yl:chemistry

Chemical calculations:
revision exercise
FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor

5. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

TTEMPT THESE questions without using textbooks or notes at first, then complete if necessary by referring to texts or notes.

1. COMPLETE THIS TABLE

Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

2. MULTIPLE CHOICE ON THE MOLE

Choose from A 2, B 4, C 6, D 8. 1. The number of moles of molecules in 16g H2. 2. The number of moles of atoms in 28g N2. 3. The number of moles of a gas in 89.6dm3. at RTP. 4. The volume in dm3 of 8g O2 at RTP. 5. The number of moles of atoms in 88g CO2. 6. The mass of 0.25 moles of Mg. 7. The mass of 0.04 moles of CaCO3. 8. The number of moles of S containing 1.2*1024 atoms. 9. The mass of 3 moles of H2. 10. The mass of 3 dm3 O2 at RTP.

3. PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AND FORMULAE

Calculate the % of (a) Fe in Fe2(SO4)3 (b) H2O in Na2CO3.10H2O (c) Calculate the molecular formula of a substance which contains 80% C and 20% H.

4. CALCULATIONS ON EQUATIONS. USE THE EQUATION

2KClO3(s) = 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) Find; a. The # moles of oxygen, which can be obtained from 3 moles of potassium chlorate b. The # of moles of KClO3 which would give 2 moles of O2 c. The volume of O2 (at RTP) obtainable from 12.25g KClO3 d. The mass of KCl obtainable from 12.25g KClO3 e. The mass of KClO3 needed to obtain 14.9g KCl f. The loss in mass when 245g KClO3 is heated.

CONTRIBUTED

These two students of Wolmers Boys School explain the intricacies of their electrolyte project on display at the national exhibition of the Sagicor Visionaries Challenge on Friday, March 22 on the grounds of Sagicor Life Jamaicas head office in New Kingston.The school won the competition and is to be awarded a Vernier Computerised Mobile Science & Technology System, courtesy of the Caribbean Science Foundation, and five CXC-approved chemical kits. They also won an all-expenses paid trip for the team to the regional challenge in Barbados in April, as well as a trip to Epcot Centre in Florida, USA.

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

yl:geography
MARJORIE HENRY
Contributor

HE THREE river processes identified are erosion, transportation and deposition. In the two lessons prior to this one, I shared information on the processes of river erosion and transportation. This week, I will go on to the third river process, that of river deposition. Deposition is defined as the progressive laying down of material by the river and is complementary to erosion. Material removed from one place is transported and deposited at another place. Rivers will transport their load as long as they have the energy to do so. If the river loses its energy, there will be deposition of the load on the riverbed. When I shared with you the information on river transportation, I mentioned two terms: a) competence - a measure of a rivers ability to carry load. b) capacity - the ability of the river to carry a certain amount of materials; in other words, the total load that the river can carry. In essence, both are decreased, resulting in the river dropping its load. Some of the causes of such decreases are: (a) reduction in stream gradient (b) decrease in volume (c) loss of velocity (d) overloading (e) freezing (f) emptying into quiet or slower-moving bodies of water The order in which the materials are deposited is: boulders, pebbles, gravels, sands, silts and muds, although the change from coarse to fine material is normally imperceptible. The heavier materials are deposited usually at the upper course of the river. Finer particles travel greater distances downstream before deposition occurs. Deposition is not confined to the lower courses of rivers. Much deposition does occur there but some may occur at almost any point along the rivers course, such as on the inside bend of the river meander, on a flood plain or at the river mouth. As you revise this topic of river processes, include the different physical features that are formed as a result of river erosion and river deposition. You must be able to describe their formations, draw and label diagrams of them and give examples where they can be found.

River deposition
Let us now turn our attention to wave processes to complete the specific objective 11 which states that students should be able to describe river and wave processes. One of the three movements associated with sea water is waves. Waves are produced by the friction of wind on open water. Essentially an up-and-down movement of the water, wave motion also moves the surface water in the direction that the wind is blowing. Breakers are formed when the wave comes into shallow water near the shore. The lower part of the wave is retarded by the ocean bottom while the top, having greater momentum, is hurled forward, causing the wave to break. Waves are the most powerful agents of marine erosion. As they attack the shore,

they erode it by a combination of several processes, namely corrasion, hydraulic action, solution and attrition; processes that are similar to those which occur in river erosion. Each of these will be discussed below.

