Kingdom of Saudi Arabia King Saud University College of Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering

Optimal Design of Hybrid MSF/RO Desalination Plant

Submitted By: Abdullah I. Al-Khudhiri Supervised BY: Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering December 2006

Optimal Design of Hybrid MSF/RO Desalination Plants

Submitted By: Abdullah I. Al-Khudhiri

Supervised By: Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz

Examination Committee Members 1- Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz 2- Dr. Malik I. Al-Ahmad 3- Dr. Osman A. Hamed

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering December 2006

Table of Content
Table of Contents List of Table List of Figures Nomenclature Acknowledgment Abstract i v vii ix xii xiii

CHAPTER1 Introduction
1-1 Importance of Desalination in Saudi Arabia 1-2 Seawater and Drinking Water Properties 1-3 The Current Work

1
1 3 5

CHAPTER2 Major Desalination Technologies

2-1 Reverse Osmosis System (RO) 2-2 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) 2-3 Electrodialysis 2-4 Vapor Compression 2-5 Freezing 2-6 Solar Desalination

6
7 9 12 13 15 16

CHAPTER3 MSF and RO Modeling and Economics

Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) 3-1-1 MSF-Once Through 3-1-1-1 Definition and Advantages 3-1-1-2 Simplified Model of MSF-Once Through

18
19 19 19 19

3-1-1-2-1Temperature Distribution 3-1-1-2-2 Energy Balance On Stage i 3-1-1-2-3 Stage Material and Salt Balance 3-1-1-2-4 Brine Heater and Condensers Heat Transfer Area 3-1-1-2-5 Total Plant Areas 3-1-1-3 Water Production Cost Estimation of MSF-OT Plant 3-1-2 MSF- Brine Recirculation 3-1-2-1 Definition and Advantages 3-1-2-2 Simplified Model for MSF- Brine Recirculation 3-1-2-2-1 Overall Material Balance 3-1-2-2-2 Temperature Distribution 3-1-2-2-3 Energy Balance On Stage i 3-1-2-2-4 Stage Material and Salt Balance 3-1-2-2-5 Brine Heater and Condensers Heat Transfer Area 3-1-2-2-6 Total Plant Heat Transfer Areas 3-1-2-3 MSF-BR Economics 3-2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) 3-2-1 Definition and Advantages 3-2-2 Simplified Model of RO Design 3-2-3 Cost Methodology of RO 3-2-3-1 Water Production Cost Estimation of RO Plant 3-2-3-1-1 Estimation of the direct capital cost 3-2-3-1-2 Estimation of the water production cost 3-3 Comparative Study of MSF and RO

20 20 21 23 24 24 27 27 27 28 28 29 30 33 35 35 36 36 37 38 38 40 41 43

CHAPTER4
Hybrid MSF/RO Desalination Systems 4-1 Identification of Hybridization System 4-2 Advantages of hybrid MSF/ RO system 4-3 Previous Work 4-4 Options for Hybridization System 45 46 46 48 53

4-4-1 Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants 4-4-1-1 Simplified MSF-OT/RO Design Procedure Cost Methodology 4-4-1-2 Simple MSF-BR/RO Design Procedure Cost Methodology 4-4-2 Integrated Hybrid Desalination Plants 4-4-2-1 Integrated Hybrid MSF-OT/RO 4-4-2-1-1 MSF-OT brine as a feed of RO Design Procedure Cost Methodology 4-4-2-1-2 RO reject brine as a feed part of MSF-OT Design Procedure Cost Methodology 4-4-2-2 Integrated Hybrid MSF-BR/RO 4-4-2-2-1 MSF cooling water as a feed of RO Design Procedure Cost Methodology 4-4-2-2-2 part of MSF brine and part of cooling water as feed of RO Design Procedure Cost Methodology 4-4-2-2-3 Mixing MSF feed with RO rejected brine Design Procedure Cost Methodology 4-4-2-2-4 RO rejected brine is used as MSF feed Design Procedure Cost Methodology

53 53 53 54 56 56 57 58 58 58 58 59 60 60 61 62 62 62 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 68 69

CHAPTER5 5-Results and Discussions

5-1 Results of Single Type Desalination Plants 5-1-1 MSF-Once Through (MSF-OT) 5-1-2MSF- Brine Recirculation (MSF-BR) 5-1-3 Reverse Osmosis (RO) 5-2 Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants 5-2-1 MSF-OT/RO 5-2-2 MSF-BR/RO 5-3 Integrated Hybrid Desalination Plants 5-3-1 MSF-OT brine as feed of RO 5-3-2 Mixing RO brine reject with MSF feed 5-3-3 MSF-BR cooling water as feed of RO 5-3-4 Part of MSF Brine and Part of Cooling Water as feed of RO 5-3-5 Mixing MSF-BR feed with RO rejected brine 5-3-6 RO rejected brine as MSF-BR feed 5-4 Summary of water production and production cost 5-5 Discussion

70 71 71 74 77 79 79 83 87 87 91 95 99 103 107 111 112

CHAPTER6 6-Conclusion and Recommendations

6-1 Conclusion 6-2 Recommendations 115 116 117

Bibliography Appendix A
MATLAB Computer Programs for Desalination Plants

118 122

List of Tables
Table 1-1 Saudi desalination plants Production Table 1-2 Major constituents of seawater Table 1-3 Drinking Water Standards Table 5-1 MSF-OT Characteristic Table 5-2 MATLAB Result of MSF-OT ( Modeling ) Table 5-3 MATLAB Result of MSF-OT ( Economics ) Table 5-4 MSF-BR Characteristic Table 5-5 MATLAB Result of MSF-BR (Modeling) Table 5-6 MATLAB Result of MSF-BR (Economics) Table 5-7 RO Characteristic Table 5-8 MATLAB Result of RO (Modeling) Table 5-9 MATLAB Result of RO (Economics) Table 5-10 The feed flow rate of simple hybrid MSF-OT / RO Table 5-11 MATLAB Result of Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants MSF-OT/RO(Modeling) Table 5-12 MATLAB Result of Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants MSF-OT/RO(Economics) Table 5-13 The feed flow rate of simple hybrid MSF-BR/ RO Table 5-14 MATLAB Result of Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants MSF-BR/RO(Modeling) Table 5-15 MATLAB Result of Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants MSF-BR/RO(Economics) Table 5-16 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-OT1/ RO Table 5-17 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-OT1/ RO (Modeling) Table 5-18 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-OT1/ RO (Economics) 88 87 87 84 83 83 80 2 4 4 71 71 71 74 74 74 77 77 77 79 79

Table 5-19 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSFOT2/RO Table 5-20 MATLAB Result of integrated hybridMSF-OT2 / RO (Modeling) Table 5-21 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-OT2/ RO (Economics) Table 5-22 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSFBR1/RO Table 5-23 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR1/RO (Modeling) Table 5-24 MATLAB Result of integrated hybridMSF-BR1/RO (Economics) Table 5-25 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSFBR2/RO Table 5-26 MATLAB Result of integrated hybridMSF-BR2/RO (Modeling) Table 5-27 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR2/RO (Economics) Table 5-28 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSFBR3/RO Table 5-29 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR3/RO (Modeling) Table 5-30 MATLAB Result of integrated hybridMSF-BR3/RO (Economics) Table 5-31 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSFBR4/RO Table 5-32 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR4/RO (Modeling) Table 5-33 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR4/RO (Economics) Table 5-34 Summary of Production & Production Cost

91 91

92

95 95 96 99 99 100 103 103 104 107 107 108 111

List of Figures
Fig 2-1 Reverse Osmosis System (RO) Fig 2-2 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Fig 2-3 Electrodialysis Fig 2-4 Vapor Compression Fig 2-5 Freezing Fig 2-6 Single Basin Solar Still Fig 3-1 MSF-Once Through Fig 3-2 MSF- Brine Recirculation Fig 3-3 Reverse Osmosis RO Fig 3-4: a simplified RO membrane Fig4-1: Simplified MSF-OT/RO Design Fig4-2: Simplified MSF-BR/RO Design Fig4-3: MSF-OT brine as a feed of RO Fig4-4: RO reject brine as a feed part of MSF-OT Fig4-5: MSF cooling water as a feed of RO Fig4-6: part of MSF brine and seawater as feed of RO Fig4-7: Mixing MSF feed with RO rejected brine Fig4-8: rejected brine as MSF feed Fig 5-1: MSF-Once Through Fig 5-2: MSF- Brine Recirculation Fig 5-3: Reverse Osmosis RO Fig 5-4: Simple Hybrid Desalination Plant (MSF-OT/RO) Fig 5-5: Simple Hybrid Desalination Plant ( MSF-BR/RO ) Fig 5-6: MSF-OT brine as feed of RO Fig 5-7: Mixing RO brine reject with MSF feed Fig 5-8: MSF Cooling Water as feed of RO Fig 5-9: Part of MSF Brine and Part of Cooling Water as feed of RO Fig 5-10:Mixing MSF feed with RO rejected brine 7 9 12 13 15 16 19 27 36 37 53 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 73 76 78 82 86 90 94 98 102 106

Fig 5-11: RO rejected brine as MSF-BR feed

110

Nomenclature
MHf Mf Ff AW AS ks p1 tcw nJ nr Tcw Ts To Tn cp Xf Xb Mcw Md Mb Mr Ms Xr Ub Ab Ur Ar Uj Total hybrid seawater feed, MSF feed, RO feed, Pure water permeability, Salt permeability, Mass transfer coefficient, Operating pressure, Feed Temperature, Total number of rejection section stages, Total number of recovery section stages, Intake seawater Temperature, Steam temperature, Top brine temperature, Brine temperature in the last stage, Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid, Salinity of the intake seawater, Salinity of the rejected brine, Cooling water, Product feed (MSF-BR), The rejected brine flow rate, Brine recycle flow rate, Steam flow rate, Recycled brine concentration, The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Brine heater area, The overall heat transfer coefficient of recovery section, Recovery section Area, The overall heat transfer coefficient of rejection C C C C kJ/kgoC ppm ppm Kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h ppm Kw/m2 oC m2 kW/m2 oC m2 kW/m2 oC Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h m/sec pa m/sec m/sec pa C

section, Aj Ac PR Atotal cw cp Fp Frj crj Atmod MHd XHd MHb XHb CDM CIDM Csteam Cche Cpower Cspar Clab COM CAM MScost_p Rf costmem costcivil costdir cost1 costfix Rejection section Area, Total condenser area, The performance ratio, Total heat transfer area, Salt concentration at membrane wall, permeate Concentration, Total Product Flow Rate (RO), Reject flow rate, Concentration of reject flow rate Total membrane area, Total product of hybrid system (MSF/ RO), Concentration of hybrid system (MSF/ RO), Total BRINE of hybrid system (MSF / RO), Concentration of hybrid system, Direct capital investment, Indirect capital investment, Steam cost, Chemical treatment, Power Cost, Spares Cost, Labor Cost The Operation & maintenance Cost Annual Cost Production Cost of MSF, Recovery fraction, Membrane cost, Civil cost estimation, Direct capital cost Fixed charges cost, Annual fixed charges, $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 m2 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/h kg/h kg/m3 m2 kg/h ppm kg/h ppm $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 m2 m2

cost2 costep cost3 costche cost4 costmem_rep cost5 costlabor costRO_total ROprod_cost CostH1 CostH2 CostH3 CostH4 costH_total COSTHA totalcost

Electric power cost, Annual electric power cost, chemicals cost, Annual chemicals cost, Membrane replacement Annual membrane replacement, Annual labor cost, Annual labor cost RO plant cost, Production Cost of RO, Electromechaical equipment cost, Hybrid civil work cost, Hybrid elctrochlorination, Hybrid brine disposal cost, Reference hybrid intake-outfall cost annual plant intake-outfall cost, Water cost of integrated hybrid (MSF/RO),

$/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $ $ $ $ $/year $/year $/m3

COSTINT_HY Total annual cost of integrated hybrid (MSF/RO), $/year

Acknowledgment
Praise and Thanks first and last to almighty Allah
I Would like to thank deeply Prof. Ibrahim Al-mutaz for suggesting the topic of this thesis and for his suggestions. Prof. Ibrahim Al-mutaz alloys support me and give me great help throughout this thesis. Also, I Would like to thank Chemical Engineering Department for their cooperation and encouragement. Finally, I Would like to thank my parents and my wife.

Abstract
This thesis addressed a very important subject in the desalination field. It is called hybrid desalination. Hybrid desalination systems combining both thermal and membrane desalination processes in the same site are currently considered a good economic alternative to either of these two processes when operated individually. The research work carried out to simulate hybrid desalination processes is limited. The main objective of the thesis is to carry out an in-depth and comprehensive simulation study to determine the optimum design configuration of hybrid desalination systems combining synergistically multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination with seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process. The impact of combining MSF and SWRO desalination processes in different hybrid configurations on water production cost was explored. Mathematical steady state models which incorporated mass and energy balances equations were combined with economic relationships to predict the unit water production cost as a targeted objective function. The simulation models developed in this work and the results obtained can be as an appropriate guide by designers and operators to optimize the design and operating conditions of hybrid desalination systems. A total of eleven desalination systems were simulated and analyzed. For comparison, the first three desalination arrangements include SWRO and MSF with and without brine recirculation. The fourth and fifth systems considered a simple hybrid configuration where The MSF and SWRO processes are operating in parallel forming simple hybrid arrangements. The remaining six systems include partially or totally integrated SWRO/MSF hybrid desalination systems. For each system mass, energy balance and heat capacity equations together with economic relationships were developed and solved by a using MATLAB computer programs to estimate the water production cost for a specific

seawater feed. For each of the eleven examined desalination systems the init water production cost (objective function) was predicted as an output of the MATLAB simulation programs. The desalinated water production cost ranged between 0.6279 $/m3 and 1.025$/m3 .The standalone SWRO and MSF without recirculation represent the two boundaries of the water production cost spectrum. The cost comparison identified the hybrid configuration that results in relatively low water production cost. The study revealed hybridization of SWRO and MSF processes would result in better economic viability than those corresponding to the standalone MSF processes.

Chapter 1 Introduction

1-Introduction 1-1 Importance of Desalination in Saudi Arabia

The Arabian Gulf countries have about 60% of the total world desalting capacity. Saudi Arabia has the largest capacity of desalination in the world. Desalination in Saudi Arabia started in 1907. The first multistage flash plant, MSF, was built in Doba and Al-Wajh on the Red Sea coast in 1969 with a capacity of 227.1m3/day. On the Arabian Gulf, Al-Khobar I was started in 1973 with a capacity of 28,390 m3/day. All these plants are MSF type. The first RO seawater desalination plant in Saudi Arabia was constructed in Jeddah (Jeddah RO-1) in 1978 with a capacity of 12,110m3/day. Al-Jubail phase II is considered the world largest desalination plant. It has a design capacity of about 960,000m3/day and was on operation in 1983. It comprises 40 MSF units each producing 23,500m3/day [1]. Most of the Saudi desalination plants are multistage flash type MSF. Saudi MSF plants capacity are more than 33% of the total world MSF desalting capacities. Saudi MSF plants accounted for more than 19% of the total numbers of MSF units. Reverse Osmosis, RO, has about 17.8% of the total desalting capacity of plants producing more than 4000 m3/day [1]. In 2004, there were 25 desalination plants in operation in Saudi Arabia with a design total capacity of about 2.88 Mm3/day. Nine of the 25 operated desalination facilities in Saudi Arabia are dual system plants that generate about 3,600 MW of electricity per day or 33%of the total power generated in the country [2].

