"voke, the" ;il;;y-a;be pulls theray back and forth. The.other half of the yoke the vertical': rrorizontql,section, l"ctiri, ptits the iaf uP and down. If youmuttiply 625 by25itcomes. to 15625 Therearc21frameseverysecond. ' , The horizontal your horizontalfrequency. It lin"s per-JllttO. '"iripioO*", R"..rber this number. is per'second. , cycle of' 15625 urrent altrnating an ,r"iif

4.

of TV Antertnas lnstaltation ;

i 'j

ri t

tl

,f

will depend on mlny factors. to be installed of the tvpeof antenna The selection from, the transmitting :IV stalion'. A. goodout,'' The mosi irpoitunt factor is iire distance and makereception.possible 'mediumdistance picture_at door aniennasgive the bcstpossible in fringe areasI00 to 150milesaway from TV transmitters , i , ,. r ':, i Dipoles Antonnas \i 'r ) . The simpledipoleantennaconsists of two rods.or tubesof steelor aluminumrvhose ' combinedlengtlisare equalto the half of th3 transmitting wavelength. . ,': ""' ,rj ,A"foldeddip.qleiqa siSgle hollowrod ofaluminum bentbackonifjibtfatea6li "Aipbtr is ab6ut 300 ohms The trahsmission lrne whiclfl ;i f"fA.b end. ffre impedende -have as the anlerulai "= the impedence approximately to tht endsof .rod should connects

!!.

Theoryand Servicing 10 Television This foldeddipoleis easyto mount and works well over a wide rangeof frequeneies. For this foldeddipoleis widely usedin televisionantenna system' Delhi TV stationis transmittingthe signalon the 4th channel (61 to 68 Mc/s). The the Therefore of TV stations. on the frequencies lengthof the dipoleantennaalsodenpends 80 inches. approximately should be signal TV Delhi the tengttrof foldeddipolefor receiving The spacing between the folded dipole elements is usually 2 to 3 inchesfor the lorv band. Low band coversfrequencyrange 54 Mc/s to 88 Mc/s' range 174Mcis to 216 Mc/s. Ultra High Frequency frequency High band covers to 890 Mc/s' 470 Mc/s range frequency band covers are directional. This means that they respond best to signal All dipoleantennas arriving from certain direction. $.otating television antenna for best reception is necessary. A metal rod of aluminum placed at a definite distance back of a folded dipole is them rod absorbs signals that get past and reradiates knorvqasreflector. The reflector of receiver. line goes the transmission to down signal back tedipole and for this a stfonger unwantedsignalscomingfrom back side. to suppress A reflectoralsoserves It A metal rod placedaheadof dipoleat a difinite distance is knorvn as director. the signalto give addition of signalsat the dipole' alsoreradiates shorterand reflcctoris 5llolonger than thc dipole element. The directorrod is 5o/o Any hntenna having one reflector and more than one directoris known as Yagi a very high gain lor this reason This Yagi antennais highly dircctiveand provides antenna. area. fringe in used it is eommonly are addedthe gain is increased. There are ten director elements directors As mor.e in Yagi antennas. can be employed are basically combination of dipole, reflector and Rll the television anterrnas, director elements. The different shapesand arrangementare used to give different gain, directivity and frequency of threeimportant antenna characterstics' compromises good reception is being obtained evenout as for as ,.rponr.. With high gain antennas 200 miles from TV station.

5. CascadeR. F. Amplif ier in TV Receiver :

F' The first circuit in the tuner of televisionreceiveris the R.F' anlplifier. The R' times' fifty about amplifier takesthe carrier signal of picture and sound and amplifies static Th; R. F. amplifier must amplify the carrier only and reject any noise and interference.

Theoryand Servicing 11 Television Pentodes havethe Pentodesand special typesof triodescan be usedin this stage. advantages of giving high amplificarion but tend toallow somesnowto get into the picture

ar|c

Fig. 9-Circuit Daagramof TV R.F' Stage Triodesdo not producc as much amplification but they are quite static free. For this 'Fig. 9' golden grid cascader-f amplifiersare commonly.used in reason-like the^ -combinei low noise pentoderruith ofthe the high amplification fV ii""inets. This fievice of the triode. Two' triodes wi-th goli plated grids weie placedinto ore tube charactcristics envelope. The output of this stagewill be fed to the mixer stage. Tuner . troubles are 1noti iit"ty to o"cui in the i-f uri'ptin.r stagethan in the following tuner circuits w.hich are known as the mixer and local oscillator. The valve vl and v2 arethe trlodesportlons of valve ECC 88 combinein onc envelope.

6. Frequincy changer stage of TV Receiver

!--

il

Fig. 10-Circuit Diagram of Converter Stage

7-

Theorvand".Splv,icing \2 Teluqision,
:

This.Fig ll,is a converter portion is the pentode V2lB of eCF-6olt *o.Wig o. ijt"iif"i"i portion "-irf""i "t[-i1n Triode formed circuit tuned Z7git:f6.-t" ih;R f' ;;;." valve*"r6i|", of this same connected is R5 "f the bv thecoil L5 uno cil'in"q'"r"lv- d"p"^;;;"';'f;il;ffit.-.-n.tittor to select "irili' i""J is designed the tuningcoil'iiioi-biirad fotti"g' across "iiti.ritI from 6l to 68 Mc/s f#ifth;;;i'oi"sana at l0l'15 Mo/s' circuitL6 andCl0 iormsa resonant'ciidirit In theoscillator Thefrequencyofpicturesignalo.|DehliTvstationis62..25t'tg/.*,"119]:]lY of frequency jn-t'heq"1Ai.e*" *iltt osciilator for sound. tl"se tottisfr;fi-are,-mixed ,s lMc/s. Mc/s.and38.9 ii i,,li,l,i" rorlniii" il r. of -33.4 r"rir. picture. The variablecapacitor of -it and.iL's-:M"/* Mc/s is 33.4 TheI.F. of sound By of fV receiver' purrpt itt.O -*ttlcil ClO is knownasfine turrine.apac.itbr sound d "tiFoTt,, picture of -an iriup-*itor youcaiir"i."i itt. desired.sidnai {he capaciry varying 6t l' r"- amplifier' "i-it ;ila; i'puitii""it rt toit i2iHi;;fi-6 varve or Theoutpur

i' ' ' , ', R ? : s g K o b h * ir ii:;[-t'4"trm $'5r!-2JM.ohrn ,' ,. ,'R8:t ohm R10=15K ohrn iis-:)zr K "i6=i;F;ffii "hil,.ce:IoOo-Pfd (vari) *--' c8:2-'i,Pfd 3;113t"'"ril , ' irJ' ' circuit' -:-^i = 9?:1090.Pfq, cl0:2.5 ,,* luari) c-il:50 stage.iriode valve ECF!6-; usedin this

.:Resistor-s-:F

i'.'^'--;",';

':

'

'i ' '

:;. ---+Lltllnt'u+tl,."P1+g+
-J{. ---

:, i

.-a slinptoms S lmptoms

--- -

---

.,

- .: : ,t
'I

| I

crr;g5 Cures ve

l.

No soirnd,good raster.'

Reolace = 1 n - - " , i R. F )

or Osc'mixervalve' amplifier .) .

) 2. Snowvraster'snowypicture,no_ sould or weak sound'

3. No recePtiono[ channelNo' 4'

weak R. F. amPlifiervalve' Replace

valve.

distoited sound' 4. Hum bars if'pictures,r

Replacefaulty R. F. amplifier *or Osc-mixer : valve.

5. Ghosts fine tun e- S"t"d;d

Replace R. F. amplifiervalve. are irffected bY oililithat " ,---i control. or-mixer Oscillat picturedo not tune-together' Replace
5,1 l

and Servicing13 Theory Television

7 . Vision I. F. AmPlif iers:

FiS. 12-Circuit Diagramof l' F' Stages' Resistors'

Rl l, Rt4, R t S

:5 K ohm i-l K'ohml

Rl2 'Rl6

:300 ohm Rl3, Rls' R17:12 K ohm -150'ohm

Capacitors. cl3,cl6,cl8:2'5Pfd. ' V3:EF 183 :'005 Mfd' Cl4,Cl5,C17' V4:EFl84.

diagram-ofa tvpjcal two,llae.I, F' g*ptii:l Thisjp.a schematic tht^I,.l^,1ut' a nut of the mixir is mutually .oirpteato L8 This amplifieris also broadly.tunedto handle aoossthe coil L8 resiistorRl I is connected eI\i"7;. F;athis reason ;;il;;i;';;' il;]in"i are. usedin four I:F: stqgeg or ffi"rc. th; ;"i";f ihis amplifier is low so three il;T#d to pass br.99d. is. citcuit sufficiently and o-u_tplt of input each ttLeiuning i"i""i.*"..*i"5r. "Vision I F. is 38'9 Ma/s and soundI. F. is 33'4 Mc/s. rigrut. ;;;;]irg-;;eiound of at secondary In caseof split sound TV receiver the sound I. F. is separated des Intemational on Comite-Consultatif are based I. F. T.l, but the *od"rn TV receiver alter the first video amplifiers Thc done is of sound system, separation t. nuOio tC.a F.) R t 8' Cl5 and C16 are the by-pass and ,.q"irJ ro..,, giiO. voltageare providedby R14 ResistorntZ and Rl6 are T"9 to provide the grid biasvoltageto valveV3 and V4 is coupled to pideo detector to "up""itorr. ii respectively. The output of 2nd I. F, amplifier ,nr piclure, sync, and blanking information from the modulatedI' F' carriet' "iiti*

r
Theoryand bervicing 14 Television Trouble Shooting in l. F. Section Symptom onlY,no snow,no audio. Raster

Cures
bad I F. valve. Locateand rePlace
Replace weak or dead I. F. valve, Trouble most olten causedby lst. I.F. valve.

l.

2. Washedout Picture,weak audio, no snow. 3. Fifty cyclehum bars in Picture'

I. F. valvehas heateror cathode Defective short, rePlace Reolace I. F. valve. Trcuble most often carised by the last I F. valve. Cleanall I. F. valvepins and base sockets

4, ' Picturegetsmoreand more contrast' buzz appearsin sound iript "ifiically, 5. Jumpy picture, linesthrough.picture' Con'dition not due to outside interference.

8.

Video'Detectot'
Aril, corfr^tu attq arj Gfio$./rroue

-:

--

rl

-J

Fig 12-Diode working as Video'Detector stage.knowtl the I. F. sectionit is directedinto a seperation After the carrierleaves the [. F' from pulses unlbaded are sync and thJaudio as video detector. at tfrir-poiniptcture' and sound create to ways go seperate their ;;il;iuta

Theoryand Serviclng 15 Television Tne funcdn of the detectoris to perform the unloading job and discard the of of the TV signalare.in the.range I. F. carrier since the picture and sound.elements pass no higher than frequencies thes to designed is detector vidlo the cvcles, 5.j maea ,.pp.i iirnii. The 33 mega cycles I. F. carrier can not enter the detector and is eliminated. The videodetectorcan take one of two forms.It can either b: a diode valve circuit diode circuit as shownin Fig. 12. or a gefmanium

9. Automatic Gain Control :

to the video -amplifier. Thereis anothercircuit that operatesas the sub-ordinate or of the functionit gain because control AGC automatic as the That circuit is known performs. thc AGC is actually an automaticcontrast control. The receiver In the television through the air is constantlyvarying in strength. If permitted nicture sienalthat comes i" ;;p;;; on tn. TV screenlhnt *ay would seea constantly changing - picture. . The thevideosigla_l I-tdoesthisbysampling ybuseeit. nCCt".p, the contrastat alevel ilrough a tap from video implifier. tf the contrast go:s. too.high.the AGC ;;;"dii video signal. ihe senritiuity of the tunel and I. F. amplifiers.reducing_the reduces The ofthereceiver. "ii"nfi thesensitivity increases theAGC tolow Iithesignalvoltagegoes AGd i"rf*ms th'f,' io! instantly so that you have a constantpicturc that never varies in contrast. voltagethat variesfrom about 0-5 volts a smallnegative The AGC circuit develops to 5 volts. The strongerthe signalbecomesthe more negativethe AGC output_voltage. voltagei'f fed to th! grids of turler and I. F. amplifiers.In this way the signal fni negatiue and kept at a constantlevel. controlled is strengt[

l
I

10. Sound System ln Television :

reciverthe sound carrier signal travelswith picture carrier In moderntelevision vision demodulator and video I. f.-amplifie_r, signalthroughthe r. f. amplifiefi converter,_ the soundand pictureL f. carriers ailplifier. in passing -otheito through the vision demodulator producea new soundi. f. signalof 5.5 Mc/s. The picturesignal mii with each and the soundi.f. carrier signalgoesto through it own 5.5 Mc/s goesro the video amplifie? audio. amplifierand loud speakerjust asin an F.M. receiver discriminator, if. amplifier, This is^knownas intercarriertelevisionsoundsystem. modulatedsoundsignalfrom the last soundI.F. amplifier is applied The frequency to F. M. detectbr. The F. M. detectoris also known as discriminator. There are trro type of discriminator which are commonly.used in the TV receiver. These are ratio' is used discriminator discriminator. In this circuit Fosterseelay deiectorand Fosterseelay for extracting the audio signal ftom I. F. signal. rr is used in the anodecircuit in the secondary tap cenre T3 the having transformer The the secondarywinding. of pentodevalveand a singletuning capacitor C7 is usedacross

16 TelevisionTheory and Servicing ;: at the centre frequencyof to resonatg tuned are Both the primary and secondary -windings I' F' signal, the signal the of variations freq-uency of'the thel. F. signal. f<rgutii"rt 0,

i rt .r.:-i

!
i

rr'gw

'I

C5

u::'.f:i9"J:Ti:i.'i,,t#{"tixrtir*'gt aqu:lep:l vortage frequencv; radio the ?l to h';':"iil?':r",,1* orri isred +i,1x?;f?"J:1il""::$,JJJ&##T;ffi* "oii
L3 -ih" choke choke """'- L3

in TV' Set' Fig l4-Foster Seelay'Discriminator

-r^ -.^r.^-^ ^^rnao rha rrnmr

'

the upper portion of L2 -- the voltage across L.3 !J addsboth to-r^^^ across voltage.'vru)D lne vortaBe -^r^-+:^-^Linc rrprweFn across voltages across the volta.ses between -ift;;;t the reli'tionships L-ui" ''" crrcurt tnrs cir:ItJ i2'-rn.,this towe_r to*"rpoiilongf deviatesandari deviaGs i*,p""+ha inrarmerriare freouencv .ln _portion lf^!1'r ""**ii"'ini;il;;i';, .an{ari
rrnrtion

of L2 and and

Lia,i,,,!Yr"ii,lift: : or Receiver "r"i."^iirf;;section

-. "^t9 ortarrtt/alo2

i-j,if

nt't nrst to trre I'2, (L-"1.-l]#*.'il; iupper).and couprec c6 which wilbe *r'i"r,*iil';;;"i";1;'lo-ir'" J"piit'iEe i;i.V$:'i :11""3# l^noni,n

.,f 1" I
t_

-T-.

Fig. 1S-Audio Amplifiers of TV Receiver

Television Theoryand Scrvicing 17 List of parts:Rl: lM ohm R5:680 K ohm value:ECL 82. Resistors R3:22 M ohm R2:10 K ohm R7:500 ohm R6:300 ohm Capacitors C3:50 Mfd, c2:.01 Mid

R4:220K ohm

i-

ct:10 Mfd.
''
I

C4:0.002 Mfd

I
I I

t.

The audio signalfrom the discriminator is fed to triode portion of ECLS2through R2 and Cl. The resistorRl works as volumecontrol of audio amplifier. R2 is the r, f. stopper resistor to avoid unwantedr. f. disturbancein this stage. The output of this portion of this valve tlrough _tqecouplingcapacitorC2. trio-d!is coupled to the pentode R6 and C3 amplifier. Resistor portion works as the output stageof the audio_ Ttris pentode are uied in Cathodecircuit for providing the negativebias to the control grid ofthis pentodevalve. of output transformer is fed back to A small amountof outpnt from the secondary control grid of pentodeas a negativefeedback for improving the quality of audio signal. the audio signalis increaseduntil it is powerfulenough to In this audio amplifier stage drive the loudspeaker. The power output of this amplifier is about three watts. procedure of TV sound sectionis sameas the audio sectionof radio The servicing receiver.

ll.

Video Amplif ier and Picture Tube:

*'./\.
yt*|o - ArfP.

ril\*
fir

r
I

i i
p

Fig. 16-Video Arnplifier and Picture Tube. portion of ECL84. Partslist :-Valve Pentode RL:6.8K ohm Rl:100 K ohm R3:500K ohm(vari) RK:47 ohm There are threeexits out of the video detector one for audio rvhich is already and the second one for syncand the third one video. The in the previouslesson, descrrbe

18 Televislon Theory and Servlcing syncpulsesare inclued in the compositer. f. signals tfansmittedby a TV broadcast stationto prbvidetiming information requiredfor synchronization of the transmitterand receivef system. scanning The function of abovevideo amplifleris to increase the pure pictutesignal so that a pictureon the TV tube. The videosignalvoltageis nor to create it will be strongenough constant in frequency. It covers a bfoad rangeof frequencies from zero to 4'5 Mc/s the miliionsof light and dark dots makingup rhe TV picture. Video it represents because amplifiersmust be carefullydesignedto coverthe entite rangeo[ video frequencies. The valves that havea low inter-electrode capacitanee shouldbe usedfor video large stray capaoity will kill off the higher frequencies amplifer. This is because in tho i ideosignal. The output of this video amplifier is appliedto the cathode of the picturetube to the electronbeam during its vertical and horizontal scanningof ths intensity-modulate conffol R2 adjuststhe grid bias on the pictufc tubc to picturetube screen. The brightness assure that the blankinglevel occurs at the correct blank point, so it controls the intensity picture of of screen tube. The brightriess of illumination acljusted wheirno pict're signal on the screen'a point where the vertical retrace lines just clisappcar is present is ths correct position.

Circuit 72, Synchronization

-l-n.r*

caegrT

r'tof,C

t&et

Fig 17-9ynch Separatorand Amplifier Cireuits' the integrator, of four main parts,the sync separator, The svnc section consists of the sign4l roltage entersthe pertion A A.F.C. the differentiatorand the horizontal up so that the video detector. The sync circlits 4re,set after it leaves syncsepa.ratof stage aloneare tile syncpulses arEclippedawdy nicely from the video and audio and the_pulses valve as slrown sentintoihe grid of syircseparitor valve. This rvork is doneby a pento'de in the abovecircuit.

T h e o r ya n d S e r v i c l n g 1 g Television In the syncseparator valve the vertical pulseis isolated from the horizontalpulse. The differenceof time constant( R><C \ duration of line and field sync pulse make it possible to sort them out. If output is taken from the resistorit is differentiatorand if frorn the capacitorit is integrator. The verticalsync is applied to the vertical oscillator precisely in time with the way the studio camerais scanning valveand locksthe oscillator eachinterlacedfield. Your TV picture is thus lockedin vertically. The horizontalsyncis applied to horizontaloscillatorand locksthe oscillatorso it beatsprecisely is scanning in tinreu'ith the way the studio camera eachline of the fiame. Your TV picture is thus lockedin horizontally. The simplest trouble to diagnose in a TV set is sync trouble. The picturejust will not remain still. Sync trouble can be causedin the vertical oscillator or horizontal o;cillator circuits. Trouble No. 1 :-Picture Rolls and Slips. A bad sync valve will not permit the syncpulsesto get either the horizontalor vertical oscillators. If thereis no sync pulse there is no synchronization. The second reason is that the vertical oscillatorfrequencyis not exactly50 cycles per sec. It is set a little below This is done so the addition of the sync pulse will raise the frequency to exactly50 cycles.If the sync valve fail to process the vericalsyne pulse to the oscillator the oscillator will run free at slightly lessthan 50 cyclesper secondcausing the pictureto roll. If the picturerolls and instead of lockingslipseitherway according to the direction in which you will adjustthe verticalhold control,the verticalsyncpulse is not arrivingat the vertical o.icillator, This condition could be caused by a defective sync valve.If the picturelocksin vertically then this needs constant.adjustment is due to defective also but ' ^ syncvalve. T r o u b l eN o . 2 : - H o r i z o n t a l D r i f t i n g , than the verticalas mentioned The horizontal sync processing is more complicated previously. Noisewhile it will not affect the 50 cycleper sec,vertical frequency, can be quite detrimentalto 15625cls horizontalfrequency. Rather than take the horizontal pulse and inject it driectly into the horizontal circuit oscillator grid as is donein the verticaloscillator,the pulse is sentinto a special of the known as tl-re horizontal autornatic frequency control. In this circuit the speed pulseis compared with the speedof the horizontaloscillator. As long as the horizontal two are running exactlyneckand nack no votageis devcloped. and If one should begin to lead the other a DC correction voltageis developed fed to the horizontaloscillator grid.

l l tl

l, t:
l .

l:
[:
l. l+

iL

i'

20 TelevlslonTheoryand Servlcing so that it comiJares eoffeeti; - The voltage shiftsthe horizontal oscillatorfrequehcy with tbe frequency of the horizontal pulse. This DC correetion voltage,a resultof thb comparison,actually controls the horizontal frequency automatically. If the syncpulse doesnot get past the sync cifcuitsdue to defective valvesthere will be no De corrcetion voltageand the picture will drift back and forth horizontally,

13.