CORRASION
Corrasion, also called abrasion, involves the rock fragments being carried by the waves towards the coast. The erosive work of waves, like that of running water, will clearly be greater when they are provided with cutting tools. Waves, armed with rock fragments of all sizes and shapes, are able to undertake their erosive work much more quickly and effectively. These rock fragments can be as huge as boulders. The energy of the waves determines the size that they can carry.

HYDRAULIC ACTION
Hydraulic action is the force of waves as they batter against cliffs and sea walls, exerting considerable pressure upon the coast. In their forward surge, waves splashing against the coast may enter joints and crevices in the rocks. The air imprisoned inside is immediately compressed. When the waves retreat, the compressed air expands with explosive violence. Such action, repeated again and again, soon enlarges the cracks and rock fragments are prised apart. Information on the other processes will be shared in the next lesson. Here is a tip: Study for tests together, ask questions and teach each other.

REFERENCES
CSEC New Integrated Geography Sheldon G. Bleasdell Certificate Physical and Human Geography - Goh Cheng Leong Geology Made Simple - William H. Matthews Geography for CSEC - Jeanette Ottley et al Morphology and Landscape - Harry Robinson
Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

From left: Hope Barnett, who authored No Boy like Amanda, autographs a copy of her book for Basil Naar, CEO of First Heritage Co-operative Credit Union (FHC), in the presence of Phyllis Anderson, Jamaica Reading Association (JRA) president, and FHCs Assistant General Manager, marketing and communications, Juven Montague-Anderson. Barnett presented the copy of No Boy like Amanda, which follows the adventures of a little Jamaican girl growing up with brothers, at the recent MOU signing ceremony between FHC and JRA. The novel has been designated the official book of the JRA and FHC National Reading Week 2013, which will feature read-aloud sessions in some 30 schools across St Catherine, Kingston and St Andrew.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

13

yl:history

Popular protests in the 1930s

DEBBION HYMAN
Contributor

OBJECTIVES
1. DISCUSS THE economic, political and social factors which created the protests of the 1930s in the Caribbean. 2. Describe the role of outstanding male and female protest leaders. 3. Outline two consequences of the protests. Hi, guys. This topic is a core one and as such multiple-choice items have been included in this lesson for practice. Instruction: Choose the correct answer for each item. 1. One of the teachings of Marcus Garvey was that (A) whites should be driven out of the Caribbean. (B) Caribbean blacks should strike back by discriminating against the whites. (C) blacks should strive for economic independence. (D) blacks were created to be superior to whites. 2. Which one of the following factors was not a reason for the high rate of unemployment among the working class in the British Caribbean in the 1930s? (A) The decline of the sugar industry. (B) The failure of alternative crops which replaced sugar. (C) The termination of migration opportunities. (D) The refusal of workers to participate in agriculture.

3. All of the following were reasons the blacks were not receiving an adequate education in the British Caribbean in the 1930s except (A) blacks did not have the ability to reach the entry requirements. (B) schools generally preferred to give places to whites and coloureds. (C) the curriculum was irrelevant to the needs of the blacks. (D) there were not enough schools to meet the needs of the population. 4. Identify the reasons the disturbances occurred in the British Caribbean during the 1930s. I. The decline of the sugar industry. II. The Great Depression of the 1930s. III. The repatriation of Caribbean nationals from abroad. IV. The termination of emigration opportunities. (A) I, II and III only (B) I, III and IV only (C) II, III and IV only (D) I, II, III and IV 5. The labour leader who is generally associated with the 1937 disturbances in Trinidad was (A) Uriah Butler (B) Arthur Cipriani (C) Walter Citrine (D) Clement Payne 6. The personality who is generally associated with the disturbances in Barbados was

(A) Grantley Adams (B) Clement Payne (C) Frank Walcott (D) Uriah Butler 7. Which of the following persons was not associated with the riots of the 1930s? (A) Uriah Butler of Trinidad. (B) Robert Bradshaw of St Kitts. (C) Alexander Bustamante of Jamaica. (D) George Price of Belize. 8. What was the main purpose of the Moyne Commission of 1938? (A) To bring to an end the disturbances in the islands. (B) To seek out the troublemakers and recommend punishment. (C) To investigate the cause of the disturbances and make recommendations. (D) To review the conduct of the army and police. 9. Which of the following did not occur during the period of social unrest in the British Caribbean in the 1930s? (A) Protest demonstrations (B) Strikes (C) Constitutional reform (D) Riots 10. What contributed to the rapid growth of trade unions in the British Caribbean after 1939? I. An increase in the labour force. II. The emergence of capable leaders for the working class.