Table1-1 Saudi desalination plants Production[2]. Region Plant Al-Jubail Water production (m3/day) 118,447 815,185 78,182 1,011,814 191,780 240,800 432,580 19,682 1,464,076 38,916 75,987 190,555 48,848 48,848 402,154 191,780 390,909 582,687 94,625 120,069 106,904 321,625 91,000 3,784 Al-Jubail Al-Jubail RO Total AlKhobar II AlKhobar III Total AlKhafji

Al-Jubail

AlKhobar AlKhafji

Total Water production of East Coast Jeddah II Jeddah III

Jeddah

Jeddah IV Jeddah I RO Jeddah II RO Total Shoaibah I

Shoaibah

Shoaibah II Total Yanbu I Yanbu II

Yanbu

Yanbu RO Total Al Shkik I Hagl

Al Shkik

Duba AI-Waih

3,784 3,611 3,784 1,978 3,870 1,952 1,505 24,268 1,421,736

Small Plants

Urn Lujj Rabig Aziziah AlBirk Farasan Total

Total Water production of West Coast

Total SWCC Production

2,885,812

1-2 Seawater and Drinking Water Properties

Seawater is composed of about 96.57% water and 3.5% dissolved substances of various elements. Seawater concentration in the Arabian Gulf countries

is considered to be the highest concentrations in the world, 41000-45000 ppm. Seawater constituents can be divided into the following categories [3]: Major elements with concentrations of more than 100 ppm, such as chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium and potassium. Minor elements which have concentrations between 1 and 100 ppm.
These include bromine, carbon, boron and fluorine. Traces of all other elements with concentrations below 1 ppm. These elements have a total concentration below 0.24%. Three compounds or six elements, represent about 98% of the total mineral concentration.

Table1-2 Major constituents of seawater (ppm) [3] Constituent Arabian Gulf Red Sea Chloride, Cl Sodium, Na + :Sulfate, SO42Magnesium, Mg2+ Calcium, Ca2+ Potassium, K + Bicarbonate, HCO3 Strontium, Sr2Bromide, Br Fluoride, F Silicon,Si4 Iod1de, I Total dissolved salt 23,000 15,850 3,200 1,765 500 460 142 80 45,000 22,219 14,255 3,078 742 225 210 146 72 41,000

Normal Seawater 18,980 10,550 2,649 1,272 400 380 140 13 65 1 1 34,438

Table 1-3 Drinking Water Standards (ppm)[4] Constituent Maximum Optimum Concentration Concentration Carbon dioxide 20 Carbonates(Na,K) 150 Chlorides 250 250 Chlorine 1 Copper 3 Fluorides 1.5 0.5 Iron 0.3 Lead 0.1 Magnesium 125 125 Zinc 15 Nitrate 10 NaCl 250 Sulfate 250 250 Total Dissolved 550 500 Salts

1-3 The Current Work

This study will focus on finding the optimum design of hybrid MSF/ RO desalination plant. Research methodology can be summarized as follows: Review of the existing RO and MSF desalination plants in Saudi Arabia for: - understanding the general design characteristics of these processes. - exploring the advantages of each process. Suggestion of applicable design configurations of the hybrid MSF/RO systems. Modeling of each proposed design configurations of the hybrid MSF/RO systems by solving the governing conservation equations of mass and energy. Performing an economic optimization study based on the minimum water production cost for each proposed hybrid MSF/RO configurations.

Chapter 2
Major Desalination Technologies

2-Major Desalination Technologies 2-1 Reverse Osmosis System (RO):

Fig 2-1 Reverse Osmosis System (RO) [ 5]

All of the RO cases presented are based on the use of spiral wound membrane. The brackish water units are operated at 400 psi and the seawater plant is operated at about 1000 psi. It should be emphasized that feed water quality is very important to the success of RO. The pretreatment section must be designed and operated with due regard for the composition of the specific water being used. For seawater, it is assumed that filtration followed by treatment with acid and SHMP (sodium hexametaphosphate). Enough acid should be added to reduce the pH to 6.2-6.4. Additional pretreatment would be required for waters with high turbidity or a high content of bacteria and algae[5]. Some of the general considerations in pretreatment for RO are[5]: Iron and manganese must be removed to around 0.5 ppm or less, depending on the type of membrane. The calcium concentration should be 600 ppm or less to prevent scaling as the concentration increases in the water brine. Injection of SHMP

permits calcium concentrations up to 900 ppm, but for high calcium concentrations, other means of water softening may be necessary. Chlorine addition may be required to kill marine life or control bacterial action.Bacterial attack can destroy the membranes. Acid addition (usually sulfuric acid) may be required to eliminate calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide deposits and to reduce the pH to 5.56.5. Final polishing filters are required to eliminate particulate matter. The extent of pretreatment is related to the water recovery of the plant, in as much as the highest recoveries result in the most concentrated waste brines. Scaling may also increase because the reject brine becomes more concentrated and the solubility limits of scale-forming compounds such as calcium sulfate may be exceeded. Seawater typically is taken from a submerged inlet equipped with coarse screens to keep out fish and trash. In most cases, concentrated brine from seawater RO would probably be returned to the sea. In most RO plants the high pressure brine stream is let down to a lower pressure through a throttling valve and the energy in the high pressure stream is not utilized. As the cost of energy rises, it becomes more and more attractive to recover this energy, especially in large plants. A simple way to recover some of the energy is to use hydraulic turbines connected to the high pressure pumps or to an electric generator. A preliminary evaluation indicates that the additional capital for power recovery is probably not justified for plants under about 10 mgd.

2-2 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF)

Fig 2-2 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) [5]

MSF process can be designed on bases of once-through (no brine recirculation) or brine recirculation flow systems which we will describe. MSF-once through type has two main sections which are heat recovery section and brine heater section. However, the brine recirculation type has extra section which is heat rejection section. The once-through system is the simplest in design and operation, but it is not so efficient as the recirculation system. The entire feed stream must be treated with chemicals for control of scale and corrosion. To minimize treatment costs, polyphosphate treatment is usually used, thereby limiting the maximum operating temperature to about 88C. With the more expensive acid dosing, which is economical for recirculation plants, the maximum temperature can be about 121C [5]. Steel is generally used as a material of construction for MSF shells. The shell cross-section may be circular, rectangular, or irregular. Flat surfaces are usually reinforced with external steel ribs to resist internal or external pressure.

MSF tubes are subjected to corrosive environments. Suitable materials vary with the conditions of usage but they include titanium, copper-nickel alloy, copper-nickel aluminum alloy, and aluminum brass [5]. The actual design depends on specific conditions such as the temperature and composition of the feed water, steam pressure available, and the cost of steam and electricity. An actual seawater MSF plant might consist of 19-30 heat recovery stages and 2-3 heat rejection stages. Seawater at about 20C is screened and pumped through the condenser tubes of the final, or heat rejection stages of the plant. With any seawater feed, chlorination may be necessary at the source to inhibit biological growth in the water. After being heated in the condenser tubes, about 60% of the water is discharged to the sea (cooling water) and the remainder is feed water for the plant. Sulfuric acid is metered into the feed water to decompose bicarbonates, which would otherwise cause fouling of heat transfer surfaces in the unit. The acidified stream is pumped to a deaerator-decarbonator tower for separation of carbon dioxide and other dissolved gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. Steam may be admitted at the bottom of the tower to assist in separation of the gases, which are vented to a vacuum system. A metered stream of 50% caustic may be added to the water leaving the deaerator-decarbonator to raise the pH to a noncorrosive level [5]. The treated seawater is mixed with concentrated brine from the last stage and the mixture is pumped to the heat recovery section. The brine mixture contains approximately 30% fresh feed and 70% recirculated brine. It enters the preheater tubes and flows through the entire heat recovery section, being preheated by the condensing product water on the outside of the tubes. When it leaves the preheater, the brine enters a brine heater, where it is heated to its maximum temperature, about 121C by steam from a boiler or by waste heat from some other source. The maximum temperature is limited by the scaleforming properties of the brine and it depends on the kind of pretreatment

used and the concentration ratio desired. High brine temperatures are desirable for high efficiencies and minimum cost [5]. The brine heater supplies all of the thermal energy used for vaporizing water in the plant. From the heater, the brine passes through a flow control valve into the first and hottest stage of the MSF unit. Because this stage is at a lower pressure than the brine heater, part of the water in the brine flashes into vapor. It rises through an entrainment separator and condenses on the outside of the preheater tubes, transferring its latent heat to the brine inside the tubes. The remaining brine at the bottom of the stage is cooled by the flashing vapor and it passes through an orifice or flow control weir into the next stage, where the pressure is lower and more flashing occurs. The process is repeated until the brine leaves the last and coldest heat rejection stage at about 32C. Some of the brine is discharged as blowdown to prevent precipitation of salts; the remainder is recycled. The distillate that is condensed on the preheater tubes drops into trays below the tubes and flows from stage to stage through flow control devices much as the brine does. It is pumped from the last stage to storage or distribution. It is essential to have a vacuum system to remove the noncondensible gases from the unit and to maintain the reduced pressures required. A typical system would be a three stage steam jet ejector system with a barometric precondenser, an intercondenser, and a final condenser [5].

2-3 Electrodialysis

Fig 2-3 Electrodialysis [6]

Electrodialysis unit ED comprises a series of alternating cation-permeable (C) and anion-permeable (A) membranes set between two electrodes with saline water being fed in between the membranes. As the DC current passes through the system the water streams become alternately diluted and concentrated giving rise to a product and concentrate. The combination of membranes, spacers, gaskets, electrodes, together with necessary devices for dividing, directing and collecting the-streams of water is called an electrodialysis stack. Each pair of membranes sealed around the edges to prevent leakage and separated by-spacers to provide for water to flow across the membrane surface is called a cell [7]. ED desalination cell contains two different types of ion-selective -membranes. One of the membranes is cation-permeable allows the passage of positive ions (cations) While the other anion-permeable membrane allows the passage of negative ions (anions). If a direct current is established across a stream of saline water passing between a pair of those membranes, ions acting as carriers of electricity will migrate across the stream. The cation-permeable

membrane will permit positive ions (e.g. Na+) to pass through while repelling negative ions (e.g. Cl), and the other membrane allows negative ions to go through but not positive ions. The membranes act as one-way check valves thus preventing the reentry of the ions they let through. Hence, the space between the membranes gets desalted while the streams on the electrode sides become concentrated with the penetrating ions. In practical ED desalting devices many pairs of membranes are used between a single pair of electrodes, forming an ED stack. Plastic separators are inserted in the solution compartment to keep the membranes apart and to promote mixing. The cells can be stacked either horizontally or vertically. The saline water flow is divided into many small streams in which most of the current-carrying ions are trapped in half of these streams and desalted water in the other half. The amount of electric current requirement varies proportionately to the amount of dissolved salts to be removed. Increasing the number of pairs of membranes between the electrodes increases the efficiency of current utilization [7].

2-4 Vapor Compression

Fig 2-4 Vapor Compression [5]

The vapor compression (VC) distillation process is generally used for smalland medium-scale desalting units. The heat for evaporating the water comes from the compression of vapor rather than the direct exchange of heat from

steam produced in a boiler. Two primary methods are used, a mechanical compressor or a steam jet (thermo-vapor-compression). VC is based on compression of the vapor generated by evaporating water to a higher pressure, which allows reuse of the vapor for supplying heat for the evaporating process. Compression of the vapor may be carried out by using a mechanical compressor (the most common way), or by mixing with small amounts of high pressure steam (Thermal Compression). Feed water is preheated against brine and the product leaving the system. Heat transfer usually takes place in the form of a double falling film, which is an effective heat transfer mechanism. The latent heat of evaporating and condensing fluids are very equal. Therefore, the energy required to keep process in operating is only that needed to offset the boiling point elevation on the evaporating side and provide a small difference is 4-5C in order to minimize energy consumption. So that, high performance ratios are obtained from this process[4]. The mechanical vapor compression (MVC) system is the most attractive as it is compact and dose not require an external heating source like other systems, but it does need highly skilled operators and has a higher maintenance cost. The operation of the system at low temperature ranges from 60-70C, and at this low temperature the scale and corrosion are reduced. Aluminum gives the ability to operate at low temperatures [8]. A schematic diagram of a verticaltube design VC Unit as shown above consisting essentially of a shell and tube evaporator, a vapor compressor, and a heat exchanger for recovering heat from the effluent brine and the distillate. In operation, a mixture of vapor and liquid ascends through the tubes at high velocity to provide high heat transfer coefficients. The mixture is discharged from the top of the tubes and follows a tortuous path, as shown to separate the vapor from liquid droplets. The vapor flows to the vapor compressor and is discharged at a higher pressure into the shell side of the evaporator, where it yields its heat to the brine and it is condensed, forming the product water. An

efficient heat exchanger is necessary in order to recover heat from the effluent streams and achieve acceptable economy of operation. Titanium plates are used in heat exchangers in typical units[ 5].

2-5 Freezing

Fig 2-5 Freezing [5]

Freezing has a number of important technical and economic advantages as a desalination process. These advantages include low energy consumption, especially in comparison with distillation, and freedom from corrosion, scaling, and fouling problems. Most of these advantages stem from the use of low temperatures. Because scaling does not occur, pretreatment is usually not necessary [5]. The seawater feed passes through a vacuum deaerator and is cooled by countercurrent flow of product water and reject brine in an aluminum plate type feed heat exchanger. The stream is further cooled to within -17C of its freezing point in a refrigerated feed cooler, then it enters the freezer- absorber unit, which operates under a pressure of about 3.3 mm Hg. A slurry of ice crystals in brine forms in the bottom of the unit. This vapor pressure 3.3 mm Hg is less than that of the seawater slurry and thus provides a driving force for

vaporizing water from it. The slurry of ice crystals in the bottom of the freezer is pumped to a wash column, where a large portion of the brine is separated and recycled to the freezer to maintain a concentration of about 20% ice in the freezer. In a wash column, ice crystals rise to the top, where they are washed by a portion of the product water to remove any adhering brine. Less than 5% of the melt is lost in washing the ice, although a much larger quantity is applied to the top of the wash column. Most of the wash water adheres to the crystals and is recycled between the melter and wash column. When the washed crystals reach the top of the wash column, they are conveyed into the melter, which is combined with the generator to eliminate vapor ductwork. The ice is melted by hot water vapor from the absorbent regenerator. The product water is used to cool incoming feed in the feed heat exchanger [5].

2-6 Solar Desalination

Fig 2-6 Single Basin Solar Still [9]

Solar energy can be converted to heat at low temperatures by direct absorption or to heat at high temperatures by absorption after focusing. This heat can be used directly in desalination processes, so called passive methods. Solar still is the simplest form of solar desalination. It uses the solar energy directly to heat saline water up to its evaporation. The vapors formed are condensed and collected to obtain the product. Water in these stills evaporates at a temperature below its boiling points. Normally evaporation occurs at 50-60C. The average still production per day is 3.3-4.1 liter/m2 [10].

Different solar stills were designed to improve the operating efficiencies. These designs tried to achieve low heat capacity, low air content, vapor tight basin and good insulation around the basin. Increasing radiation and using mltieffect thin film diffusion stills will improve the still performance. Two important problems faced the application of solar energy in desalination. These are the low efficiency of energy conversion and the inefficient storage of energy. So most desalination processes are limited in capacity and work during certain hours in the day time. Solar powered desalination systems do not differ much from conventional desalination systems. They often consist of feed water pretreatment, solar collectors, electric power generator, a distillation or membrane unit with an energy storage subsystem, brine disposal subsystem and product water storage and delivery subsystem [10].