Horizontal Oscillator,

I 1

;I

Tal

-t

Fig. 18*Practlcal Time-BaseOscillator. This is the cathode coupled tirnebase oscillatorcircuit which rs cdnlmohil usd Here the two tfiode vaives in televisionreceivef, at'ecoupled to eachother bv resistarrse squafewaves.The grid leat resistorR3 is usedis the liolti ;apacity couplingand produces sontrol arrd broughtoilt crn the front pdnel of telcvistm t'edeiver. It deterntinesthe frequency.of oscillations and thus it controlsthat picture doesnot slip up and dcywn. The plate load resistotR2 is also a variable resistor which corrtrolsthe sile or height of the picture. This is kept at the back of the {elevision fec'eiver. Ttrre main function of this stageis to producean alternatingcurrent &,tthe frequenc-r' per sccond per everyline drawn on the TV scCeen exactly one pulse of 15625 cycles by the gun. electron Some of the alternaiing current produced by the horizon{al oscillatoris usedin makingtheveryhigh voltagetedessary tocreatelightonthefacb crfpicfuretutre, This will study in the next lesson. The first cheekin deterrnining rlhether or not the orcillafor is running is to listerr for it. Most people can hear this high pitched if they try. io become acquainted with it do this while your TV set is turned on rotate the horizontal hold dontrbl R3. As yotr rotate the coatrol you shotrld hear an extrefnely high pithcd while changing in frequency. Ifyou donot heartiris soundand there isno tnightness crnthe TVscreen; ale the horizontal oseillatoris not operating. Norv sheckthe horizontaioscillator' shanees va.lve"

T h e o r ya n d S e r V i c i n g 2 1 Television cyclespersecond' It The iroriZotriai oseillator has specifictiquency of 15625 This is the frequencythe picture inust run a.r"exactlythat speed not a cycle eitherway. is not exactlyin stepyou ivill at the studio. If your TV receiver beingtake' or scanned ofapict're, Ifthesethasonlyafewlineson g e t J s c r e e n f u l lo f s l a n t i n gl i n e s i n s t e a d 'r"h. thoughnot exact' If the is closeto 15625 r.r..rr, the horizontaloscillator frequency away from 15625' The first step screen shows many slanting lines the ffequency is far the horizontaloscillator replace to towardscurihg the loss of hLizontal syncblonization resitorsRq and R3 are 'A'djustable stef i, to tfy making adjustments. tube. The secotrd for wear' in circuitsto compensate included. it tire other way and goes up, way and the l'reqtiency Tufn the shaft of R2 o11e _tufn cyclcp3r second' down. i{iilst it to bestpositionfor getting 15625 goes ihe frequency
? I f, e { !{ ;\

Fig. t9-Horizontal OutPtrt Stage it is too $erk pirlse is first rrlade in tirehorizontal oscillator Wheii the horizontal the horizontal output frOrt the osCillator into the ilext sta']er i,o be used. So it is passed outputstage'This circuittakes amplifier. This Circuit is also knowtr as iinetime-base them till they calracitot Ci artd blotrs them rip or arnplifiss ihe 13625cpspbises through "Fiotn is sntto p*lse amplified the of outprrt valve the anode are large enough to rvo,k. tube picture the across forth the electronray to be slveptbaekand the yoke t'here it causes oscillator the horizontal upon face. operatioir of the horizontalout-put tube is tlependent the lackofpulseon goesdead horizontalosci{lator ifthe infactitissodepen.tlentthat than it should' hotter run tut'e the makes amplifier the grid of the horizontal output acti'ity will burn out the output t*bc. any:suchprolonged

Theoryand ServicinE 22 Television

1 4 . The Damper Valve"

a8)!. {a/r
-/]ff6:?fr---1

t
I *-J'?Fd:FT_J A5,t2.C44.

n k/

|'tz

Fig. 20=-Darnp-.rstage in TV treceiver. or varia dampervalveis usedto damp:ning the vibrations In the TV reseiver ation itr the fly back sYstem. When we speak of fly back action we are talking about an electromagnetic phenomenon.The actual activity is this. The horizontal output amplifier feeds the isgoing offandonat l5625cps' Whilethe intoyoke. The frequency horizontnlputrse powerful magletic field surroundsthe yoke' a voltage is at the height of its frequency During the next instant the frequencydropsoff to the depth of voltage' The magnetic suddenlyor fliesback. fleld follows the voltagedrop and collapses collapsingcause electricity of thousandsof volts to appear for an The sgclden the fly back instantin the yokecoil. The voltage is fed back into a smalt winding in many other, not quite as strong, freciuencies transformer, The fly back activity causes many other, not quite as strollg, frcquencies voltageractifier. The flp back activity causes must be darnp:ned. Tltat is what the volrage transient These to begin to dcvelop. so. frcquencies to directcrtrretlt transient these changes does It is a rcctifierthat Camper anY more. they are not frequencies and produced in the horizoutal oscillator As you known that the horizontal pulse ol swingingthe electronray across amplifiedin the horizontaloutput valve for the purpose production very high voltage neededto create of function of an has additional screel the picture tube. the face of the on brightness

andServicing23 Television Theoty

tS. High VoltageReetlfier

+ *- r -r{ftJ'tiT-Fr'r- - -

PI 6
rl v. ** .: -."

.; rY L.O/15 i.o/t r 0t.;rE /)t

.i\rr -2Lt Ltei.Lp -

dT"

F i E .2 1 - C l r c u i t D i a g r a n to f E . H . f . $ u p p l y . facea high voltageof about t80d0 ln order tor electt'on ray to feachtne phospiror \'oits tnust be appliedto the picturettbe, and propeflyutilizing it the TV set By takihga samplingof the horizontal pulse can produce product. hrghvoltage as ir by will flow in the 'AB' ttpper-portloll cyclcs Whcnthe varyingplatecurrentof 15625 of transformgr the lvholewindingdue to winding,a vefy high voltage lvill developed across arc given liigh rateof change fiux. From th terminalC the hlgh AC voltage of magnetic .ioltage from the to tlte anode of V2 for rectification and we a1epettingthe extrahigh d c. cathode of this diodevalve. of pict[re tt]be. The f,nal anode These are appliedto the i'inal anode high voltage picture ls connected to the top cap of tube on the TV scfeen,then first checkthe Iftlie soundis oS and thereis no brightness highvoltage recrifiervalve, is only a hundredvolts there is vey littie darrgerof' If the electficalpressurc of plastic leakage bea.cause the combination and air is plentyol insulation, Howeverwhen critical. Things like the voltdgesrises to 18000 volts, the insrrlationproblem becomes intheait'becomesimportant humidity positioning the wife and ageingof thewireo of factors, one. The miid leaks are called Your TV setcandevelopa mild leak of a sefious the room you will seeat the discharge. Thereis a hissing corona noiseand if you clarken or to a placeon the chassis troublespot,a bluishray emanating from high voltagesSstem

T h e o r ya n d S e r v i c i n g 24 Television high voltagecage. The cureis usuallyeasy.Take a piece of plastic rvith high insulating it irr the path of the ray. and position qrialities leak is called arcing. It sounds miniature pistol shots and lookslike A serious or a high f;;; ih. high voltagesystemto. a point on the chassis dfsCfruiga little figtrtning the higli carefully riinsulate iape and io ..,r" Jo;ng uii hiltr vottage ;;iiil";'"g;. voltage area.

16. Vertical Def lection Section

setis the verticaldeflection Thereis another important section of the television vertical cps, 50 of oscillator time-base vertical of circuitwhichconsists -amplifier and ;;,p"i stige. The vertlial time baseoscillatorrvorksin a similar fashionto the horizontal per second' e."xecpt that the vertical deflection is at a relatively slow,50 cycles "*iifuior line ii pulled down beneath the each h-orizontal ili;^it;;;.tlliin.iigitirp..O**tut other. takes placedueto alterIn nitiltivibratoroscillator the sawtooth type oscillation and oscillateatits running free may Ue circuit The nateconditionrbfth"two triotles. 'lvith the signal from a TV truturuiit.quency but to synchronizethe osclllatoi action the oscillator. for triggerting verticalsynchfulsesareinjected tiansmitter, oll of 625linesare madeper second consisting of frames Twentyfivepictures ,TV fields' as knorvn halvei into two up picture brok;n is screen. each 6f tt1.i"tornpt"te -n"*U.i This is first.. lines is trbced acrossthe screen The firsr field consistir;;a';dd lines' numbered ail the even which lield includes 6y interlacinfln tt.,"s"cond io11oii.A

rcl

Fig. 2}-Practical Circuit of Field Out-put Stage' Sinceit takestrvo fields to make one complete picture and there are25 complete ir can be seenthat the vertical oscillator must drive the electronray uicturesper 'i0 second for the 50 cpsoutput from the ficlcl per second. This is the reason complere iil;irC!

T e l e v i s i o nT h e o r y a n d S e r v i c i n S 2 5 vertical oscillator. The flickering is avoided in this type of interlacescanning. In this circuit VrA is the part of multi-vibrator oscillator and VrB is the vertical output tube which takes the vertical pulses from the oscillator and amplifies them so they are large enough to drive the vsrtical deflection coils in the yoke. If the vertical oscillator is not functioning then there will be nc vertical sweeping and there will be only bright line acrossthe centre of the screen and will burn and darken the phosphor of picture tube. In effect it will burn a line acrossthe centre of the screen. If you come up rvrth no vertical sweepturn the brightnesscontrol all the way down while you repair the set. The first step when your TV set develops this condition is to change the vertical oscillator valve. If the picture rolls up and down then it means that you have lost vcrtical synchronization. Loss of vertical sync can happen duc to u'eak vertical oscillator valve which throws the frequencyeither below or above the 50 cps. [f the vertical hold control fails to correat this condition then replace vertical oscillator valve and adjust vertical hold control. Under nornral conditions the vertical hold control should lock in the picture in the middle, not at one extremeor the other. If tliis occurs the vertical oscillator is to be replaced. If the vertical osciilator valve becomesweak the picture can shrink-in from top and boitom. Usually when thashappensthe shrinking is even or linear'

,tl

il 'll
I

t-

17. Power Supply of TelevisionReceiver.

The circuit .Fig 23' is the power supply of a televisionreceiver. This is the only of a television circuit in a TV set upon which all the rcst depend The remaining sections power this supply goes set act ln one way or another to help create picture and sound. If dead none of them will function. When you turn on your TV receiver you close a circuit that permits 220 volts 50 cycle AC house current to enter the pou'er supply. The AC line curreut is changed by the powcr-supply to the precise voltages needed to operate the remaining circuits. Televison receiver valves need three separate v. ltage potentials in order to operate. The first is the heater voltage necessaryto heat up the cathode and drive electrons off it. cating the In this circuit there are two separateL.T. secondary windings of 6'3 volts for lT potential plate receiver. type of The ail the tubes TV the voltage of of second is a heaters plates TV tubes. Since plate of the the must electrons for the voltage necessalyto attract

26 Television Theory and Servicing be direct surrent, the power supply has the job of changing the alternating current from the line into direct currentwith the help of silicondiodeDt. The third type of voltage uscd is grid voltage. Grid voltageis deriveddirectly from the AGC circuit and the television signal itself. Sincethe power supplyis called

. Fig. 22-Heater & Rectifier Circuit of AG/DC TV Reciver the TV signal, grid voltagealso upon to operatethe AGC circuit and the tubes that process suPPlY. dependsupon the Power There aretwo main typesof power supply,the transformer type is usedin a/c TV type used in nC/DC TV receiver. In this transformertype and transformeiless receivef throughthe two step down windings in the transformer. The is furnished heatervoltages the primary of the transformer. There are two extra 220 rolts 50 cycleAC currententers The50/ dronwindig feedsthe tappingof2t0voltsand230voltsintheprimarywinding. this to 6.3 volts. The secondaryvoltagefeedsthe converts windingsin the transformer tubesafe connected in parallel. the ofall directly. The heaters heaters The silicondiodeDt is working as a half wavc recfifier. The pulsatingDC voltage chokeand two in the cathodeis filtered to pure DC voltagewith the help of low frequency capacitorC8and Ceand then delivers to different stages through their R. C. electrolytic filters.

Televieion Theoryand Scrvicing 31

Receiver. 20. M. W. Band Six Transistors

PartslistTR2-Ist I. F. Amplifiar:AF 116 TRr-Converter:AF ll7 TRa-Ist A. F. Amplifier:ACl26 TR3-2nd L F. Amplifier:AFl16 TRo-Power Amplifier: AC I 28 ACl28 TR5-Power Amplifier: :OA79. -Detector D Resistors R4:33 Kn, R3: I K,Q, R5:2.2 K.tl, R1:10 Ktl, R8:150,Q, R7:220t1, R6:R5:680 Kf,l, Rrz:l f,i,K Rrr:68 K.Q, Rro:4'7 K,Q, Re:5 K .Q, R14:22tI, Rr3:47 .Q, Capacitors ca:0 05 Mfd. c3:.01 Mid. C2:0'01 Mfd. C1:310 Pfd. C8:10 Mfd. Mfd. C?:'01 Mfd. c6:0.05 Mfd. c5:10 C11:100Mfd. Cil:0.01 Mfd. C'g:0.01Mfd. mediumwaveband. Circuit Description-This is a typical circuithaving__only of Ti and C1 Primary The aerial. wbiks as Tr the tuning coil tlie rod inside ferrite The circuit for selectingthe desire signal. The capacitor Cr is the gang formsthe resonant TRl through caDacitor. This tuned circuit is coupledto the baseof the convertertransister iftJ"up".iro. Ct. The forward bias'isplovlded by Rt andT.2. The oscillatortunedcircuit n f C r a n d T r T h e p r i m a r y o fT 2 i s c o u p l e d t o s e c o n d a r y w i n d i * i o r i l e d b v t h e 2 n d s e c t i oo feedback between collectorand emitier. The emitter resistorRB actsas ;ili..;;q;red resistor and for the additional bias to the transistorwhen circuit is ttrEemittei stabilzing oscillating. TheI. F. signal from TRl is picked out by the first_I.F.T.l This tranaformer of two win?ings,one forming-the resonant circuit with fixed ceramiccapacitor, consists I. F. signalto the baseof I. F. amplifierTR2. The resultant it . oitt." winding feeds-the forward biat to t[e baseof TRg is piovided by Rn,R5' R10 4nq Ct. The I. F. amplifierTRz feeds the I. F. transformer I. F. T.1 which is similar to L F T,r. The bias is stabilized-_by R? and C6. The I. F, T.2 feedsthe signalto 2nd I. F. amplifierTR3. the emitterresistor in the secondaryof I F. T3. is fed to the diode for detection. The a.g.c' The I.F. signal voltageis fed throughR10to TR2 only. The volume control -i*o Re feedsthe audio stageTR4. The bias fqr T$-ais provided by TB output transistori through the push-pulltransformer Rr1. Transistor TRa feeds pushpull transformer B and class power in output transistors TRt anil TRo ara operated The thc ioudspeaker.The forward bias is provided feeding iiir' rtt" L. F. output transformer of the biasis by of TRdand TR6 by the rdsist6r R12. end Rtt, Stabilization to the bases classB. the transistorare operatin-g not be by-passedbecause the resistor Rra which due feedback "an with bittery of three volts to reducepossible ihe capacitoiCrr is in parallel impedence. to the battery

..Q.^ -"- "

d P * P H P H * F.Y ^
- _ - F @ t J

O: A"J

. s^ lu P5 u ). * '' il.qr nlzrl p"";cp.-

i tr il il ll

iJ lill

!98 pzE FF

F
11

4pnnn
-4.@{6

N (tl I

-*hJ5-

,! ril!

ll

3CY.x
x-4Xp

h-ccJv

, A

'ifii
A,-A

a o o

z (]
-l

3,5;5
.+Z19u-'

,'1, A .:.

s tt
a

o 9. o
a

4nnnn
rr.i*1,tJ

: i<; :i=
..

.-d

tt

z a
V>

rillllllll

u
;'

53x58 I4pxxp:c ;Jv

+?

o
v v
I

o
g. o a

44nn>q

EIs,r.,'.
d

ri ri 1i 1F ,i

Ee5 ,rilll aoz

isssg

3<=

& S e rv i c i n g 3 3 R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Transistor Cl and.Lr T.ttit by capacitor signalit^1"19d Circuit Description. The incoming sisnal is applied to u'tut" through a capiitoi Caof 0.01 mfd. The basebiasis supplied It T[; iesistorR3 inlhe emittercircuit is known as a stabilizing.resistor. ffiiii;;,i'tr':'by and permits.replacement to temperature.changes tJOii*-iil'iensitivity-of the rransistor might te stightly different that the original .transistor characteristics a irunslrtor whose to the baie oi TRr aids and oppS.el the biason the appliei signaiuottng. When ro. ef f wi.lJ yTy the collector current. fliis varyingcurrent baseto emitter input circuit; ttrii the secondarvwhich a voltag-e.across Li induces coil.of 1i'," tni;,,gh ;'i;;;;;l;g fii.irv The oscillator 002mfd' of Ca. a through -capacitor f.O ti the edit{;; o? ir it frequencv "onu.tt"r signg] mixing. incoming B-y"ti oscilhlor. hartley a rotto ;ii'L; ;;App"d .the formed which is equalto 455 Kc/s' In fr.qrr"n"y,a third be'at_frequency.is anl oscittat6i tnprrtand ouiput Lircuits of the, stages are tuned to the same irc f F "*pi;n.iJtottiifr. inieim.diorl"frequency. The outputof list I F.T is fed to the diodefor detectjon. The transistorTa is the first audio amplifier. The input voltagefrom the'rolume and capacitor. t; i;;";;;;-throughCld of l0mfd eleitrolytic . R10 controlntlr R1a resistor The the base "-ppfi.a to forward bias fi;r-pot""iiaiiiulAei foi- providilg thi by-pass with the currnt collector the staU;tiized belpof resistbiwn'rfn rhe is s'tabilizing to the base of TRt througha rop."iioi Ct; inio.rtpr,iuottuge of reristor Btlt! coupled power. arirplifier.used in the from TR' and rpe ."ipiirg capacitor Ci;:-Tr;;;iiioi ' orip"t'ituge. _The driver collector "r.,rient through S.tn provi symetricaf complimentary ovr modulation. A small amount cross reduces f- p;;;. stage"and ;;; ih; ;;;;r.iyiiur pzr. The ourput iqn5.{enc1.i-t,1.:H:;,_Jn' or n.gotiu.- t .i-Uu.t"ir";;phJ-ihiough very little iurrent in the output stage. -A specialityot thts translormercircuii consumes as in i"ri outpr,t stageis ti,ai'li i*t u very low distorti6n, bettei frequency response batteryconsumption' high fidelityrcceiverand less since the and the otherare P.N'P. transisto-s Transistor TR?is N.P.N transistor in the difficulty in ;h; market, there is no N.P.N. transistoror" ro*'"urlfy"""if"Ul;of this typeof receiver. assembling

'+1-!!:J'r-C

t-(

2-'-{

1-1-C

r-'d

1-C

2+jt

1l
il

stlt/ed roblems l)L t r lle e sctro l , l ' o l ln r (i-cs ) p Q e t q cu r E Pt

rl
l{

I fl

I lsk for . d ,.., taitsfr

il.

Be the memberof EducationScheme Postal Technical Advance

Radio Tolevision Training Centre

ll 1l
J

JJ 'll

A g ra -2 8 2001 Phone.'76083

& Servicing Radio Assembling 34 Transistor

RadioReceiver 22. Two BandsTransistor

Fig. 26--Six Transistor Radio l. Converter-AFl 14 2. Ist I.F. Amp.-AFl l7 3. 2nd I.F. Amp -.\Fl 17 4 . l s t A . F .A m p . - { C 1 2 5 5" PowerAmp -ACl26 6. Power Amp -ACl26

Resistors
Rr :47K ohm R5 :68K ,, Rlo:'lK ,, R1a:5.6K ,,
R2. Re: lOK ohm R3, R12:2.2K ,, R6. Rl1 :22K ,, R7. R18_4.7K ,, R8. R15:680 ,, Capacitors e. cr4-0 05mfd c C8, Cl?-l0mfd c20, c22-0.05m1d grs, ero:30mfd Czr, Cza_l00mfd Rr :200 ohm K16:100 ,, R16:100 ,, R1?:5 ,,

Cl :0.0lnrfd C a:0.00lmfd C 7:0 05mfd Cr6:0 04mfd

C 5:500PF C 6:600PF C e:300PF Clo:5 PF C12:5 PF

Servicing Procedur,e of this Radio

Causeofno receptionofthe both bandsfor no This is one of the easiest trouble to remove but there are so many causes signal output in a transistorreceiver.