III. An increased willingness of workers to fight for their rights. IV. Laws passed in favour of trade unions. (A) I and II only (B) III and IV only (C) I, III and IV only (D) I, II, III and IV 11. Which of the following leaders was associated with black consciousness in the Caribbean in the early 1900s? I. Arthur Cipriani II. Grantley Adams III. Clement Payne IV. Marcus Garvey (A) I and IV only (B) III and IV only (C) I, III and IV only (D) II, III and IV only 12. The Royal Commission which was established in 1938 to investigate the socio-economic conditions in the British West Indies and to make recommendations for the improvement of these conditions was the (A) Deane Commission (B) Moyne Commission (C) Norman Commission (D) Oliver Commission
Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hughs High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

Carifta Games athletes Damar Robinson (left), Jelani Walker (second left), Michael OHara ( second right) and Adrian Riley (right), share a laugh with Kim Lee (third right), LIME head of channel marketing, and Rashid Moncrieffe (centre), winner of the LIME Championship Facebook Race, ahead of their departure for The Bahamas at the Norman Manley International Airport on Thursday, March 28. Moncrieffe beat hundreds of online gamers in a virtual race to win an all-expense paid trip to the games. His sister, Monique, shares in the moment.

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

yl:information technology

Arrays
NATALEE A. JOHNSON
Contributor

The array after reading the 10 values would look like this:

ARRAY LIST FOR VAL

OOD DAY, students. This is lesson 29 in our series of IT lessons. In this weeks lesson, we will take a break from Pascal coding and look at arrays in the psuedocode format. Next week, we will look at how to write arrays in Pascal.

READING VALUES INTO AN ARRAY USING A WHILE LOOP EXAMPLE 3

Write an algorithm that reads a list of negative integers from the input stream and stores the values in an array called Negative_Values. The list is terminated by 999. Use i as the index value.

ACCESSING THE ELEMENTS OF AN ARRAY

The elements of an array can be accessed individually, by specifying the name of the array, followed by the index or subscript, which identifies the position of the element in the sequence (as shown in the previous lesson: - Num[1]). Therefore, when manipulating arrays, a special variable must be declared as the index of the array. A single letter (such as i, j or k) is commonly used as array index, for example Num[k]. Using the index, the array variables can be manipulated in the same way as ordinary variables. We can initialise, assign and read values into an array location, and even display values stored in arrays.

INITIALISING ARRAYS USING THE FOR LOOP

Reading values into an array or assigning values are the two ways in which arrays can be initialised.

DISPLAYING ARRAY VALUES

The manner in which values are stored in an array is quite similar to the manner in which you read values into an array. Naturally, if you already know the number of items stored in the array, you can use a for loop to output the values. Otherwise, you would use a while loop.

EXAMPLE 1
Declare an array list with 10 integers and initialise each value to 0. Use j as the index.

EXAMPLE 1 (IN THE CASE OF KNOWING THE NUMBER OF ITEMS BEING STORED)
Design an algorithm that reads a list of 10 students unit test grades, find the average of the unit test grades and output the unit test grades and the average unit test grade.

The first time the loop is executed, J = 1 and list [1] would be assigned 0 and will continue to be executed until the 10th number is entered.

NOTE
When manipulating arrays, a special variable must be declared for use as the index of the array. It is better to use short variable names, such as single letters of the alphabet, for the index or subscript.

READING VALUES INTO AN ARRAY USING A FOR LOOP

A for loop is used if the number of values to be read is known. On the other hand, a while loop is use if the values to be read is unknown.

EXAMPLE 2 (IN THIS CASE THE SIZE OF THE ARRAY IS KNOWN AND WE ARE USING A WHILE LOOP TO OUTPUT THE VALUES)

EXAMPLE 2
Read 10 values into an array called VAL: use k as the index value. The input data is: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20.

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

15

yl:english language
NATASHA THOMAS-FRANCIS
Contributor

ELLO, ALL. This week, we will continue our discussion on persuasive writing. Over the last few weeks, we have looked at techniques/devices which you should employ in your writing, as well as the steps involved in producing a persuasive piece. This week, we look at the types of questions which CXC may set on your examination paper.