Chapter 3 MSF and RO

Modeling and Economics

3-1 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF):

3-1-1 MSF-Once Through

Fig 3-1 MSF-Once Through

3-1-1-1 Definition and Advantages

The once through system has the following features [11]: - Simple plant operation with few process control since the brine recirculation pump is omitted as well as the heat rejection section. - The brine concentration at the exit of the brine heater is lower if compared with the brine recirculation design. - The cost of chemical dosing is higher than for the recirculation system.

3-1-1-2 Simplified Model of MSF-Once Through:

Basic Assumptions: Constant and equal specific heat for all liquid streams, Cp. Equal temperature drop per stage for the flashing brine. Equal temperature drop per stage for the feed seawater. The latent heat of vaporization in each stage is assumed equal to the average value for the process. Non-condensable gases have negligible effect on the heat transfer process.

 Effects of the boiling point rise and non-equilibrium losses on the stage energy balance are negligible; however, their effects are included in the design of the condenser heat transfer area. The overall material balance equations is given by: Mf = M d + M b distillate, and feed. The overall salt balance is given by Xf Mf = Xb Mb salt free. (3-2) (3-1)

Where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript b, d, and defines the brine,

Where X is the salt concentration. Equation (3-2) assumes that the distillate is

3-1-1-2-1Temperature Distribution
The temperature drop per stage, T, is obtained from the relation T = (To Tn)/n second stages are given by T1 = To T and T2 = T1 T Substituting for T1 in the T2 equation gives T2 = ToT T = To2 T so the temperature of stage i Ti = To i T (3-4) (3-3)

where n is the number of stages. Therefore, the temperature in the first and

3-1-1-2-2 Energy Balance On Stage i

Di-1 Cp Tvi-1 + Bi-1 Cp Ti-1 Di Cp Tvi Bi Cp Ti = Mf Cp (ti-1 ti) Assuming the temperature difference, Ti-1 Tvi-1, is small and has a negligible effect on the stage energy balance. Thus, the above equation reduces to (Di-1 + Bi-1) Cp Ti-1 (Di + Bi) Cp Ti = Mf Cp (ti-1 ti) Recalling that the sum (Di-1+Bi-1) in each stage is equal to Mf, would simplify the above equation to

Mf Cp Ti-1 Mf Cp Ti = Mf Cp (ti-1 ti) Elimination of the like terms on both sides of the equation gives the pursued relation, thus, Ti-1 Ti = ti-1 ti , or generally Ti=ti The seawater temperature, which leaves the condenser of the first stage, is then defined by t1 = Tf + n t The seawater temperature leaving the condenser of the second stage, t2, is less than t1 by t, so t2 = t1t Substituting for t1 in the above equation gives t2 = Tf + (n 1) t So a general equation is obtained for the condenser temperature in stage i ti = Tf + (n (i 1)) t (3-5)

3-1-1-2-3 Stage Material and Salt Balance

The amount of flashing vapor formed in each stage obtained by D1 = y Mf Where D1 is the amount of flashing vapor formed in the first stage, Mf is the feed seawater flow rate, and y is the specific ratio of sensible heat and latent heat and is equal to y =Cp T / av (3-6)

Where Cp is the specific heat capacity and av is the average latent heat calculated at the average temperature Tav = (To + Tn)/2 The amount of distillate formed in the second stage is equal to D2 = y (Mf D1) (3-7)

Substituting the value of D1 in the above equation gives D2 = y (Mf y Mf) This simplifies to D2 = Mf y (1 y) The D3 balance is D3 = y (Mf D1 D2) Substituting for the values of D1 and D2 in the above equation gives D3 = y (Mf Mf y Mf y (1 y) ) Taking (Mf) as a common factor in the above equation gives D3 = Mf y (1 y y + y ) This simplifies to D3 = Mf y (1y)
2 2

The balance equations for D2 and D3 will reveal the general form for the formula of Di. Accordingly, the resulting general formula for Di is Di = Mf y (1 y)(i-1) (3-8)

The total distillate flow rate is obtained by summing the values of Di for all stages. The summation is performed in steps in order to obtain a closed form equation. Therefore, the summation of D1 and D2 gives D1 + D2 = Mf (y + y (1 y) ) = Mf (2 y y ) = Mf (1 (1 y) ) Addition of D3 to the above gives D1 + D2 + D3 = Mf ((2 y y ) + y (1 y) ) This simplifies to D1 + D2 + D3 = Mf (2 y y + y 2 y + y ) = Mf (3 y 3 y + y ) = Mf (3 y 3 y2 + y ) = Mf (1 (1 y) )
3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2

Comparison of the summations of D1+D2 and D1+D2+D3 gives the general form for the total summation of the distillate formed in all stages, Md, which is given by n Md = Mf (1 (1 y) ) (3-9) Equation (3-9) is used to calculate the distillate flow rate, since the feed flow rate is always specified in a design problem. The flow rate of the brine stream leaving stage (i) is given by
Bi = Mf Dk
k =1 i

(3-10)

The salt concentration in the brine stream leaving stage i is given by Xi = Mf Xf /Bi (3-11)

The flow rate of the heating steam, Ms, is obtained the energy balance equation for the brine heater, where Ms s = Mf Cp (To t1) The above equation is arranged to calculate Ms Ms = Mf Cp (To t1) / s

(3-12)

3-1-1-2-4 Brine Heater and Condensers Heat Transfer Area

The brine heater area is given by Ab = Ms s / (Ub (LMTD)b ) Where LMTD is given by (LMTD)b=((TsTo) (Tst1) ) / ln ( (TsT) / (Tst1) ) and Ub is given by [12] Ub=1.7194+3.206310-3Ts+1.597110-5(Ts)21.991810-7(Ts)3 (3-15) The heat transfer area for the condenser in each stage is assumed equal. Therefore, the calculated heat transfer area for the first stage is used to obtain the total heat transfer area in the plant. The condenser heat transfer area in the first stage is obtained from (3-14) (3-13)

Ac = Mf Cp (t1 t2)/(Uc (LMTD)c) Where is given by [12]

(3-16)

Uc=1.7194+3.206310-3Tv +1.597110-5Tv121.991810-7Tv 3 (3-17) 1 1 Tv = T1 BPE1 NEA1 1 and (LMTD)c =((Tv t1) (Tv t2) ) /ln ( (Tv t1) / (Tv t2) ) 1 1 1 1 (3-19) (3-18)

In the above equations (BPE) is the boiling point elevation, (NEA) is the nonequilibrium allowance, (Tv) is the condensing vapor temperature and (Uc) is the condenser overall heat transfer coefficient . BPE can be estimated from the following correlation [13]:
BPE 1 = X 1 ( B + ( X 1 ) (C ) ) 103

where values of B and C in the correlation for the boiling point elevation are [12]:
B = (6.71 + 6.34x 102 (T 1 ) + 9.74x 105 (T 1 ) )10 3
2

C = (22.238 + 9.59x 103 (T 1 ) + 9.42x 105 (T 1 ) )10 8

2

The non-equilibrium allowance, NEA1, in the first stage is calculated from the gate height, GH1, the height of the brine pool, H1, the stage width, W, the stage pressure drop, P1-P2, and the brine density. For a good approximation NEA1= 0.213oC [14].

3-1-1-2-5 Total Heat Transfer Areas

The total heat transfer in the plant is obtained by summing the heat transfer area for all condensers and the brine heater A = Ab + n Ac (3-20)

3-1-1-3 Water Production Cost Estimation of MSF-OT Plant

The capital needed to supply the necessary manufacturing and plant facilities is called the fixed-capital investment, while that necessary for the operation of the plant is termed the working capital. In other words, we can say The

Capital investment is the total amount of money needed to supply the necessary plant and manufacturing facilities plus the amount of money required as working capital for operation of the facilities. The sum of the fixed-capital investment and the working capital is known as the total capital investment. The fixed-capital portion may be further subdivided into manufacturing fixed-capital investment (Direct Costs) and nonmanufacturing fixed-capital investment (Indirect Costs). Manufacturing fixed-capital investment represents the capital necessary for the installed process equipment with all auxiliaries that are needed for complete process operation. Expenses for piping, instruments, insulation, foundations, and site preparation are typical examples of costs included in the manufacturing fixed-capital investment [15]. Fixed capital required for construction overhead and for all plant components that are not directly related to the process operation is designated as the nonmanufacturing fixed-capital investment. The construction overhead cost consists of field-office and supervision expenses, home-office expenses, engineering expenses, miscellaneous construction costs, contractors fees, and contingencies [15]. The approximate formula of MSF, Once-through type can be summarized as follow [16]: direct capital investment, CDM is given by CDM =0.0963 Atotal / Md0.27 where = has value between 5000-9000 A total = total heat transfer area, m2 Md = Distillate flow rate, kg/h Indirect capital investment, CIDM can be expressed CIDM = 0.1 CDM Steam cost, Csteam in $/year is given by C steam= 8000 Ms [(TS 40)/85](0.00415) (3-23) (3-22) (3-21)

Chemical treatment, Cche in $/year is obtained from C che = 8000*(Mf /rj) 0.024 where rj = density of rejection stream, kg/m3 Power Cost, C power in $/year is expressed as C power = 8000 (Md/ d)*0.109 Where d = density of distillate stream, kg/m3 Spares Cost, C spar in $/year is given by C spar = 8000 (Md / d )*0.082 Labor Cost, C lab in $/year is given by C lab =8000(Md / d )*0.1 So, the Operation & maintenance Cost, C OM in $/year is obtained COM = C
steam

(3-24)

(3-25)

(3-26) (3-27) +C +C (3-28) (3-28)

+C

che

+C

power

spar

lab

Annual Cost, CAM in $/year is expressed as CAM = CDM + CIM + COM

Then the water production cost is found by dividing the total annual cost by the total water product.

3-1-2 Simplified Model of MSF- Brine Recirculation

Fig 3-2 MSF- Brine Recirculation

3-1-2-1 Definition and Advantages

The recirculation system has the following characteristics [11]: Limited make-up flow rate which means small amounts of antiscalant chemicals to be injected. The heat rejection section acts as a deaerator and degasifier for the make up seawater thus help to minimize the corrosion problems in the evaporator. Higher concentration of flashing brine compared with the once-through arrangement.

3-1-2-2 Simplified Model for MSF- Brine Recirculation

Model assumptions: -Constant and equal specific heat for all liquid streams, Cp. -Equal temperature drop per stage for the flashing brine. -Equal temperature drop per stage for the feed seawater. -The latent heat of vaporization in each stage is assumed equal to the average value for the process.

-The non-condensable gases have negligible effect on the heat transfer process. -Effects of the boiling point rise and non-equilibrium losses on the stage energy balance are negligible; however, their effects are included in the design of the condenser heat transfer area. -The temperature of the feed seawater leaving the rejection section is equal to the brine temperature in the last stage.

3-1-2-2-1 Overall Material Balance

The overall material balance equations is given by Mf = Md + Mb distillate, and feed. The overall salt balance is given by Xf Mf = Xb Mb (3-30) (3-29)

where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript b, d, and defines the brine,

where X is the salt concentration. Equation (3-30) assumes that the distillate is salt free. Equations (3-29) and (3-30) can be rearranged to obtain the expression for the total feed flow rate in terms of the distillate flow rate; this is Md = Mf (1- Xf /Xb ) are known. (3-31) Equation (3-31) is used to calculate Md, since the values of Xb , Xf , and Mf

3-1-2-2-2 Temperature Distribution

The temperature drop per stage, T, is obtained from the relation T = (To Tn)/n temperature in the first stage is given by T1 = To T As for the second stage temperature it is equal to T2 = T1 T Substituting for T1 in the above equation gives (3-32)

where n is the number of recovery and rejection stages. Therefore, the

T2 = To T T = To 2 T The same procedure is repeated for subsequent stages and a general expression is developed for the temperature of stage i Ti = To i T (3-33)

3-1-2-2-3 Energy Balance On Stage i

An energy balance on stage i in the heat recovery section gives Di-1CpTv + Bi-1Cp Ti-1 DiCpTv BiCpTi = Mr Cp(Tr Tr )
i-1 i i-1 i

Assuming the temperature difference, Ti-1 Tv , is small and has a negligible

i-1

effect on the stage energy balance. Thus, the above equation reduces to (Di-1 + Bi-1) Cp Ti-1 (Di + Bi) Cp Ti = Mr Cp (Tr Tr )
i-1 i

Recalling that the sum (Di-1 + Bi-1) in each stage is equal to Mr, would simplify the above equation to Mr Cp Ti-1 Mr Cp Ti = Mr Cp (Tr Tr )
i-1 i

Elimination of the like terms on both sides of the equation gives the pursued relation, thus, Ti-1 Ti = Tr Tr , or Ti= Tri i-1 i The seawater temperature, which leaves the condenser of the first stage, is then defined by Tr = Tn +( n j) T
1

The seawater temperature leaving the condenser of the second stage, Tr , is

2

less than Tr by T, so Tr = Tr T
1 2 1

Substituting for Tr in the above equation gives

1

Tr = Tn + (nj) T T
2

Similar to Equation (3-25), a general equation is obtained for the condenser temperature in stage i Tr = Tn + (n j)T (i1)T
i

(3-34)

As for the temperature drop of the seawater in the condensers of the heat rejection section, it is obtained from the stage energy balance. This is Di-1 Cp Tv +Bi-1 Cp Ti-1 Di Cp Tv Bi Cp Ti =(Mf+Mcw) Cp (Tf Tf +1)
i-1 i j j

Assuming the small temperature difference, Ti-1Tv , has a negligible effect

i-1

on the stage energy balance. Thus, the above equation reduces to (Di-1 + Bi-1) Cp Ti-1 (Di + Bi) Cp Ti = (Mf+Mcw) Cp (Tf Tf )
i-1 i

Recalling that the sum (Di-1+Bi-1) in each stage is equal to Mr, would simplify the above equation to Mr Cp Ti-1 Mr Cp Ti = (Mf +Mcw) Cp (Tj Tj )
i-1 i

Elimination of the like terms on both sides of the equation gives the pursued relation, thus, (Tj Tj ) = (Ti-1Ti) (Mr/(Mf +Mcw) ) , or generally
i-1 i i

(Tj ) =Ti (Mr /(Mf +Mcw) ) Since the temperature profile is assumed linear, the above relation can also be obtained from the following simple relation (Tj ) = (Tn-Tcw) / j
i

The seawater temperature, which leaves the condenser of the last stage, is then defined by Tj = Tcw+ (Tj )
n i

This gives the general relation for the seawater temperature in the rejection section Tj = Tcw + (n-i+1)(Tj )
i i

(3-35)

3-1-2-2-4 Stage Material and Salt Balance

The amount of flashing vapor formed in each stage obtained by conservation of energy within the stage, where the latent consumed by the flashing vapor is set equal to the decrease in the brine sensible heat. This is D1 = y Mr

where D1 is the amount of flashing vapor formed in the first stage, Mr is the recycle brine flow rate, and y is the specific ratio of sensible heat and latent heat and is equal to y = Cp T/ av (3-36)

where Cp is the specific heat capacity and av is the average latent heat calculated at the average temperature Tav = (To+Tn)/ 2 The amount of distillate formed in the second stage is equal to D2 = y (Mr D1) Substituting the value of D1 in the above equation gives D2 = y (Mr y Mr) Which simplifies to D2 = Mr y (1 y) The D3 balance is D3 = y(Mr D1D2) Substituting for the values of D1 and D2 in the above equation gives D3 = y (Mr Mr y Mr y (1 y) ) Taking Mr as a common factor in the above equation gives D3 = Mr y (1 y y + y ) This simplifies to D3= Mr y (1 y)
2 2