& Servicing 35 T r a n s i s t o tR a d i oA s s e m b l i n g

list of causes. l. Dead battery. 2. Bias resistor The following is the complete etc 3. Open Coupling capacitor C17. 4' Voicecoil open. openin any transistor,R1?, 5. Open or shorted jack for head phone 6 Open winding of L.F. transformers. Cz3. 8. Open or shortedRr3 volume contiol. 9. Open 7. Shortedfiltering capacitors basewinding of I.F.T. 10. Open or shorted collector winding of I F T. I l. Shorted 13.Openantenna loop' 14.Shorted gang-capacitor. in the circuitwinding 12. Shorted oscillator section. 16. Open oscillatorcoil' by-pass capacitor Cdetc. 15. Inoperative of the battery' 17. Defective diode. 18. Misalignment. 19. Op;n lead connection 20. DefectivcTransistor. It is a big and impressivelist can be easily divide-up the radio receiverinto trvo sections by feedinga signal from the signal injector across the volume'control. If of the set is functioningnormal. the audio section you hearda response in the loud-speaker If t1e sounddoesnot comeout, the fault is to be found out in the audio section Thereaftcr one has to checkthc circuit stageby stageand locate the fault' Oscillatormixer and LF. amplifiersis the H.F. section of the receivef' The outthe p u t f r o m t h e c o n v e r t e r , A F l 1 4 i s f e d t o a n l . FA . m p l i f i e rA F l l 7 . T h e n r a j o r i t yo f rtsetwo I.F. stages. rccerver No output when modulatedr. f. signal is fed at the antennapoint would indicate that A.F. sectionhad already beentestedand found satisassuming a faulty H.F. section, and locatethe fault' and I'F' stages factory:. Checkthe converter

I
F

ll'

XrE!,\A'$A$r4*f.SAiYz$A''SA$k$A*AiE$A$A$)ASh'$AK "7 '' of Bethemember $ fr---'-r'-/ Rr'rc'

{E
U

fr

S uuooo::,:lll;511il?flT#:,hoveq s \-r'r'Jr"!# tr

GetYour selfqualified

tr

r
I

s ,r* for details: TrainingCentre RadioTelevision {t

76083 fi enonu. ,1...a, F $Hi.ffi%K1?kl-#,f( $'ffi KrKlknrLfi ?it,?i.tfi *mmtnHi,ffi

fr

AQRA-282001

r
h.

4rx

o
o
d, U' E

o .: o () o cc o
a '6

<i
r'r

Xt--E O"+ a HYA

iltJtl llilrl

t <Is a

o F
vr
a

Ft-t-

lrklr

i
{

z
&. F

z
o .g o o
t' E o 6
C

ErE

o(l

i-

CO

c)

z o
U
=

3 F
I

o
I

5AE
'd + 'lrl\ d:.'l
I F': I.,l

9i= FUA

I
q

lt

d, l i l r ..
o

t ruU Ecq<
?

tl

-1.. .k

6F:-t' =

I E

TransistorRadioAssembling& Servicing 37

Radio Receiver 23. Silicon Transistar

Resistors : R 2 :IKfi, R 6:not used R1o:=8.2K 5L :200K tl, R11 R1B:47 n R 3: 15 fU R ?:not used R11:820Q, R15:not used R1e:820,fL R a:150K ,Q, R 8:470K tl, R12:10 Q, R16:47 .Q,

R 1:330K ,Q R 8:150 n

R e:not used R13:10K tL R1?:820 tL

Capacitors :
ClA, CrB- l80Pfd-gang. C?:'04Mfd. Cll:5Pfd. gro, ezo-4Mfd. .

Mfd. cn.cu,cre.c22_0.01 Ce:200/fd.

C12! C2Br C2a:20OMfd.

c81-10 Mfd.

C F I A R T F O R T E S T I N G P , N , P .T R A N S I S T O R S REFERENCE Test step 1. Base Meter positive Collector Meter Negative Emitter :( :< Meter Positive Ohm- Meter Reading

s00K tt 300 ,, 300 ,, 50K ), 500K ,o 275 ,,

Meter Negative Meter Positive 3. 4. ( 6.

1

Meter Negative Meter Positive >< :< Meter Positive

:< :<

Meter Negative 500K ,,

Meter Negative Meter Positive Meter Positive

Metef Negative 5o0K ,.

Meter Negative Meter Positive

8.

Meter Negative Meter Negative Meter Positive

for testing N.P.N. transistor and readingwill be the meterconnections Reverse are having high resistancebetween base and same. The silicontransistors approximately to germaniumtransisrors' collectorin comparison

I
^)laJ

I
l-a3
h

%lcql

-l

o
d. d.
;

r'ttal r tta. o@

g
eci \Dho
F

v a-\

cA

o
tn

dRE E#F E i E tr,

t< FJ

IJ

9 fr o
=oL

6 _r

=t I

z
&. F

=Fg

z2 er
l?.-

E l: t-aI

,4 9

2
F
I
I I l.r IF I
I

F
rt

rpt
i\4]

o J

o
J

= s: r.ttE
dR E
l- .d, F

(nel

;
I I

i$ t; I
I

ll^
fri

l q-.. 1
I I
I

i
I

l^ s I I loo

o* -o
a

t"-

a,g

zt
a

9;idT
u

;i,#,+t:i

I t

"lJ

c)

()

& Servicing 39 T r a n s i s t oR r a d i oA s s " m b l i n g

24

RadioReceiver of Transistor Servicing

with the receiver switchedon and the First thc batery voltageshouldbe checked output,may resultfrom and reducedlpower iistortion, low sensitivity sevefe loaded, battery -battery voltage If it is found that a owner has connectedthe cells in the reverse a low as the in the circuit are as likely to be damaged direction, the elcctrblyticcapacitors transisto"s When the receiveris completely out of order and the battery is found to b; to locate possibleloose,dirty, or intermittent then makea visualinspection serviceable that a transistor connectlons It mustbe remembered,when testing transistors speaker thorughly beeh have components should never de replaced befirrc the surrounding shouldbe in the receiver it examined Sincethe tfansistoris the mostreliablccomponent to be suspected. the lasscomponent it is across the receiverbettery leads with ohm-meter, Now checkthe resistance indicating to be eithervery low generally possible whethcrthe readingappears to observe circuit open similarfault. The resistrnce an or a shortcircuitor very high indicating the resistancecheck shows fault only. Where D. C. checkwill give information on generator. with The quick trouble the signal a normal value.the signalpath is to be checked basegoingfrom each transistor signal into is to inject an appropriate shootingtechnique to antenna. loud-speaker Apply a signalof 400 cyclefrom the signal gener:rtor to the eachba.e of power from amplifiertransistors, equal volumeof 400 cyclenote should be heardin the speaker OC7l. to the base of driver transistor the signalgenerator eachtransistor. Now conncct lead normal.The signalgenerator isfunctioning stage driver th: Iithe audionoteir heard, ar'rdio complete check the to volume-control the of may then be touchedto the upperend for checking section of the receiver. The signalinjectorcan be used for signal generator properly the working of the receiver is theseaudio amplifierstages. If the audio section to detectorOA?0 and I.F. amplifiersOC45. testscan proceed Now apply a 455 Kc/s modulated signal from the signal generator to higher frequency sectionof the receiver. As soon as the signal is not passed by a stagcof amplification,this stageshouldbe checked. Care must be taken that the signal generator capacitor inorder not to change thc bias conditionin poritiu" leadshouldhave a series the circuit under test, or usea radiant loop with the signal generator for injectingthe of transistorreceiver. signalto the stages

o o
I

o
lI

t,

o .: o
I

o o

z,
E, F

o z t
':

.9
EI G g

o .2

o J
E
=

'*l'
il

o
(!

'--'l

- . F l -

t'rrqri+ | I I,ct-*.-l

F I t
N

o)

o
J J

ii

m b l i n g& S e r v i c i n g 4 1 T r a n s i s t oR r a d i oA s s e

25.

TransistorRadio With Piano Switch.

Parts List Transistors :

Tr. Number
Trl-AFl l4

Funetion

Tr. Number T16: ACl25

Function 2nd A F. Amp. PowerAmp. PowerAmP. Detector.

Mixer & osc.

lst I.F. emp. 2nd I.F. Amp. lst A.F. Amp.

Tr2-AF I l7
lI

I
I

Tr?:ACl28 Tr3:AC128 Dl:oA79

Trr-AFl

l7

Tr6-ACl25

Resistors Rr : l0 Ktl, ] OK , , R6: R e = =l c O K , , R 1 3- l 0 K . , R1?: l0 K ,, R21:5'6 K,, R25:100 ,, R, : 33 Ktl, R6: lK,, Rlo:33 ,, Rla:l K ,, R18:3.9 K ,, R22:100 R26: 5 ,, o, R3 : 100,Q, R7:68K,Q, Rtt:4'7 K ,, R15:5 K ,, K ,, Rle:l Rz3:510 ,, R27:22 K ,, Ra :2'5 K R8:22 K R12:680 R16:47 K Rzo:22 K Rsa:4 7

t' l.

l,
c1 :310 PF. C5 :0 0l Mfd. Ce :0 05 Mfd. Cr3:0.01 Mfd. C17:30 Mfd C21:0 005 Mfd

Capacitors C2 :3IOPF. c6 :0.005 Mfd. clo:0 0l Mfd. cla:0 05 Mfd. c18:10 Mfd. c22:0 005 Mfd. C3 :0'005 Mfd. c ?:0.002 Mfd. c1l:5PF. c 1 5: 0 0 | M f d c1e:30 Mrd. cr3:0'002 Mfd. c4 :0.05 Mfd. C8 :0 002 Mfd' C12:10 Mfd. C16: i0 Mfd. C'zo:100 Mid. C2a:100 Mfd.

ConnectionsWith Piano and Switch. Thereare | 8 polesin this bandswitch. Each poleshastwo terminals The poles terminalsare indicatd by the arrow mark Six poles aie usedfor the upperthree antenna coils. coils,and twelvepolesfor lower oscillator

h
I.

,:

and Servicing 42 TransistorRadioAssembling to pole to No. I pole and baseof TRr is connected Aerial and Cr are connected poles No. 3 and No. 5 Pole No. 2 through capacitor C3. Pole No. I is shorted to No. 2 is shortedto PolesNo. 4 and 6. voltageare comingto pole No. 8 through resistorR3. The lower Battery negative to this pole for getting negative voltage. Pole ofosc. coil should be connected connection No. 8 is shortedto polesNo. 12 and 16. voltage throughthe lower parts of primary The collectorof TRl is gettingnegative to poleNo. 15 for primary winding is connected tap of centre The windingof I.F.T. l. pole 7. No. 1l to and pole No' l5 is shorted voltage, gettingnegative The tapped winding of Osc.coil is the primary windingand the otherwinding sec. winding are across is the Sec. winding. The feedback voltageswhich are developed to pole connected is capacitor C8 The capacitor C8. TRr through appliedto emitter of pole No. 18 is right 9. pole 13 and The No. extreme f.i". fZ and this poleis shorted to connected gang is also fo capacitor C2 osc. The section and 10. No. 14 shortedto poles to the particular of the coilsand trimmers to poleNo. 18. Connect tbe others terminals terminalsas shownin the figure.

26.

Alt world Transistor Radio Receiver'

Function
l-

Tr. Number Tr1-2SA234 Tr2*25A234 Tr3-2SAl2 Tr4-2SAl2

Tr. Number Tr5-2SB75 T16-2SB?5 Tr7-25877 Tr8-2SB77

Function

Mixer Oscillator 1stI.F. Amplifier 2nd I.F. Amplifier

lst A. F. Amplifier 2nd A.F. Amplifier PowerAmplifier PowerAmplifier

R 1 : 3 3K n
R5: Re: lK lK,o ,,

Resistors R3:100K o P.2:2'2 K n

R6_ lK Rro:22 K Rra: I K Rr8:3.3 K R22:100 R26: 5
r, rr rr ,, ,, ,, R.l:47K RJL: 'lK ftrs- 5K

R4:3.3K n
R8:1.5 I( R12:680 R16:47 K R2o:22 K ,, ,, ,,

,, ,,

R13:5'6K,, Kl?:4.7K,, R21:5'6K,, R25:50 ,,

R19:680K ,, Rzg:470 ,, Rz7:22 K

,, Rza:l'5 K ,, D1:OA79 Diode

& Servicing Assembling Radlo 44 Transistor

Cr :310Pfd' C5 : l00Pfd. Ce -0'005nrfd C13:0'0lmfd. Cl?-30mfd. C21:0 005mfd

GaPacitors : Cs :0'04 Mfd' C2 :3l0Pfd. C7 --300Pfd. C6 :300Pfd" cro:0'0lmfd Cr4:0 05 mfd. ClB:10mfd. c22:0.005mfd. c1l:0'0-5mfd. Ctr:o'Olmfd Cle:30mfd. c22:0'002mfd.

Ca:0'05Mfd. Cs:0.lMfd.
C12: l0mfd. C16:100mfd. C2!: l00mfd, C2a:lOOmfd,

ications Voltage SPecif

Transistor

254234 2As231 2 ^ S l 2 (Mix) (Psc) (2nd IF

25817 (out-put)

Collector

"*

-t" [** iljlt:_ |

-o ,n -o'ntu -o'tu i -o"tu i | ]

-0'14V

i--- t -l Emirter I o'+v | *o'lsvl -0'4v| -o'ls l-o zsvl-0'75v I l r ]___--__l__

A|l Worl,: Transistor Radio Using Silicon'Transistors.
Resistors : Rl :3g0 K,fl, R5:100K,, Ke :6E0 ,, R1&:220K,, R1?:47 ,, V. C.-Volume Cl :0'01Mfd . C5 :not used Ca:0'05Mfd. Crt:0.4Mfd. l'K Rz : n, lK Ru: ,, Rto: I M ,t ft1a:100 ,. R18:820 ,, Control -5K ,f& C2:$'QlMfd. 10Mfd, C6: Cle:0'0sMfd' Cr4:0'04Mfd.

27.

R3:470
R7 *220

te

Ra :220 K n,
R.8 -220 R12R16: l0 I K ,i ti ,,

,' R11:6'8K ,, R15:100 ,, R1e:47 ',

R2o:820

,,

CaPacitors Cs :100Mfd. C7 :0'05Mfd' Clr:O 0lMfd' CI5-200Mfd, Ca :3'05Mfd, C8 :0'05Mfd, C12:0'0lMfd, C16:200Mfd

$cQco-

YiQ;.;

r$sx

TX<: r.lll
.9J.h'i

o
d.

o -rtrtsq 6 .r-{{t
F X P - F - H

d.

o F
a
1t

tr - . i > > o ?A^o^c .9 l l l l l l l th

a6o

ibur
FFFF

(!

dfr&d

l-

z
d. h? "o r 6

'6 o
E

(r'i:
614

vc\

iH'"

'F

I o (9
lJ.

9
rt

tit ' :

coL CO r! or +."(= ^!1':.Eiio, n E Ft= trd Ha

=<A ll qrY r. I h<

v l i L

tr'*
A-

:*

\J

P , -; EC\ A
llllllll ; --;-^ f-FI// ^) t4

l-{

46 TransistorRadio.Asssmbling & Servicing :30Pfd. Capacityof eachtrimmer Capacityof eachsectionof Gang-350 Pfd. Battery voltage: 6 Volts Loudspeaker resistance:8 Ohms. TransistorLeadsIndenrificafion(Bottomview)

r48

BF I94

BF I95

e 8c
Fig. 3t-

\5t

/>(

,-\ fe r e;
3EC

Transistors Symbols and Pin C o n n e c t i cn s .

OscillatorCoil. AntennaCoilsNumbering. No. l. Start of Sec. t.to. l. Start No. 2. Tappingof Sec. No. 2. Tapping. No. 3. Finish. No. 3. Finish. No. 4. Startofpri No. 5. Finishof pri.

I. F. Transformers. No. l. Start of pri. No. 2. Tappirrgof pri. No. 3. Finishof pri. No. 4. Startof sec. No. 5. Finishof sec.

23.

All World P.N.P TransistorRadio Receiver.

Resistors.

R1 :100 R5 :220 R e: 2 ' 2 K

.fl ,, ,,

RI3:1 K t, R 1 7 : 1 0K ' , R21-33 K ),

R2 :5 it R6:22K ,, Rr0:33K ,, Rla:22K ,, Rle: 68K ,, R2s:100 ,,

R3 :3.3 K Rt :10 K Rll:10 K Rt5:4.7 K R1e:100 R2s:100 Capacitors.

fi, ,,
,, ., ,.

Ra:100 Rs :680

fi, ,,

Ri:l:5 K ,, R16-680 ,, Rzo: l'2 K ,,

Cl :100Mfd. C5:l00Mfd. C'g:0.0lMfd' c13:30Mfd. Cr7:0.00 Pfd'

c, :l00Mrd.
C6:l0Mfd. Clo:5Pfd. Cla:0'05Mfd.

CB: lOOMfd. C7 :0.0lMfd. clr-5Pfd. c15:0.005Mfd.

CL : l0Mfd. C8 :0.05Mfd. c12:g.OsMfd. C16:0.01Mfd.

o
o
d.

&.

o
a a

'i s tA

s.:;* I ;t6! E rltT

,--iv

ea$$

H;

AE

:KKe a6CI <<<\r

o. 2
c'l c
U'

ll ll ll ri F F*n t-t-r-

z
d. F

.Z

o J
d.
= ,]
'i

E o

g bs'g ".:Zsd
9 6 P e - ! 4

3i

c)

E Q ) . _ ' a I

o
J J

N hrt (Y)i--o

i-j

8.(s0 .d, rr llll

Ir. Il. U U

fr r- \O oo _:c.tc\

rllllllll
@ i 6 6 r

J I F* I trrFrqtE
@

I
I

4 3 T r a n s i s t oR r a d i oA s s e m b l i n g and Servicing

(-,@@

'-Bii
F i S 3 3 . A n t e n n a C o i l s& S y m b o t s

ig $# \F=ll
V \.-/

w 'sri
Ant. Coil.

of Coifs N u m b e r i n gC o l o r C o d e & C o n n e c t i o n s O s c i l l a t o rC o i l
of TRr

No. l-Start-white-Gang No. 2-Tapping-green-Base No. 3-End-Black-Chassis

No. l-Sec. Start -green-Gang No. 2-Sec Tap-yellow-Emitter No 3-Sec. End Black-( hassis No. 4-Pri. Start-whitc-Collector No. 5-Pri. End-Red-lst. I.F T.

ASSEMBLING A N T . C O I L SS E C T I O N The pictorial view of antennacoil Section of all world transistorreceiver is givenin Fig. 34 M.W. and S.W.2antennacoilsare wound on ferrite rod, and third coil of S.W.2 having as auto transferrite coreis fitted on the chassis of the set. All thesecoilsare designed former havingone winding only No. I is the 5 start of eachcoil, No. 2 is the tappingand to chassis. No. 3 is the end of eachcoil which is to be connected There are threetrimmers fitted on the chassis near the coils. No I terminal of eachcoil is conneted to the respective trimmerand the rofor terminalo[ all the trimmersare connected to chassis.

& Serviclng 49 R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Transistor switch is used in this band change Doublewafer type have6 Poles 3 positions transistorreceiver. In the diagramonly one wafer is shownwhich has 3 polcs and nine No. I for M.W. band,No 2 for S.W. I and No. 5 terminals. Eachpolehasthreeterminals for SW2band.