Persuade me!
o E.g. A single Caribbean team should represent the region in all international sporting competitions. Write an essay giving your views on this statement. Let us look at an example of how you can structure your argument. Consider the following question: Write a letter to the editor of your local newspaper bringing to public attention your concern for improved water and electricity supplies in your community. Your answer should be approximately 250-300 words and must be in standard English. Remember that in your introduction you should indicate the general points to be discussed. You introduction may sound like this: Dear Editor, Member of parliament and those other people responsible for basic public service seem quite unaware of the existence of a village called Modest near the northern tip of this island. Villagers have been persistently ignored by successive administrations and forced to live in a substandard situation which is uncomfortable, inconvenient, which prevents development of the village and poses a threat to the safety and health of its habitants. Now you must focus on the body of the letter to the editor. You should develop at least three solid points. These may include the absence of a clear and regular water supply and the absence of electricity. Your conclusion will state the decision or recommendation to which the previous paragraphs led.

Remember to close your letter with your full name or the phrase Concerned citizen. As we wrap up this topic, I want to leave you with a few useful tips and reminders: 1. Read the prompt carefully. Some students believe that they have fully argued the question only to realise that they have not done well because they have overlooked an important word or phrase in the prompt or instructions. Therefore, underline the key words which tell you what the question requires of you then plan and write your answer, giving a glance at those words from time to time. 2. Choose a topic which you understand clearly and on which you can comfortably discuss at least three solid points. 3. Support your responses with examples and explanations. Ensure that you utilise the appropriate techniques and devices to make your points sound persuasive. 4. Time yourself. Pay attention to the suggested time and approach the task in three stages: a. Choose a question, think it through and write an outline. b. Write your responses based on your outline. c. Reread and correct grammatical errors and weaknesses of expression. 5. The question suggests a word limit. Do not make your response too short, but do not be worried if the essay is a little over the word limit. You should be reminded, however, that if you go over the word limit, you are most likely spending too much time on this section of the exam and you may end up penalising yourself by not being able to complete the paper. The only way to perfect your persuasive writing skills is to practise, practise, practise! Have mini debates in your classes or during your lunchtime breaks. Use the persuasive techniques and devices in your argument, but always be respectful in conveying your views. Until next week, blessings!
Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

QUESTION INSTRUCTIONS
You will need to thoroughly discuss your position on a specific topic/issue. CXC may ask you to do one of a number of things:  Write an argument either supporting or opposing an issue. o E.g. As long as the Government is paying for my education, it can tell me what to study. Write an essay either supporting OR opposing this view. o E.g. Speaker A: I am going to start eating more local food because that is what makes our Caribbean Olympic athletes stars. Speaker B: Nobody is going to get me to eat yams and sweet potatoes. That is backwardness. Write an essay supporting the views of either Speaker A or Speaker B and justifying the kind of food that you prefer to eat. Please note that in the example above, you are required to choose one side. You must decide on the side for which you can present the stronger arguments.  Write an argument in which you present your views. With this kind of question you are permitted to present both sides of the issue. Note that even though you may favour one particular side, with this type of question it is prudent that you present a balanced argument. o E.g. Write a letter to the editor expressing your views on the following: Adults who smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol are hypocrites when they condemn young people for using marijuana and cocaine.

yl:information technology

If the size is not known, then a for Loop can be used with another subscript/counter (see example below).

EXAMPLE 3

NOTE
The subscript you introduce, should be used throughout the for loop. We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week, when we will continue to look at the Pascal code and arrays. Remember, if you fail to prepare, be prepared to fail.

CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE

Natalee Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

yl:english literature

e m i T y r o t S
Old
BERYL CLARKE
Contributor

money; Miss Aggie, who is a higgler; her son, Len, and his schoolmate Pearl. Miss Aggies house is made of wattle and daub, a type of building which, by this time, was disappearing from the housing landscape in Jamaica. This small group then comes together to open the pages of our history. I believe that you will learn much about us from Old Story Time. You should not be surprised at the themes that are explored in our play for they reflect the Jamaican character then and, to a great extent, today. While we will not begin to examine them in this weeks class, please identify them for future discussion. My mind goes once more, as it has before, to the question of the playwrights reasons for choosing this title. You may have thought of it too. The word story conjures up certain ideas. A story is a makebelieve account, a fairy tale. It can also be a factual account, as in a media report. A story may be created from truths and or real occurrences. In other words, while the characters

