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Chapter I
Atomic Structure and Electronic Configuration
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M' "W
#
G
3 , (
# (1

.
# 4 !
:'(
S # )9 < T9 ! :S
:(5) *! "

=
h
mv
&
mv =
: 8> 5 v # / K 8 1 $
K=
mv 2
2
(8)
(! '! ' mv 8 O

m 3
# B
:(8) !

m2v2
h2
K=
=
2m
2m 2
(9)
:U 2 8

8 G
(
# 2 E 8 1 $
E=K+U
(10)
:(11) " ( (10) -(9) " "

1
2mK
2m
= 2 (E U)
2
h
h
:(7) " (11) " "
1
2
(11)
"! .
d 2 8 2 m
+
(E - V) = 0
d 2
h2
(12)
38!
% !
* ! 6 (12) 8 !
*
#

C 3 A7
6
H !
A
B'
.#

# 4 ! (x) $ .
&
. : 6 @"
'6 6
H 6 > 5 # 1 $
' $ ! A6 /

(X, Y, Z) >

# ! !# /
H > 67

'6 '6 '> ' '
# 4 ! (x) !
A (
#
: %
@ (12) ! E@
. : 6 @" B
(X, Y, Z)
d2
d 2 d2 8 2 m
+
+
+
(E - V) = 0
dX 2 dY 2 dZ 2
h2
(13)
E, 5
+
!
* ! 6
Z, Y, X /'> ' h
'L ' 8 U

L 8 m
Wave '
' !
('
+ ) '2 54* !+
2 54* > !+

# 4 ! (1 function
!"'# @'" (13) ! . @ 6& (
+ )
: %
@ ! E@
! 2 >
2 +
8 2 m
h2
(E - V) = 0
(14)
2 : '6 @" B

5 <
!
H ' ' 4@

1 3 !
+ !

7 * <3
' &

L E 6!8 8
dx, dy, dz (1 (dv)

' 3 A6 !
+ !

@ 1 / 3 ! @ (
# 2
'

'8 '5 ' !
* ! 5 .
! @
. 8
7 6

L 7
/: $) $ $" "

= radial
angular
' ! A'6
%!

! 3 !
n = 1
) 8 (
# #
(1 (
5 *
! 6
K
) 8 ?>Q
6
15 #
(
#' '
! (
,
8 ?@ ! 3 ?8
51
.@
%!

! 1 !
n = 2 # 8 (
# #
'
R 1 6
3 8 ?@ ! 3 ?8

2Sorbital #
S G

2P G
' ' 6
8
# (") >
!
@) 3

.H ' ' 55

?>"7 R3 5 >
! ?" 2Porbital #
' (
' ,'
(8 ?@ , > P G

! ?8

*' $ 8 ?>Q .L 8 ?>Q

)

! . !

! #"
3P #
P G

! >
3s 6 !

!
' C'
5 ?"
8
# %")
3d #
d G

4P '>
4s G
%!
.
! 16 !
8 ?>Q
.H
?8
f,d,P G

! 1 # 7
.4f #
4d #"
<' (
5 1 (1 .
! (
,
(8 ?@ ,
.S !
;< D <? S

G CH F :
# %

L (

?>" ?@ 7
6
H (
A C <
!5 % 15
+
.

C < C1 7& %
# H A (1 !
@ C
%
#

!
. ! (8 ?@ , 3 ?8
! 1 (1 (

'8
#' 2P '6
(") >

! .@) 3

(8 ?@ , ?8
2P 8 1 S2
1S

! ?"

'+ ' ' # ?8
(1 .
! (
,

' '
# >
! A6 .%
(
C

%

'
' ! B @
# 2P ! 1
@) 3
.F#

!
3 ?@
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>
! ?"
A 3
PX 5
#
A 3
)

'5 '
Z
' A 3
Py 5
y (!@

' ! ' '#
1

1 P
! 1 2>
Pz
' ! 1 $'
.r '3 ?@ 8 3

8 ?@

'
'
!
8 ?@
! B ; 6

!'
7 CM / .
! <3
+ !

1
' <
X

1 Z

>
R 2Py
+ !

@ (1
E#' 3
! 7

2Pz, 2Px
+
.(7) * !

3 # G3 !!
.P / "? @ ? "! E

:(7)
(
#' '5 .B N > P G

! 1 2>
'3 (!'3 (
# 1 (") 5 ?"
Nodal plane (!3
' '>

! 5
0
" A5
. >

.