Fig. 34-Pictorial

view of Antenna coil setion

Telescopicantenna is connectcd to pole No. I, and the start end of SW2 antenna coils are conneetedto No. 2 and No. 3 position terminals of this pole Pl and No. I terminal remains unconnected. This No. I position is for mediuro wave band, it means that at M.W. position of the set the antenna remains disconnected to ant. coil of M. W. band. This antenna is not required at the time of M.W. band. The pole No. Pz is conn:eted to stator The middle terminal of one section of gang capacitor which is fitted on the metal chassis. The thrce terminals is roror terminal of this capacitor which is to be connectedto chassis. respective of their p2 No. I terminals start to the dre connected terminals of this pole No. green is 2 and tapping white, is No. I coils. There is color marking on the coils, start of Cr6. end terminal No. 3 is black. The pole No. P3 is connected to the one t'irminal This is a ceramic capacitor of 0.01 microfarad and the other end of this capacitor is to be connected to tbe base terminal of frequency changer transistor TRl. The three terminals of this pole pB are connected to the tapping terminal No. 2 of their respectivecoils. You ntust remember that in cach coil, number of turns between No. I and 2 are more than without between No. 2 and 3. In this way you can distinguish terminal one and three coils' any color marking. Always use copper tinned wire for this wiring of antenna

& Servicing R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g 50 Transistor A S S E M B L I N GO S C I L L A T O RC O I L S E C T i O N The below frgureis the pictorial view of oscillatorsection of all world transislor coilsof each band are fitted on the chassis. Each receiver. Threeferrite coreoscillator coil hastwo windingand a tappingin the primary section. For identificationNo. l, 2
Emftrff (tti. Collo.tot lnt

'

Fig. 35-Pictorial view of Oscillator coils saction

arrd 3 is the primary and No. zl and 5 is the secondarywinding. A strip of three is also shownin coils. Samegangcapacitor near these trimmersis alsofitted on the chassis for desire oscillator the of this capacitor 2nd will the utilize section We ,tuning this figure. wafer of the is the 2nd this figure in which is shown switch, frequency. The band-change poles and nine has also three wafer sameband switchwhich is usedfor antennacoils. This terminalsas threefor eachPole. TRr. (AFll5), and this pole's pole No. 6 is connccted to the collectorof transistor to No. 4 terminalof primary' winding of M.W, SWI 1.2 and3 are connected terminals and SW2oscillatorcoil respectively. In this wafer you have to otservethe samesequence for SWr and as you haveadoptedfor antennacoils,this meansthat No. I for M.W. No. 2 of one piece No. 3 for SWz. Connecttogetherths No. 5 terminal of eachcoil and connect of wire from the No. I terminalof the primary winding of lst. I.F.T. to the No. 5 terminal through get (-) reverse voltage a TRt will bias of way collector any oscillatorcoil. In this

T r a n s i s t o r R a d i o A s s e m b l i r r g& S 0 r v i c i n g 5 1 the primary winding when connectedin series with collector circuit- When the starting due narying current flows in the primary a voltage will be set up in the secondary winding windings coil' of each secondary tho across to mutual indication. Trimmers afe connected are connected to chassis' The rotor plate of each trimmer and No. 3 terminal of each coil to pole No' Pr connected is The stator plates terminal of 2nd portion of gang capacitor of their respective coils' For and its three terminal are connected to No. I terminal we will take the output from generating oscillations feed back is essential. For this the emitter of transistor TRr feeds and to If," tuppiig terminal of the secondary rvinding is connected to pole terminalPs through emitter the through the capacitor cri, because Capacitor micro farad' 0.005 of capacitor this ccramic capacitor CI5 having the antenna of MW terminal I No. the between Cr? is the padding capacitor which is connected capacity the having padder capacitor coil and No. I terminal of pole Pa. This Cl? is fixed section of transistor receiver' oscillator the assemble can of 500 picafarad. In this way yotl on the copper tinned wire for each band' To avoide mistake use different color sleeve pz 1220 ohm) which is ro bc connected between emrtter ;;;;;;;;;;;;*i;;;resistor the positive terminal of In this set chassisis connected to terminal of TR1 uoO "ftu.rir.s i x v o l t b a t t e r y . n r t . , " " * p r e i i n g t h e w i r i n g , c h e c k t h e e a c h t e r n r ihirs n a l i to i n dbe com parewith on assembled portion- of transistor receiver remaining rne diagram. circuit yoLr must stages' for assembling the remaining the printed board. For further loid"nce

,iuay'lslr-rcoN TRANSISToRASSEMBLING"'

I . F . A L I G N M E N TO F T R A S I S T O R F A D I O
?'

voicecoil terminals. the spcaker the A/C. voltmeteracross l. Connect tunedto 455 Kc/s and modulatedvia 0'l mfd' the signalgenerator 2. Connect betweenTr1 baseand chassis' capacitor out-put to mainlain 0.25 volt on the outPut 3. Attenuatethe signal generator of the reciver' meterto preventover-loading to the maximumcapacity' 4. Set the gangcondenser 5. Set thc volumecontrol to maximum' 6 . Ad.justcoreof LF.T3 f6r maximumresponse' 7 . Adiust coreof I'F,T.2 for maximam response' 8. Adjustcoreof I.F.Tr for maximumoutput' step No. 6,7 and 8 sealthe coreswith wax' 9 . Repeat

and Servicing 52 TransistorRadioAssembling R. F. ALIGNMENT

Signal-generatorwith400c/smodulatedoutputandlowoutputimpedence. l. Rotate tuning control to gangmaximum' ro s-itiKc/s and placethe loop nearaerialcoil. 2. Set the signalgenerator 3. Adjust the eoreof M' W' Osc'coil for maximum response' 4. Rotatetuning control to gangminimum' to 1600Kc/s' 5. Resetsignalgenerator maximum retponse' 6. Adjust the trimmer of M' W' Osc'coil for alwaysfinishingrvith No' 5' 7. RepeatStepNo. I to 6 asnecessary' frequencyand at (00 Kcls' Tunethe receiverat this 8. Setsignalgenerator response' maximum for rod eot. coil on ferrite adjustth"eprrii;rri"ilri.'w g.Setthesignalgeneratorto^15C0Kc/s.Tunethercceivertothisfreqtrency adjustthe tti**.t of"M. W. Ant coil for maximum response' is made' StepNo. 8 to l0 until no furtherimprovement 10. Repeat Bands Wave Alignment of Short at 2'5 Mc/s' Tune the set to thisfrequencyand ll. Setthesignalgenerator maximumresponse' for adjustthe coreof S. WI t. dsc. coil |2.SetthesignalgeneratoratT.0Mc/s.Tunethesettothisfrequencyand adjustrhe trimmer of S.W. 1 Osc.coil for maximum response' l3.setthesignalgeneratofto3.5Mc/s.Tunethesettothisfrequencyand adjustthe coreof the S.W. I Ant. coil. and the set to this frequency 14. Set the signalgenerator to 6 5 Mc/s. Tune adjustthe trimmerof S' W' I Ant. Coil' is made' StepNo. 1l to l4 until no further'improvement 15. Repeat signal freappropriate with Note :-Same R. F. alignmentprocedurefor S' W'2
according to djal setting. clencies

No Sound:_ l. ry rundown. l. Batte 2. 2. Openvoice coil. Openpri. of driver transformer. 3. prl. of output transformer. 4. 4. o^pen 5. on/off switch. 5 . Defective 6. 6. Break in battery lead. 1 7Shortedfilter capacitor.

F i g '2 9 ) CHART (See T R A N S I S T O RR A D T OS E R V I C I N G RemedY causcs Possible if low reP.lace Check'voltage' Checkthc continuity of voicecoil' Checkthe winding with ohm-meter' Ctreckthe winding with ohm-meter. Checkon/off switch' Checklead with ohm-meter' Onengne lead of C2a'

& Servicing53 R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Transistor Causes Low sound:l. 2. 3. '4. l' Weak batterY' 2' transformer' I.F' of Misalignment 3' Defectivetransistor' 4' caPacitors' LeakYbY-Pass 5' capacitors' filter line 5. Defective Checkvoltageof the battery on load ( hecklhe I. F. alignment. CheckA. F. or I. F. transistor. CheckCr4, Cu or Cle. Check6zos1 Qzr. RemedY

;Noisy-recePtion visuallY. 1 Checkthe stages DrY joint. if scrachY' replace R15' Check 2' Worn out volumecontrol' with Petrol' switch 3' Wash the band band-switch' Defective or Czo C24' 4' CheckcaPacitor filter caPacitor' Defective ' Tr?-25877 or Tr3 5' Check DefectivePower Transistor' centre' of out coil 6' Voice sPeaker. Defective or C18' C16 7 CheckcaPacitor LeakYcouPlingcaPacitor' of A.F. stage' 8' Checktransistor A' F. stage' Defective \Cr2. A G.C' filter capacitor' 9. CheckcaPacitor Defective r' 10. Rcpllce with a neu'transibrmer' output transforme 10. Mismatched 1. 2. 3. 45. 6. 7. 8. g. :Motor-Boating l. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. Fading:1. 2 3. 4. A.G'C' filter' Defective Poor diode detector' Misalingnment' OPenaerialconnection' l. 2. 3. 4. and C12' R1B Checkeesistor it. CheckOA79 and rePlace alignment' receiver's the Check Check antennacircuit. capacitor' neutralizing Defective Transitor. I.F. Defective oapacitor' bY-Pass Defective Weak batterY. ri Dry solderjoints. Misalignment .: l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. capacitors' Checkthe neutralizing Tra' Tr2 and Check Checkall the by passcapacitors' CheckbatterYvoltage' Checkthe circuit visuallY' Checkalignmentwith SignalGenerator \

5l

& Servlcin,g Tr:nsistorRadioAssembling

29. Servicing Chart of Audio Section

5-.,

Or vi

Fig. 36-Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram Ouick check :-Feed an audio signal at pick'up tefminals of across Rt the volumecontrol. Audio note should be hcard in the speaker,or touch a damp finger shouldbe heard irr the speaker, on the baseterminal of the tfansistorTRl. A hum response No OutPut Signal Causes .-1. Batterycompletely run down. 2. Open voicecoil of the speaker. jack. 4. Condenseracross the primary winding of output trans' 3. Faulty earphone formeris.shorted. 5. OpenemitterresistofR?. 6. Open pri. 01sec.windingof driver transformer. 7. Shortei filter capacitorsof 25 mfd. 8. Defective on/off srritch' g. Defectivepowef amplifiertransistorTRz or TRa. 10. Defectivelst. A.F. transistorTRl Symptoms :-Distortion or Low Out-put. of L,F. oulput speaker. 3, Mismatch Causes:-1. Weak battery. 2. Defective in the valueof 5. Change transformer. Mismatch of the power output trensistors. 7. Shorted resistors. bias valvc of base Ra and Rt. 6, Changein the emitter resistors Trz. Driver transistor Defective capacitorCz in the lst. A.F. staf. 8. emitter bypass of value reduced Leaky or g. Shortedturns in the primary of out-put transformcr. 10. Cl. couplingcapacitor

TransistorRadioAssemblirg& Servicing 55

30. Servicing Chart of DetectorStage

.R9 D

R5'

Rs

Fig. 37-Circuit Diagram of Datector and lst' Audio Arnplifier Rs: lOKfl, R2:47K,f1, Rl:lOK,Q, R6: l0Kft Rg:l Kf,l, Ra:5 K,Q, Capacitors : C3:30 Mfd. C2:10 Mfd' c1-0 0t Mfd. C5:10 Mfd. Ca: l0 Mfd. of the Pfimary Ouick check :-Apply a modulatedI. F' signalto the collector sPeaker' the in heard of t.F. transformerT3. The modulatiennote shouldbe r.r,inding Symptom-Weak Signal. Cl' capacitor R'F. by-pass crystaldiodeD' 2. Defective Causes ;-1. Defective transfor' I'F' of winding Ci of l0Mfd' 4. Defective capacitor 3. OpenA.G.C. by-pass transformer: 6. OPenor shorteddiodeload Rr' I'F' of mer l.F.T3. 5. Misalignment Symptom :-Distortion 8n Strong Signal' Defective coupling capa' Causea:*1. ShortedA.C.C. fflter capacitorCp' 2' citor C2. Testing of Diode :hours. Thesediodesrarely life of a crystaldiodeis more than 10,000 The average the' reverse the fevefse and forward resistanccwith an ohm'meterl. go bad. Measure resistanceshoiild be, 100 to shouldbe 1000Kilo ohmsof nlof and forward resistance 250ohm onlY. . r ., gain"' the stageis alsoproviding the A.G'c. voltageto control Note:-The detector :of I. F. amPlifietstages'

Resistors:

& Servicing 56 TransistorRadioAssembli;rg

31. Seruicing Chart of LF. Stages'

e--.TL-

I sl
I

I
I
I

biiit[' ----'r.l
nl

"arilf+

I I
_r_
?l

"v -T'
I

o0. i Rq-|ff.^,K*..{

R20^

Fig, 36 Circuit Diagrarn of l' F' Amplifiers' generator to the Ouick check '--npplv a modulatedI' F' signalfrom the signal speaker' the heard in be sbould notes modulation oFlst f.p. stoge'fR;:T'h" base Symptom :-No output signal from the speaker' C - -Oil; auses:-l.DefectiveTransistorTRlorTRz.2'openemitterresistorsR6. f . F. tiunii"imer coil. 4. Shorted base by-Plls -capacitor g,u Cn Rro. 3. 2' 6. Openbasewindingof I. F. T.1or I' F' T' t6e *inlire oif f.f. 5. Shb;t circuited misalignment. completely 7. LF. transtormer for low-gain, take a fixed capacitor.9jg91mfd' stage tror locatingthe defectrve andtollector of the transistor. When shortio bose touch the terminals'ofitr" cona.nser the volume will- drop considerallyif the condenser. a.nd this base collecto;-;iih ins a in the volume. j,r6e; G in:oiA, t. in-a defect;ve no change will be stagethere ' l!-. transistor Ifa400 of converter tocollector Nowapplyamodulate,ll.F.signal order, working in are stages I,F. thi the speaker in ishlar'l cycleresponse

& Servicing 57 TransistorRadioAssembling Warning :gain,many in an attemptto.improve.the of the receiver Do not alter the alignment the- tuning, the gain can be improvedby-.peaking tunedaid although receivers are sta.rger in distortion,if the align' and an increase by a lossof Jresponse this will be accorn-panied with the manufacturer's nrentof the receiver is suipectedalways-realign in accordance manual. service

32.

Servicing Chart of Converter Stage.

Arr. '\ii

a I I

J I

Fig. 39-Circuit Diagram of Converter Stage. Ouick Check :-Apply a modulatedR. F. Signalat the antenna terminal. Tune the radio at -this particularly frequrency. The modulation note should be heard in the speaker. to emitter,but in In P.N.P. transistor, the base is usually negative with respect the stager the base is at positivepotential with respect to emitter because this converter that positivefeedbacli from collector to emitter makesthe basepositive. This indicates the oscillatoris functioning. the emitter resistor Ouick Check for Oscillator :-Measure the voltage across R3,and note the reading. Now take a small pieceof wire and short the oscillatorsection of ihe gangcapacitor C5 and now take the vol{aggreading. If the meter pointet moves in voltageacross the emitter oack,the oscillatoris functioning,there will be slight decrease R3. re'istof set,keep Second Method of Checking Oscillator :-Switch on your transistor end it near a goodset which is in working condition. Tune the goodset to high frequency of rhe diil 1500Kc/s. Tune your set, which you are testing at 1045Kcrs. or near lbot,r If your set is working, a whistlewill be heardin the speaker of goodset. If no soundis in this converter stage. heird, checkall the components

-{

r
l! I
5
I

lr1

s
x o
t

T1 F

x
{
rn

o
o
t o o a

t j

rug v 3 o( o
!o blil Tl

-{
!

z (tt
(/t {

ct o {
o o CE 0, 3 CL
I l3

qt

9
Ul

o
r

o
2
-l

l{

I
t

N m

{
0, 5

c
v

2.
o t
D g

& Servicing 59 R a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Transistor

33.

R.F. Alignment Chart.

Dial setting Ajusting to maximum output MW. OSC coil core 1500Kc/s 600 Kc/s 1500'Kc/s
I -r00 Kc/s

N,lW. OSC.trlmmer Repeatthreetimes steps(,) and (z) MW. ANT. coil core MW. Ant. trimmer

MW

':
ll

600 Kcis 1500Kc/s 7 2,5 Mc/s 6.0 Mc/s 2.5 Mc/s 6.0 Mc/s 2.5 Mc/s 1l t'2 6.0 Mc/s 2 5 lt'Ic/s 6 0 N{c/s 2 5 Mc/s 6.0 Mc/e 25 Mc/s, 6.0 Mc/s 2 5 Mc/s 6.0 lvlc/s 2 5 lt'Ic/s

Repcat three tirnes steps (a) and (5)

SWl OSC. coil core

osc.

SWr OSC.trimmer(CT.1l
Repcat lhrce times steps(7) and (s)

SW1ANT. coil core SWt ANT. trimmer

Repeat thr,.e tlmes

ANT.

gq M./r

|rt.g11j*)and

(u)

& Servicing TransistorRadioAssembllng Adjust Circuit SignalGenerator output Dial sctting 7 0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s 7.0 Mcls 180 Mo/s Ajusting to maximum outprrt SW" OSC.coil core SWzOSC.trlmmer
Reoeat three tinies steis (3) and (1a)

13 l4

7.0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s 7.0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s 7.0 lvlc/s 18.0 Mc/s 7.0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s

l5

16
l1 ll

SWzANT. coil core SW' ANT. trimmer 7.0 Mc/s 18.0Mc/s

Repeat three times steps(tu) and (17)

l8

PUBLIcATIoNS ouR FoRTH-coMING * Transistorized,Television Receiver $ t. j5 Z. Oscilto-Scope I RadioTV Test-Equipments, if S. Micro ElectronicsI Integrator Circuits

**rlFrShSptSA*.lA*fzShSAlYz*AHiiFztrklie

fr
fi
fi
i

Guide PhotograPhY 4. Mono-Chrome Publishing verq shortlq Btl CENTRE TRAINING RADIOTELEVISION
ShahzadiMandi, AGRA-282001

s f;
fi

Phone: 1 6 0 8 3

!tl

i I ii: l

TransistorRadioAssembling and Servicing 61

34. Signal lniecter'

lrK. .ooL4

'

't"f '

I
I t

Diagram of Signal Injector' Fig' 4l-Circuit PrinciPle and OPeration :harmonics The Its principle based on multivibrator oscillator, which is rich in TR'9==OC71' TR1& Kcis. l'5 generator is frequencytiini*ignat tundamentat by injectingthe signalfrom.this Now vou can test any stageof transistot teceiver an audio signalwill be woiking is stage the If oiirun.litot, .;enurini.iior'io*rtl"uu* hdardfr6m the loud'sPeaker' of the transistorradio and signaloutput lead Connectthe emitter lead to the chassis tested' be to of the transistor of TR: to thp Uase stagein a teceiver' It is very usefultestingequipmentfor locating the defective

35. Circuit Diagramof Signal Tracer

frc. t.a. a S|GNA! tl^cll

Fig. 42-Dircuit Diagramof Signal Tracer' PartsList, R1:470K ohm R2:470K ,, R3:330K ,,

Resistors Ra:4'7K ohm R5-330K ',

R6:4.7K ,,

'

R7:330 K ohm. R':toK "

& Sorvicing 6 2 T r a n s i s t oR r a d i oA s s e m b l i n g Capaiitors cr:0'002Mfd cr=.0.0lMfd C{:0'01 ,,

c3.=0'0lMfd

Battery voltage:4 5 volts. This signal tracer consists of a three-stage audio fiequtnc,v arlplifier. A. F. rundR. F. signalsare fed directly to the capacitorsCi and chassis.The indica-torcorrsist-c of crystal headphone Supposeby touchirrgthe prods to the base of lst. I.F. stagc and chassrs if you heard a response in the head-phone then, up to this stageset is functioning and il vou are not getting the responsein thc head-phone, therr the fault exists in the pre-stage and the signal is not coning to this stage.

36

Light Blinker
+bi:
R4.

R5
'raz.

Fig. 43-Automatlc Switching For Lightinga Bulb ON & OFF

i'artsLrst. 'Ir1=ACl28 Tr2:AC127 C t = -l 0 0 M f d . Rl:lOK,R Rr:6'8K R3:lKll R5:l'8K Ra:270 ,, R6:5 Lamp:6 volt.. 0'15 Ampere. A ,,

37.

TelephoneAntplif ier.

Fig. 44-Circuit Diagram of Telephone Amplifier,

;
i

A s s r n b l i n& g Servicing lnter'Ccnn'. Transistor PartsList TR2:ACl26 TR'z:ACl26 TR3_-AC128 TRa:ACl28 Rr:5K n R2: 1K ,, R2:33,, Ra: 220 ,,
R5:470 R6:2K R?:6'8K R8: l0K n " ,, ,. Jt Re:lOK (r, Q5:100mfd. C2,C3:30mfd. C4 :10mfd.

38. lnter Communication set.

R2 68k Cl

Re I l.lr. ?

R9 z.zK

Rto

rzri

+'J50mt Rs

{r

lomf R..

r
-'6 v
I

Fig. 46-Circuit Diagranr of Inter-Com' Set. This transislorizcd"intercom" set can be used to achieve reliable voicr' conrmunic a t i o n s b e t l r e e n t u o p o i n t s i n a n o r m a l s i z e h o u s c . T h e m a s t r r u n i t c o n s i t so f a t t d i o amplifiersof three OC7 I transistors. This Ampli0er operateson 6 volts D.C. Speakers LSI ancl LSz are uscd for borh talk and listen functions. The talk-listen switch Si ar the the lalk or listen ntotle for the intercom station. The vo;ec' master location establishes communicationis initiatcd from the master urrit. Now the switch Sr is set to the talk position No. l and the audio voltagedeveloped acrossthc voice coil of LSl is coupledb.v to lalk position No. I The I S: the YRl and Cr to the baseof TRl; With S' depressed speakeris automatically connectedto secordary of the audio amplifier output transformer (TL) for listen mode operation qnd the initiator can now talk to the intercom stttion rvhere ' LS] is irrstalled. this loud-speaker r untt speaker LSr is When the switch 51 is in the listcn position No. 2. The maste d to the amplifier input. in the listen mode and thc other ipcaker LSe is connecte connected Now a replv from the remote unit LSz is commuuicated to the spcakerLSr thrortgh the sameaudioimplifiers. The value of componentsare \^ritten in the circuit diagram.

& Servicing Radio Assembling 64 Transistor

' 36. Transistarized Power SUPPIY

De 12 volts to 220volts DC.

12 V to 22oV ' DC , Fig. 46-Circuit Diagramof Gonverter :0.0 I Mfd. each Capacitors Resistu$:l$tt & 300tt Transistors:2N2907 Dtodes :BY-100 circuitD63"il$:",J;red 12volts DC. to 250voltsDC.in ths converts power supply tap of theprimary' t*ni]J*tt with thecentre of a step-rip car.ratlio. Thecircui[consiJts negative' The trvo ends of

gJoi.i.dl;;h. primary winding centre oe t*itctting b:ing so conirolledby the upper tap of are working as on-og;rt"dlh;titne cdntre The atternaiilv" t"t ift"i- iiii,v the tap feedback winding .l'if,.'trirrf*.ir across "Lni *tti"tt are connected ri"Ji*iti"ii junction to connected is wind,ing fe6dback ohms 300 is the battery "i endof battery. The vat*e ;;;irto; *6i.i, l, .onn..tlO"t"l.g"ii". having the value of l0 ohms' eni p"iitive "f tr ;hi.hlr';;;;..iJ resisto, and the other The battery voltage to the positiveend of the batterv' The emittersare connected inducinga windirrg primaiv ih". ;i f't"f";t 'p".i tf't.^ttt"o is thereby applied d;;;;;;ly-u",or. then transferto 250 volts is t.t"""a..y\igh' idgg-;y;i;t wave voltag.;T;il;i square diodes' The it if*" *"iried Uy ttretw' silicotr vo-ltage ';;";'fi;; winding. This .crossthe secondary are usedto capactiors two ind -l;:-:::a th;ke Th;^[.F: are working.r'i;l'i';?;" diodes voltagefor isn*ion high as filter the rectifiedvottage Thesefilter o.C..'""oiiui; radto' car the in giids of the ralvcsused itr. uttoO.tand screen

to the battery connectedto chassis and chassisis conn"cted The transistors ;;; switchingiransistors' ;i toltectori ur"

'r'

i. tl \L

64 Transistor Radio Assembling & Servicing

36.