(3-37)

The balance equations for D2 and D3 will reveal the general form for the formula of Di Accordingly, the resulting general formula for Di is Di = Mr y (1y)
(i ) 1

(3-38)

The total distillate flow rate is obtained by summing the values of Di for all stages. The summation is performed in steps in order to obtain a closed form equation. Therefore, the summation of D1 and D2 gives

D1 + D2 = Mr (y + y (1 y) ) = Mr (2 y y ) = Mr (1 (1 y) ) Addition of D3 to the above gives D1 + D2 + D3 = Mr ((2 y y ) + y(1 y) ) This simplifies to D1 + D2 + D3 = Mr (2 y y + y 2 y + y ) = Mr (3 y 3 y + y3 ) = Mr (3 y 3 y + y ) = Mr (1 (1 y) ) Comparison of the summations of D1+D2 and D1+D2+D3 gives the general form for the total summation of the distillate formed in all stages, Md, which is given by Md = Mr (1 (1 y) ) distillate flow is calculated. The salt concentration in the recycle stream, Xr, is obtained by performing salt balance as follows Xr Mr + Mb Xb = Xf Mf + (Mr Md) Xn The above balance is arranged to Xr = (Xf Mf + (Mr Md) Xn Mb Xb)/Mr Assuming that Xn = Xb, simplifies the above equation to Xr = (Xf Mf + (Mr Md) Xb Mb Xb)/Mr Since Mf = Mb + Md, then, Xr = ((Xf Xb) Mf + Mr Xb)/Mr The flow rate of the brine stream leaving stage i is given by (3-40)
n 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2

(3-39)

Equation (3-39) is used to calculate the brine recycle flow rate, since the

Bi = Mr Dk
k =1

(3-41)

The salt concentration in the brine stream leaving stage i is given by

i Xi = M D r k Bi k =1

(3-42)

The determination of the cooling water flow rate, Mcw required to obtain the specific cooling water flow rate, Mcw,which affects the process economics. This flow rate is obtained from an overall energy balance around the desalination plant. The intake seawater temperature, Tcw, is used as the reference temperature in the energy balance. This gives Ms s = Mcw Cp (Tn Tcw) + Mb Cp(Tn Tcw) + Md Cp (Tn Tcw) The above equation is arranged to obtain an expression for Mcw Mcw = (Ms s Mf Cp(Tn Tcw))/ (Cp (Tn Tcw)) (3-43)

3-1-2-2-5 Brine Heater and Condensers Heat Transfer Area

The motive steam provides the brine heater with the necessary energy to increase the feed seawater temperature from Tf1 to the top brine temperature, To. This requires calculation of the motive steam flow, which is obtained from the brine heater energy balance Ms s = Mr Cp (To Tf1) The above equation is arranged to calculate Ms Ms = Mr Cp (To Tf1)/ s The brine heater area is given by Ab = Ms s /(Ub (LMTD)b) where LMTD is given by (LMTD)b=((TsTo) (TsTf1))/ln((TsTo)/(TsTf1)) and Ub is given by [12] Ub=1.7194+3.206310 Ts+1.597110 Ts 1.991810 Ts
-3 -5 2 -7 3

(3-44)

(3-45)

(3-46)

(3-47)

The heat transfer area for the condenser in each stage in the heat recovery section is assumed equal. The same assumption is made for the condenser heat transfer area in the heat rejection section. Therefore, the calculated heat transfer area for the first stage is used to obtain the total heat transfer area in the heat recovery section. The condenser heat transfer area in the first stage is obtained from Ar = Mr Cp (Tr Tr )/(Ur (LMTD)r) 1 2 Where Ur [12] Ur= 1.7194+3.206310 Tv +1.597110 Tv 1.991810 Tv 1 1 1 Tv = T1BPE1 NEA1 1 and (LMTD)r =((Tv Tr ) (Tv Tr ))/ln((Tv Tr )/(Tv Tr ))
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 -3 -5 2 -7 3

(3-48)

(3-49)

(3-50)

(3-51)

In the above equations (BPE) is the boiling point elevation, (NEA) is the nonequilibrium allowance, (Tv) is the condensing vapor temperature and (Uc) is the condenser overall heat transfer coefficient. BPE can be estimated from the following correlation [13]:
BPE 1 = X 1 ( B + ( X 1 ) (C ) ) 103

where values of B and C in the correlation for the boiling point elevation are:
B = (6.71 + 6.34x 102 (T 1 ) + 9.74x 105 (T 1 ) )10 3
2

C = (22.238 + 9.59x 103 (T 1 ) + 9.42x 105 (T 1 ) )10 8

2

The non-equilibrium allowance, NEA1, in the first stage is calculated from the gate height, GH1, the height of the brine pool, H1, the stage width, W, the stage pressure drop, P1-P2, and the brine density. For a good approximation in brine recirculation MSF plant, the non-equilibrium allowance is equal 0.213oC for heat recovery section and 1.217 oC heat rejection section [14]. The same procedure is applied to the stages in the heat rejection section, where the condenser area in rejection stages is given by Aj = (Mf + Mr) Cp (Tj Tcw)/(Uj (LMTD)j) n (3-52)

Where Uj [12] Uj=1.7194+3.206310 Tv +1.597110 Tv 1.991810 Tv n n n Tv = TnBPEn NEAn

n -3 -5 2 -7 3

(3-53) (3-54)

and (LMTD)j=((Tv Tcw) (Tv Tj ))/ln((Tv Tcw)/(Tv Tj ))

n n n n n n

(3-55)

3-1-2-2-6 Total Plant Heat Transfer Areas

The total heat transfer area for all condensers in the heat recovery and rejection sections is then obtained from Ac = (n-j) Ar + (j) Aj (3-56)

3-1-2-3 MSF-BR Economics

The same procedure was used for evaluating the water production cost in MSF-BR as used in MSF-OT.

3-2 Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Fig 3-3 Reverse Osmosis RO

3-2-1 Definition and Advantages

RO process consists of three main steps: (a) pre-treatment. (b) membrane passage, and (c) post treatment. In the post-treatment step, product water passes through a decarbonation system, pH adjustment system. Chlorine injection to comply with the required quality and use of the product water. The purpose of the pretreatment step is to avoid any risk of clogging, fouling or scaling the membrane. Pre-treatment is an important aspect of RO system. All RO devices required pretreatment to remove the suspended solids, sealants, foulants, and colloidal matters. The benefits of RO against MSF can be stated in the following points [11]: Limited make-up flow rate which means small amounts of antiscalant chemicals to be injected. The flexibilities in RO in meeting various water and power ratio while maintaining maximum process efficiency. Corrosion problems are much less in RO than MSF. Energy consumption is low in RO than MSF.

3-2-2 Simplified Model of RO Design

Fig 3-4: a simplified RO membrane Figure 3-4 shows a simplified spiral wound RO module. The mathematical formula of this process as follows: Pure water flux, Nw in (kg/m2.sec) is given by: Nw= Aw ( P ) While the salt flux, Ns in (kg/m2.sec) is given by Ns= As ( cw cp) Where Aw = water permeability coefficient, m/sec.pa As = salt permeability coefficient, m/sec P = net applied pressure, Pa = differential osmotic pressure, Pa cw = salt concentration at membrane wall, kg/m3 cp = permeate concentration, kg/m3 The salt flux can be expressed based on the permeate concentration as Ns = Nw cp The osmotic pressure of seawater can be expressed as [17] = (0.6955 + 0.0025 t) 10 8 ( ci/i) where ci = concentration, kg/m3 t = temperature, C The density of seawater, in (kg/m3) is calculated by the formula [17] (3-60) (3-59) (3-58) (3-57)

 = 498.4 m + ( 248,400 m2 + 752.4 m c ) where m is constant and equal to m=1.0069 2.757 10 -4 t The net applied pressure, P in pa is P = P2 P1 where P2 = operated pressure, Pa P1 = atmospheric pressure, Pa The permeate flux, Np in (kg/m2. sec) is given by Np = Nw + Ns Salt concentration at membrane wall,cw in (kg/m3) cw = cp + (cf cp) exp [Nw/ks*1000] where cf = seawater concentration, kg/m3 ks = mass transfer coefficient, m/sec mass transfer coefficient, ks can be calculated by[18] ks = 1.10110-4 ub0.5 Where ub = velocity of brine, m/sec

(3-61) (3-62) (3-63)

(3-64) (3-65)

(3-66)

3-2-3 Cost Methodology of RO 3-2-3-1 Water Production Cost Estimation of RO Plant

Estimation of the water product cost depends on the plant capacity, site characteristics, and design features. Plant capacity specifies sizes for various process equipment, pumping units, and membrane area. Site characteristics have a strong effect on the type of pretreatment and postreatment equipment, and rates of chemicals. The electric power consumption, steam requirement and chemicals are also design dependant. Water product cost depend on several design and operational variables which includes [19]:

 Salinity and quality of feed water: Lower feed salinity allows for higher conversion rates. As a result, the plant can operate with lower specific power consumption and dosing of antiscalent chemicals. Also, downtime related to chemical scaling is considerably reduced. Plant capacity: Larger plant capacity reduces the capital cost for unit product. Although, the increase in the plant capacity implies higher capital. Site conditions: Installation of new units as an addition to existing sites, would eliminate cost associated with facilities for feed water intake, brine disposal, and feed water pretreatment. Qualified manpower: Availability of qualified operators, engineers, and management would result in higher plant availability, production capacity, and lower down time caused by trips of devices. Energy cost: Availability of inexpensive sources for low cost electric power and heating steam have strong impact on the unit product cost. Plant life and amortization: Increase in plant life reduces the capital product cost. The production cost of desalted water is made up of two major components; the capital cost and the operating cost. Capital cost covers the direct and the indirect cost. The direct capital cost covers purchasing cost of various types of equipment, auxiliary equipment, land cost, construction, and buildings. Indirect capital costs include the freight and insurance, construction overhead and contingency. Indirect capital costs are expressed as percentage of the total direct capital cost. Operating cost covers all expenditure incurred after plant commissioning and during actual operation. These items include labor, energy, chemical, spare parts, and miscellaneous. The most critical parameters in cost evaluation are the fixed charges (amortization) and the energy cost. Other parameters that have lesser effect on the unit product cost include the cost of chemicals and labor. Amortization or fixed charges defines the annual payments that cover the total direct and indirect cost. This cost is obtained by multiplying the total direct

and indirect cost by the amortization factor, which is defined by the following relation [20]
a = i (1 + i ) n (1 + i ) n 1

where i is the annual interest rate and n is the plant life. Accumulated experience in the desalination industry indicates that an amortization life of 30 years is adequate. As for the interest rate, its average value is equal 5%, however, a range of 3-8% should be considered in economics analysis. The following is a general procedure to estimate the water production cost in Reverse osmosis plants:

3-2-3-1-1 Estimation of the direct capital cost

As mentioned before the direct capital cost consist mainly of membrane purchase cost (cost_mem), civil work cost (cost_civil) and pumping and energy recover systems cost (cost_pump). These items can be evaluated as [16]: Membrane cost in ($) is given by cost_mem = costmem(Amem/Amodule) where A mod = area of one module, m2 A mem = total Area of membrane, m2 Civil work cost in ($) is obtained from cost_civil = 2390 Qref0.8 where Q ref = reference RO plant capacity, m3/day Pumping and energy recovery system cost in $ is given by cost_pump = 0.0141 [(Qref 101.32 P)/Rf] where Rf = recovery fraction (3-69) (3-68) (3-67)

P= operating pressure in kpa So the direct capital investment cost ($/year) is cost_dir = 0.0963 [cost_mem + cost_civil Rat (1-70) where Rat is the capacity ratio rate since both civil and pumping and recovery system costs where evaluated at a plant of capacity of 29,484 m3/d. So these values have to be corrected to the actual plant capacity. The capacity ratio rate is expressed as Rat = 24 Fp/(cp Qref) (3-71)
0.9

+ cost_pump Rat

0.7

3-2-3-1-2 Estimation of the water production cost

The water production cost is calculated from the total annual cost. The total annual cost has following major cost items: the annual fixed charges, cost_fix the annual electric power cost, cost_ep the annual chemicals cost, cost_chem the annual membrane replacement cost, cost_mem_rep the annual labor cost, cost_labor

These annual costs can be estimated as follows: The annual fixed charges is equal the multiplication of the amortization factor, a, by the direct cost; i.e annual fixed charges, cost_fix = a cost_dir where the amortization factor, a, is evaluated by [20]
a = i (1 + i ) n (1 + i ) n 1

(3-72)

with n as an amortization life of 30 years and i as the interest rate. An average value of 5% is considered good enough The annual electric power cost is obtained from the following relation[20]: cost_ep = power cost power consumption plant availability plant capacity with the following assumptions (3-73)

power cost = 0.04 $/m3 power consumption = 5 kWh/m3 as a typical RO power consumption value. RO plant availability = 0.90 The annual chemicals cost in $/m3 is approximately give as [20]: cost_chem = 0.03 $/m3 The annual membrane replacement cost is normally taken as 10% of the membrane purchase cost: cost_mem_rep = 0.10 cost_mem The annual labor cost is approximately equal to 0.05 $/m3 [19]: cost_labor = 0.05 $/m3 Then the water production cost is found by dividing the total annual costs by the total water product. (3-74)

3-3 Comparative Study of MSF & RO

The applications of MSF distillation have been mainly large seawater desalting plants producing water for municipal, industrial, or power generating uses mostly on the Middle East. An important characteristic of MSF plants is that scaling has little effect on their production capacity. It reduces the thermal efficiency and thus more energy is required per unit of fresh water, but as long as the required quantity of water can be flashed through the design temperature range, the design output can be maintained. MSF plants have therefore been favored where reliability of water quantity has been of major importance. Comparison of the two design arrangements MSF clearly indicate that the once-through option is more economical particularly for MSF units of large capacities due to its simplicity of construction and lower pumping power requirements. RO is a recent technology for seawater desa1ting, although it has been successfully used for many years to purify brackish waters. It reduces the seawater TDS from approximately 41,000 ppm to less than 1,000 ppm. Indications are that the RO plant has significantly lower capital and operating costs than do MSF plants in the same area, even though the MSF plants are much larger. The plant will be important in assessing the long-term reliability of large scale RO in comparison with MSF in a difficult application. The reliability of an RO plant is not so closely related to plant capacity as it is in a distillation plant, where equipment size increases and design problems tend to multiply as capacity is increased. Large capacity in an RO plant is obtained by using a large number of standard units rather than by increasing the unit size. Reliability can therefore be adequately demonstrated with a small plant. RO has major advantages over MSF and other distillation processes in terms of capital and operating costs. RO also has significantly lower absolute energy requirements per unit of water produced than does MSF, although this may not translate directly into a cost

benefit if MSF uses a low-cost, degraded steam. A large part of the energy used for RO is consumed in raising the feed water to operating pressure, which in a seawater plant may be 800 to 1500 psig. At low fuel cost MSF will continue to be the optimum choice for large desalting plants. For moderate capacities, RO offers low water cost. RO would be the correct selection if fuel costs were increased. In any case an RO/MSF hybrid plant is worth considering. It gives the lowest possible water cost if it is associated with a dual plant. RO plants are operated by electrical power to derive the high-pressure pumps and other plant auxiliaries, mainly the pretreatment processes. RO power consumption depends mainly on water recovery and the working pressure. The following can summarize some of the technical differences between RO and MSF [11]: 1- Seawater intake in MSF is twice that of RO. 2- Energy consumption per cubic meters in MSF is about three times that of RO. 3- Volume and area required for MSF are large compared to those required for RO. 4- Pumping energy in RO is about 25% of that required for MSF. A possible decrease in pumping consumption in RO might be while using energy recovery systems. 5- RO has no thermal energy consumption. In 2,750 m3/d MSF about 8 MW of thermal energy is consumed. This can be very expensive if not extracted from the steam turbine. 6- Heavy foundation and extensive civil work is required by MSF due to its heavy weight. The main benefits of RO against MSF are Limiting make-up flow rate which means small amounts of antiscalant chemicals to be injected, Corrosion problems are much less in RO than MSF and energy consumption is low in RO than MSF [11].