*8 ! 58 P G

!!'
' !
% 5
!5 % !
* !
@ E3
F# 1 8 (
# 3 (
(n = 3) #
>
S 3G
%!
6
.R3 8 < 5
@

! #
#"

! 1 F# P,s
! 3d G
#"
3P G

:

! & E
@ 5 d G

3dxy, 3dxz, 3dyz, 3dx2 y2 3dz2
'
H 55
5 ?"
8
# #"
!
'
' ! B ; 6 d # M P #
6
'7 '
!)

!
.

!
8 ?@
G8 E
(8) *
B
"X
B# 6!1 (
((

!

# F !! E# 3

!
#' B & !

8 (
# :d #"
! Q

.5 O ! 7
5 %!3 A6
f G
# f,d, P, S
.d "? @ ? "! E (

8)
/
A CH F :I
Radial probability distribution
' !
1
+ C
@81 ! (

!
%
' '
L (

(1 H (
+ # )

# 7
%

L # * (D ! 7 5
' 5 A6

8 ?@ 7 ! 5 %

+
r #
+ !

(8 ?@ 7
(9) *
% 3d, 3p, 2p, 3S, 2S, 1S
+ #
1
! r # 8 ! %

:% ##1 3 > / 2>

!5
.'@) '3 !' @ (
# 8 ?@ 7 ! M . S1
%
!
+ !

8
! 8
6 .%
@) 3
. R@ (
# %
!
+ !

1 (1
(9)
! # !! 3 R3 (8 ?@ 7

! ?" S2
A#
1
+ ! # !! 8 !
(3S, 2S, 1S M)
'
! 1 # 71 B
) %

+ # ! ! (1 %

.(# !! 8 %! %D Q 2 (
7
1S #' 0'" # 8 ?@ @8) 3 r # 8 S3
'
L ( ! # 8 ?@ 6
6!
3 R F
!' 2S # 8 ?@ @81 1 (ro) (
#

!5 %
.r
= r2
:Quantum numbers

%' %

! 5D
L !# 6
C
(
@

@' 1 . (!3
@ 7&
6 .R 5*1 !!
%!! !
#' 1 '& *' '

# !
; !
& * 3 !
L
!

!
+
. 3 A6 !
+ !

:Principle quantum number (n) * !

A6 M % 8
# !! CQ*
+ ,

C' ' (
# !! 8 B# "X 5
#
' !!'
.%
' ' 8 (
#
! !! 6 8 n
' !! 5> 3
. 5 7 & !
1! @ !! 8 #

#' 'D E@
% R5
+ ! 5 @ #
'8 QD R 1 # # !! 5 % # 8
' ' # ! %!# !3 @"7 !"#
shell energies
:X 8 Q1
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
:(n) # !!
K, L, M, N, O, P, Q :(# 8 (
#
1) 3 8 ?>Q
:Azimothal quantum number (L) !

' ! !) 5@
%
+ 8
1
.3 !! 5 5@
7 38! " B
52 . #
'1 %
@' '
+ 8 ?@
("1 ! !1 !"# B
#
) !! R1 # (
!# !! !"# /
R

' ' L ' C'

K # ! C (
'8> !
L (
!! !! 5 .

: X
L(L + 1)
h
2
'8 '#
) !! 5 =
# 3 1
!3
:6 #
) !! 3
n # !! 3 %!! @
L = 0, 1, 2, .. (n-1)
#' !! 8 8 #

) !! 3 !!
&
L=0
> /6
'6
'#
) !! %!
8 /5
n=3
&
L = 0, 1
n=1
M .n (
#
6
#
) !! 8 /5
#' 8 ?>Q 1 / . 6
L = 0, 1, 2
n=2

6
#
) !! 8
' !!' '8 .#

) !! 8 B# 8
# & #3
' ,'#D '
+ # #

+ # * !! #
)
: 5 3 8
#
S- orbital
# #
L = 0 !
P- orbital
# #
L = 1 !
d- orbital
# #
L = 2 !
Magnetic quantum number (m1)
!
'
1 #'4
" O * !@
!
%62 A6 #
38!
" !! &
" F* .5
!"'#
Zeeman effect D #4 !"#
'6 * & # Stark effect /# D %62 # 5
L C'
3# " C
L(L + 1)
h
( ! (
.62
2
'5 /'

L
# A <
!