brown man. He is socially important and greatly admired by Miss Aggie because of his colour. It is her deepest desire and greatest wish that her son should marry the pastors daughter. This, as you know, puts Len in a pickle. The river has its place here, too. Do you remember where Miss Aggie finds Len when she returns from market? Yes - he is in the river playing with Pearl. This incident reveals her determination for her son to succeed academically. This is not all we learn at this time, though, for her attitude to Pearl also tells us that she will not encourage a

friendship between him and an ordinary black girl. This, in turn, prepares us in part for her feelings towards Lois and the way she treats her. The pieces of furniture we see in the beginning tell us that Miss Aggie is poor. As part of the staging, notice that the same pieces of furniture are used for different purposes in different scenes. While this makes for ease in scene changes, it may also hint at the diverse uses that are made of what one has because of being poor. At the start of the play, we meet no one in the village who is financially well off. Those who gather to hear and participate in sharing the drama are simple folk; for we meet Pa Ben, who does not appear to work or to have much

in the story are not real, what they do and say are what real people do and say. So, in this play, we do find out about the racial situation at the period in which it is set, the belief in obeah, a bit about the education system and about teenage pregnancy. This title, therefore, suggests that the audience sitting in the theatre watching Pa Ben, Miss Aggie, Len, Pearl, Mr Mongoose McFarlane, Lois and Miss Margaret will learn something about our past. I believe, too, that the word story hints at the humour that is very much a part of the Jamaican consciousness. All of us enjoy a good story, both to tell it and to listen to it. This play focuses on the dream of a poor mother to have her one child, a son, rise out of the poverty and the low social status into which he was born. She is convinced that their black skin is a hindrance to achievement and upward mobility and sees education as his only way to a successful future. In addition, she believes that he can cement his improved position by marrying a brown-skin girl with tall hair down her back. Like many Jamaican mothers then and now, she struggles and she makes sacrifices to give Len the support he needs. Some instances of humour that we meet are painful, even though they provoke laughter, as we watch her try to do her best. It might seem ridiculous to us to hear that she does not even want a black fowl in her yard. You should realise that her attitude is the result of living the reality of being black and receiving a certain kind of treatment. Do speak to persons who were born in the thirties and forties, perhaps even before and you will find out how much skin colour mattered and the effect on ones self-confidence. Our exploration will continue next week. Remember to hold your head high, but not so high that you do notice those around you. God bless!
Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

E MUST now do some work on drama, that third literary genre. We have spent time on the novel, the short story and now we must consider a play. This one, unlike Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, which is also on the current list of texts to be studied, is set right in Jamaica and is a comedy. Make no mistake, though, it does not only create laughter but raises serious issues as well.

I am picturing, even as I write, an old man, still sprightly, full of humour or should I say joke, as he begins the drama of Old Story Time. How do you see him? Have you thought of the setting in which these characters meet now to listen to Pa Ben, as well as of the community in which they live? From your reading, and I do hope you have done your first reading either by yourself or in class, you must have some ideas about setting. Their village is small but it boasts a school, a post office and a church. In addition, there is a river. These aspects of the setting are all relevant to the way the play develops. Len does well enough in his local school to earn a scholarship to high school; the post office becomes a place of great interest to Lens mother when he is studying abroad, as she anxiously waits to hear from him; the minister of the church is a

WINSTON SILL/ FREELANCE PHOTOGRAPHER

Jamaicas captain and wing attack Nadine Bryan (second left) controlling play in mid court during the first netball Test against England at the National Indoor Sports Centre. Looking on from left are Englands centre Serena Guthrie, wing attack Sasha Corbin and Jamaicas goal attack Thristina Malcolm. England won 53-42.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

17

yl:mathematics

Simultaneous equations
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor

T THE outset, I wish to highlight the following points about matrices. They are vital to your full understanding of this topic.  There is no reason to have difficulty in multiplying 2 x 2 matrices. You just need to continue practising the principle -: rows multiply by columns  Squaring the 2 x 2 matrix A is found by multiplying A x A.  The determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix has value ad-bc where the elements of the matrix are a, b, c, and d.  The value of the determinant of a singular 2 x 2 matrix is zero, that is ad-bc = 0 . The above are illustrated by the solutions of the homework given last week.