Chapter 4 Hybrid Desalination Systems

4-1 Identification of Hybridization System

Hybridization System is a combination of two or more processes in order to provide a better cost effective product than either alone can provide. In desalination, there are membrane and thermal (distillation) processes. The effective integration of membrane / thermal desalination technology is to reduce the cost of desalination and electrical power consumption. There are two Possible Options for Hybridization System, Simple Hybridization and Integrated Hybridization. In the simple hybrid MSF/ RO desalination process, the seawater RO plant is combined with either a new or existing dual-purpose MSF plant but the integrated MSF/RO desalination process is much more advance than simple hybrid such as: The RO feed water temperature is optimized and controlled by using cooling water from the heat-reject section of the MSF plant. Brine discharged from RO plant is combined with brine recycle in MSF.

4-2 Advantages of hybrid MSF/ RO system

Hybrid RO MSF desalination-power process has the following advantages [16,21]: The capital cost of the combined RO/MSF plant can be reduced. A common seawater intake is used. Product waters from the RO and MSF plants are blended to obtain suitable product water quality. A single-stage RO process can be used. distillate of the MSF plant with the RO permeate RO membrane life can be extended by blending the high purity

 MSF plant provides better control of the feed water temperature to the RO plant by using the warm reject coolant water from the MSF heat rejection section. The low-pressure steam from the power plant can be used to deaerate and warm up the feed to the RO plant this minimizes corrosion hazard by eliminating residual chlorine and dissolved oxygen. A common post-treatment plant can handle the combined product of the two plants. Electric power production from the MSF plant can be efficiently utilized in the RO plant, thereby reducing net export power production. Blending MSF product with RO product water reduces the temperature of the MSF product water. RO for high-pressure brine without energy recovery can be used to cool the MSF product water. Preheat RO feed water increases the recovery significantly. The RO reject brine can be combined with the recycle stream in the MSF plant.

4-3 Previous Work

Helal et al.[16] studied nine designs of desalination plants including brine recycle MSF desalination plant, two-stage RO desalting plant and seven hybrid RO/MSF plant designs cases. Cases 2, 3, 4 and 7 comprise a fully integrated brine recycle MSF and a single-stage RO plant. Cases 5 and 6 represent two different designs for a hybrid RO/once- through MSF fully integrated plant. The objective of this study is to present a comparative study based on the Minimum water cost for these designs. The study was presented in three parts. The first part was a presentation of the design and cost equations for the MSF, RO and Hybrid plants. The second part presented the results. They found the two-stage RO plant proved to have the most favorable economic and performance characteristics with a water cost of 0.75 $/m3, and the highest Water recovery of 37.6 %. They concluded that, Building a new desalination plants, especially for low feed concentrations, RO technology is recommended and hybridization of the RO and MSF processes is better in economics and operation characteristics than those corresponding to the MSF process. Water cost can be reduced by 17 to 24 % of that of the sole MSF process. Meanwhile, water recovery can be doubled. The last part of this study was the discussion of water cost sensitivity to variations in some cost elements and operating conditions. A sensitivity study showed that RO technology is the most sensitive to variations in the cost of electricity, while the MSF process is the least sensitive. Also, membrane cost variation will affect RO water cost more significantly than is the case with hybrid RO/MSF plants considered in this study. The MSF process is the most sensitive technology to variation in steam cost. Chemical cost variation has the least effect on water cost from the studied plants. Asam Almullaa et al.[22] investigated in detail the technical and economical analyses to evaluate a new generation of dual purpose technology that includes the integration of reverse osmosis RO processes with existing thermal desalination processes and power generation (triple hybrid system) at

Layyah plant, Sharjah, UAE. They found the hybridization of sweater reverse osmosis (SWRO) and the multi stage flash (MSF) technology was considered to improve the performance of latter and reduce the cost of the produced water. Integrating MSF with RO has been implemented recently in Fujairah desalination plant with a total capacity of 100 MIGD of which 37.5 MIGD are produced by RO and the balance is produced by MSF. They studied the data search and collection, technology selection, water demand, power demand, and fuel availability were all used to come up with optimum scenarios to reduce cost of power and water generation and to meet increasing demand of water and power.

Al-Mutaz [21] investigated the Desalination plants required. He found that, the Desalination plants require significant amounts of energy in the form of
heat and/or electricity (power). This energy can be supplied by nuclear reactors since nuclear reactors are used mainly for the production of either heat or power. Coupling desalination plants with nuclear reactors gives many economical and technical advantages. The hybrid RO MSF desalination plant coupled to nuclear power plant gives high overall availability factor. He suggested that, the CANDU PHWR is the appropriate type of nuclear reactor for coupling with hybrid RO MSF desalination plants. This hybrid system has potential advantages of a low power demand, improved water quality and possible lower running cost. Al-Mutaz et al. [23] reviewed the hybrid plant concept. They found that the hybrid plant is only useful to bring the salinity of the water produced from RO plants to an acceptable limit. If high pressure membranes(higher than 80 atm) are developed and become reliable and fuel cost increases, the reverse osmosis plants would certainly replace the MSF Plants Al-Mutaz and his team concluded that more efforts should be given to scaling up MSF and RO plants and for developing high pressure membrane. Jacques Andrianne and Felix Alardin [24] found that the reduction in cost and the improved economics of desalination plants are essential elements for the

development of communities. Energy, capital, and operating costs are key issues of water desalination economics. The choice will depend on the specific conditions prevailing on site, such as existing facilities, power and water demand increase, land availability, raw water quality, quality of water to be produced, ratio between power and water production, ratio between thermal and membrane desalination. Essam El-Sayed et al. [25] made a experimental testing of RO performance in an MSF/RO hybrid model for 1,800 h. The RO feed water temperature ranging from 24 to 31C. They found a significant increases in the RO product water flow rate when the data from before and after hybridization were compared. 42-48% gain in the product water flow rate for RO plant operating at temperature of 33C, over that operating at 15C. The energy consumption of RO can be reduced to the level of 5.2 kWh/m3 using a simple MSF/RO hybrid arrangement in which the RO plant is fed the preheated seawater rejected from the MSF heat rejection section. M. Turek and P. Dydo [26] determined the highly concentrated solutions cannot be treated by RO as a consequence of a physical limit imposed by their osmotic pressure value as well as the scaling phenomenon. Scaling phenomenon can be diminished with partial softening of RO feed with nanofiltration membranes. They found the integration of NF, RO and MSF makes it also possible to overcome these limits. The performance of desalination and concentration in hybrid membrane-thermal systems seems to be higher than the performance of simple membranes. They determined the thermal methods seem to be more effective than membrane methods in term of Production of highly concentrated brines. Neil M. Wade et al.[27] studied the cost of water production .They found the cost of water produced by RO plant is less sensitive to increase in fuel cost than MSF plant in dual purpose schemes. At fuel costs above $35 per barrel there would be substantial cost savings for RO plant compared with conventional dual purpose plant.

Also, Al-Mutaz and Alabdula'aly [28] reviewed the issue of water production cost for RO and MSF in Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that the RO has lower capital and production costs. At high membrane replacement rate and low energy cost. MSF offers lower water production cost specially at large capacity plants. Van Dijk et al. [29] discussed the influence of design parameters, such as raw water temperature and total dissolved solids content (TDS), design pressure, and recovery, on total unit cost for the production of desalinated water from the Arabian Gulf in Saudi Arabia. They found the total water costs are influenced significantly by raw water TDS. Also, they found the cost of seawater RO increase from 1.62 $/m3 at 35,000 ppm TDS to 2.31 $/m3 at 44,000 ppm TDS to 3.84 $/m3 at 55,000 ppm TDS. Operation at a pressure of 900 psi rather than 800 psi will lead to a significant drop in total water costs down to 2.05 $/m3 at 44,000 ppm TDS, and to 3.09 $/m3 at 55,000 ppm TDS. As the effects of this increased pressure are yet unknown, it is recommended to study these effects. Total water costs may decrease significantly when membrane costs are lower. Braj M. Misra et al. [30] reviewed Hybrid system (MSF/RO). There is significant reduction in the operation and maintenance (O&M) cost of desalted water by taking the advantage of producing both process and drinking quality water, common pretreatment to a considerable extent and possibility of using reject streams from one plant to the other. Preliminary investigations also, have been carried out in terms of using ultrafiltration (UF) as apretreatment for RO and nanofiltration (NF) to improve the performance of MSF and RO. UF will reduce the fouling and scaling of RO giving longer life of the membrane elements. NF will remove the hardness and scaling constituent improving the recovery for RO and increasing the top brine temperature for MSF. Osman A.Hamed [31] studied the simple and fully integrated hybrid desalination systems. He found the hybrid desalination systems combining

with power generation systems are currently considered a good economic alternative to dual purpose evaporation plants. Hybrid (membrane /thermal /power) configurations are characterized by flexibility in operation, less specific energy consumption, low construction cost, high plant availability and better power and water matching.

4-4 Options for Hybridization System 4-4-1 Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants 4-4-1-1 Simplified MSF-OT/RO

Fig4-1: Simplified MSF-OT/RO Design

Design Procedure
In the simple hybrid multistage flashreverse osmosis (MSF/RO) desalination power process, a seawater RO plant is combined with either a new or an existing dual purpose MSF plant in the simplest possible manner. In this case, the seawater feed is split to two streams. One of them to MSF-OT unit and the other is to RO unit. RO product water is combined with MSF product water. The overall material balance equations is given by MHf = MHd + MHb brine, distillate, and feed. where Mass balance for hybrid product MHd=Md + Fp Salt balance (4-2) (4-1)

Where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript Hb, Hd, and Hf defines the

XHd MHd=cp FP Assuming the product from MSF is salt free. The overall salt balance is given by X Hf M Hf = X Hd M Hd + XHb MHb the stand alone MSF-OT. The RO also is at the same condition.

(4-3)

(4-4)

The mass balance and the energy balance for the MSF-OT will be the same as

Cost Methodology
The water production cost of Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants equal to the summation of annual water production cost of MSF section and annual water production cost of RO section and also the total annual plant intake-outfall cost of hybrid plant divided by the summation of water production of MSF section and RO section. The annual Cost of MSF-OT procedure calculation and Annual Cost of RO procedure calculation will be the same as before. Annual Cost of MSF-OT, CAM in $/year is CAM = CDM + CIM + COM The water production cost of RO is calculated from the total annual cost. The total annual cost has following major cost items: the annual fixed charges, the annual electric power cost, the annual chemicals cost, the annual membrane replacement cost, the annual labor cost, cost_labor [11]: hybrid electromechaical equipment cost (4-5)

RO_prod_cost = cost_fix + cost_ep + cost_chem + cost_mem_rep + The total annual plant intake-outfall cost of hybrid plant has the following

cost_H1=44000+70*F_ref hybrid civil work cost cost_H2=150000+375*F_ref hybrid elctrochlorination cost_H3=22000+12000*F_ref hybrid brine disposal cost cost_H4=25000+10*B_ref Where

(4-6) (4-7) (4-8) (4-9)

F_ref = reference feed flowrate = has value between 200-1000 m3/h B_ref= reference blowdown flowrate = has value between 40-1000 m3/h The reference hybrid intake-outfall cost: cost_H_total=cost_H1+cost_H2+cost_H3+cost_H4 the annual plant intake-outfall cost in $/year: COST_HA=0.0963*(cost_H_total)*(f_ratio0.9) Then, the total annual cost of SIMPLE HYBRID (MSF-OT/RO) COST_SIM_HY=(C_AM + cost_RO_total + 1.1*COST_HA) (4-12) WATER COST OF SIMPLE HYBRID (MSF-OT/RO) in $/m3 total_cost=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA)/M_Hd1 (4-13) Where M_Hd1= the summation of water production of MSF section and RO section in m3/year . (4-11) (4-10)

4-4-1-2 Simple MSF-BR/RO

Fp Frj M Hf M cw

RO

M Hd

Md

MSF- BR

Mf

M Hb Mb

Fig4-2: Simple MSF-BR/RO

Design Procedure
Same as before, the seawater feed is split to two stream. One is to MSF-BR unit and the other is to RO unit and RO product water is combined with MSF product water to become one steam. The overall material balance equations is given by MHf = MHd + MHb+Mcw brine, distillate, and feed. where Mass balance for hybrid product MHd=Md + Fp Salt balance XHd MHd=cp FP Assuming the product from MSF is salt free. The overall salt balance is given by X Hf M Hf = X Hd M Hd + XHb MHb+Xf Mcw (4-15) (4-14)

Where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript Hb, Hd, and Hf defines the

The mass balance and the energy balance for the MSF-OT will be the same as the stand alone MSF. The RO also is at the same condition.

Cost Methodology
The same procedure was used for evaluating the water production cost in MSF-BR/RO as used in MSF-OT/RO.

4-4-2 Integrated Hybrid Desalination Plants 4-4-2-1 Integrated Hybrid MSF-OT/RO 4-4-2-1-1 MSF-OT brine as a feed of RO

RO Fp Frj Ff M Hf MSF-OT Md M Hd

Mb

M Hb

Fig4-3: MSF-OT brine as a feed of RO

Design Procedure
In the case MSF-OT/RO, the seawater feed is entered to the MSF unit then, the rejected brine of MSF unit is spited to two stream. One of them is feed to RO unit and the other stream is out to sea. The overall material balance equations is given by MHf = MHd + MHb+ Frj brine, distillate, and feed. The overall salt balance is given by X Hf M Hf = X Hd M Hd + Xb MHb + Frj crj Mass balance of MSF brine (on splitter) Mb=Ff +MHb Mass balance for Hybrid Product Stream MHd = Md+ FP (4-18) (4-17) (4-16)

Where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript Hb, Hd, and Hf defines the

salt balance XHd MHd=cp FP Assuming the product from MSF is salt free. The mass balance and the energy balance for the MSF-OT will be the same as the stand alone MSF-OT. The RO also is at the same condition.

Cost Methodology
The same procedure was used for evaluating the water production cost in (MSF-OT brine as a feed of RO) as used in (Simple Hybrid MSF-BR/RO).

4-4-2-1-2 RO reject brine as a feed part of MSF-OT

M Hf Fp RO

Frj MSF-OT Md Mb
Fig4-4: RO reject brine as a feed part of MSF-OT

M Hd

Design Procedure
In case 2 of Integrated MSF-OT/RO, the seawater feed is split to two streams. One is to MSF-OT unit and the other is to RO unit. The rejected stream of RO is combined with MSF stream before entering the MSF unit. The RO product water is combined with MSF product water to become one steam. The overall material balance equations is given by MHf = MHd + Mb (4-19)

Where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript Hb, Hd, and Hf defines the brine, distillate, and feed. The overall salt balance is given by X Hf M Hf = X Hd M Hd + Xb Mb Mass balance of seawater feed to the hybrid system MHf = Ff +Mf1 (4-21) (4-20)

Where Mf1 =spitted stream from Maine seawater feed Mass balance of MSF stream Mf= Mf1+ Frj Salt balance for MSF Mf Xf= Mf1 Xf1 + Frj Xrj Mass balance for Hybrid Product Stream MHd = Md+ FP Mass balance XHd MHd=cp FP Assuming the product from MSF is salt free. (4-23) (4-22)

Cost Methodology
The same procedure was used for evaluating the water production cost in (RO reject brine as a feed part of MSF-OT) as used in (MSF-OT brine as a feed of RO).