!
.(10) * H 5
(1 Vector
(10)

L
! #4 ! 6
!
' A'6 .(10) * 7
R
4
1 R
" C#1
! #4
2 & 7 "! #4 D
+ !
!
'6
F#' # 8 ?8
7 / () 8
(
.(F#' '# ' L C ( ) ( ! (

!! !3 %!! 8 7 !!
/
() " #4
3 E@ !! Lcos 3#

! 5 =
# 3
.
3
!!' !!' 6 # E@ !! #4 A (L) 5

6
5 =
# 3
(m) #4
L cos = m, m = 2L + 1, m = +1, 0, -1
'
?@ #4 !!
3 1 !
'
'& * # 3
#4 A ! ( ! (

.(11) *

6 #4 <
(11)
D & ! #3 F# ,

L=0
m=0
( ! !
6
S ! ! 6 ?
L = 1,
m = 1, 0, -1
*1 "D

PX, PY, PZ ! A6 #
L = 2,
m = +2 , +1, 0, -1, -2
dxy, dxz, dyz, dz2, dx2-Y2 ! A6 #
.(8) * *1 "D R1
Spin quantum number (mS or s)
G!
O' '38! =* Q 3# $> ! !) 1 !

'+ %' '8
.(
8 B
#
#
!6*

"
=*' 1924 ' Goudsmit '# !
'
5 #
4

!' *'
'+
@ $ .( ?
" 38! B

+ ! ! &
! 6 ?
6

R4 R
!
Spin
(
'4 C
C#

L
4
!
+
.angular momentum
PS =
S(S + 1) x
h
2
'8 8 3 8 C

4 !! # !! S $
' C'
' C
! ,1
+ S . + 6
#4 !!
'3 3 6 C# C
" #4 C #4
F' #4 <
1 A 1
4 (

$
.4 !! M /
(12) 8 *
. 0 IJ( @ 12)
#'4 ' B'Q ' C1 2>

.3 8 "D 1
0"
S A7 (
#) !! B
A7 "V ."
:
8
#
7

! !) 2
YYY YYYD YYY H FYYY YYY YYY YYY)

:/
'
7

# 8 (
#
7 !!
' 3 ?8
# 8 (
# 5 8
#
'
) # 8 (
# # !!
) !!
!! 8 3 S G

!
8 (
# (

1 = n
6 %
'
.1S (
# # 6 8 (
#
.@ =
)
1S orbital #' # 6
orbital !

# (
C1

' ?'"

@81 ! #
.m = 0 #4 !! 8 3
1
1
!!
5 . ms =
ms = + C 6!1 S 4 !! 8
2
2
.'3 '
& %' '
) # 8 (
#
7
' !!' 8 3 5 L
% # 8 (

# & 3
' !!' 8 3 2P, 2S 6 8

#
.n = 2 #
(
#' C 2S 8 (
#
B 1 .@ = L
)
' !!' 8 3 2S orbital # !

# (
1S 8
' !!' '8 ' "
@81 ! #
@ = m #4
#' '> C1
2P 8 (
#
.S 4
2Px, #' #' H ' 56 3 ?"
8
#

#' #' '

1S .= + .@ = m #4 !! 8 3 2Py,2Pz
'
7 G

S 8 (1 4
! "

' '
#
2S (
#
# 8 (
# @8)
.2P 8 (
#
#' ' !! 8 3 (M) $ # 8 (
#
' !!' '8 3 3d, 3P, 3S 6 8
# >
.n = 3
#' (
' 3S '8 (
#' .B 2 .1 .@ = L
)
'
.'4 !! 8 "
@81 #
!

2P #' ' '5
# > (
3P # 8 (
#
#'4 ' !! 8 3 H 56 ?"

8
#
!!' '8 ' "
@81 ! # 5
.1S .1+ .@ = m
#
6 3P 8 (
# @8)
7 !!

4
'8
#
# #" (
3d 8 (
#
.

orbital #'
2S .1S .2+ .1+ .@ = m #4 !! 8 3
!!'
' '5 .'4 !! 8 "
@81 ! #
M' /'

%* 3d 8 (
#
7 @8)
.3
18 @81 ! # % $ # 8 (
#
#' ' !! 8 3 (N) % # 8 (
#
8
# 4F, 4d, 4P, 4S :6 8
# 1
.4 = n
(' F '8 (
# 1 3d, 3P, 3S
# 5 4d, 4P, 4S
8
#
# # (
3 = L
) !! 8 3
'5
3S .2S .1S .3+ .2+ .1+ .@ = m #4 !! 8 3
@'8) !! E@
.4 !! 8 "
@81 ! #
(
#
7 @8) !!
4F 8 (
#
7

7

!