HOMEWORK

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

yl:office administration

Recruitment and orientation

HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor

NCE YOU have given some thought to your immediate and long-range career goals, you will be ready to begin your job search. In searching for a job you will need to:  Locate a prospective employer  Prepare a rsum and cover letter, and send them to the prospective employer.  Complete a job application form.  Obtain an interview.  Follow up on the interview.

Department. In small organisations, this type of information may be obtained from the person with whom the recruit is to work. In addition, factors relating to training and qualification, salary, fringe benefits, career advancement and the image of the firm must be taken into consideration when seeking employment.

JOB DESCRIPTION
A person who has been recruited to do a job must be sure that the duties and responsibilities of the position are understood. Many organisations give their employees job descriptions. A job description explains the nature of the job, duties and responsibilities. There are three main parts of any job description:  The description itself. This section includes a summary of the overall functions of the position and a detailed list of the specific tasks and responsibilities of the job.  Knowledge and skill requirements. This section specifies the minimum education level and/or training required for the job.  Accountability. This section identifies who the employees supervisor will be. It may also describe any equipment, expenditures or other operations for which the employee will be held responsible in the course of performing job tasks.

your chance to sell yourself to the employer. It should convince the employer to call you for an interview. It should not be more than three or four short paragraphs, it should tell the employer when and where you heard about the position and explain why you feel your education and background qualify you for the job. Some companies may ask you to fill out an application form, as well as submit a rsum. A rsum is a written summary of your qualifications that you prepare when looking for a particular position. It should have sections of information in the following order:  Your name, address, telephone and email address  Other personal information - eg, date of birth  Objectives  Educational background  Employment history  Hobbies, interests, activities and special abilities  Reference Your rsum should be clearly written and well organised. Make certain that your spelling, grammar and punctuation are perfect. Try to keep your rsum to one page. From the information you have read, prepare a rsum as you may need one for this summer. Continue to work hard and never give up. I will continue this lesson next week.
Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

There are many places where you can search for a job: the newspaper, employment agencies, electronic media, personal contact, trade journals, magazines and company newsletters. Many organisations utilise employment agencies to assist in the recruitment of staff. However, the person who wishes an agency to find him/her employment must first register with that agency and must accept the terms and conditions laid down by the agency.

COMPILING INFORMATION PERTAINING TO A VACANCY

It is essential that an applicant gather as much information regarding an advertised post. In large organisations, details regarding a vacant position can usually be obtained from the Human Resources.

APPLYING FOR A POSITION

Once you have located a prospective employer your next step is to prepare a cover letter and a rsum. A cover letter is

yl:mathmatics

Clement Radcliife is an indepencent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

19

yl:principles of accounts

Accounting for stock

ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor

SOLUTION
a. Statement to compute value of stock (at cost price) as at September 30, 2012

S YOU get closer to your examination date, I want to remind you that practice makes perfect. Therefore, it is time for you to double your effort and at least start to practise one past question per day. If you come upon questions that you cannot solve immediately, try to get help from your teacher.

b. Stock is normally valued at the lower cash or net realisable value when final accounts are prepared because of the adoption of the doctrine of conservatism, which does not recognise unrealised profits but provides for unrealised losses. Unrealised profits will arise if we value ending inventory at net realisable value (NRV), when NRV is higher than cost. This is because a higher closing stock will give a lower cost of sales and thus a higher profit. On the other hand, unrealised losses will be provided for if we value ending inventory at NRV when it is lower than cost. To ensure that you keep on track with your study of principles of accounts, the next presentation will be fixed assets account. You cannot afford to miss it. See you then.
Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

This weeks presentation is a worked example. It would be helpful to you if you try to work the question on your own first then match your answer with the one given.

QUESTION 1
The financial year for Laird Solomon ended on September 30, 2012 but it was not possible to carry out the stocktaking until October 4. On October 4, the value of the actual stock on the premises was found to be $27,200 at cost price. The following additional information is available: 1. Sales made during the period October 4, totalled $3,200. 2. Purchases invoices received for the same period totalled $2,400. $600 worth of the goods purchased was not received until October 6. 3. A sales return credit note for $200 was issued on October 3 for goods returned on that day. 4. Goods with a retail price of $500 had been sent to a customer on a sale or return basis on September 26. These goods were returned by the customer on October 10. [>1] 5. Goods with an original cost of $200 have been found to be damaged. It has been decided to scrap them. 6. The average ratio of gross profit to sales proceeds is 40%.