4-4-2-2 Integrated Hybrid MSF-BR/RO 4-4-2-2-1 MSF cooling water as a feed of RO

Ff

RO

Frj

M cw 1 Fp M cw M Hf
M SF

Md
Heat recovery Haet rejection

M Hd

Mb Mf Mr

Fig4-5: MSF cooling water as a feed of RO

Design Procedure
The overall material balance equations is given by MHf = MHd + Mb +Mcw1+Frj Where MHf= Mf + Mcw MHd = Md +Fp Mcw1= McwFf Where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript b, Hd, and Hf defines the brine, total combined distillate water, and feed entering to the hybrid system. Mass balance of cooling water Mcw=Ff +Mcw1 Mass balance of MSF feed (4-25) (4-24)

MHf = Mf + Mcw Mass balance for hybrid product MHd =Md + FP Salt balance XHd MHd=cp FP Assuming the product from MSF is salt free. The mass balance and the energy balance for the MSF-BR will be the same as the stand alone MSF-BR. The RO also is at the same condition.

Cost Methodology
The same procedure was used for evaluating the water production cost in (MSF cooling water as a feed of RO) as used in (RO reject brine as a feed part of MSF-OT).

4-4-2-2-2 part of MSF brine and part of cooling water as feed of RO

Frj

RO

Fp

Ff Mcw1 Mcw M Hf
MSF

Mcw2

Md
Heat recovery Haet rejection

M Hd M Hb

Mb Mf Mr

Fig4-6: part of MSF brine and seawater as feed of RO

Design Procedure
Part of MSF brine reject is mixed with the cooling water. The mixed stream is spited to two parts. The first part is fed to the RO plant as a feed and the other part reject to the sea. The overall material balance equations is given by MHf = MHd + MHb + Frj +Mcw2 Where MHf= Mf +Mcw MHd = Md +Fp MHb= Mb+ Mb1 Mcw1= Mcw+ Mb1 Mcw2= Mcw1 Frj where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript b, Hd, and Hf defines the brine, total combined distillate water, and feed interred to the hybrid system. Mass balance for hybrid product (4-26)

MHd =Md + FP Salt balance XHd MHd=cp FP Assuming the product from MSF is salt free. The mass balance and the energy balance for the MSF-BR will be the same as the stand alone MSF-BR. The RO also is at the same condition.

Cost Methodology
The same procedure was used for evaluating the water production cost in (part of MSF brine and part of cooling water as feed of RO) as used in (MSF cooling water as a feed of RO).

4-4-2-2-3 Mixing MSF feed with RO rejected brine

Fig4-7: Mixing MSF feed with RO rejected brine

Design Procedure
The overall material balance equations is given by MHf = MHd + MHb +Mcw1 Where MHf= Mf + Mcw Mcw1=McwFrj where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript b, Hd, and Hf defines the brine, total combined distillate water, and feed entering to the hybrid system. Mass balance of cooling water Mcw=Ff +Mcw1 Mass balance of MSF feed MHf = Mf + Mcw Mass balance for brine stream Mb1 (4-28) (4-28) (4-27)

Mf1 = Frj+ Mf Mass balance for hybrid product MHd =Md + FP Salt balance XHd MHd=cp FP Assuming the product from MSF is salt free.

(4-29)

Cost Methodology
The same procedure was used for evaluating the water production cost in (Mixing MSF feed with RO rejected brine) as used in (part of MSF brine and part of cooling water as feed of RO).

4-4-2-2-4 RO rejected brine as MSF feed

RO

Fp

Frj Ff Mcw M Hf
MSF

Mcw1

Md
Heat recovery Haet rejection

M Hd

Mb

Fig4-8: rejected brine as MSF feed

Design Procedure
The overall material balance equations is given by MHf = MHd + Mb +Mcw1 Where MHf= Ff + Mcw1 MHd =Md +Fp Salt balance XHd MHd=cp FP Assuming the product from MSF is salt free. where M is the mass flow rate and the subscript b, Hd, and Hf defines the brine, total combined distillate water, and feed entering to the hybrid system. The overall salt balance is given by XfMHf = XHdMHd+ XbMb+ X fMcw1 where X is the salt concentration. (4-31) (4-30)

 Cost Methodology
The same procedure was used for evaluating the water production cost in (RO rejected brine as MSF feed)as used in (Mixing MSF feed with RO rejected brine).

Chapter 5 Results and Discussions

5-1 Results of Single Type Desalination Plants

5-1-1 MSF-Once Through (MSF-OT)
The MSF-OT Plant is designed under the following condition Table 5-1 MSF-OT Characteristic MSF-OT Characteristic total number of recovery section stages, n Seawater Feed , Mf Intake seawater Temperature, Tcw Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature, To Brine temperature in the last stage, Tn Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid,cp Salinity of the intake seawater,cf By running matlab program Table 5-2 MATLAB Result of MSF-OT ( Modeling ) kg/h Production flow rate, Md Brine Concentration, Xb ppm Brine Flow rate, Mb kg/h Steam flow rate, Ms kg/h The overall heat transfer coefficient of kW/m2 oC brine heater, Ub brine heater area, Ab m2 The overall heat transfer coefficient of kW/m2 oC recovery section, Ur brine heater area, Ar m2 Total Area, Atotal m2 the performance ratio, PR 1.7361106 4.8069104 12.014106 2.5862105 1.9953 7.8480103 1.9599 5.2777103 1.0285105 6.7129 unit Kg/h C C C C kJ/kgoC ppm 18 13.75106 25 116 110 35 4.18 42000

Table 5-3 MATLAB Result of MSF-OT ( Economics ) Unit direct capital investment, CDM $/year indirect capital investment, CIDM $/year Steam cost, Csteam $/year Chemical treatment, Cche $/year Power Cost, Cpower $/year Spares Cost, Cspar $/year

Result 1.2282106 1.2282105 7.6772106 2.5557106 1.5188106 1.1426106

Labor Cost, Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost, COM Annual Cost, C_AM Production Cost, costp

$/year $/year $/year $/m3

1.3934106 1.4288107 1.5639107 1.0250

Fig 5-1 MSF-Once Through

** All Mass Flowrates are in kg/h

5-1-2MSF- Brine Recirculation (MSF-BR)

The MSF-BR Plant is designed under the following condition
Table 5-4 MSF-BR Characteristic

MSF-BR Characteristic Number of stages in the heat recovery section, nr Number of stages in the heat rejection section, nj Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature,To Salinity of the rejected brine, Xb Seawater feed, Mf By running matlab program,

18 3 C C ppm kg/h
o o

116 110 70000 4.05106

Table 5-5 MATLAB Result of MSF-BR (Modeling)

Product flow rate, Md the rejected brine flow rate, Mb Cooling water flow rate, Mcw brine recycle flow rate, Mr steam flow rate, Ms recycled brine concentration, Xr The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Ub brine heater area, Ab The overall heat transfer coefficient of recovery section, Ur recovery section Area, Ar The overall heat transfer coefficient of rejection section, Uj Rejection section Area, Aj total condenser area, Ac the performance ratio, PR total heat transfer area, Atotal

Unit kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h ppm kW/m2 oC m2 kW/m2 oC kW/m2 oC m2 m2 m2 Unit $/year $/year $/year $/year

Result 1.62106 2.43106 9.7036106 12.837106 2.5869105 61.166103 1.9953 7.6529103 1.9599 4.0186103 1.8320 5.594103 8.9117104 6.2623 9.6769104 Result 1.1775106 1.1775105 7.679106 7.527105

Table 5-6 MATLAB Result of MSF-BR (Economics)

direct capital investment, CDM indirect capital investment, CIDM Steam cost, Csteam Chemical treatment, Cche

Power Cost, Cpower Spares Cost, Cspar Labor Cost, Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost, COM Annual Cost, C_AM Production Cost, costp

$/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3

1.417106 1.066106 1.3002106 1.2215107 1.3511107 0.9490

Fig 5-2 MSF- Brine Recirculation

** All Mass Flowrates are in kg/h

5-1-3 Reverse Osmosis (RO)

The membrane of RO desalination plant which is used in this study has the following characteristic
Table 5-7 RO Characteristic

Membrane characteristic pure water permeability, AW salt permeability, AS mass transfer coefficient, ks Feed Temperature, tcw Salinity of RO feed operating pressure, p1 By running matlab program
Table 5-8 MATLAB Result of RO (Modeling)

Unit m/sec pa m/sec m/sec C ppm pa

2.057710-12 4.43010-7 5.915410-5 25 42000 7106

Salt concentration at membrane wall, cw1 permeate Concentration, cp1 Total Product Flow Rate, Fp Reject Flow Rate, Frj Reject brine Concentration, crj total area , At_mod
Table 5-9 MATLAB Result of RO (Economics)

Unit ppm ppm kg/h Kg/h ppm m2

Result 47.308103 340.9 1.6916106 1.3084106 95.863103 66240

membrane cost, costmem civil work, costcivil direct capital investment cost, costdir amortization factor, a annual fixed charges, costfix annual electric power cost, costep annual chemicals cost, costchem annual membrane replacement, cost,costmem rep annual labor cost, costlabor total annual cost, cost_RO_total Production Cost, prodcost

Unit $ $ $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3

result 7680000 8.9964106 6.5021107 0.0651 0.3162 0.18 0.0300 0.0509 0.0517 9.3319106 0.6279

Fig 5-3 Reverse Osmosis RO

** All Mass Flowrates are in kg/h

5-2 Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants 5-2-1 MSF-OT/RO

The feed flow rate of simple hybrid MSF-OT / RO desalination plant
Table 5-10 The feed flow rate of simple hybrid MSF-OT / RO

Feed flow rate Total hybrid seawater feed, MHf MSF feed, Mf RO feed, Ff

Unit Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h

13750000 10750000 3000000

The membrane of RO desalination plant which is used in this study has the following characteristic Membrane characteristic pure water permeability, AW salt permeability, AS mass transfer coefficient, ks Feed Temperature, tcw Salinity of RO feed operating pressure, p1 Unit m/sec pa m/sec m/sec C ppm pa 2.057710-12 4.43010-7 5.915410-5 25 42000 7106

Also, The MSF-OT Plant is designed under the following condition MSF-OT Characteristic total number of recovery section stages, n Intake seawater Temperature, Tcw Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature, To Brine temperature in the last stage, Tn Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid, cp Salinity of the intake seawater,cf By running matlab program
Table 5-11 MATLAB Result of Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants MSF-OT/RO (Modeling)

unit C C C C kJ/kgoC ppm 18 25 116 110 35 4.18 42000

production flow rate (MSF-OT), Md Brine Concentration, Xb Brine Flow rate, Mb Steam flow rate, Ms The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Ub

kg/h ppm kg/h kg/h kW/m2 oC

1.3573106 4.8069104 9.3927106 2.0220105 1.9953

The overall heat transfer coefficient of recovery section, Ur Total Area, Atotal (MSF) the performance ratio, PR Salt concentration at membrane wall, cw1 permeate Concentration, cp1 Total Product Flow Rate (RO), Fp reject flow rate, Frj Concentration of reject flow rate crj Total membrane area, Atmod total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-OT / RO), MHd Concentration of (MSF-OT / RO), XHd total brine of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-OT / RO), MHb Concentration of (MSF-OT / RO), XHb

kW/m2 oC m2 ppm ppm Kg/h kg/h ppm m2 kg/h ppm kg/h ppm

1.9599 8.0407104 6.7129 47.308103 340.9 1.6916106 1.3084106 95.86103 66240 3.049106 189.16 10.701106 53.91103

Table 5-12 MATLAB Result of Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants MSF-OT/RO (Economics)

direct capital investment, CDM indirect capital investment, CIDM Steam cost, Csteam Chemical treatment, Cche Power Cost, Cpower Spares Cost, Cspar Labor Cost Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost COM Annual Cost CAM Production Cost of MSF, MSF cost_p Recovery fraction, Rf membrane cost, costmem cost_civil estimation, costcivil direct capital cost costdir fixed charges cost, cost1 Annual fixed charges, costfix electric power cost, cost2 annual electric power cost, costep chemicals cost,cost3 annual chemicals cost, costche membrane replacement cost4 annual membrane replacement, costmem_rep annual labor cost, cost5 annual labor cost costlabor

$/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3

1.0262106 1.0262105 6.0022106 1.9981106 1.1874106 8.9328105 1.0894106 1.1170107 1.2299107 1.0311 0.5733 7680000 8.9964106 6.5021107 4.699106 0.3162 2.6752106 0.1800 4.4587105 0.0300 768000 0.0517 7.4312105 0.0500

RO plant cost, costRO_total Production Cost of RO, ROprod_cost electromechaical equipment cost, CostH1 hybrid civil work cost, CostH2 hybrid elctrochlorination,CostH3 hybrid brine disposal cost, CostH4 reference hybrid intake-outfall cost, costH_total annual plant intake-outfall cost, COSTHA total annual cost of SIMPLE HYBRID(MSFOT/RO),COSTSIM_HY WATER COST OF SIMPLE HYBRID (MSF-OT/RO), totalcost

$/year $/m3 $ $ $ $ $/year $/year $/year $/m3

9.3319106 0.6279 114000 525000 12022000 32500 12693500 1.1118106 2.2854107 0.8557

Fig 5-4 Simple Hybrid Desalination Plant ( MSF-OT/RO )

** All Mass Flowrates are in kg/h

5-2-2 MSF-BR/RO
The feed flow rate of simple hybrid MSF-BR / RO desalination plant
Table 5-13 The feed flow rate of simple hybrid MSF-BR / RO

Feed flow rate Total hybrid seawater feed, MHf MSF feed, Mf RO feed, Ff

Unit Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h

13750000 3165000 3000000

The membrane of RO desalination plant which is used in this study has the following characteristic Membrane characteristic pure water permeability, AW salt permeability, AS mass transfer coefficient, ks Feed Temperature, tcw Salinity of RO feed operating pressure, p1 Unit m/sec pa m/sec m/sec C ppm pa 2.057710-12 4.43010-7 5.915410-5 25 42000 7106

Also, The MSF-BR Plant is designed under the following condition MSF-OT Characteristic total number of rejection section stages, nJ total number of recovery section stages, nr Intake seawater Temperature, Tcw Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature, To Brine temperature in the last stage, Tn Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid, cp Salinity of the intake seawater,cf Salinity of the rejected brine, Xb By running matlab program
Table 5-14 MATLAB Result of Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants MSF-BR/RO (Modeling)

Unit C C C C kJ/kgoC ppm ppm 3 18 25 116 110 35 4.18 42000 70000

product feed (MSF-BR), Md the rejected brine flow rate, Mb Cooling water, Mcw brine recycle flow rate, Mr steam flow rate, Ms