32 % # 8
.%
) ) 8
#
@

*K
n
"*
)
*K
@

O"
L
=2
"*
)
@
*E/J
@

IJ
S
@P
Q
@
F
1
2
1
2
0, 1
1
2
1
2
0, 1
1
2
0, 1,-+2
1
2
10
1
2
0, 1
1
2
0, 1,-+2
1
2
10
0, 1, 2, 3
1
2
14
:X 2>
! 6
18
32
'8 (
#' ' ( '
7 #
) 8
# 8 ! ! S1
.f.d.P,S :X !@
.2n2 = < 8 (
#
) @8) !! S2
.n = < 8 (
# 8
# !! S3
.n2 = < 8 (
#
7 # !! S4
' 8> A6 F
# 8 (
# # !! 8 n $
.3 4 = n
: / ZT [ "?

Order of filling energies sublevels
Main #' '8
# C %
7 2
(n) #' ' !! 3 # 8 (
# energy levels
Energy
. '8
#' ' '

8 (
# !
.f, d, P, S
'
#'

sublevels
'
7 !!'
. 8 (
# !
) !! 3 3
C' !

8 (
# 1 B 8 (
# %!

%' 8
#
7 G
$
1 &
'3
) 8
# 4*
.% ( !! (
# 1 B
'2 '3
F#
! E

6 8
# 8 N!
. ! !)
%' !7 CM .!
( 6!!

!5 % 1! M
'2
.
) # 8 (
# 1S 8 (
#
7 "!
( A!!

5 % & 3 &
1S1 %
@ B
!5 %
7
@'81 !' # C) 1S 8 (
# 1 4*
7 M 1

'5 %' '
7 2 B
.4 !! "

.1S2 *
'8 (
#' "!' $
7 M 3 ( 6!!

%
' %
7 2 B
2S 8 (
# 4*
#
.3 = 1 + 2 = 8
#
7 !! G

1S2, 2S1 %
@
..' @ &
@ 3 6
.
% ( !!
6
2P
2S 8
# 4* .%* ( A!!

Q
1S2 2S2 2P6 %

@'
' @' '
7 2 B

#
(
!'
!' ' '
) %*
7 2 X
!
.@
H)]
6!
\G

!5
1S2
He
5
1S22S1
Li

1S22S2
Be

1S2222P1

1S2222P1

1S222SP3

1S222SP4
#)
1S22S22P5

1S22S2SP6
10
Ne

1S1
A!
A'6 N!' 3 !8 8

#
7
1 2>
B'
N!' 1 !
F# ! !) 2 3
58
#
#' '8

#' # # 7 % 8
# 8
'# !
# ! !3 ($ # 8 (
# 1!) (")
' '8
#' ' " ! !

@ D !5 8
' ' (13) '*
.$ # 8 (
# ) 8
#
(
58 5! 3 % 8
#

# "
. ! !) 2 3 8 N! >8 *
. Q@
@ P 8( "( "*
) 13)
' '8 ' 1 3d (

# 8 1 #
2>
$' # 8 (

# 3d (
# !

Q 4S 8 (
#
4S #' !! . # 8 (
# !
4S (
#
5S 8 1 4d 8 M

3
6
3d # !! 4
6
/ . 6
..5P 8
5S 8 1 4f 8
6S 8 1 5d 8
7& ' ! !) 2 3 7

7 8
# 4* B M

# 4* B
.3 $ &
) # 8 (
#
8 % (
58 %! N! 3
7 % 8
. !8 5 F3 6
8 !8
4* B
Aufbau principle ,
!* %!3 ? %!3 A6
:%!3 A5 3
) 8
#
1S
2S
3S
3P
4S
3d
4P
4f
5d
6P
7S
5f
6d
7P
5S
4d
5P
6S
. 3 ,#7 O

10 @'81 ! # 6
) !

5d 8 (
# 4* $

!' ' #!#' %
! 4f 8 (
# 4* 1 8 (

'6

7 5d (
# P ?8
@
.@ (
!
14 @'81 !' #' ('
4f (
# P 1!
3 !

(

(
# P !
6!
7 4f (
# ,> !
.

#' # <
.
%* C#
7 5d 8
%!' 1!' %!3 "X ,#7 .5f 8 (
#
6d 8 (
#
1 #'" '5 ' 6d, 5d, 4d, 3d 8

# P 1 B C1 8
'

. !8 1 F3
%*
' %

orbitals
# #" (
d 8 (
#
.