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO:

a. Draw up a statement to show the value of the stock, at cost price, on September 30, 2012. b. State why stock is normally valued at the lower cost or net realisable value when final accounts are prepared.

REASONING
[>1] These goods remain the property of Laird Solomon and so should be included in the closing stock figure.

WORKINGS
[W1] Since average Ratio of Gross Profit to sales is 40% Therefore, Ratio of Cost of Goods to Sales is 60% Sales at Selling Price $3,200 Therefore, Sales as Cost Price $3,200 x 60% = $1,920 [W2] Goods at Selling Price $500 Goods at Cost Price $500 x 60% = $300

Digicels Nakeena Ellington was ready for a quick photo with principal of Ardenne High, Nadine Molloy, and principal of Titchfield High, Richard Thompson, just before Ardenne High became champions of TVJ Schools Challenge Quiz 2013 on Wednesday, March 27.

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

yl:principles of business

Questions on marketing
YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor

ELLO, MY favourite set of students. How are you this week? If you are not doing too well, by the end of this lesson you should be revived and ready to go again. This weeks question is on marketing. It is the first in a series of marketing questions planned for this CXC Study Guide. Remember that these questions are not actual past-paper questions, but they mirror them very closely and will be very beneficial to you. Here goes. (a) Distinguish between market and marketing. (4 marks) Marketing is often explained by using the 4 Ps (b) Explain any two of the 4 Ps. (4 marks) Pricing is an important task in marketing and it has implications for the profitability of the business. (c) Explain any three pricing strategies. (6 marks) (d) (i) Discuss two types of advertisement. (4 marks) (ii) List any two forms of advertising media. (2 marks) Total marks: 20

anything that is done to get the right goods or services to the right people at the right price in the most efficient and profitable way possible.

(C) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

Pricing strategies are the methods that are used to price the good or service. There are several strategies and some businesses use more than one method. They may start off with one method and use another after they are well established and have been selling for a time. Any three strategies can be used for the answer in addition to my answer.

(B) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

The 4 Ps are often seen as a summary of the chief activities in marketing. In recent times, a 5th P has been added: people. You can select any two of the 4 Ps and make sure you indicate the ones you are going to explain - product, price, promotion and place.

Price lining or the going price rate is where the seller plays it safe by choosing a price that is comparable to the going market price. Thus, he keeps his price in line with that of his competitors.

(D)(I) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

The types of advertisement all serve different purposes and include informative, persuasive, competitive and reminder advertising. In the answer below, informative and reminder advertising will be explained.

ANSWER
Mark up or cost plus pricing is where the seller adds up all the costs of production and then adds a reasonable amount to the cost that constitutes the sellers profit. Penetration pricing is a low price that is chosen by the seller when the product is new on the market in order for the product to be attractive to potential customers. This price is gradually increased as the product becomes mature and the customers are purchasing it and liking it.

ANSWER
Product refers to the good or service; what exactly the product is and the purpose that it serves? Product also looks at what can be done to improve the product. Promotion looks at what can be done to get the prospective customer interested in the product so that in the long run he/she will want to purchase the product to the benefit of the firm.

ANSWER
Informative advertising provides useful information about the good or service, including its use and price. It does not seek to persuade or compete with similar products. Reminder advertising is most often used with mature products that have been on the market for a while. Its purpose is to remind the prospective buyers that the product is still on the market and is still very good.

(D)(II) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

Where will the advertisement be placed or where will it be heard? This is the advertising media. There are several forms of advertising media, including print and electronic media. Some of them are listed in the answer.

(A) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

Students who are informed in the area of POB know that these two terms are not synonymous. You should avoid defining a market as a place since not all markets are in a particular place. Marketing has been defined in many ways, included in the definition should be the fact that it is a process that leads to profit.