Transistorized Power Supply.

DC 12 volts to 220 volts DC.

Fig, 46-Circuit Diagram of Converter 12 V to 22oV, DC capacitors:0.0lMfd. each Resistolg:l0tt & 300 n Transistors:2N2907 Diodes :BY-100 Circuit D6scriptionThis transistorizedpower supplyconverts12 volts DC. to 250 volts DC. in thc of a step-uptransformerwith the centretap of the primary' car-radio. The circuit consists to the batterynegative. The trvo endsof is connected to chassisand chassis connected The transistors of two switchingtransistors. primary winding are connected to the collectors are working as on-off switch,the time of switchiugb:ing so controlledby the upper centre that they conductalternately. The celtre tap of tap feedbaik winding of the transformer the across feid back winding is ionnectedto junction of two resistorswhich are connected to negative end of the battery is 300 ohms battery. The valireof resistorwhich is connected to positiveend having the value of l0 ohms. which is connected and the other resistor The emittersare connected to the positiveend of the battery. The battery,voltage a is thereby applied alternately across the tuo halves of the primary winding in_d-ucing which isthentransferto250volts persecond squarwave voltageofaboui 1000cycles diodes. The the secondar!winding. This voltageis rhen rectifiedby the two silicorr across are usedto diodes are working as full wave rectifier. The R.F. chokeand two capactiors filter the rectified loltage Thesefilter D.C. voltage are used as high tension voltagefor gridsofthe valves usedin rhe car radio" the anodes and screen

& Servicing65 T r a n s i s l o rR a d i oA s s t r n 6 l ; 6 9

40

Battery Eliminator f or TransistorReceiver'

l.
i

I
I I

Fig. A7-Power Pack for TransistorRadio C o m p o n e n s: of 9V, l. T-Step down transforme r havingprimaryof 220r'oltsand sccondary 6V, 4.5V AC. 2. S-On/offswitch in'the primary winding. are beingused 3. B-Band change switch4 poles,3 positions. Only trvo po for changing tappjng. the voltage 4. M-Metal Rectifier BridgeType. 100ma. Y:Yellow colour mark on the terminalfor a.c.input. output are for DC negative R:Black colourmark on the outer terminals at shortedtogetherand centreterminal having Red colour is to bc keprt positive potential. chassis 5 L.F.C.-Low frequency chokeof 250 milli-henry. of l00mfd. capacitor 6. Cr & C2-Filteringelectrolytic Circuit Description :receivers It is a full waverectifier circuit For testingdifferent typesof transislor switch is set at 6 volts one can set this supply 4'5 to 9 volt DC. Now the band change posilion. By switching the on/off switchat ON position,the current flowsin the primary in are being induced windiugof stepdown transformer and by mutual induction voltages rvinding. The a/c voltage secondary - are applied to the yellow terminalsof nretal rectifierthroughband change switch. Thus rectifierdeliversd/c negativeoutput from the red terminalswhich are connected togetherand a filter of one L.F. chokeand two capacitor are usedfor filtering the pulsations. Always connectlower chassisterminal to the positive side of the transistoi receiverterminal and L.F. choke terminalto the negtive sideof the receiver.

& Servicing Radiodssembling 66 Transistor 41. Transistors Equivalents.

Converter AFI I4 BFI94 I.F. Amp. AFl17 BFI95 Detector

OA78 oA79 A85 oA70 IN34 oAl74 oAls0 IS33 INA2 oA70 oA9l IN 60 tT23 oA70
,t

AC125 8C147

ACI28 ACI27

oc l7 0 oc44 25A:234 oc6l4 oc6r3

2SA58 28A10 2SA102 Al15 2SA93

oc4s oc4s
2SAI2 AFl0,{ oc6l2 2SA53 2SA3I 25A55

ocTl oc7l
25875

oc74 oc12
25871AClO5

oc602 oc602
2SA54 25B32 l7 I 2SB OC81D 2S853 2T64 2SD66 2SBl75 2SA17l 2 S B ll 2 ACl23 2N109 T1582

oc604
23856 2SB34 t74 2SB

oc45
25A53 2T76 25C76 2SAt0l 5SA45 2SA155 AFI17

oc81
25856 2'186 2SB5I 2SBl78 23At74 2SA163 AC128 2N270 2N1069

2:120r 25L123 2SA103 2SA70 2SAl53 AFI16 2N370 2N1058 ocl70 2N412 oc170

,t

IN38 oA79 IN34 ,,

2Nr3e

I 2N2e3 oc4s
2N410

oA70 rN87 oA70

oc71
2N406 ocSlD

ocSl
2N408

oc45

oc81

\x

9
o
t
EI

o c,
lrJ

F
I

i
t!

r"
4

ltJ O.

1n

SECTION

I
Parts List :-

(P.a al @.izeu itr, dia (pzaetie

42. Four valvesAll World Radio (Fig. 481

Resistors
Rr. R10 R2. I watt R3, 1 watt Rl, R6 R5' i/2 watt R7, v.C. R3, 1/2 watt Re v'att

Capacitors
cl, c;, c6, c7. c1o, cl1 gz, Ca, ce
Cls, Cl?

:lM :27 K :22 K :47 K :2M :'5 M :5M :'22 M :300 :1000 :1000 :100

: l00Pfd-Ceramic
-tnn
Jt ,)

:0.5 Mfd-Paper -.nn<

, , , l

c1{, c15 Ct, Ct c13

,, :500 Pfd :25 Mfd.

:32

Electrolytic Gang Electrolytrc

Miscellaneous :Padder:600 Pfd Dial lamP:'15 ampere, 6 volts Loudsp:iker:3 ohm Outputtransformer-L.F.T for UCL 82 I. F. transformer:I.F.T.A & LF.T.B. Bandchange switch:4 Poles; 3 Po:ition

1pr, 5 watt Rlr, l0 ,, R13,(vari) pra, 5 rvatt

R a d i oP r a c t i c aC l ircuits 69 Pin Connectionsof the valves rrsedin this circuits Valves No.
l: I
a'u g2
df

'l3 I
9l O1 lr o2
.' ot

h h

ah

Function ---eomreterDet. & I. F.

V2:,UBF 89 V3:UCL 82 V4:UY 85

k
s1 o

h h

h h

g:lktat
a

lst L.F.& PowerAmp. Rectifi:r

43.

Five Valves Ac-Dc Superhetrodyne Radio. (Fig.

Type Paper Ceramic Rl:1M R2: 47K

g)
Type

Parts ListCapacitors

cr :0.05Mfd C2 :0'01 ,,. c3 :100 Pfd c4 :100 ,, c5 :100 C6 :0'05Mfd c7 :0 05Mfd c8 : r0oPfd c9 :100 ,, cl0:0 005Mfd Cl1:0.01 ,, c l 2 : 0 . 0 0 5, , C13:0'005,,
cr4:25Mfd. 25V Cl5:32 ,, 350V C16:32 ,) ,, c17==0'05, 450V

Carbon1i" Watt

R3 :
R4: R5: R6 :

22K,,

,rl

,, rl2Watt 4 7K , , 05M,,
t, t,

) Ceramic
,1

R7: R8:

VolumeControl Carbon1/zWatt
tt t,

R9 :0.22 M,, R 1 0 : 0 . 4 7M , , Rl l: 150 ,, R l 2 : 5 0 0K , , Rl3:900 ,, R14: 159 ,, Choke:-SHenry or

Da-^-

, ,

t ,

Wire Wound 5 Watt Tone Control Wire Wound 10 Watt

,)Jr)

Electrolytic

L.F. Choke Wire Wound l0 Watt

Paper

R e s i s t o r oIf K Q

l'!

tf
EE

or Dl o = 1! CL o g
o o

rr
; .D
C}

ct.,

r|'

1F
{
o a
! a

() a o

o
fr
v
g
-

o 0 EL o :t o

r E

;'

I
;
(cl I

RadioPracticalCircuits 71 Pin Connections of the Valves used in circuit' Valve No. UCH 8I UF 89 U B C8 I UL 84 UY 85
S gl

lu lt llr
h h h
ll ,

i'
a
S

e
1g"

ah
S

s'1" 1"
', gt a"d
o2 b

61

k
,

h h h h

o! DI

k kgt \
1.

a'd

s 1 D

h
,l 11

44. Five ValvesAc SuperhetrodyneRadio (Fig 50)

Parts ListRssistors. pr :47 K ,ft, Rl : lMtt R5 :47 K ,, R5: lM,, R1l:150 Rlo=:0'5M,, VolumeControl Rt-0'5M ,, Ra :33 K .Q, R3 :22 K ,Q, 1 0 M Re :0.2 M ', R8 ,, R 13- I K R12:0'5M,, ,, Tone Control R 1 2 : 0 ' 5 M , ,

r I
I

Capacitors" Cr C3 :100Pfd' C'?:0.0lMftl' C1 :0 005Mfd :0'05Mfd' C8 : l00Pfd' C? C6 :0'05Mfd. C5 : l00Pfd. cl'z:'005Mfd. ci1:0.0lMfd. c10 :0.05Mfd. ca :100Pfd. cr6:32Mfd. c15:32Mfd. Cla:25Mfd. C13:0'05Mfd. Padder:600Pfd. : 500Pfdeach' Gan g Capacitor-2 section of eachcoil:70Pfd' secondary across Six Trimmers :l0OPfd'

t F\

Transformers. Two-I.F. Transformers, One-Power Transfsrmer 80ma. Three Ant. R.F. Transformers. One-L.F. OutPutTransformer HT. 250 volts and LT' 6 3 volts. ThreeOsc.R.F. Transformers

a,
Fl

t!
l I
('1

o
I
I

l! o g
o o

r r
{

o
U) E o o o
CL

o v
r U

g o
o
I

v t7

a
E. g

0t GI o
I

\}

l ircuits 13 R a d i oP r a c t i c aC Pin Connections of the Valves used in this circuit

',*
EL84
EBCsl

-l

ililil i i" i *' jr,e'l

1 at I e.i t I

;i;l;l;

h ;
tr i h i '.
h
h

I a
s

""
lc
o3
oo b ct b

i ad'
ah

EF8e
ECH8l

' I '-i"'i' I l-,"1 l-,oj

g',gni
I

s I r' I t

I r,r

n
h

s , a
g

g' lk,g'l

at

45 Six valvesAlc Superhetrodyne Radio {Frg.50)

Circuit Description This basic six valves superhetrodyne radio receiveroperatesdrrectly from an AC powerline of 220 volts. AC power inputs are convertedto DC Power by the EZ40 lut i wave rectifier circuit. The receiveruses a paraliel heater arrangement. The on/off swits i is connected in the primary of man's transformer. This power traosformer has thro': windings. The middle secondarywinding of five volts is not used in this circLLtt. secondary One or two dial lamp can be connectedacrossthe 6.3 volts L.T. wirding for dial light. Now the band changeswitch is set at SW2 band (7.5 to 22Mcls) and t'uring circtrit the desirer.f. modulated sienal of this band and couple this signal to the control selects grid of the ECH42 triode hexodeionverter valve. A local osclliatorsignil developedby th,' resonantcircuit formed by thr SW2 oscillator coil and other section of gang capacitor i , also applied to the mixer grid of this valve. The modulated r f and loc,l oscillatorsignars are mixed in this valve to produce the 455Kc/s intermediate frequencyuseclin thi; receireti Trimmer capacitors connectedacrossthe coils are adjustedto assurethat the desiretracking relationship is maintained acrossthe band. A single I.F. stage which usesEF4l remote cut-off pentodeprovidesthe requi.re,l a m p l i f l c a t i o n o f i n t e r m e d i a t e f r e q u e n c y s i g n a l sT . his stage is made selectiveat455Kcs by the double tuned input and out-put f.F. transforrners. The audio signal componcnts are extractedfrom the I.F. signal by the 2nd detector circuit which consists of dioCe components. sectionof EBC4I tube and associated The audio signal voltage across the volume control potentiometer is amplified by the triode sectionof EBC4I and is then used to drive the EL4 I audio output sra!e The output stage developsthe audio power required to produce an audible output fr.-'.rr the speaker.

ltr (tc

t) a
L
6d

vl
p

l! I

F
E7
Frl

c 'E
TTI

gr

I g? 5.

e
-t
(! f4
E -l

E;'l
i.j -t

:trg
|'l
"{

D
ll{

lF,t-'{ {lj+t ;;i3l

;4

g
rlt o t o

pS

oF g{
<Fl

tq

w:1

D CL

c) v
o -.
-l c

(n
)
-l

rnfi
5Ei trl mJ

z
fr
at^ 2rlFo
22a

'?; -i..

nf,
ep

T r I
(,
I

o
v

=. (o
J CL

z
Fl

m{ t{l :o Pi: gB

2 fn
n

m>

n3

o o o :

z
{ ,t

v
G)
F

$3l;lfi
'tlF-{l

F (a
IJii-

RadioPracticalCircuits 75 Pin Connections of the Valves used in circuit' Valve No. ECTT42 EF 4I EBC 4I EL 4I EZ 40 EM 84
h h h h h
o 1.

: I:l'
t,
N

h h

ar

h
o3

a a'
i^

L.

h h

Def a

ic

(Fig. 5I ) 46. Six ValvesHigh Fidelity Audio Amplif ier'

Circuit DescriPtion :opsrates can delivcrpoweroutput ol t5.watt' The circuit DC to This hi-fi. audioamplifier volts six corlverr ro used Th"'uibtutor'is from 220 volts AC toDC .1neun'iv"eOijt ";;;"T;il';;rqt. full"wave--r.iiin". whichconvertstheACinput pulsatingDC. output. as tha input stage io1 tltg -Xldin A high gain pentode voltrge .apnl1fier is used second vaive. The outputof this un.t ntrt amplifier The R.C. ;;;;,il,*";;"ft4.1, 1tr; of a triodesplit loed tvr'.re of oherc ittverter grid control t6 the 6N7 is crr.Lpted seco'dstage amplitude and irr .quil ar. *hi.n' of each triode oi-6SCz 'alve 6SC7. The outprits petltodes' power beam 6V6 pair of a ut" iJ"a;; i;;; in phase opposite the audroamplifierotttput to the speakers couples Thc pushpulloutput-tr-arrsformer of numberof speakers of this tranrformJi;;;;h to the diff-'rent The taps on the seconclary ,1to 500 ohms. General Instructions ll . T h e p o r v e r t r a n s | o r m e r a n d r e c t i t r e r . s tfollotning. a g e s h o ureasons' ldbeplac dn : a r bhum ytheoutpu slight Ifea lhe near rhe.r.il;i"; cnd of the amplifierl"trr.i-irru* so and "fi;;; stages following ihe atl Uy -p:"t.d it witl b6 lmplified ii"e", is picked up gy rh" po amplifier the by *p ;'t 1*n'' i'r," run," "rer vt:ry ob,ecs#bi; become ""1.;; no harm' does therefore and it-""it" anlptifiid 2 . K e e p t h e 2 2 0 v o l t s A / C l e a d s a s s h o r t a s p osrvitch s..ible ' . T h ebe m : placed rirrlirr ecordsho close should closeto the power tr"nsform.rl"Jo-lbr enterthe chassis to the main'stransformer'

u d

Uj*
I

(l

5'

i:. i:e

e
*l

I'l
C) I I

*l

r
I x
o o an

Fql

k*/

3
'4

ta'

(n

o
CL @ 0,

-l ?tt

r
-t

z z
ri

o a

fEl

o c)

a-

I I . 6 ?;

3 '(t

r" Tl
I

=. 3

m
F o
E
Fi

;
tat

?U

-t ct
*t

F t a d i oP r a c t i c a lC i r c u i t s 7 7 3. Hum may be picked up from AC heater wiring. To avoid this trouble, the two leadsshould bc twisted together as much as possible and kept as far from the control grid and plate leads as is convenient. 4. Motor boating is comm:n trouble encountered in the construction of audio the exhaustof amplifier. This difficuliy causesa nrise in the loud speaker that resembles a lack of regulation of the is voltage in dirficulty oi rhis cause mltor boat. The ccmmon the power supplY' plate or screer giid voltege will often cruse ho'vling plor qutlity. 5. Excessive 6. The grid bias on all the valves should be high enough to pievent any of the g r i c l sf r o m b e c o m i n gp o s i t i v c l yc h a r g : d . H o w e v e r , i i t h : b i a s i s u n n : s s a r i l y h i g h i t w i l l result rn lowered anrplification. '7. When using only unit-speakerconnect the leadsacrossclmmon aad l6 ohms terminal. 8. For using twc ullit speakerin parall:1,c)nn-'ci the leads across common and 8 chmsterminal. 9. F,rr using four unit-speakars in parallel cJnneci. the lcads across common rnd 4 ohms terminal. 10. \\'hen using matching transformer with the unit sp:aker, then connect the leadsacrosscJmmon and 500 ohms terminals.

47. SuperhetrodyneRadio with Piano Band switch

Circuit Description coils. T.re rangein meteis is written in front of All the lower co ls are the alli.e:tna the s:c.rndaryof each coi[. connected across each coil. Trimmers are All the upper coils are the osr:iilrtorsco.ls. The coil in front of each anlenna coil is the oscillatorcoil or thet particular band. C8 and C9 are the p-rdderc:pacitor of SW4 and MW. band. All the windings of antennaa,rd oscillator ccils are being shorted with a moviug strips of band switch which"are ind:cated iry the ilrrows. By pressing the button of particular band change switch removes the shoftins of rhe both primary and secondary winding of the antenna and oscillator coil of that band and the moving strips make the contacts with pole terminals and the set works on that band.

6<
E

,tl-'

r* 6k
tlJ

!n
zEl

oJ

3rn
z oEg

,F
:E rA

=z
ffl

''lHt ,'iH}
{

l t \_

RadioPractical,Circuits79 an other station on the next band pressthebuttonofthatband' For selecting the shortsof the coil of l.rewband arid deviceis being'sed which will relcase Mechanical coilswhjch is previouslyworking the short circuitedthe windingsof simultaneously all the buttonsset rvill not work When you release Poles Connections of Band Change Switch :to the lst pole terminal of the primarv rvinding Cr is connected Aerialcapacitor the 2nd pole terminal of the of the antcnna coil. Grid capacitor c3 is connected d to C; is connecte (Ant' section) coil. Gangcapacitor windingof the antenna secondary is connected section) Cr (Osc. switch. Gang capacitor the 3rd terminalof bandchange capacitorC0 is changesu'itch osc. band spreacl band the of to the 4th pole tcrminal capacitor su'itch' Ant' band spread io the 5th poleterminalof the band change connected sxitcl-t to the 6th pole terriinal of bandchange C7 is connected of l0 N{ft in the controlgrid of valvc v3 and lmportant Note-connect one resistor to chassis This is the grid leak the otherend of this resistoi connect the circuit' in u'hich is not shou'n resisror Parts Lists Resistors. Rr: I N{,lc R;=l M,, R!':10K ,, tt
l {

Rr :4? K f,?, R,i :47 K ,, R i o : 0 5 l v l, ,

R3 :'22 K tl R; :0'2 M ,' Rr1: 150 ,.

R4 --33 K fi, Rs :0.5 IU ., VC R1::0'471\{^,

CaPacitors

r []

Cl, Cl'l:'005 mfd Cn:5000Pfd Cr5:25mfd.

C B ,C 6 , C t , C t o , C 1 3 : l C 0 P f d C$:600Pfd 6ra, Qtt:32 ntfd'

C ' r ,C ' r : C a n g c e p a c i t o t Crl, Ci2:0'05rnld'

*O.{:

.:!.>q->;a;^';?^;tA'A>>t;7;7a'7'.

4{ $

MusrsruDY

'?>'?zx'>>'''4'i;';"V>*;>'tA;A'7>;A:>

F o r S e rvi ci n gA l l W or ld Radios { $ P l r o n e : 7 6 0 3 3 A G R A 1 C ' T ' T f B ' B y e d * ,un,irt <'< * u4qqv-<<-!qv1q4'+ " Y4u(v/:s<'!i qqqqqqq *f o\g.=+.*f

Guide Rodio Trsnslstor Servicing { f n - t t i n dIi

t'
$ $

i*

EE

i2z
i('
l

3un

Hro
,5F
:g
3FJ

-eF FF
FI F

I
!

t_

I I

l i

RadioPractical Circuits 81

48.

Five Valves Band Spread Radlo.

Value and function componcnts. Capacitors Cl:'005Mfd CZ :l00Pfd c3:'0rMfd C4 : l00Pfd C5 : r00Pfd C6 : lOOPfd C7 : lOOPfd c8 :0.05Mfd C9 :100Pfd cr0: r00Pfd Cll:l0OPfd cl2:0.005Mfd cr 3:8Mfd cl4:25Mfd ct5:.005Mfd
J i

Function Aerial capacitor Grid leak capacitor Earth capaciter Band spread capacitor Bandspread ,, Osc.grid capacitor Osc anode capacitor grid capacitor Screen I.F. by-passcapacitor I.F. by-pass ,, R.F. by-pass capacitor CouplingcapacitorPaper capacitor Decoupling Cathode by-pass
Fixed Tone canacitor Smoothing capacitor Resen,oir capacitor Anode by-pass capacitor

Resistors Rl :IM R2 :22K R3 :2M R4:15K R5 :47K R6:05M, p7 : lOM ,, Rg -200K ,, R9 :20K ,, p1g.= 150 ,, Rll _0.5M ,, R r2 : 9 0 0 R :47K R :150
Valves

Function Grid leak resistor. Osc.anodeload resistor. AVC Filter resistor, grid resistor Screen I.F filter resistor. Volume contrsl. Grid leak resistor. Anode load resistor. resistor. Anodedecoupling Cathode bias resistor. Grid leak input resistor. Balastresistor. UCHSI Grid leakresistorof of Vi Anoderesistor Portionof Rr.