1
# 4* 1 B 5 7 1
( !! 5
1
@
7 2

) 8
# 4* B (14) * " G
%
.6 F# ,#7 7 ")
. Q )= "*

2 J 6( 14)
# 8 (
# 8
# B " 6
(
#' ' 8
# B# $ ( ! !) 2 3) %
()' '8) #' 8 (
# (1) #) 1
31 # 8

# 4* B & * 5#) A
8 8
# @

'1
1 %'
7 2 0" F# . " 8
,'
!*' %!'3 #7
@ ! % ( !! @
!!' '7 ' ") " 8
#
7

'2 ' . '8 (
# C# 1
7 @8)
G

7 !! G
M A6 : ! %
7
.% ( !! (
# 1 B % 8
#
S
'6
#' % ( !! $ .
# %
7 2 B1
.20
?T
(
#' %
) !! & 20
6
# % ( !! 1
' @8) !! 7 ")
,
!* %!3 #7
.
20
%' '
7 '2 8 (
#
7
:X
#
1S2
2S2
2P6
3S2
3P6
4S2
(
#' " 8
#
7 !! G
1 2>
B' .B'
#
)
7 2 .
# ( !!
6
20
' B'

) * (
#
7 !! N" ( !!
.V (
#
S
%' (' !!' D Ca++
#
)
) 2 B1
.20
6
#
?T
.V
!! % !3 6 M B

1 %
!
!!' & .B'

)
* !! (
# %!
3
7 !!

* !! C R
% ( !! = B

)
7
.
' 18 = 20-2 = Ca++
'1 ' '
7 !! &.B

)
,'
!* %!3 3 % 8
#
7 A6

:
6
#
)
7 2

1S2
2S2
2P6
2S2
3P6
.
18
6
7 G

C' (' !!' B # B#

)
7 2

#' ' !! 6 G
.
) 8
7 !!
!
.,
!* %!3 #7 8
:S
.17
6
( !! D R Cl- !

)
+ 2 B
:?T
!! + ! % ( !! = # B#
)
+ !!
.B#
) # *
'#7

'& 18 = 1 + 17 = !

1
+ !! &
:X
+ 2

+ A6
,
!* %!3
1S2
2S2
2P6
3S2
3P6
:0 $ 12 $3 *4 5 46

1S2
2S2
2P6
3S2
3P5
' "!' (' !

+
% B#
!

1 1
.
& 6 @81 ! # 3P ) 3P (
# % V ?>Q
# # [ "?

Order of filling orbitais
'
+ #
+

+ # ,>
' '") : X !
3 R3 Ground state 5 "
O' 1 ' D' !5 8 # ! $ ,#7 O 7
!'
3 F C @ B
+ 5 F 7 @
.6#
Aufbau
Y$ 5Y ? / $ -

principle
4'* CM

+ 8
# 4* !
6 R
'
+ #' M' ) .. 8 8) 8
#
'
+ #' 4* $ %!3 A5 R3
+ P orbitals
' %
B8)
8) 8
#

#
%!

8 8)
.58 %! B B# (") # D 7
R
1
+ 5#
R'3 '
+ '
+ # 4* B ,#7 O
:X 58 !@ B
2P
3S
3P
4S
4P
5S
5d
6P
7S
5f
6d
7P
4d
Pauli Exciusion principle
5P
6S
4f
-
:
!#7 %!8
! !'& D ?@
% " !
+ 8 7 1
F#
% '
+
1 7 C1
%!8 0
S, m, L, n 6
:X / E

) ! !+ < %!
:S
:6 5 ) ! !+
& (

5 %
n L m S

)
L
1
1 0 0 +
2

L
Hunds rule
-
.Principle of maximum multiplicity %!3 ?

'
+ #' ' N
! 7
+ 1 %!3 A6 0
# 4* !8
( 8
#) !
8 (
# %!

1 B 8 (
# # !
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Periodic properties of elements
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A'6 B'#1
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. " ) 34 R# D89G D = h ); 7# i9 F > Cl > Br > I `64 D)X D% ST -] 34 8 D89: D 7b9 (; ) D)X 9 0 89G L
Atomic radius
6 / .A -2
[ A ?" 3 m n% . m 74 0B `VY G o _ #12 1 3 .Q . 0B l 2 Q ) 84 +, D9(2 )" Q j% k^B
.Du " )M 34 5(; D; N2 0 +, DB] !% j 7# pj ( A 7q r F> Q j% k^ k ST s t F .7 )
6 / .A 9 A' I

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. 1( [9 79 j% k^B 34 V # '( j] k^B 7# |,( [\ 34 @A: (0.5) [\ . Dor '( j] k^B [9 79 j% k^B +, DB]2
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8) O U( 4) ?@
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z . 0B 8 9 + ST 3 + 34 8 zE Q ) 7# @A:B );, L _)6 ^, #1 DB6 Q :
69
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B
C
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Ne
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Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
3
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Electronegativity
$ `@ -6
% A6 6!D /*