Unit kg/h kg/h Kg/h kg/h kg/h

Result 1.266106 1.899106 7.583 106 10.032106 2.021105

recycled brine concentration, Xr The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Ub brine heater area, Ab The overall heat transfer coefficient of recovery section, Ur recovery section Area, Ar The overall heat transfer coefficient of rejection section, Uj Rejection section Area, Aj total condenser area, Ac the performance ratio, PR total heat transfer area, Atotal Salt concentration at membrane wall, cw1 permeate Concentration, cp1 Total Product Flow Rate (RO), Fp reject flow rate, Frj Concentration of reject flow rate crj Total membrane area, Atmod total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-BR / RO), MHd Concentration of (MSF- / RO), XHd total brine of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-BR / RO), MHb Concentration of (MSF- / RO) brine, XHb

ppm Kw/m2 o C m2 kW/m2 o C kW/m2 o C m2 m2 m2 ppm ppm kg/h kg/h ppm m2 kg/h ppm kg/h ppm

6.1166104 1.9953 5.9806103 1.9599 3.1404103 1.8320 4.3716103 6.9643104 6.2623 7.5624104 47.308103 340.9 1.6916106 1.3084106 95.89103 66240 2.9576106 195 3.2074106 80.55103

Table 5-15 MATLAB Result of Simple Hybrid Desalination Plants MSF-BR/RO (Economics)

direct capital investment, CDM indirect capital investment, CIDM Steam cost, Csteam Chemical treatment, Cche Power Cost, Cpower Spares Cost, Cspar Labor Cost Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost COM Annual Cost CAM Production Cost of MSF, MSF cost_p Recovery fraction, Rf membrane cost, costmem cost_civil estimation, costcivil direct capital cost costdir fixed charges cost, cost1

$/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/year $/year $/year

9.8351105 9.8351104 6.0011106 5.8827105 1.1075106 8.3316105 1.0161106 9.5461106 1.0628107 0.9553 0.5723 7680000 8.9964106 6.5021107 4.6997106

Annual fixed charges, costfix electric power cost, cost2 annual electric power cost, costep chemicals cost,cost3 annual chemicals cost, costche membrane replacement cost4 annual membrane replacement, costmem_rep annual labor cost, cost5 annual labor cost costlabor RO plant cost, costRO_total Production Cost of RO, ROprod_cost electromechaical equipment cost, CostH1 hybrid civil work cost, CostH2 hybrid elctrochlorination,CostH3 hybrid brine disposal cost, CostH4 reference hybrid intake-outfall cost, costH_total annual plant intake-outfall cost, COSTHA total annual cost of SIMPLE HYBRID(MSFBR/RO),COSTSIM_HY WATER COST OF SIMPLE HYBRID (MSF-BR/RO), totalcost

$/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $ $ $ $ $/year $/year $/year $/m3

0.3162 2.6752106 0.1800 4.4587105 0.0300 768000 0.0517 7.4312105 0.0500 9.3319106 0.6279 114000 525000 12022000 32500 12693500 4.1363105 2.0415107 0.7879

Fig 5-5 Simple Hybrid Desalination Plant ( MSF-BR/RO )

** All Mass Flowrates are in kg/h

5-3 Integrated Hybrid Desalination Plants 5-3-1 MSF-OT brine as feed of RO

The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-OT1/RO desalination plant
Table 5-16 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-OT1/RO

Feed flow rate Total hybrid seawater feed, MHf MSF feed, Mf RO feed, Ff

Unit Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h

13750000 13750000 3000000

The membrane of RO desalination plant which is used in this study has the following characteristic Membrane characteristic pure water permeability, AW salt permeability, AS mass transfer coefficient, ks total area , At_mod operating pressure, p1 Unit m/sec pa m/sec m/sec m2 pa 2.057710-12 4.43010-7 5.915410-5 66240 7106

Also, The MSF-OT Plant is designed under the following condition MSF-OT Characteristic total number of recovery section stages, n Intake seawater Temperature, Tcw Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature, To Brine temperature in the last stage, Tn Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid, cp Salinity of the intake seawater, cf By running matlab program
Table 5-17 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-OT1/RO (Modeling)

unit C C C C kJ/kgoC ppm 18 25 116 110 35 4.18 42000

production flow rate (MSF-OT), Md Brine Concentration, Xb Brine Flow rate, Mb Steam flow rate, Ms The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Ub The overall heat transfer coefficient of

kg/h ppm kg/h kg/h kW/m2 oC kW/m2 oC

1.7361106 4.8069104 12.014106 2.5862105 1.9953 1.9599

recovery section, Ur Total Area, Atotal (MSF) the performance ratio, PR Salt concentration at membrane wall, cw1 permeate Concentration, cp1 Total Product Flow Rate (RO), Fp reject flow rate, Frj Concentration of reject flow rate crj Total membrane area, Atmod total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-OT1 / RO), MHd Concentration of (MSF-OT / RO), XHd total brine of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-OT1 / RO), MHb

m2 ppm ppm Kg/h kg/h ppm m2 kg/h ppm Kg/h

1.0285105 6.7129 53.145103 253.9 1.4157106 1.5843106 90.79103 66240 3.1518106 114 9.0139106

Table 5-18 MATLAB Result of of integrated hybrid MSF-OT1/RO (Economics)

direct capital investment, CDM indirect capital investment, CIDM Steam cost, Csteam Chemical treatment, Cche Power Cost, Cpower Spares Cost, Cspar Labor Cost Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost COM Annual Cost CAM Production Cost of MSF, MSF cost_p Recovery fraction, Rf membrane cost, costmem cost_civil estimation, costcivil direct capital cost costdir fixed charges cost, cost1 Annual fixed charges, costfix electric power cost, cost2 annual electric power cost, costep chemicals cost,cost3 annual chemicals cost, costche membrane replacement cost4 annual membrane replacement, costmem_rep annual labor cost, cost5 annual labor cost costlabor RO plant cost, costRO_total Production Cost of RO, ROprod_cost

$/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3

1.2282106 1.2282105 7.6772106 2.5557106 1.5188106 1.1426106 1.3934106 1.43288107 1.5639107 1.025 0.4776 7680000 8.9964106 6.8448107 4.9474106 0.3966 2.2452106 0.1800 3.7419105 0.0300 768000 0.0616 6.2365105 0.0500 8.9584106 0.7182

electromechaical equipment cost, CostH1 hybrid civil work cost, CostH2 hybrid elctrochlorination,CostH3 hybrid brine disposal cost, CostH4 reference hybrid intake-outfall cost, costH_total annual plant intake-outfall cost, COSTHA total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-OT1/RO),COSTSIM_HY WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID (MSF-OT1/RO), totalcost

$ $ $ $ $/year $/year $/year $/m3

114000 525000 12022000 32500 12693500 1.1118106 2.5820107 0.9352

Fig 5-6 MSF-OT brine as feed of RO

** All Mass Flowrates are in kg/h

5-3-2 Mixing RO brine reject with MSF feed

The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-OT2/RO desalination plant
Table 5-19 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-OT2/RO

Feed flow rate Total hybrid seawater feed, MHf MSF feed, Mf RO feed, Ff

Unit Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h

13750000 12.058106 3000000

The membrane of RO desalination plant which is used in this study has the following characteristic Membrane characteristic pure water permeability, AW salt permeability, AS mass transfer coefficient, ks total area , At_mod operating pressure, p1 Unit m/sec pa m/sec m/sec m2 pa 2.057710-12 4.43010-7 5.915410-5 66240 7106

Also, The MSF-OT Plant is designed under the following condition MSF-OT Characteristic total number of recovery section stages, n Intake seawater Temperature, Tcw Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature, To Brine temperature in the last stage, Tn Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid, cp By running matlab program
Table 5-20 MATLAB Result of of integrated hybrid MSF-OT2/RO (Modeling)

Unit C C C C kJ/kgoC 18 25 116 110 35 4.18

Salinity of the intake (MSF), Xf production flow rate (MSF-OT), Md Brine Concentration, Xb Brine Flow rate, Mb Steam flow rate, Ms The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Ub The overall heat transfer coefficient of recovery section, Ur Total Area, Atotal (MSF)

Unit ppm kg/h ppm kg/h kg/h kW/m2 oC kW/m2 oC m2

Result 47.844103 1.5255106 54.758103 10.536106 2.2681105 1.9953 1.9599 9.3184104

the performance ratio, PR Salt concentration at membrane wall, cw1 permeate Concentration, cp1 Total Product Flow Rate (RO), Fp reject flow rate, Frj Concentration of reject flow rate crj Total membrane area, Atmod total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-OT2 / RO), MHd Concentration of (MSF-OT2 / RO), XHd direct capital investment, CDM indirect capital investment, CIDM Steam cost, Csteam Chemical treatment, Cche Power Cost, Cpower Spares Cost, Cspar Labor Cost Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost COM Annual Cost CAM Production Cost of MSF, MSF cost_p Recovery fraction, Rf membrane cost, costmem cost_civil estimation, costcivil direct capital cost costdir fixed charges cost, cost1 Annual fixed charges, costfix electric power cost, cost2 annual electric power cost, costep chemicals cost,cost3 annual chemicals cost, costche membrane replacement cost4 annual membrane replacement, costmem_rep annual labor cost, cost5 annual labor cost costlabor RO plant cost, costRO_total Production Cost of RO, ROprod_cost electromechaical equipment cost, CostH1 hybrid civil work cost, CostH2 hybrid elctrochlorination,CostH3 hybrid brine disposal cost, CostH4 reference hybrid intake-outfall cost, costH_total annual plant intake-outfall cost, COSTHA

ppm ppm Kg/h kg/h kg/m3 m2 kg/h ppm $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $ $ $ $ $/year $/year

6.7129 47.308103 340.9 1.6916106 1.3084106 95.86 66240 3.2142106 179 1.153106 1.153105 6.7327106 2.2412106 1.33191106 1.002106 1.2219106 1.2530107 1.3798107 1.0312 0.5723 7680000 6.5021107 6.4619107 4.6997106 0.3162 2.6752106 0.1800 4.4587105 0.0300 768000 0.0517 7.4312105 0.0500 9.3319106 0.6279 114000 525000 12022000 32500 12693500 1.1118106

Table 5-21 MATLAB Result of of integrated hybrid MSF-OT2/RO(Economics)

total annual cost of INTEGTATED HYBRID (MSF-OT2/RO),COSTSIM_HY WATER COST OF INTEGTATED HYBRID (MSF-OT2/RO), totalcost

$/year $/m3

2.4353107 0.8649

Fig 5-7 Mixing RO brine reject with MSF feed

** All Mass Flowrate are in kg/h

5-3-3 MSF cooling water as feed of RO (MSF-BR/RO)

The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-BR1/RO desalination plant
Table 5-22 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-BR1/RO

Feed flow rate Total hybrid seawater feed, MHf MSF feed, Mf RO feed, Ff

Unit Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h

13753000 4050000 3000000

The membrane of RO desalination plant which is used in this study has the following characteristic Membrane characteristic pure water permeability, AW salt permeability, AS mass transfer coefficient, ks operating pressure, p1 Feed Temperature, tcw Unit m/sec pa m/sec m/sec pa C 2.057710-12 4.43010-7 5.915410-5 7106 35

Also, The MSF- Plant is designed under the following condition MSF-BR Characteristic total number of rejection section stages, nJ total number of recovery section stages, nr Intake seawater Temperature, Tcw Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature, To Brine temperature in the last stage, Tn Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid, cp Salinity of the intake seawater, Xf Salinity of the rejected brine, Xb By running matlab program
Table 5-23 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR1/RO (Modeling)

unit C C C C kJ/kgoC ppm ppm 3 18 25 116 110 35 4.18 42000 70000

Cooling water, Mcw product feed (MSF-BR), Md the rejected brine flow rate, Mb brine recycle flow rate, Mr steam flow rate, Ms recycled brine concentration, Xr The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Ub

Unit Kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h ppm Kw/m2 oC

Result 9.7036106 1.62106 2.43106 12.837106 2.5869105 6.1166104 1.9953

brine heater area, Ab The overall heat transfer coefficient of recovery section, Ur recovery section Area, Ar The overall heat transfer coefficient of rejection section, Uj Rejection section Area, Aj total condenser area, Ac the performance ratio, PR total heat transfer area, Atotal Salt concentration at membrane wall, cw1 permeate Concentration, cp1 Total Product Flow Rate (RO), Fp reject flow rate, Frj Concentration of reject flow rate crj Total membrane area, Atmod total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM Case1 (MSF-BR1/ RO), MHd Concentration of (MSF-BR1/ RO), XHd

m2 kW/m2 oC kW/m2 oC m2 m2 m2 ppm ppm kg/h kg/h ppm m2 kg/h ppm

7.6529103 1.9599 4.0186103 1.8320 5.5940103 8.9117104 6.2623 9.6769104 47.128103 331.18 1.6329106 1.3671106 91.76103 66240 3.2529106 166.24

Table 5-24 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR1/RO (Economics)

direct capital investment, CDM indirect capital investment, CIDM Steam cost, Csteam Chemical treatment, Cche Power Cost, Cpower Spares Cost, Cspar Labor Cost Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost COM Annual Cost CAM Production Cost of MSF, MSF cost_p Recovery fraction, Rf membrane cost, costmem cost_civil estimation, costcivil direct capital cost costdir fixed charges cost, cost1 Annual fixed charges, costfix electric power cost, cost2 annual electric power cost, costep chemicals cost,cost3 annual chemicals cost, costche membrane replacement cost4 annual membrane replacement, costmem_rep

$/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3

1.1775106 1.1775105 7.6792106 7.5276105 1.4172106 1.0661106 1.3002106 1.2215107 1.3511107 0.9490 0.5443 7.68106 8.9964106 6.5784107 4.7549106 0.3305 2.5894106 0.1800 4.3157105 0.0300 7.68000105 0.0534

annual labor cost, cost5 annual labor cost costlabor RO plant cost, costRO_total Production Cost of RO, ROprod_cost electromechaical equipment cost, CostH1 hybrid civil work cost, CostH2 hybrid elctrochlorination,CostH3 hybrid brine disposal cost, CostH4 reference hybrid intake-outfall cost, costH_total annual plant intake-outfall cost, COSTHA total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-BR1/RO),COSTINT_HY WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID (MSF-BR1/RO), totalcost

$/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $ $ $ $ $/year $/year $/year $/m3

7.1928105 0.0500 9.2631106 0.6439 114000 525000 12022000 32500 1.2693500107 1.1118106 2.3997107 0.8421

Fig 5-8 MSF Cooling Water as feed of RO

** All Mass Flowrates are in kg/h

5-3-4 Part of MSF Brine and Part of Cooling Water as feed of RO

The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-BR2/RO desalination plant
Table 5-25 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-BR2/RO

Feed flow rate Total hybrid seawater feed, MHf MSF feed, Mf RO feed, Ff

Unit Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h

13750000 4050000 3000000

The membrane of RO desalination plant which is used in this study has the following characteristic Membrane characteristic pure water permeability, AW salt permeability, AS mass transfer coefficient, ks operating pressure, p1 Feed Temperature, tcw Unit m/sec pa m/sec m/sec pa C 2.057710-12 4.43010-7 5.915410-5 7106 35

Also, The MSF- Plant is designed under the following condition MSF-BR Characteristic total number of rejection section stages, nJ total number of recovery section stages, nr Intake seawater Temperature, Tcw Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature, To Brine temperature in the last stage, Tn Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid, cp Salinity of the intake seawater, Xf Salinity of the rejected brine, Xb By running matlab program
Table 5-26MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR2/RO (Modeling)

unit C C C C kJ/kgoC ppm ppm 3 18 25 116 110 35 4.18 42000 70000

Cooling water, Mcw product feed (MSF-BR), Md the rejected brine flow rate, Mb brine recycle flow rate, Mr steam flow rate, Ms recycled brine concentration, Xr