N, ,, ', ,, ,,

,, ,, ,,

cl6:32Mfd cl7:32Mfd t l8:'05Mfd

G l , G 2 : 5 0 0 P f d 2 Section gang-capacitor Trimmer:70Pfd Variable capacitor

Note : (i) (ii)

8l vl:ucH V2:UF 8 V3:UBC 8I V4:UL 64 V-i:UY 85

Converter. I.F. Amp. lifier. Det and L.F. Amp.lifier. Powerpentode. Rectifier.

Connect the pole terminal of Sec. Ant coil to the lower terminal of C4. Connect the pole terminal of Pri. Osc. coil to the lower terminal of C5'

l! I
('t (,I
I

11

ut
o
f

a o
o o o
th

;' f!
:0 9) 7 o

g.

g.
o o

RadioPracticalCircuits 83

49. Seven Valves High Fidelity Radio Receiver'

Parts List :Rr:l Mtl, R2:22K,, R3:2'2M,, Ra:22 K,, R5:47 K ,, Resistors R16:60 R11:47 K & Ro :47 K ,Q, Kt7:22 Rtz:47 K ,, R? :0'5M ,, R 1 8 : ' 6 8M R L B : 2 Z K , , R 8: 5 ,, R 1 s : 1 0K : l 0 K M , , R r a : ' 6 8 Re ,, (2o:4'l K K R1510 Rlo:lM ,, ', Tone control R7:-q00 K f,i, Volumecontrol' R21:250 K f,1, ,ft '' ,, " ,,

CaPacitors C3, C8, C14:'05 Mfd C2, C4, C5: lO0Pfd C6,C7, C9, Cl0:100Pfd :'004Mfd C l7 : 0 l M f d C l 5 , C l 6 : l , i M f d . Cll,Cl2,Cll3 C l , C l S rC 1 9 : 0 0 5 m f d . Sp--cialF*atures of this Circuitdifficult to design a receiverwith singlespeaker1o 9591i{. 3 ruu Ir is exrremely rangeof muii.ut fi.qu"nciesfor gooA quality reproduction. For this in High-Fidelity two are moresplokersare ised Fbr refroducingthe lower notesa large diaphragm reseiver for high notes. and oneor two smallspeakers rsrequired The net work, Rzd & Cr4,is providingnegative feedback, reproduction is thus feed back, In this are usedwithout negative more faithful than when the power pentodes to the input transformer of output secondary the by feedingthe voltagefrom arrangement. improvement a marked obtain so the amplitudeof undesiredharmonicand V3 reduces quality. is being donein the valve EBF 89. The diodc PD' is functioningas Detection potential diode PD" is kept at chassis 2nd detector. The second of stage througha filter consists A.V C. voltageis providedto I. F. and converter V2 or Vr' oi circuit the anode R3 & C3. To test the A.V.C colloecta milli-ammeter in one or and tune the radio to a local or strongstation. The tuning point shouldbe passed the meter, in the currenttake placein the two times and seethe meter. If no change A.V.C, system is not functioningthen checkthe A'V'C' circuit R3 and C3' usuallyemploya pushpulloutput stage. In pushpull The highestquality receivers cancelled. An increasein powur coupling 2nd harmonicsdistortion is completely lnsteadof pushpullinput .outputper valve is another one result of the pushpull circuit. R c. coupling is usedhere, which causesless distortion than transfornrer transformer, coupling.

l! I

('r (t)

1t o lt c o a o

F
vr

3
o
CL

z o
o c tt o

c
v

rc
rn

CL

cn
o o
CL
a

:E m

v
\.i

o
U

o T o o g. o

H-r
*z

z m
v

a
o

!*J

I I
I

g.

I ,t1--+ts

GI

I s

,E irill

RaclioPractical Lircuits

85

B a n d s p r e a . d c i r c u i t s a r e u s e d t o c b t a i n a t u n i n g c u r v e t h a t s h o u l d b eall wid erone these If high fidelitV reception is to be attained to receiver highcr and lower notes. frequenciesmustbereceivedequallywell'onesectionofgangcondenserwithaseries wave form a band spread circuit' capacitor Ca and tuning coil of short

6.

F.M. SuperhetrodyneRadio Receiver'

Principlesof F. M. ReceiverInfrequencymodulationsystemthefr e q u e n c y ^ o f t h e r .audio f . c a rsignal' r i e r i s vIn ariedor of rv.i" ur'pJr ih"'ft.qn"n.v of the deviatedto a higher;i;;;;;;mbJr to the audiovaried according the amplitud. of r.i' carrier is amplitudemodulationsystem signal. high I n T e l e v i s i o n s o u n d r e c e i v e r F . M . s y s*itft t e m n'-M' isbeing.usedn owada of ys .InF.Ivl Because .receiver The reactance ttre r.i. and a.f ,,u*.. ur. rii-.if"t basically receiver circuit' mixer and f. r. tt',.;t;;;; thereare;.;;^t#;;"n.'"in lies frequencies The maior difference f..qr,"nly of the o-sclllato.r' . tubeis usedto controlthe oscillator to demodttrcquired is dtittimiitotor type of circuitilo|nn^ii special in the de-modulator, clipsofft he ,nJ l. F. amolificr'and late the a.f. signal. ih" u-itb, vatue es,i;;;; amplitude' in tonstant more output i"prt signal, *"ting its variarions amplitude This i' Foster Seelav sen' "i'irr" The output of timiier'^jr"'i;' ir-Jout,r."ti"t.'""i"tis com monly lype.of descriminator descriminatornamed after its inventor' ft'i' " Th'e descriminator 5 the 3c1es^ outpul used in F.M. receiverand TV sound tyttt* A'F'C' ftx voltage t..iin-ttt,tigual ?i.fi".tt functions. also,.ru.r'dorrnte potentiometer, " l2ATl ' The arrdtoautput oscillatorfreque;;'.i the for stabilizing valve which ro the reactarice i" .1'rtl receivcr FM sets of is fed to theaudio amplifierwhich is.*r"iri"'tititiiot."tnrust be capablc itugtt are to be usedto recei"e high fidelity "'ollt'ig"li'trtt "tol"the wide rangeof audiot' eqtlencles' reproducing T h e a d v a n t a g e o f F . M . i s t h a t i t p r o v i d e s c x c e l l e n t n o i s e f r etuning e r c c eindicalti:i:l::und receiverwhich providos this in used also is 6BR5 uulu. .y. Magic signal. signai. incoming tion of desire

^^;;;;;,t h<.h.h->h.^.>.>.^.>.>h->-^.>'a'^'>'>'>'=a'>'>'>">+* iJlt

+'
L ul

Pubticationin DELHT vLrI or ou'

Y
\l

,t E3rmsirness
,{

Prornotion
Phone;277147

---

--Brrreea'rr

L
$t

376' La! Pat Rai Market' DELHI

gr q vv q 4'v: \4 q < q < g' v1 q v{ q q v1 < v

v
V
t'

4 'I f
n *uugt

Circuits 86 RadioPractical o f t he valves l s e d i n t h i s c i r c u i t s Pin Connections

Valves No.

-r--l
1. 6CB6 2. 6A84 Mixer Reactance-osc. I F. & V5 Limiter Discriminator Triode-PowerRmpl T'uning Indicator Full waveRectifier kih
isi

'ltl ' I ,\
h h h h h h k,s ic k h h h h

'l 6 7
o

03
ll(

7 Pin 7 Pin Noval 7 Pin

3. r2AT7
4. 68A6 5.6A5 6. 6 \88 7. 6BR5 8. EZsl

cl k

o'

k a'
91

Noval

a a'

{i\er'Y*h**fr
*

SH*"iffal}ft $atYte}AlXiVzSA*pt*A*k#
BUILDYouR owN TRANSISToR ni

,i & Servicing fissembling Transistor fi $'$ilicon Hindi Simple MADE-EASY in ] I

in
*

Throughour ftome-StuJtl coursePublishedin

Published by :

GENTRE NR A I N I N G R A D t o T E L E V I S I oT $ s AGRA-282001 Phone:76083 SnanzaAi-Mandi, $ fr

s s

tfi$%ffi K.KIK *pagg$H'$h'*$asasaH*:hft il*';?tthfr

SECTION

(P.odio Scztticing

51. Instructions for lnstallation Radio Antenna'

i s n o t c l e a r i n r a d i oo r i f t h c r e i s a l o t o f d i s t u r b a n c e , t h e n f i r s t o f If programme all checkthe aerial and the earth system. Ii aerial and earth are not fitted well, even goodand perfectly all-right radio will not give good reception. While checkingaerial and earthbe carcfulaboutthe following things' l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. g. g. 10. be any joint in the lead-in-wite Thereshouldn't to the Main's wire' be in parar''lel shouldn't Aerial'santenna while comingdown' etc, touch walls shouldn't Lead-in-wire less than 25 to 30 feetlong. nor more than Antennashouldneithetbe them with longerones. Higher the antenna change If aerialpolesare smaller, will receive' it morethe signalvoltage Alwaysuseplugswhilefltting-in aerialand earthto the radio. wire is consumed, Useearth-wirenearerthe radio so that lesser pip-', do use C-clamp for proper water the to connected wire is earth If connection with the radio, makea point to useone. This If thereis no earth-connection noisein the radio. will reduce fading. causes fit it tightly. Looseantcnna-wire is loose, If antenna-wire OF THE RECEIVER VISUAL INSPECTION Beforerepairingthe radio, ascertainthe causeoi the trouble and for that reason or opening inspectthe set properly. Checkmains cord and plug before repairingthe set cabinet of the radio. is no dry-joint any Now take out the set from the cabinetand be sure that there cracked it. If insulationof any wite is perished or ts where. If you find one, resolder is broken resistance if any look now over it And that wire or put new sleeve either change

88

Radio Servicing

or has becomeblacky due to over-heating. Particulary check all wire-wound resistances with a meter' check transformer and see,it is not over-heated Now capacitorsmust be checked' See if wax etc. does not seem oozing out due to over-heat, and if you find anv capacitor like that, replaceit. Now check gang capacitor and be sure tnui ,oto. uni stator plates do not touch each-other. Revolve fully the gang and check it with an otrmfiIeter. Sometimes the plates get shorted due to dust prrticles. Check the valvcsand see that lhese are fitted in their proper sockets.' Their sockets and valvc.pins should be clean. Even if slightly dirty, clean them with petrol. To wash Band-change switch is also a necessitybecause dirt ctc. can result in bad contacts In this u,ay the causeof the defect can be found by visual Inspection. Checking the Heater Circuit of A;C Radio In A/C Radio, all the valvesare connected parallel to 6 volt secondary winding of the power-transformer. In that radio, as such, -even if one valve is fusc4, the other contitrueto glow. To test the heatersof the valve pull them out from sockets and check valves with an ohm-meter. If heater doosn't show continuity, the valve is bad and slrould be replaced. If, however, heatersof all thc valvcs are O.K. and even then if a certain valve is not glowing then check the voltage across 6-volt winding of the power transformer using voltmeter in paraltel to it. Also check the wire connecting heatersof all the valves. If voltages are not presentin the winding, go for the checking of the power transformer.

A d v a n t a g eo f A / C R a d i o
l' 2. 3. 4. 5. Less filtering caplcity is required in the filter circuit due to full wave rectification, and there is lessclectrical interference noises Power consumption is less than eC/DC-radio. More power output due to higher H. T. voltage produced in power transformer. No dangcr of shock as chassisis always neutral. Heat prod*ced inside the receiveris lessas compared to AC/DG Radio.

52. Servicing Superhet,odyne Radio Receivero.

First of all checkthe continuityat the plug terminalsby putting the or-r/off switch at on position. If the meterdoesnot sho,vany continuity, the heater circuit of the valves is opencircuited' A circuit which doesrrot form a completepath for the flow of current

R a d i oS e r v i c i n g 8 9 i; callcd open circuit Chcck the heater of each valve with ohm-meter and replace the faulty one which doesnot show any countinuity. If the valvesare checkedup properly and '.hereceiveris clectrically operated, the main's voltage should be checkedwith a suitable-volt-meter. For this, check the anode voltage of rectifier valve rvith AC volt-meter and cathodevoltage with DC volt-meter After the source of power to the radio set has been checked the next procedure is to check thc voltage suppled to the anode and screengrid of cach tube, The usual practiceis to check the valvesin the order in whrch the signal passes through thein i.e start with converter stage and end with porveramplifier stage. of the stageare OK. Then the valvesshould If the voltageson different electrodes be tested should by inserting a milliammeter into their anode be examined. Their emission circuits. Audio Section-Check the operation of the audio frequency amplifier section of the radio by touching the centre terminal of the volume control with a damp finger or screw-driver. If the noise is heard in the speakerduring this finger test the audio section is defective. is working pioperly. If not then suspectthat A.F. Sectionof the i'eceiver Detector Stage-Apply a signal from the signal injector to the diode anode of detectorvalve. Ii this is functioning properly, a loud responsewill bc heard from the speaker. to l . F . 4 m p l i f i e r S t a g e - A p p l y a m o d u l a t e d i . F . s i g n a lf r o m t h e s i g n a lg e n e r a t o r the ccrntrolgrid of 1.F. arnplifier and check the alignment oi the I.F. transformers. Mixer Stage-Apply a modulated I.F. signal tothe signal grid of first converter at pin No. 2 and if the modulation note is heard in the speakerthen the ECH8I valve I;F. transformer is OK. of Input alignment Oscrllator Section-Connect the meter betweenthe triode anodeof convertervalve and chasslsand then apply a short circuit acrossthe capacitor (14 which is the section of of oscillator portion. Whcn a short circuit is applied, a marked alternation gang condenser in the reading of the volt-meter will take place if the valve is oscillating. In that circuit the oscillator anode voltagefalls by as much as 15 to 20 volts. to Converter Stage-Apply a modulated signal of some frequency say 1000kc/s radio on the dial at this frequency il the same the response is and tune termrnal the aerial keard in the speakerthen the completereceiveron MW. Band ls Iunctioning properly. Similarly check the S.W. Bands by applying short wave signal to the receiver and checkthe alignment of tuned circuits.

L :
t

(
l

..
tr]

F{
.l
!

: (
I

90 RadloServicing

at Testing Points of A/C Voltage and C u r r e n t S P e c i f i c a t i o n s and AC/DC Radlo Receiver

AC RADIO

AC/Dc RADIo
pin point. Voltage.

Pin Point

Voltage.

voltageof eachv:rlve:6'3 Volts AC F{eater :250 ' of EZ80 voltage Anodes " ---250Volts DC Cathodevoltage of EZ80 grid of EL84-V4 Screen Anodeof EL34-V1 of EL84-Va Cathode of EBCS1-V3 Anode Anedeof EF89-V:
Screen gricl of EF89 Anode of ECHSI-Vl grid olECHSl Screen Osc Anode of ECHS1

:220 :210 :7 5 := 100 :200 :CO :200 - 100 : t00 -220 :200

,)

Total heatervoltage :128 6 Volts AC or DC of 5 valves -210 Volts AC of UY85 Anodevoltages :220 VoltsDC of UY85 voltage Cathode :184 ,, grid of UL84 Screen :170 Anode of UL84 Cathodeof UL84 Anodecf UBCSI Anodeof UF89 grid of UFB9 Screen Anodeof UCH8l
I Screengrid of UCH8I

:-12'5 :90 :180 :100 : 180 :100 :100 :180

:150 t'

of UCHBT Osc.Anode Target Anode of UM84 ', Anodeof UM84 Circuit Cathodeof UY85 Anodeof UL84 I Screengrid of UL84

Target Anode of EME4 Anodeof EM84 Circuit. of EZ80 Cathode Anode of EL84 grid of EL84 Screen

Currentin ma. :90 8 ma

:49 ,r

Currentin ma. ,

- 108'm 5a :70 :3.5 ,, ,,

R a d i oS e r v i c t n g 9 1 AC RADIO Current in ma Circuit. :1 ma Anodeof EBCBI : 9 , , of EF89 Anode -3 ,, Screengrid of EF 89 11 ,, Anodeof ECHEI :7.8 ,, Screen erid of ECH8l : 4.5 ,, osc. Aiode of ECH8I -l tt Anodeof EM84 Amp. Heatercircuit total current : 2 : 0.3 o, Heatercurrentof ECH8I : 0'2 ,, Heatercurrent of EF8l : 0 23 ,, of EBC89 current Heater -0 76 ,, Heatercurrent of EL84 - 0.6 ,, Heater current of EZSO : 0'21 ,, Heatercurrent of EM84 AC/DCRADIO Current in ma. Circuit. :- 1.5ma Anodeof UBC8I :12 oi UF 89 ,, Anode :4'5 ,, grid of UF89 Screcn :3'5 ,, Anodeof UCHE1 :8'0 ,, grid oi UCH6I Scrcen : 4'5 ,, Osc Anodeof UCH8I _I Anodeof UM84 :100 ,, Current in HeaterCircuit : 19 Volts of UCH8I Heatervoltage _12.6 ,, of UF89 Heatervoltagc :14 of UBC81 ,, Heatervoltage :45 ,, Heatervoltageof UL84 :38 ,) Heatervoltageof UVti5 :12 of UM84 ,, Heatervoltage
tt

P*

I
54.

Servicing Receiver With Signnal Generator

Fig. 55-Front Panel View of Srgnal Generator

W h e n i n j e c t i n g t h e s i g n a l f r o m t h e s i g n a l g e n . e ^ r a t o r i t s h o u l d bthe e r ehigher r n e m bis er edthat the stage of the set' rhe further the stage irt#;;'.fr;';';ii;';;;il;;pi'frer I I t.

9 2 R a d i oS e r v i c i n g for a given of the signalprovidedin the radio receiver. Consequently total amplification injected the signal required by is to be that the signal will be smaller signaloutputthe to reduce the generator should be adjusted injected signal on the so the attenuator generator signal.

Pointsof Signal Injection

l. ' Apply the strong A.F signal from the signal generatorto the control grid of the power amplifier valve I.

Results
The loud note of 400 cycle will be heard from the loudspeaker if the power stage rs functioning normal. If no re;ponse check the whole power stage, including rectificr c ircuit, Audio note in the LoudsPeaker. is heasdIf no response. Check the triode portion of UBC8l.

(uL81).

Apply the A.F. sienalto the control eila-of lst Audio amplifierstage

(uncaty,

I F. signal to 3 . Appiy the modulated the control grid of Intermediate valve(UF89). amplifier frequerrcy intermediatefre(Mostlyreceiver's quency is 455 Kc/s.) I.F. signal to 4 . Apply the modulated the control grid of frequencychang e rv a l v e (ECH8l). Tune the radio at l000Kc/s and set the signal generator at this same frequency. Now apPly this modulated signal of l000Kc/s to the aerialterminal. 6 . Setthe radio at l000Kc/sand signal Kcis if the I.F. of at 1455 senerator the Ihe set is 455 Kc/s. Now aPPIY modulatedsignal of 1455 Kc/sto the oscillatorgrid of the converter
stage.

3. Audio note wrll be heard in the speaker if the I.F. amplifierstagcis in order.

t+.

The audio note will be heard in the sPeakerif all the stages are fun:troning normal. then If no audio nole in loudspeaker oscillator check the Portion.

6.

on the dial if the Near the 1000Kc/s response is heardthen the oscillator is not workingPreviouslY'

R a d i oS e r v i c i n g 9 3
serviceman Before starting to align the receiver'sI.F amplifier stage the radio aligned. to be particular radio of the frequency l"t.i#.d;ate in? must know 455 Kc/s. 2. Generally intermediatef,equencyof the local assembledradio is a warm up as minutes ten for 3. Allow signargeneratorand radio to operate aligning. pericd before 4. Set the brnd changeswitch of the receiverat medium wave band position. Set the volume control and tone control of the receiverfor maximum gain. 5 plates fully out side)' 6, Set toe gang condenserat minimum capacity(Rotor oscillator of 7. Short the oscillalor seclion of gang capacitorfor inoperation of the reciver' of out'puf 8. Conngct the output mete: of AC volt-me:ei ac:oss tbe secondary volts 2'5 of range L.F. traneformei,and set the meter at the g. Set the signrl geneiatoral the inlermediateire,luenc;rof the receiver. 10. Set the signal geirerarorfor a modulaled oui-pul at I.F. of the radio. generator ll. Connecr the capacitoroi 05 mfd rvith the prsitive lead of the signal for LF. alignment' - attenurtors of fhe signrl g;nerator to give the out-put as ^low as 12. Adjust the possible. iiii. i.rponse is uEry lo* then increase the out-put of signal generator. grid of 13. Now connectthe posiiive le:d of thc signal geneiatol. to the control chassis. the to lead the I.F. ampliiiei valve and the negative 14. Adjust the trimm:rs or coresof l]St I F. transformer for maximum resplnse . from the loud-speaker and seethe ouiput meter for maximum d:fleciion. Norv c'langer apply this moclulatedsignal ro the Control grid o,f the fre-quencylbr mariti"anslormcr in-put LF. the of cores or tririme;s vaive ancl adjust the mum responsefrom the loud-speaker' 15. Repeat the adjustmentof all trimmers or cores of I F. transfo:m;r starting from the ,."ofidary of I F.T. from the mrximum deflec:ionin the outpttt meler or AC volt meter. in When all the four trimmers or co:es have bern readjusted to give peak resp"'nse the loud-speakei,the I.F. alignment is now completed : l. dial Before starting the alignment of R F. oscillator circuit ycu have to checlc the the at set is curscr -norm:lly threading by rotating ihe shafiof the tuning splrrdle. Tle maximum is g,rhg condenser oi the'c;p-rcity ther the sc.rle oi end of lcw irequenciside at this end of the scale l. Set the receiverband changeswitch to the M'W' Band' 2. Tune the receiverat 1500 Kc/s.