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7 IS2 2S2
+ 5
Be
%
1 ?
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7 51 8

!
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V

'!
+ C

@ / .BeH2, BeF2, BeC2
8
/ R 3
2P # N
! Q
& (

IS2 2S2 2P1
(1 V' '>

1 ?
.%!
6#

1
. 6#
>

1 (1 IS2 2S2 2P1 ! 5
%
+ B 1

' 1 8
/ 2P #
! Q
& (
%
'
.C' V
>

V

'
+ #' N' '2 ,
6Q
@ A6 V =*
% V ?>Q "
+ # N 2 A5 R 3 .(5 )
#' ? %!! #
%!
3
58
(>
R P, S)
0
'" '
# 7
) A6
.Hybrid orbitals (5 ) N
7'
) !! 6!! (
#
. 8
* < 5
H 55

.Hybridization 5
1 N # A6 .N *
YYY YYY YYY YYYnG_? YYY"; YYY_ YYY

:_ H
N $! G
6 Linear Hybridization " N
1 SP 5 /1
N' N' #
P # !

1
S !

1
.180 #

.(SP)
:S
:0 * 12 $3 G$ :* D
'8 $!' . 6#' '

5 >
! Q
& !
>
A6
Q 2P 7
1 !1 & 2S
& 3
Promotion
L
% B' E@'
8
1 8 8 # " 8 N
:X %

6#
5

! Q
&
% E@
?>'" '8

.
%
M /* 5

'
S
) 4*
&
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8
[' .%
'3
# 1 ?
2P
+ / *

.180

* " [ F-Be-F
!

$! $

F# N 2 ,
6 =*
'8
# N
1

P, S 7
1 N
%
'"W [
[

1
H

* < 5
.4@
S-orbital
P-orbital
Two SP-hybrid orbitals
N 7
1 " ! $! SP G

1

N !

(
81

2Px
7
1
SP
.180

" ; [
P S
F

@ F I? !

Trigonal Hybridization :;%E: B" =<" >" 5 SP2 /2
P G
' ' # S G
# N $! G
6
H G

* < 5
8
# %!! N # >

'8 '1 '& 5

#
$ G>) (
# $ E# (
#
.120 (
# #

$
:S
!'
$'

!
$

% > V
: 12 G$ .

:1<"

! Q
& > !

) 6#
>
%

' 7 1 '8
'
.
> (V ?>Q
' 2P # "X 7
2S #
5) %
3
#
(#'
2S # N $! R1 6 . >
P #
' '

*
8
# SP2 G
N # >

.2P
2P G
' # > N # " ! .120 5

H
(
#' E# $ 1 & 5
N
>

.
>
S:X 5* G>)

@ F b!
! XA
Tetragonal :H??: ?? *4??" *?? >??" 5 SP3 ?? /3

Hybridization
G
7
1 >
S G

1 G
6 5
& H

8
* < 5 SP3 5 7
1 1

P
#' '

. 5 #
% 3 C
) 2 6 1
'
' ' V =* 5 G
5 .109 5 N
: !7 5
%
+ B :C
:B E@ %

3
! Q
& (
(1
. 6#' '
1
5
! Q
& 1 !
(1
2S / *
%!
) .%
3
#
7 )
1 8

2S #' ' ' N' %

" .2P / *
(") >
SP3 G
' 5 7
1 1

% > 2P #

!5 % 1S # " ! #
C
) 6 1 & 5

. [

>
R
.
!
Square Plane Hybridization :I" &" >" 5 dSP2 /4
PZ, PY '6
P G

1
d G

1 5 6
.*'
8
# 5 7
1 1

S G
!

1

% 3 E# 1 & C
) 7
)
.90 7
)
dSP2 / "! I" "*

: .>
G
6 !

Ni (CN) 4 2
Pt (NH3)2 Cl2
:1 <%< *

< >" 5 SP3d 5 dSP3 /5
Trigonal Bipyramid Hybridization
'
1
S G
!

1 % 5 G
6
. ' 'Q 5 7
1 #"

P G
7
1 >
d G

#' . ' #' >
A7 (!

# #

' 3 A6 > #

(") > # 90

)
'52
.120 '> #
.G>) (
# $ E# (
#
!'
<'" :?<" .%!3 * C
) > 6 * H *
.
#
!
<"

#

Octahedral :H?: ?"< >?" 5 SP3 d2 5 d2SP3 ; " /6
Hybridization
G

1
S !

) % 5 $! $
? '1 . ' '5 7'
1 #

.P G
7
1 >
d
. !
<!# / .C
) 1 & 5
7
)
;9; 9S# nG< D _ i

#' ' N (") +
+ [

% B
SP2 G
5
.
%
+
S:X C %
!7
: H T
:S T

)
N 7
1 >

SP2 G
5
C
!
E# 3 > 5 7
)
.5 "! 2P G

'6 E'# ' R!