ANSWER
Newspapers Magazines Radio Television Billboards The sky I really hope you have learnt something from looking at this question. For the next few weeks, the question will be from marketing as this section of the syllabus is quite long. Bye for now.
Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

ANSWER
A market is any situation in which buyers and sellers communicate for the purpose of exchanging goods and services. It has four elements: price, good or service, buyer and seller. Market can also refer to the extent of demand for a product, as in large market, meaning there is a large demand for the product. Marketing, on the other hand, is
CONTRIBUTED

From left: Physics and biology teachers of Wolmers Boys School Elton Robotham and Jasmine Jarrett are in a celebratory mood as Odaine Lorne holds the winning trophy of the the Sagicor Visionaries Challenge National Competition on Friday, March 22. Local coordinator Dr Sheena Francis and Sagicors manager of sponsorships and public relations, Alysia Moulton White, join in.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013

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yl:social studies

Coming together, staying together

MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor

OBJECTIVES:
1. EXPLAIN AND use correctly concepts and terms associated with regional integration. 2. Describe the major challenges facing the Caribbean region. The word integration is derived from the Latin word integer, which means whole or entire. Integration simply means the combining of parts so that they work together or form a whole. When things, people and organisations combine they generally: a. Share a common purpose or set of objectives. b. Observe the same standard or set of standard protocol, or they share a common mediating capability. c. Come together at the same time with a unifying purpose. Regional integration is an arrangement for enhancing cooperation through regional rules and institutions entered into by states of the same region. It could have, as its objective, political or economic goals or, in some cases, a business initiative aimed at broader security and commercial purposes. Regional integration could have an intergovernmental or supranational organisation. Regional integration arrangements are part and parcel of the present global economic order and this trend is now an acknowledged future of the international scene. It has achieved a new meaning and new significance. Regional integration arrangements are mainly the outcome of necessity felt by nation states to integrate

their economies in order to achieve rapid economic development, decrease conflict and build mutual trusts between the integrated units. Regional integration has, therefore, been defined as the association of states with regard to their location within a given geographical area. It is an association whose terms are fixed by a treaty or other arrangements to safeguard its participants. Integration is usually a process that is designed to a particular region, increasing their level of interaction with regard to economic, security, political, social and also cultural issues. Simply put, it is the joining of individual states within a region into a larger whole. The degree of integration depends upon the need, willingness and commitment of independent sovereign states to share their sovereignty. Regional integration initiatives in the Caribbean have been political, economic and cultural. It has, therefore, served to, among others:  Develop human resources.  Strengthen free trade in the region.  Create appropriate enabling environment for private-sector development by helping with the carrying out of the policies of free trade, free movement of labour and tariff reduction or its elimination.  Develop infrastructure and various programmes to support the economic growth and regional integration.  Develop various institutions which will provide such areas as educational facilities and the improvement in health and the promotion of good governance.  Contribute to the continued peace and security of the region.

 Promote environment-focused programmes.

CHALLENGES FACING THE CARIBBEAN:

1. The Caribbean is made up of small developing countries with regard to their land area, the size of their population and their economy. These small nations are struggling to compete in a global market. (Small size, small national markets.) 2. The Caribbean is not short of human resources; there is an abundant supply of labour and the challenge lies in developing our human resources. 3. Unemployment and underemployment are evident, as many skilled workers are having difficulty finding suitable work and many are looking outside of the island (unemployment and underemployment). 4. Migration is seen as very inviting as persons, especially those with tertiary qualifications, leave to live and work elsewhere, resulting in brain drain, many of whom have been trained at public expense. However, one positive effect to date is that money is sent back in the form of remittances, representing a significant portion of the countrys gross national product. 5. There are also so many economic challenges:  Shortage of capital for investment, the establishment of new businesses or the expansion of existing ones.  Debt burden, which accumulates from what has been borrowed that must be repaid.

 Low level of productivity across the Caribbean, as we import more than we export.  Unequal distribution of natural resources throughout the Caribbean region.  Lack of diversity in agriculture and a tendency towards monoculture; there is little diversification.  A negative balance of payment for many countries in the Caribbean.  Inability to offer goods at competitive prices on the international market as it is hard to keep production cost down.

NATURAL DISASTERS
The Caribbean is susceptible to a range of natural disasters caused by extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes, droughts, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides. All these result in losses to businesses, a drop in productivity and an increase in expenditure to repair damage, rebuild infrastructure and to enable people to return to their productive ways.

ACTIVITY:
Find the meaning of the following terms related to regional integration: Bilateral agreement, multilateral agreement, common market, single market, single economy, economic integration, independent state, underdeveloped country, developing country, developed country, trade liberalisation, globalisation, multinational corporation, regionalism, trading bloc, fiscal policy and monetary policy.
Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hughs High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 9-15, 2013