55. Atignmant of I'F. Amplif ier stage

56

Alignment of R.F, and mixer stage

94 Radio Servicing at this frequency( 1500 Kc/s) this signal shouldbe 3 . Serthe singal generator
4. modulated one. Connect the output leads of the signal geneiator to the aerial and earth of the receiver. The positive lead is joined to the aerial socket through a capacitor of 250Pfd.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

F i g . S 8 - A n t e n n a R . F . & O s c i l l a t o rC i r c u i t o f 3 B a n d R a d i o trimmerCt3of the M.W. oscillator Now adjust_the coil fot maximum out-put of the M.W. Ant. coil for maximum re,pxle. and thenadjustthe trrmmerC10 and signalgenerator at 600 Kc s. Tune the receiver padder capacitorC7for maximumout-put. Now adjustthe the procers and repeat until each screw requires ro Tune the signalgenerator further adjustment. Now adjustthe oscillator and antenna or R.F. trimmer on the S.W. Bandin a similar way beginningat the oscillatorcircuit and endingat the aerial circuit at eachend of the tuning dial scale2'5 Mcls and 7.5 Mc/s choosea frequency

i\

-41

4-

Radio Servicing 95 for S.W.l b.nd7.5 Mc/s and 22 Mcls for S.W.2and adjustthe particular trimand coreand padderat lower end of the mer of that band at higherfrequency scale.

57.

Causesof hum in a Receiver

Open filter capacitor32 mfd. in the powersupply' havinghigh leakage' capacitor Old electrolytic valve' of rectifi;r Low emission Groundedan audioout put transforuerwinding' chokein the power supply' Shortedlow frequency winding open. secondary Half portion of the main's transformer platecurrentof poweramplifiers in Push'pulloutput stage' is unbalanced wire is not usedin the control grid wiring' Shieldcd lcakage" or old valve,havingheatercathode Defective uschigir capacitor. 10. Lessfiltering, l. 2. ?. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. g.

r
rl

tr
R

58. Causesaf distortion in a Receiver

frorn is not the exact reproduction of the input signal,it When rhe output rvave is sardto be distorted. Amplitude distortionis prcduced from various causeswhich are as follows : there is erid current fiow during l. when the signalinput vcltageis very large, -ai.ps the input circuit ahd cause positiverrrtf cl"fel This c-urreni-frrr distortion couple{ amplifier 2. Leakycoupling cap;.citgrsused in a resistance -capac)tor distortion. will cause degree slightest the to circuit. X;;;""ii;;rt,at is teiky saturation to due is distortiou coupledA.F. ampli6er. of transformer 3. fn case by the large valueof platecurrent' of the iron coreprodu:ced 4. Incorrectgl^d b as voliageto the amplifier valve will also cause amplitude distortion.- The sclectioiof proper grid bias, anode loltage and the load at a minimum level. impedence will kept this typeof distortion

ti
rl
f\

fr

59. Causesof noisy reception in a Receiver

lead in wire or'antennawhich is touchingthe wall. 1. Pcorly insulatgd circuit. 2. Bad joints in the antenna noises in a receiver. create or partly openresistors 8. overheated I of F. transformers. Locse shield 4. in a receiver. 5. Looseany component rotor and a partial short between eausing 6. To much dirt in the tuning capacitor stator plate of gangcaPacitor.

96

Radio Servicing

at the plug' 7. l'oor contact at ntain's plug or rviresloose f(. Leak:r capacitorsin grid or plate circut' g. Defectivevolume control having rvorn out plaJe' to short the grid circuit of Tlie quickest way of locating nosiy stagein a receii'eris amphfier to convelter stagc,and note which the valve one at a time starting fronr powcr oithai point is the sourceof the noise' If one curs out the noise first. The stage ahearl the rroise th n look for tloublj in the antenna shortirrg thc antenna anci earth eliminrtes plug conllectiolls' earth system or in the housex'iring and

60. lnsttuctions for assemblingRadio Receiver

grrd of UBCSI and p ck-ttp contrectrotls l, Use the ,1ti.l{ wire for the control 2'Toavoi<llrumkeeptheheaterwiresawayfromthecontrolgridwire, possible' 3. Use the connectingwircs as short as on the ohessis' component 4, There should be no loose 5,Usebrgsolcleringironforchassiscoiillectioos'dryjoirrtswithsmailirolt creat noise and Poor receptron' 6. Use resin core good quality solderfor connectiotts" l.Fixedthegang"onde,lseronthechassiswithrubbergronlnletstoavoidboon ing or microPhonY sound

6 .

lnstructions f or rhe safety of multimeter

1. Do not keep the neter in the moisture' the selector switch to the highest A/C 2. Whe' the meter is not in use, keep prevenr the 'redle from flapping. 'oltag! range the damping effect rvill is present in the circuit. Switch off th.' 3. Donot,"ri r"rirrurrc; rvhen voltage set, then check the resistance' 4.Alwaysconnecttheredp;odtopossitiveandblackprodtonegativeterminal. short the testing prods by touching 5. Before starting resistancemeasuiement, t o g e t h e r a d j u s t t h e z e r o s e t k n o b a t Z e r o o h n p o s i t i o n , T h i s a d j u s batteries tmentisr ese t gon very go will Do ir quickly as tho internal changed., i, ,ung" resistance the time Jir.rtuig" rvhile the prods are shorted' while rotating the zero set knob' the internal 6. Il the adujstment is ineffective one' a-new battery should be repli'ced with testing prods when measuring high resistance,the body the off nng.rs tnl Keep 7 on the scale' in paralled u'ill result incorrect indication resistance the voltage is g. while testing voltage, always start with highest voitage range if a lo'Nerrange to the deflectionis very smrlll now reset not known in the circut. suppose l- tot" accurate reading

:,\

Radio Servicing 97 g. Be very careful, the meter will be damagedif the voltage is applied to it with switch set to a current or an ohm range. selector the 10. In voltage measurement,connect the negative prod to chassisand positive prod to that electrode of valve or transistor where the voltage to be checked. While checkingthe voltage in between two points if the needle deflectsto the ll. left acrossthe zero position, then reversethe prod connections. lZ. Set the meter on AC voltage range while checking the anode voltage of rectifier valve. 13. On AC 2'5V rangeonly, the receiverout-put can be checked byconnectingthe prods acrossthe voice coil of the loudspeaker. 14. Connect the meter in series with the circuit while measuring current, and observe polarity by connecting the black prod to negative and red one to the positive side of the circuit. . 15. Be very careful in selectingthe current range. As the meteris set to a low current range if the current of circuit to be measured is higher that the set range the meter will be damaged immediately.

62.

Testing Heater Circuit of ACIDC Radio.

Rl \r

,220 V

,aclrc

s
How to find the value of resistorRr ? The heatercurrentof eachvalve is 0'1 ampere. I:0't Amp. E:Line voltage-Heatervoltageof five valves. voltage:UCH8l:19V, UF89:12 6V, Heater UY85:38V.

.'--.t

Fig. 59-Circuit Diagram of Heater Circuit of AC/DC Radio

UBCSI:14V,

UL84:45V,

Circuits 98 RadioPractical Voltage: 19+12'6+14*45*38:128'6 Volts. Total Required DroppingVoltage E:220-12E 6:91'4 Volts.

varue of R,: l:n#:9r4

ohm

at plug terminalof AC/DC Radio:1050ft valueof resistance Correct Defccts Valves not glowing
Meter lndicationts

P o s s i b l eC a u s e s

No continuity at the PIug Open resislorRl Open heater of any valve terminals

on/off Switch defective Open any wire in heater circuit

Dial lamp not glowing only.

Meter showing15Ofr, at dials Dial lamp fused. lanrp terminals

Meter showing 10ft at dial lamp terminals Shunt resistor R2 open circuits

Dial lamp glowing brightly.

valveUF89 Meter shorving slightly less V a l v e U F 8 9 i s i n ' e i n a l l y s h o r t s Only three UL84 UY85 gloling resistance at pl ug terminals to earth as heater or cathode l^rightly and two valve t h a n 1 0 5 0o h m s . U B 8 l , U C H 8 I a r en o t glowing.
SummaryPut the on/off switch at on position. Now connectthe ohm-meter acrossthe plug terminals, if the metei doesnot shorv any continuity then trace the circut. Conncct alrvays one prod of the meter to the plug terminal of resistor Rt side then connect the other proci oi the meter at the junction of Rr and heater pin of UY85 if the pcinter shows deflection. Then R1 is O. K. then proceedfor the conn':cting the m-'ter prod to the heater pin of UL84 if meter doesnot show any deflection, the heater of UY85 valve may be open circut. Take ouit the value UY85 from the socket and cannect the meter prods at pin No. 4 & slf the heater is open then meter will nct showing any continuity. Similarly trace the whole circut including dial lamp and shunt resistanceR2 and ieplace the deflective valve or component. Now if the meter showing 1050 ohm resistance at the plug terminal then the heater circuit is OK.

IE \

R a d i oS e r v i c i n g 9 9

63. Testingthe Heater Circuit of AIC Rodio.

v. I

v1

vt.

va.

Fig. 60-Circuit Diagrarn of Heater Circuit of aCi DC Radio' Vl:ECH8l, V2:EF8l, V3:EBC:89, Va:8L84 y:':8280-No. 4 &- 5 pins are the heater pins of each valyes. The heaters of all the valvesare connected in paralle becausethe voltage rating'of all the valves is the same. The first letter of each valve E indicates the heaier votale that is 6'3 Volts. In the above circuit all the valves are connectedacrossthe secoridary L. T. Winding which is providing 6 volts to each valve. Heater current rating of each valve is given below. , ECH8I:0'3 Amp.,*EF89:0.2 Amp., EBC8I:0'23 Amp. EL84:0'76 Amp. EZ80:0'6 Amp. The toial current which is flowing through in L.T. Secondarywinding. Correct resitance at plug ferminal:30 to 50 ohms. Wattage consumedin heater circuit:2><6'3: I 2'6 Watt,

: . 3 + ' 2 + . 2 3+ . 76 + 6 : 2 . 0 9 A m p .

Defects

Meter Inidication

PossibleCauses

Valves are no: glowing No continuity at plug terminals.

On/off switch defective. Mains cord defective. PrimarY winding open circuited. OPen connection at Plug terminals connection winding Sec. LT open.

The heater circuit of that All the valves are glow- Meter showingplug continuitY i s not glowing is opeir u h i c h at theplug terminal. ing exceptone valve. circuited. Filpment of the valve is burnt out. Gassy valve and glass envelope crack.

100 RadioServicing SummaryPut the plug in the AC main'sand switch on the set. Wait for about one minute then seewhich valve is not glowing. Take out that valve and checkthe heatercontinuity the prodsof ohm-meteracross the heaterpins. If the meter doesnot show by connecting the valvewith a any continuity, then the heater of that valve has gope.fused. Replace new one of samenumber.

64.

Servicing Chart of Halfwave Rectifier Stage.

q' \ \
40

t' od

F i g . 6 l - C i t c u i t D i a g r a m o f R e c t i f i e ra n d H e a t e r C i r c u i t u s e d i n A C i D C R a d i o
Meter indication Valvesnot glowing.

P o s s i b l ec a u s e s

No continuity at plug terFaulty On Off Switch Filaminalsment resistor Rr open circuited Open heater of any tube. Dial lamp and shunt resistof open circuited. Open fit8in's cord. Break in the wiring of heater circuit. Zero anodevoltage No voltageat cathode. oi 100ohm is oPen Plateresistor circuited. Anode bypasscapaitor shorted. Valve's emission loss. Filter' ing capacitorat cathcde terminal is short circuited

Valvesglowing.

-do-

RadioServicing 101 Possible I uses

Defect Valvesglowing. Hum noise. Modulationhum. Weak reception. No

Meter indication

terminal.

DC voltageat H. T. I . Filtering chokeopen circuited. Shortedsmoolhingcapacitor.

LowH.T.Voltage.
normal. Voltage
Low voltage at cathode terminal.

I Leaky Open reservoircapacitor. I filtering capacitor.

I

Anode bypass capacitor 0 05 Mfd is opencircuited. Valve weak cr Emi,sion Low.

SummaryAll tubesglowingat normalbrightness' 2. No motorboating Ouick check-I. noise. 3. No hum noise, or'sqealing : 220 Volts A/C. CathodeVoltage-220 VoltsDC. Speci f icat i o ns-Anode Y oltage Resistancecheck-Cathode to chassis:50K ft to I NI

a,

65. Servicing Chart of Futtwave Rectifier.

Fig. 62-Circuit Diagram of Rectifer Stage of A/C Radio

RadioServictng 102

Defects
1. Vrlve; not glowing

Meter indications

Possiblecauses

No continuityat plug termi.DefectiveOn/Off Switch. Pri mary winding of power transfornals.

mer T2 open circuited. Brcak in main's cord. Cpen fuse ?.fly, Mains wire open at plug terminal. Valve's emissionloss. Shorted resenvoir capacitor e? of cathcde ternrinal. Open filter chocke. Valve's emmission loss. Valve's weak or low emission Shorted reservoir capacitor C? Gassy rectifier valve. Open or leak filtering capacitor C6. Open line filter capacitorin the primary w:nding of the power transformer if used.

2.

Valvesglowing.

No high tension voltage. Low H. T. voltage. Zero resistancebetween cathode and chassis. Voltage normal. Low cathode voltage. Voltage normal.

3 . Weak reception
A

Plateglowingred. Purplishglow

r5.

6 . Hum noise. 7. Modulationhum.

Summaryouick check-l, All valves are glowing at normal brightness 2 Ne hum noise. 3. No smell oi over heating the power transforwer. 4. H. T. Voltage 250 Volts D/C. SpecificationsVoltage and Resistance the plug terminals:30 to 50 ohms' betweetr Resistance to 250ohms' to chassis:200 anode between Resistance K n or above. to chassis-100 cathode between Resistance voliage:250 to 300 A/c volts. cathodevoltage:250 to 300D/c yolts. Anodes

's

R a d i o S e r v i c i n g 1 03

Stage. 66. Ser'vicingChart of Power AmPlif iers

Radio' F i g . 6 3 - P o w e r A r n p l i f i e rS t a g e u s e d i n A C o r A C / D C
Def ect

r Meter indications
Voltage normal, Zero anode volage. -do*

Possiblecauses
Open voice coil of the sPeaker' Open primary winding of L F' orttpttt transform-er. Shorted C3. OPen Pri'winding transformer. of L' F' outPut

No sound -do-

grid showin 3 . Screen. red.

A

No Signal.

VoltageslightlY

loss' Cathode Valve'semission tor R2 open circuited.

Weak recePtion.

Valve weak. CaPacitor Cr short Low voltage across circuitcd. Leaky coupling capaclror u" cathoderesistor. Low anode voltage. Voltage nsrmal. Open circuited grid leak resitor Rl' Valve defectivc. Open grid resistor R1.

6. Distortedsignal
Motor boating. Poor Signal QualitY.

L F. output transformer is not -prooerlv match with the ancde impedence C3 i,i-io*.t amplifier. Tone capacitor opencircuited.

104 RadioServicng Summaryilon !o the controlgrid of this in soldering Normat operation-Touch the-pluggeda audio signal from . the signal or apptly iii"lei, tri" i" valve a low nore *,ti b; t -d the stagets in the speaker feard li generatorto the contr"f-g.ii-""0 if-a 4tl0 cycle note functioning. Specification:-Anodevoltage:200Volts'soreengrid:l75Volts'Control grid:?'5 Volts. P a r t s l i s t : - V a l v e U L 8 4 ' L ' F ' T r a n s f o r m e r f o r - l J L 8 4 ' R 1Volts' :0'47M 'Q' C5-0'005 25 Rr:150n Rs:0'5M tl, tonecontrol. C':O'OliAiO''--C':ZSUfd' Mfd.

67. Servicing Chart of Detector I L'F' Amplifier Stage'

+ llf,

A.F

(, d

c+

& L. F. AmPlifier Stage F i g . 6 4 * C i r c u i t D i a g r a m o f 2 n d Detector Defect 1. No Meter indications

Possiblecluses

response. No voltage on triode

anode. Too high voltage. anode

Open circuitedanode resistof Ra. circuitedto chassis. Open Anode-short resistorif used. anodedecoupling Tube Emissionloss. Cathode oPen circuited. Valve weak,or Low emission.

2. No signal. 3. Weak resPonseat the grid.

Etigh anode voltage

Radio Servicing 1 0 5 4. Noisy reception. 5 . Distortion. 6 . Motor boating. Hum noise. 8. Intermittentreception. Unsteady current. anode

Volume control scrachy. Loose components in this stage. Dry joints Coupling capacitor C3or Caleaky Opengrid leak resistorRe Valve defective. Control grid wire not shielded. Defective volume-control. C3 and Ca intermittently open. Loose joint in the sta

Platevoltagenormal do
do

do

0'005 Mfd.

Summaryto the control grid a gnarling - l!9r-mgl operation-By- touching the screw-driver sound will be heardin-the.speaker. Or Apply an audio frequency signat-ti1n tr,!-'rin"ur generator to_ the control.grid, a_400 cycle note heard wili be'in ihe touO-tpeut.i.-poi testingthe detector section, apply a modulated.L F. Singalto diode ,;"4;; tiir'"ui* if a 400 cyclenote is heard in the speaker. the diode portidn is also runctiouing. - Specifications-Anode Voltage:75 to 100 Volts. Resistance between diode anodeand chassis:0'5megohm. Part list-Valve UBC 81. Output L F. T. Volume control:0.5 M.e.. Rl: 47Ktl,. R3:10M,Q,. R4:200K&. R5:lM,Q,. Cl and C2:l00Pfd. Ca iria Cn:
C5:0'05 Mfd.

Servicing Chart of l. F. Amplifier Stage

Fig. 65-circuit Digramof Amplifierstageusedin AC or Ac/Dc Radio.

1 0 6 R a d i oS e r v i c l n g Defect Meter indications causes Possible Breakin the primarywindingof I. F. out-put transformer. Open decoupling resisiorin the anode circuit if used. throughthe anodeleadto chassis Shorted shield of I.F.T. Open cathoderesistor
R1.
a

1. No grid response. Zero anodevoltage.

-do-

No voltage across cathcde resistor. Voltage norrnal. -do-

I.F. tube. Defective winding of input I.F. Opensecondary transformer. Shortedtrimmer of I-F.T.
Partiar break due to corrosion in the winding of I.F.T. Loose shield. Dry joints in this stage. Weak I.F. amplifier valve. OPen cathodeby-passcapacitor Qr Open a.v.c Filtering capacitor. I.F. transfoimers are not properly aligned.

-do-

4. NoisYrecePtion.

5. Wcak eecePtion.

-do-

SummarYNormal operation-By touching the control grid of this stage with a screrv driver causinga growling noise to be heard in the speaker. or. Apply a modulated to the sontrol grid of this valve, a signalfrom the signalgenerator frequency intermediate 400 cycle note will be heardin the speaker' Parts list-valve uF89. Pair of I.F. transformer. R1:300 Q. Rs:22Ktl, Ca:0'1 Mfd. Cz:'05 Mfd'

RadioServibing 107

69. Servicing Chart of Converter Stage.

ii
ct
R3

cto

f .v6

F i g . 6 6 - C i r c u i t D i a g r a m o f C o n v e r t e rS t a g eu s i n g 6 K 8 . Possible causes Det-ect 1 Meter indicatlon on triode I No voltage Open anode resistor R4 Valve No recption. defective. I ancde voltage. Open secondaryv'inding of oscillator lNormalanode :
I
I

-do-

a.

Weak reception No reception lower end.

6 . Nolsy recepticn

One station on the whole band.

coil. Shorted trimmer C3. Shorted gang Osc. section C5, Open padder condenser C6. Leaky capacitor Ce. Open Capacitor Ce. ResistorR3 too low. Open primary winding of input I.F.T. No vohageon hexode Valve'semission loss. Open resistor R2. inode, Shortcd trimmer across the winding of LF, transformer. Open resistorR5. Shorted caoacitorCll. Valve weak. Poor alignment. V o l t a g en o l m a l . -doConverter lube defective. Shorted plates of Osc. section of gang capacitor C5 when capacityincreases. - doDust in the gang capacitor. Defective convertertube. Corrosion in the Ant. or Osc. coil. Poor wiping contacts on the gang capacitor. - doGang capacitor threading broken but the needlethreading on the d i a l i s O K . I.F. transformer tuned to wrong fre(luencv.