)
.G>) (
# $ 1 &
[
!
.E# #1 ,
E# 1 # , .$
' % ' !
SP2 G
N # # M +
.5' ' " !' '# '
[
*

G

5 > N # "X #
'

8 #
.
!5 % #
.(
Side-biside R >
R " ! R >" ! 5 *
!F.
% I? !

# 6 !&

+ [
! M /
.( (
81 #
.( (")

% 7
) 5 H-C = C-H #7 [

'
. % %& ! 2PX
1
2S
1
SP G

E'#
) 6
8
# SP N 7
1
1
PY2
2PZ
' % ' '"X
) .180 5

!
O' 5' !

3 5 *

' % ' !
5
1 .SP
1 C !

(
#
N
' .C-C
' # ( 5 5) " ! R

IS #'
% !
N #
'# G

5 5 " ! 3
!5
R' >
R " !' R' >" ! % !
Py, Px # N
.R1
'
'
3 < PZ (# " ! .(

:( G
("1
!F O I? !

G< ?"
' % 6
.#1 %

!6 , [

%' 1 E
.IS2 2S2 2P4
6 !7 5
+ 5
.[

' '5 PZ, PY # !
& !7 5 #)
PZ, PY (#' .#') % %&

!
!6 6#
'

1 33 .90 5

5 !
8 .5 2 R3 6 =*
.104.27 (
# 51 !
#) [
% ' '5 7'
1 1

SP3 G
5

: 8
# #)
:!X*O 8
PQ 2
:!X*O SP3 I
'
+ N
5 (
) 5 7
)
1
' '"X
)
. Q 7
1 6
4
! !
S '
1 " !
%!
N
! Q
& (
5
6 109.28 (
# 7

M ("1 % .
!5 %
'Q
+
! !

& 6 .104.35 (
# 5
8

.'1 %
3 O 5
Lone Paris 7 *
'1 %!!* ! 5
!5
#) B 8 & (!V
' !'
! N

) [ $ .
) [
. N

'3 $' #) [ C
) 6 * @ /
: N
.* 6 1
+ !

!X*O IX @/A>

9 p4 G< ?"
B
SP3d G

#
% A6 5 $! $
IS2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P

'6 [ % 6

#
%
+
. '! ' PX, PY, PZ #
! Q
& > (

! Q
& #" ) B
#
!
<" [

3d 7'
1 '& 3S '
)
+ /
.
#
%
:% X 8 6
8 N 6
Q
: !T
:S T
5 7
1 #"

d, 3P3, 3S 7
1 5 $!
(!' C'
) '> 6 1 & H 5

SP3d G

8'
'7 '3 #

A
#
% 3 .%!3
G>') (
# $ E# (") > 7
) 3 90 #
.120

$ ) 5

$

@ F V" I?
3
(
* < [ #!5 *
.[
Z $ 9D G< ?"

IS2 2S2 SP6 3P4
'6 !7 5 %
+ B
.3Pz, 3Py #
! Q
& (
C1 /

'& '8
@ SF6 [

# !# V =*
%M /
3d (
# & 53
3P
1
3S
1 !
: 8 6! !&

%
: !T
:S T
(
#
% V ?>Q )
+ 7
) "!
5 . 8
# 5 7
1 #

d2 SP3 G
5
N
!7 6#
5
.N
! Q ! !

& (

H C
# 5 7
) .

&
S:X Regular tetrahedron 2 * 1
=

@ F I?
'1 C
"X 7
!
E# 3 5 7
1 1
.C ! * E# 6 #1
:nG_ H ) :S)

Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) LCAD
#' #' % !
L
+ #
1
!
. # #

L
+ #
(
6
d, P, S # 3 # 4*
+
. %!! ( #

# #

A'6 4*' '
+ 1
@'
+ B , !
R3 [ 8 (
# 81 "!
&
."X !
& #
'1 # 7 # )
%!8
+
1 .

1 %!3
.(4
! "
&
'5 [
6

!5 [ *8 1! &
' >' M' '7 $
!' ! 1S ( # 4*
& (

!

5 D 3
!5 [
+
' ! ' " !'
3 / !
L (
+ # )
(
# # !! . # D*
"X
L

!'5 % # !
/
* # !!
'
= D*
5 & # & D*
)
:X
5
! #
b = A (1S)
B (1S)
a = A (1S)
B (1S)
A, B ' '

L # B (1S)
A (1S) $
#' a '
' # # b #

.' '4 #' 8 81
# . 4 #
' M' .
! > *
!
1 + > 1 2>
D*' '" '> &
# D* 5* >
. Q #
#

> .
! " 7 E
(5) *
" ! F & .!3
(
# E
3 "
.
! >
'& ?' '3 '

! M %!

> 5
!
'# 3 " !

! (!+ +
3 &
.5
.5 =
! M (") ! (S)
'
S G
' #
#
' ' # / .
@

'# # # ) # A6 PX, PY #
' ' Q #
#
. 5

' ' # # M ("1 .*
Q ) # A6 PZ G
#
1 PY G

' 5
( # #

@

( ' 6 8

.* C 5 Q #

)
' !!' R 8
# # 5
#
.( # #
2 Q *F 8
1S "* X
2 Q *F 8
2PX "* X ]
IX F
)(5
R!@' R 5 8 B# 5 3# #
: 8 " R 3
1S, * 1S, 2S, * 2S, 2PX, 2PY = 2PZ, * 2PZ = * 2Py, * 2Px
nG_ ) D q`9

.N
1 ! Q1 # S1
!
# !
# N
S2
.
B ( #
(1) # N
!> S3
S: # ?
2

.R3 8 < 5
1 B %! # S1
.5 " ! 1 B %! # SB

' ' (1 ' < 5
1 B %! # SN
.
@

!!' ?@
%! # !! (
# # !! S4
. Q # ?@
# ; #
*' !
5 8 R 3 R!@ R B
2 # S5
52 ! @)
+ M .
+ B
' 8) # 4* $ .

1 %!3 R3 #
#
+ @8) !! !!
(7
%!8 F 8
.4
! " 3
M
Bond order : S6
#
+ !!) (
#

!! <3
.( Q #
+ !!

O
+ B , 1 Z8#
' # 2 R3

#
'" %!# #
+
$
. # # 8
;< G< -1

#' !'
5 ! 1S
& (

1 4 # 8 1 $
. 1*S 8 1 "X
1bS 6 !&
. '

# 4*
+ N
M #
(6) * 4
! "
+ $
(6)
1
1 = (@ 2)
2

=
H2: (1S)2 : 4@ B

!5 [
+ B
9 G< 9 G< -2

! 1S ( # >4*
&
5 % (

'
' Q *1S "X
1S 6!1 # !
CM 5
8 8) #
+ N
4* 1 #
[ !
7
$! 7
8 Q # D 4
.
7
@ = (2S2) =
5 [ #
3 !

5
& > (

+
2 He
5
1 [
#

+ N
1S # 4* $ 3
B'
2/1 = (1S2) 2/1 = ' .!

M Q
= (1S)2 (*1S)7 +2 He
6
5
1 [
+
;< G< -3

' (
[
1S2 2S2 2P3
6
%
+ B
(1) '7 * Q 6
K, K ?>4 !
5 1 .
& 14
10 '3 .
' '52 7
(' 'Q "X
6!1 # >4*
' ') '
+ . " # G

&
' 'Q
# 4* 1S
& 5 2S #
' % >) 8 #
+ .
52 7 %
*2S, 2S
6!1 #
2PX #
2PX, 2PY, 2PZ #
' [' #' '
+ N
4*
*2Px Q "X
2Px

'& (
5 PZ, PY # . Q # # C8 O"7
'Q '
# 6!1 # 2Py #

%
' #' 2PZ #
R1
*2Py, 2Py # 6

<
+ N
# 4* Q "X
6!1
.*2Pz, 2Pz #

N2: K K (2S) (*2S) (2PX)2 (2Py)2 (2PZ)2

2
/' ' (1S)2 (*1S)2 F4 ?>4 B * K K $
' '")
G
%!

> (

[ 1 E
. G

3 = (2 8)
1
2

=
IX
] IX* F */ ?! ) / I? :(7)
;_ G< -4
['
' !'
1S2 2S2 2P4 #') %
+ B
S:
+

.#)
O2: KK (2S)2 (*2S)2 (2PX)2 (2Py)2 (2PZ)2 (*2Py)1 (*2PZ)1

' 6!'1
! (
#) [ 1 ( /
Q #
! Q
& (

.(
#
#'4 #) [
/ !7 5 *2P1y *2P1Z
." ?>4
+ N
! !
1

2 = (6 10) 2
=
) :(8
! ?I O* !X) *F */ ]
IXIX

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