Circuits 108 RadioPractical

70. Ser'vicing Chart of R F Amplifier Stage'

.T
it t4:

83

F i s .6 - c i r c u i t D i a g r a m o f T u n e d R . F . S t a g e i n A C o r A C / D C R a d i o .
Defects Meter l n d i c a t i o n PossibleCauses Openprimarywindingof Tt.OPen caPrcitorCg reiistorR3.Shorted R2 or shortedC7. Openresistor lossor oPen R1 Valve'semission Valve weak.Tr and Tz arc not Properly aligned.Open capacitor C8' Corrosion in T1 or Tz. Valve or Trimmer defective Gang C2,C5 poor Joints.

l. No grid response. No anode voltage. -doNo Screen grid voltage' Voltage normal. -do*

3.
q,

-do-

^ Weak recePtion.

5. NoisY receptlon.

All voltage O. K.

SummarYtouching the controlgrid of thls stagea.loudclick is 'Appiy Normal operation-By .6auiut.A signal.tothe control grid and tune the f O6O-!Vt 'rv.r"r-noi" heardin the speaker. the stageis funcin the speaker, is ue"ard 400 tire at this r."qu.n.i'ii receiver tioning normal. grid voltage 100 volts,control 200volts,screen specifications-Anode voltage volts. erid voltage-3 Tt:Ant' Coil, :19 Pj{,Trimmer parts List-R1:300 n Cr, Cs, T':-ts4.T. :500-Pfd.-Gang nr:+i ih " Ci.Ci, V:UF89 6u, gr, Cr :O.OSVfA. fi;-f Of n

RadioServicing 109

71. Servicing Chart of Tuning lndicator Stage' tT'C,'

rL-Jtl

s?i;
l.F

F i g . 6 8 - C i r c u i t d i a g r a mo f t u n i n g i n d i c a t o r s t a g e
Defects

Meter indications

Possiblecauses Valve's voltage.

low. Low heater

Lack of brilliance No indication. No green light Light portion.overlaps.

Plate voltage normal Zero anode voltage.

Anode resistor Rs open circuited. No a.v.c. voltage on the grld. Voltages missing on the ansde.
target

Platevoltagenormal. Voltagenormal.

To high -a. v. g. .voltage. Defective a v.c. voltage cllvloer.

triode in addiGeneral Description-This tuning indicator valveconsistsof is otretarget There anode tion to it hasa ray controllerwhich is externallyconnectedto by the bombarded when that become ffuorescent anodewhich is coveredwith a substance tuned which is directly connectedto high positivepotential' As the signal is electrons, the anodecurrent. Now voltage in the a. v. c. voltageincriaseon the grid which decreases in respect is now lessnegative controller ray the the anoderesistorRz is less,so drop across the target which to the target anodeallowsthe more electronsto reach a greaterareaon the dark areato a ihin line. reduces specifications-Anode Voltage: 180Volts Targetanode:200 Volts. anodeand target anode:500K ,Q,' between Resistance parts Lists-output LF. Transformer. valve uM 84. R1:lM c1: 100 Pfd. c2:0.05Mfd. .Q,. R2:0'5Mft

SECTION

E
2. sv

Co,

(Qnrlia Gcg.tn*t cr.s,

nsistor Circuit Di agrams.

{l- *l'
I
t\/ clb cr{ )o c-t )c) c{ fa>

J -rry.!A
5

pu* ir7
78

tr
q
{
qH

gP r)

3\/ t<_Y JI
15

11

Ls

m
r yi
L7

I
I

lG
-,1 A\+l lo

I *
V

18

I "l
T
,20 '.
; 1i\
T

tl {-rl
24
l-rqt $rrrll

->,
25
| ()---l |

$ rli ||
ili
%z?

19
l\ /t o:/ lor

.I *r
I

, YL-/

,-X

Orrrl

v]
30

AA v9 @'
33 34

A K}
35

fi 1g+
l^l

28

29
iV bzt l5r

\LJ
3S

i(

F i q 6 9 - s y m b o l s o f C o m o o n s n t su s e d i n R a d i o ' T r a n s i s t o r s . 3. D. C. Generator 2. Battery 1. SingleCell (fixed) Capacitor(Vari) 5. Ca,pacitor 6. 4. A. C. Gener-ator '1. 9. Iron core{nductor Inductance Coil E. Condenser 1Dc'uble)

\.,

R a d i oS e r v i c i n g l l l t0 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 3l. 34, 31. P.N.P.Transistor Resistor Aerial N.P.N.Transistor Head Phone Wire Crossing P.N. .Iunction diode Tetrode valve Triode-indirect heated Transistor-Pentode. ll. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 35. R.F. nansformer Resistor (vari) Frame Aerial On1OffSwitch Loudspeaker wire Flexible TetrodeTransistor Tetrode(variable) Diode valve 12, |5. 18. 21. 21. 27. 30. 33. 36. L.F. transformer Potentiometer Earthconnection Fusewire Wire joined Screened wire Triodevalvc Pentode valve Doublediode valve

7 3.

Tools I Testequipmen$,

Fig" 70*Tools & Meters for RepalringRadlo and Transistors.

\ RadioScrvictng 112 test At the time of radio assembling and repairing the following tools and the as shown in proper manner the tooliin the Keep all,r.".rru.y. are quite equipments picture. 3. Long NosePlier 2. Sidecutter l. Solderlron 4. Combinationplier 5. Small Screwdriver . 6. Long Screwdriver 8. Trimming Screwdriver 9' Brushfor cleaning 7. Tweezer 12' Hammer I l. Roundfile 10. Flat file 15, Benchvice drill 14. Twist drill Hand 13. lE' Knife shears smith Tin l'7. 16. Scriber Rench 21. Adjustable Hack-saw 20. 19. Hand'saw Test EquiPmentsI UniversalMultimeter 2. TransistorTester 7. SignalInjector 2. SignalGenerator 5. ValveTester 8. SignalTracer 3. Neon Tester 6 OutPut Meter 9. OscilloscoPe

74. WorkshoPService Board

Fig. 71-Testing Board for Servicing'

R a d i oB e g i n n e r s 1 1 3 Parts List-

.r

l. 3. 5. 7. 9.

rwo Pins. Sockets Main Switch Neonlamp 250 V WoodenBoard TestingProds

-5 :l - I : I :2

2. 4, 6. 8.

OniOtr Switch Bulb 25 watt Electric Fuses TestingSockets

:1 :1 -2 -2

For testinga radio put the plug in to the testingsocket55 and seethe blub which with this socket. is connected in series thc blub to glow brightly. then Any short that is present in a radio will cause with the radio the help of ohm-meter. of circuit mains and test the switchoff the set the lamp to glow dimly. Now switch on the A good radio receiver will cause onioff switchand the set will get the full supplyvoltage. Neon Tester
I

.s

Checkthe circuit and componentswith neon tester.It is chelpest testequipment for testingthe continuity of coils,chokes etc. For continuitytest connectthe componentacross the testing prods, if the neon lamp glowsthen the component is in order. The +eonbulb will hot glow at the time of breakin the wire.

Radio technician should have a service board in his workshopfor testing and assembling the receivers. Hectath):1gz

Mega(M):lQo

TeraiT):1gtz

Femto ( f ):# Nano ( n l:-h M i l l i( r n ):#

Pica:# nAicro(u):$
Deka(D)-l0r Kilo (K):103 Giga (G): lOe

Centi{C): $

Deci( d):+

1 1 4 R a d i oP r a c t i c a l

in Electronics' Abbreviations 76. General

VF IF VA VSc VG IP ISc Ac/R Mu Gm Rk GT TC A K DA G. t{ F HCt M OA OG SG T TA . -Triode anode. At -Filament volts. :Control grid. Gl :Filament current in amPere :Screen grid. G2 -Anode voltage. -Suppressorgrid. G3 -screen grid volts. :No connection' NC :Negative grid Volts. :Internal connectiott. IC :Plate ctrrrentin ma' -Base connection BC ma' :Screen grid currentin :Filament middle. FM :AC Plateresistance '=Heatertap for dial lamp, HL : Amplification facter' :Heater middle tap HM ma/V. in :Mulual condttctance :Internal shield. IS :Qathode reslstor' -Rap controller. RC :Triode grid' : Shell. S :Top cap. :Diode plate. Pd :Anode. :Triode plate. Pt :Cathode. :Pentode Plate. Pp :Diode anode. :Hexode plate. PHex :Grid. :Collector' C :Heater. :Base. B :Filament" :Emitter. E ==Heater centretap' :Alpha. A :Metal shield' -Beta. B :Oscillator anode" :Collector voltage, VC -Oscillator grid. -Collector current. Ic :Screen grid" :Collector leakage current" Ico :Target in magiceYevalve. Vbe :Base emittervoltags. :Target anode.

Fi
F
F

Ir
\,

R a d i oP r a c t i c a l 1 1 5

7 ;.

EngtishValveNumberingCode'
First Letter 2nd Letter

I _l
.l

3rd Letter

First Number l:Side contactBase 2:Loctal Base 3:Octal 4:Rim Lock Base 8:Noval Base 9:Miniature 7 Pins Base.

A:4 volts B:180 volts C:200 ma D:1'4 Volts E:6'3 F: 13 G:5 volt H:150 ma K:2 volt ,, ,,

roe diode A:R.F. Single

B:R.F. C:Triode E:Tetrode F:Pentode

I ioael Doubledi

I C:Triode

3p- I F:Pentode H:Hexode or Heptode K:Octode

1
1

L:Power Pentode M:Tuning indicator

O:Semi-Conductor P-300 ma U:100 ma V:50 ma X:(00 ma Z:Cold cathode

For examPle-ECH8 l--+E: 6'3V' EF89 +E:6'3V' +E:6.3V. EBCSI EL84 -+E:6'3V. EZ80 +E:6 3V' UY85 +U:'1 Amp. UM84 -+IJ:'l AmP.

C:Triode, H:Heptode, 8:Noval Base 8F:Pentode ,, ,2 B:D. DoideC:Triode 8 . _ r t , 8L:Power Pentode .) )t 8- ,, Z:Double Diode ,, 8Diode Y:Single ), 2, 8._ ,, M:Magic Eyevalve ).

I 116 Radio Practical

78.

How to Solder.
soldering. There are Four essentialspoints to be rememberedfor successful are perfectly cleaned. to be soldered (a) Cleanliness-Be surethat tne surfaces whscheverpossible. with a knife. bladeor sand-paper Scrapthe surface the wires. After soldering (b) Flux-Use a resinflux aq acid flux may corrodes flux. wipe off anYexccss to be soldered until the solderflowsover there. If (c) Heat-Heat the surface possible keepthe hot iron on the joint evenafter the solderhas flowed so as to sure there is enoughheat. For ordinary radio work 35 to 65 watt soldering iron is quite suitable. Keep the soldering iron bit clean by removingany oxidethat may form on it. which quickly melts at low temperature. (d) Useresin-cored

79. Radio Waves.

Radio wave consistsof electrostatic and magnetic lines of force. Each cycle of cuxrent in a transmitter sendsout one radio wave. These waves travel at the rate of 186000 miles or 3><l0t mcters per second. Cycles are now called hertz abberivatedHZ' The relationship bctween wave-length, frequency and velocity of radio waves can be expressedby the following formulas.

:=X4"n":#+#,} length inmeiers wave

If the frequencyof radio station is 1000Kc/s then what will be tire wave-length in metres.'

metres. io rn.,r.r:r3fiffry,006:300 length Wave

"l
I

{t
I:
lj:-

in Frequency

metres WaveFGtcm-ln "y.1"*-$

Find the frequency of Delhi Radio Station having the wave'length of 370'4 metres?

Frequency in cycte:4!ffi

:810 Kc/s.

Radio Communication Range:500 Kc/s. to 22 Mc/s' 1. Medimum Wave Band :500 Kc/s. to 1600Kc/s. :2'5 Mc/s. to 7'5 Mc/s. 2, Short Wave Band I :7'5 Mc/s. to 22 Mc/s. 3. Short Wave and II
E

*. q\

,--

Radio Practical 117

80. FrequencyI Metres of All lndia Rodio Stations'

Station

Kc/s. Frequency 850 600 760 9r0 610 1040 550 1230 1330 670 1000 I 540 1220 960 1350 I 360 8l0 1020 1370 370 1390 '740 I 380 Radio Cylon

Metres

Frequency Kc/s. Indore A ,,8 Jaipur A ,,B Jammu Jullundar Kanpur Lucknow A ,,B MadrasA ,,8 ,,C Mathura Nagpur A Poona A ,,8 Patna A ,,B Rajkot A ,,8 Rampur Ranchi Srinagar 650 1590 rt20 t2e0 1090 890 t440 760 1320 720 1420 1550 1530 590 7r0 970 620. 1500 9f0 t420 9020 560 rr20

Metres 461'8 188'7 267'9 232'6 303'0 337'r 208 3 3947 227.3 416'3 2rl'3 193'5 196'l 508'5 384'6 309.3 483.9 900.0 329.7 211'3 293'l 53s.7 267'9

Ahamedabad Ajmer AllahabadA B Panglore A Bombay A B C Bikaner Calcutta A B C Chaniigarh CuttackA Dharwar Delhi A ,,8 ,,C Gauhati Gwalior Hydrabad A B ,,

3s2.7 500'0
394'7 306.r 49t.8 21i8.5 545.5 243.e 225'6 447'8 300.0 194'8 24s 9 310.9 222'2 220'6 3704 294'r 219'O 4l l'0 215.8 405.4 2t7'4

Vividh Bharti

25 ,,
4l t,

or 11800 or 7190 , ,

41.32Metres or 7260 Kc/s. 25.36 , , or I I tt30 or 9510 , , 31.55

tl

Delhi Television

Mcls. Vision-62'25

Sound-67'75Mc/s.

---

118 Radio Practical

Bl.

Color Code'Chart Resistor

Fig. 72-New and Old Type of Carbon Resistors Color Color I ,, 2 Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Gold Silver
I

cl
lst ring 2nd ring Body colot Tip color 0 I 2

,rUrt*-ft*ttoFl
Dot color i 1.0 l0 t00 1,000

4th ring Side dot color

+
10/6 1/l o ) /, 3o/o ', 4o/o ,,
J/o

"

2
a J

4 5 6 7 8 9

4 5 6
I

10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000 0.1 0.01

<o/

t,

6ofs
1 / tt '0 /o

"

8 9

8% ,,
9o/o ,, \o/ /o ),

loo/o ,, 20o/o ,,

i I
'\

No Color

R a d l oP r a c t i c a l 1 1 9 in ohms. first significantfigureof resistance L First ring or body color indicates sigriifiicant indicates second r-ingor Tip color 2. Second 4g9". decimalmultiplier' 3. Third ring-or cenire Dot color indicates in per cent. If no color appears tolerance 4. Fourth riig or sideDot color indicates 20o/"1-. is position, tolerance in this colorsof the resistor:-A:Red' l:green. C:oran$e. D-silver. For example r0% 000 5 2 Resistance in ohm-25000n 10%.

Fig. 73-Color dots on-Ceramic Capacitor. Tip Color l-lemperature Coefficient 1 Black Brown Red Orange Yellorv Green Blue Voilet Grey White

l.*, I
--lst_Digit 0 I

2nd Dot -'1rJDigit

3rd Dot ---DecrilT-

4tb Dot

multiplie_l_.- Tolerance
I I

I' l0
I

0
I .,

Neg I 'ooool
.00008 ,, .00016 ,, '00023 ,, 00034 ,, '00048 ,, .000076,,

i0 i00 1,000

t%
/ ') /oo

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9

3%
4Yo 5Yo

10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 0.1 0.01

6%
1 0o / ,/

8% e%

Radio Practical 120 of a^material in the resistivity Temperature Coefficient-The fractionalchange in temperature. It is postivefor most metals and negative for many per degree ch'ange and non metals. iemi-conductors of the capacitor. First dot indicates the temperaturecoefficient Tip color indicates the second !glt.. dot indicates Jhird dot indicates the number the first figure. Second in percent. the tolerence of zaroto-be addedto first two figures. 4th dot indicates Tip-e12ng"' lst dot:Green' of condenser colordots For example 2nd dot:Black. 2rd dot:Red' 4th dot:White' capacity of this condenser:5000Picafarad and Tolerencel0o/o.

I : \ I
I

83. Capacitors SiX Dots Color Code Chart'

COLOR DOTS

ri-?-

s'r

,, ? ., oors
Fig. 74-Color Dots on Mica Capacitor. lst. Dot {
t t i.

2nd Dot

3rd Dot

5th Dot

6th Dot
Voltage

Color

lst Digit

----ffiDigit 0 I 2

--3idDigit

--Tolerr
ance I l0 100

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green

0 I 2 3 4 5

0 I 2 3 4 5

1% 2%

,r;r.
200v. 300v. 400v. 500v.

3 4 5

1,000 10,000 100,000

3% 4%

s%

i
t

Radb Practical 121

it
': J 1*
i
{;i Lt

Blue Violet Grey

6 ,I 8 9

6 7 8 9

6 7 8 9

1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000

0'l 0.01

6% 7% 8%

600v. 700v. 800v. 900v.

1,000v. 2,000v.

[, t. ,ri

Gold Silver No color

e% s%
10% l0% I I'
-t-

SOOv.

")

@rcqdqdbysixdots.The|stdot.orr.theleftindicatesthefirst

working andsii dot indicates in in microm,icro-farad. iin?ri i.ai"uiir tor.t.o"i- iercent

voltage of the condenser.
1. Ampere-Unit

'H:l,Tiln"iii#"Xt,t5'fffi-' i"a;.it!Ji?:,i4hdi:, 2nddot ngure. llqL*i:**:: indicated is.then rhecJpacitv. tn'*tgure. n*t IriJl;*fL"rlr?ilT'il'i"."ljal*a""tJ',r'.
84. lnternationalElectricalUnits' '
of current' , -r rL-^..^L a nitrate,in "JnJ^u.pere which passed of cilver silver nifrate solution nf through a onlrrrinn That current ii waterinaccordance*itn...tiio.'poin"utiooI4;6iii.sii1e1ontheotherelectrodeatth it-Aiho"O in termsof the chemicaleffect of' rateof 0.00ttrs gr";*pJr;;;q4--'!ilt I' letter the .f"&irc current. durreni penotedby micro-amp': I milli'ampere "' I 000 ooitt, #;.'';';;;r"i Relationship looo milli-amP':1 AmPere' 2. Ohm-Unit of resistance' and havingacross section'Theresistanceofcolumnof mercury ata zetodegree ohm' one is centimetre of one rq;il tiiirii*.i." und aGngth of 106:3 Kilo ohm' ohms:l 1000 ohm. micro ohm:l 1000000 ohm:'f[ of SYmbol iooOfn:tVig-ohm. force' motive of electro 3. Volt-Unit ampere when appliedto a That e.m.f.i. onJ*rt-'*ttich-produces a currentof one ohm' one of having a resistance resistor iliili u"ri. 1000 milli volt:1 Volt. 1000volts:l Kilo volt. 1000micro "rit:-r & 4. Coui"mo-Uniiof Quantity 9f electricity' one coulomb or;:ztiioia'electrons is ialled The charge T

., 1

iI

5' t"or#r":L:[""i3.Xill;

" oi one coulomb of electricity-, ii io have a charge volt causes mfd:lFarad' 1000000 micro faraALl mfd' 1000000
I

of oir'e a potentialdifference which of one_farad.in capacity

.i

Piacte# 1iz Radio

..* Note-Picafaradisthenewnarieofmicromicrofarad. 6. Henry-Unit of inductance, is induced The coil or inductor has a inductanceof one henry in which one volt per second' by varying the cureni at i[L tui. of one ampere 1000misro henry:1 milli henry and 1000milli hepry: I henry' 7. Watt-Unit of ElectricalPower. power Consumed The power is rhe rate of transferof energy.Its unit is watt. The wait' one ohm is of one resistance a in ampere Ui a c".tint'of oo. 1000microwatt=1 milli watt' Horsepower'1000watt:l K' watt' i+O*iit:l 8. Metre:Unit of wave length' '' I km:0'6216 miles' Fmetre:39.36inches. 1000 Metre:l km. and per second' cycle of 9. Frequeney-Numbcr *1 1000Cycle:1 Kilo cycle. 1000Kilo cycle Mega 0ycle: of electricity' !0. Ampere-hour-Unit . -of- rquantity ^-,^-+:', ^f -lant*inir ion to the coulomb. is additi electricity quantity of of q unit oI anotherunlt is is i another This This by a current of ohe transfered lectricity i ty.of e quanti icity tt hat is .tran The ampere-hours, to l : < 6 0 : < 6 0 : 3 6 0 0 Joule. 1><60:<60: to equal therefore it is and i"; i; ampere of energy the work done by the force of one d yne in moving its point of
L 11. Erq-Unit -application through one centimetre' .''l ' .-\ ''El.

1_1 r

Electronic'sLaws
'ii;'

1. dit'od Magnatism
repeleach othcr' Like polesof the magnels (A) Two North polesrepeleachother. (B) Two southpolesrepel eachother' ilij Unfike poleiof the magnetattract eachother' a Southpole' A'North polt attracts 2. Laws of ElectricitY repeleachother' of elelectricity (i) Like charges repel eachother. Two electrons other." ea"tr rEfet two protons 'Unlike of clectricity attract eachother' changes (ii) an clectron. An electronattfactsproton' 1 A-proton attracts 3, Ohm's law the electromoiiveforce The current in an electriccircuit is directly propor-tional-to t ciruit. the oi resistancc to proportional the ir:Jne circuit, and inversely

tI

{,

law, (i) I:F of ohm's ;;,;.tu,rcur forms

in volt. and R in Ohm. WhereI in ampere,'E

(ii}'E:I'R' and (iii) R:+