Unit Kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h ppm

Result 9.7036 106 1.62106 2.43106 12.837106 2.5869105 6.1166104

The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Ub brine heater area, Ab The overall heat transfer coefficient of recovery section, Ur recovery section Area, Ar The overall heat transfer coefficient of rejection section, Uj Rejection section Area, Aj total condenser area, Ac the performance ratio, PR total heat transfer area, Atotal Salt concentration at membrane wall, cw1 permeate Concentration, cp1 Total Product Flow Rate (RO), Fp reject flow rate, Frj Concentration of reject flow rate crj Total membrane area, Atmod total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-BR2 / RO), MHd Concentration of (MSF-BR2 / RO), XHd total BRINE of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-BR2 / RO), MHb CONCENTRATION OF HYBRID BRINE, XHb direct capital investment, CDM indirect capital investment, CIDM Steam cost, Csteam Chemical treatment, Cche Power Cost, Cpower Spares Cost, Cspar Labor Cost Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost COM Annual Cost CAM Production Cost of MSF, MSF cost_p Recovery fraction, Rf membrane cost, costmem cost_civil estimation, costcivil direct capital cost costdir fixed charges cost, cost1 Annual fixed charges, costfix electric power cost, cost2

Kw/m2 oC m2 kW/m2 oC kW/m2 oC m2 m2 m2 ppm ppm kg/h kg/h ppm m2 kg/h ppm kg/h ppm

1.9953 7.6529103 1.9599 4.0186103 1.8320 5.594103 8.9117104 6.2623 9.6796104 50.195103 289.2 1.5215106 1.4785106 91.17103 66240 3.1415 106 140 1.23 106 70103

Table 5-27 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR2/RO (Economics)

$/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year

1.1775106 1.1775105 7.6792106 7.5276105 1.4172106 1.0661106 1.3002106 1.2215107 1.3511107 0.9490 0.5072 7.68106 8.9964106 6.7085107 4.8489106 0.3617 2.4129106

annual electric power cost, costep chemicals cost,cost3 annual chemicals cost, costche membrane replacement cost4 annual membrane replacement, costmem_rep annual labor cost, cost5 annual labor cost costlabor RO plant cost, costRO_total Production Cost of RO, ROprod_cost electromechaical equipment cost, CostH1 hybrid civil work cost, CostH2 hybrid elctrochlorination,CostH3 hybrid brine disposal cost, CostH4 reference hybrid intake-outfall cost costH_total annual plant intake-outfall cost, COSTHA total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-BR2/RO),COSTINT_HY WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID (MSF-BR2/RO), totalcost

$/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $ $ $ $ $/year $/year $/year $/m3

0.1800 4.0215105 0.0300 7.68000105 0.0573 6.7025105 0.0500 9.1022106 0.6790 114000 525000 12022000 32500 1.2693500107 9.4355105 2.3651107 0.8594

Fig 5-9 Part of MSF Brine and Part of Cooling Water as feed of RO

** All Mass Flowrates are in kg/h

5-3-5 Mixing MSF feed with RO rejected brine

The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-BR3/RO desalination plant
Table 5-28 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-BR3/RO

Feed flow rate Total hybrid seawater feed, MHf MSF feed, Mf RO feed, Ff

Unit Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h

14.0168106 4.10106 3000000

The membrane of RO desalination plant which is used in this study has the following characteristic Membrane characteristic pure water permeability, AW salt permeability, AS mass transfer coefficient, ks total area , At_mod operating pressure, p1 Feed Temperature, tcw Unit m/sec pa m/sec m2 pa C 2.057710-12 4.43010-7 5.915410-5 66240 7106 35

Also, The MSF- Plant is designed under the following condition MSF-BR Characteristic total number of rejection section stages, nJ total number of recovery section stages, nr Intake seawater Temperature, Tcw Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature, To Brine temperature in the last stage, Tn Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid, cp Salinity of the intake seawater, Xf Salinity of the rejected brine, Xb By running matlab program
Table 5-29 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR3/RO(Modeling)

unit C C C C kJ/kgoC ppm ppm 3 18 25 116 110 35 4.18 42000 78000

Cooling water, Mcw Remaining Cooling water, Mcw1 product feed (MSF-BR), Md the rejected brine flow rate, Mb brine recycle flow rate, Mr

Unit Kg/h Kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h

Result 9.9168106 6.9168106 1.651106 3.8161106 12.082106

steam flow rate, Ms recycled brine concentration, Xr The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Ub brine heater area, Ab The overall heat transfer coefficient of recovery section, Ur recovery section Area, Ar The overall heat transfer coefficient of rejection section, Uj Rejection section Area, Aj total condenser area, Ac the performance ratio, PR total heat transfer area, Atotal Salt concentration at membrane wall, cw1 permeate Concentration, cp1 Total Product Flow Rate (RO), Fp reject flow rate, Frj Concentration of reject flow rate crj Total membrane area, Atmod total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-BR3/RO), MHd Concentration of (MSF-BR3/RO), XHd total BRINE of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-BR/RO), MHb CONCENTRATION OF HYBRID BRINE, XHb direct capital investment, CDM indirect capital investment, CIDM Steam cost, Csteam Chemical treatment, Cche Power Cost, Cpower Spares Cost, Cspar Labor Cost Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost COM Annual Cost CAM Production Cost of MSF, MSF cost_p Recovery fraction, Rf membrane cost, costmem cost_civil estimation, costcivil direct capital cost costdir fixed charges cost, cost1

kg/h ppm Kw/m2 oC m2 kW/m2 oC kW/m2 oC m2 m2 m2 ppm ppm kg/h kg/h ppm m2 kg/h ppm kg/h ppm

2.6364105 66.718103 1.9953 7.799103 1.9599 4.259103 1.8320 6.1218103 9.503104 6.2623 1.0283105 47.128103 331 1.6329106 1.3671106 91.76103 66240 3.2839106 164.6 3.8161106 78103

Table 5-30 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR3/RO(Economics)

$/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/year $/year $/year

1.2448106 1.2448105 7.8262106 1.0156106 1.4443106 1.0865106 1.3250106 1.2698107 14.067106 0.9695 0.5443 7.68106 8.9964106 6.5784107 4.7549106

Annual fixed charges, costfix electric power cost, cost2 annual electric power cost, costep chemicals cost,cost3 annual chemicals cost, costche membrane replacement cost4 annual membrane replacement, costmem_rep annual labor cost, cost5 annual labor cost costlabor RO plant cost, costRO_total Production Cost of RO, ROprod_cost electromechaical equipment cost, CostH1 hybrid civil work cost, CostH2 hybrid elctrochlorination,CostH3 hybrid brine disposal cost, CostH4 reference hybrid intake-outfall cost, costH_total annual plant intake-outfall cost ,COSTHA total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-BR3/RO),COSTINT_HY WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID (MSF-BR3/RO), totalcost

$/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $ $ $ $ $/year $/year $/year $/m3

0.3305 2.5894106 0.1800 4.3157105 0.0300 7.68000105 0.0534 7.1928105 0.0500 9.2631106 0.6439 114000 525000 12022000 32500 1.26935107 7.2656105 2.4129107 0.8388

Fig 5-10 Mixing MSF feed with RO rejected brine

** All Mass Flowrate are in kg/h

5-3-6 RO rejected brine is used as MSF feed

The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-BR4/RO desalination plant
Table 5-31 The feed flow rate of integrated hybrid MSF-BR4/RO

Feed flow rate Total hybrid seawater feed, MHf MSF feed, Mf RO feed, Ff

Unit Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h

13753000 1.3671106 3000000

The membrane of RO desalination plant which is used in this study has the following characteristic Membrane characteristic pure water permeability, AW salt permeability, AS mass transfer coefficient, ks total area , At_mod operating pressure, p1 Feed Temperature, tcw Unit m/sec pa m/sec m/sec m2 pa C 2.057710-12 4.43010-7 5.915410-5 66240 7106 35

Also, The MSF- Plant is designed under the following condition MSF-BR Characteristic total number of rejection section stages, nJ total number of recovery section stages, nr Intake seawater Temperature, Tcw Steam temperature, Ts Top brine temperature, To Brine temperature in the last stage, Tn Heat capacity of the liquid streams liquid, cp Salinity of the rejected brine, Xb By running matlab program
Table 5-32 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR4/RO(Modeling)

unit C C C C kJ/kgoC ppm 3 18 25 116 110 35 4.18 110000

Remaining Cooling water, Mcw1 product feed (MSF-BR), Md the rejected brine flow rate, Mb brine recycle flow rate, Mr steam flow rate, Ms recycled brine concentration, Xr

Unit Kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h ppm

Result 10.753106 2.2661105 1.1405106 1.7956106 3.6186104 9.6118104

The overall heat transfer coefficient of brine heater, Ub brine heater area, Ab The overall heat transfer coefficient of recovery section, Ur recovery section Area, Ar The overall heat transfer coefficient of rejection section, Uj Rejection section Area, Aj total condenser area, Ac the performance ratio, PR total heat transfer area, Atotal Salt concentration at membrane wall, cw1 permeate Concentration, cp1 Total Product Flow Rate (RO), Fp reject flow rate, Frj Concentration of reject flow rate crj Total membrane area, Atmod total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-BR4/RO), MHd Concentration of (MSF-BR4/RO), XHd total BRINE of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-BR4/RO), MHb CONCENTRATION OF HYBRID BRINE, XHb direct capital investment, CDM indirect capital investment, CIDM Steam cost, Csteam Chemical treatment, Cche Power Cost, Cpower Spares Cost, Cspar Labor Cost Clab The Operation & maintenance Cost COM Annual Cost CAM Production Cost of MSF, MSF cost_p Recovery fraction, Rf membrane cost, costmem cost_civil estimation, costcivil direct capital cost costdir fixed charges cost, cost1 Annual fixed charges, costfix electric power cost, cost2

Kw/m2 oC m2 kW/m2 oC m2 kW/m2 oC m2 m2 m2 ppm ppm kg/h kg/h ppm m2 kg/h ppm kg/h ppm

1.9953 1.0705103 1.9599 782.953 1.8320 1.3244103 1.8066104 6.2623 1.9137104 47.128103 331 1.6329106 1.3671106 91.767103 66240 1.8595106 290.8 1.1405106 110103

Table 5-33 MATLAB Result of integrated hybrid MSF-BR4/RO (Economics)

$/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year $/year $/year $/year $/m3 $/year

3.9602105 3.9602104 1.0742106 2.9803105 1.9824105 1.4913105 1.8187105 1.6332106 2.0688106 1.0389 0.5443 7.68106 8.9964106 6.5784107 4.7549106 0.3305 2.5894106

annual electric power cost, costep chemicals cost,cost3 annual chemicals cost, costche membrane replacement cost4 annual membrane replacement, costmem_rep annual labor cost, cost5 annual labor cost costlabor RO plant cost, costRO_total Production Cost of RO, ROprod_cost electromechaical equipment cost, CostH1 hybrid civil work cost, CostH2 hybrid elctrochlorination,CostH3 hybrid brine disposal cost, CostH4 reference hybrid intake-outfall cost, costH_total annual plant intake-outfall cost, COSTHA total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-BR4/RO),COSTINT_HY WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID (MSF-BR4/RO), totalcost

$/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $/year $/m3 $ $ $ $ $/year $/year $/year $/m3

0.1800 4.3157105 0.0300 7.68000105 0.0534 7.1928105 0.0500 9.2631106 0.6439 114000 525000 12022000 32500 1.26935107 6.5506105 1.2053107 0.7399

Fig 5-11 RO rejected brine as MSF-BR feed

** All Mass Flowrate are in kg/h

5-4 Summary of Production & Production Cost:

Table 5-34 Summary of Production & Production Cost:

Type Total feed (kg/h) Production (kg/h) Prod.Conce. (ppm) Cost $/m3 % reduction

RO 3106 1.691106 340 0.6279 -

MSF-OT 13.75106 1.736106 1.025 -

MSF-BR 13.75106 1.620106 0.949 -

Simp.OT 13.75106 3.049106 189 0.855 16.5%

Simp.BR 13.75106 2.957106 195 0.787 16.2%

Integ.OT1 13.75106 3.151106 114 0.935 8.7%

Integ.OT2 13.75106 3.214106 179 0.864 16%

Integ.BR1 13.753106 3.252106 166 0.842 10.7%

Integ.BR2 13.75106 3.141106 140 0.859 9%

Type Total feed (kg/h) Production (kg/h) Prod.Conce. (ppm) Cost $/m3 % reduction

Integ.BR3 14.016106 3.283106 164 0.838 11%

Integ.BR4 13.753106 1.85106 290 0.739 21%

5-5 Discussion
Both types of Multi-Stage Flash (MSF-OT and MSF-BR) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination plants as standalone plants are studied. The Hybridization systems options (simple and integrated) are covered also. Two cases study of simple hybrid desalination system and six cases study of integrated hybrid desalination system. MSF-OT unit and MSF-BR unit are connected with RO unit as simple hybrid system. They are sharing in the feed and the product from MSF and RO unit are combined. Two case study of MSF-OT and four case study of MSF-BR are connected with RO unit in different configurations as integrated hybrid systems. This study covered the modeling and economics parts. The minimum water cost is the objective of this study. Some constraints were followed in this study: Total feed which enters the hybrid system is 13.75106 kg /h and standalone MSF system is too except hybrid integrated case4 . Feed concentration is 42000ppm. Feed temperature is 25C. Top brine temperature is 110C. Steam temperature for the brine heater is 116C. Operating pressure in the RO unit is 70 bar. For both standalone and hybrid system desalination plants, the total water production and water production cost are estimated. The areas of heat rejection, heat recovery, brine heater and RO membrane are calculated for all cases. The economics items such as direct cost, indirect cost, the Operation & maintenance cost and annual cost are calculated for each study case. For standalone plants, the total water product of MSF-OT, MSF-BR and RO unit in kg/h are 1.736106, 1.620106 and 1.691 106 respectively. The annual water cost of RO is the minimum cost which reach to 0.627 $/m3.The second minimum cost is for MSF-BR which equal to 0.949 $/m3 and the annual water

cost of MSF-OT is the maximum which equal to 1.025 $/m3.The annual cost of RO unit is 9.331106 $/year however, the annual cost of MSF-OT and MSF-BR are 1.563107 and 1.351107 $/year respectively. The high capital investment cost of the MSF represents a major economic disadvantage of that technology .So that, the cost of water produced by the MSF process is the highest whereas the RO technology has the most favorable economics or least water cost. The other hybrid processes produce water at costs more or less between those of the RO and MSF. Since the MSF is a thermal process that depends mainly on steam as a source of heat for distillation, the cost of water produced by this process is most affected by variations in steam cost. Steam cost of both MSF-OT and MSFBR is approximately the same which equal to 7.67106$/year. Hybrid plants are lower sensitivity of water cost to variation in steam cost. The water cost from the RO process is most sensitive to variations in membrane cost. For simple hybridization system, the water production of simple hybrid MSFOT/RO is 3.049106 kg/h with production cost 0.855 $/m3,on the other hand, the simple hybrid MSF-BR/RO water production is 2.957106 kg/h with production cost 0.787$/m3.The percentage reduction of the simple hybridization system is approximately the same. It is about 16% according to MSF plant cost. There are two types of integration hybridization system. The best design of integration hybridization is MSF-OT2/RO which produce 3.214106 kg/h. The water production cost of MSF-OT2/RO is about 0.864$/m3.As compared with the MSF process, the cost reduction is about 16%. The second option of integration hybridization system use MSF-BR with RO unit. The worst case in this option is MSF-BR2/RO which use the MSF brine as a feed of RO unit. It has the minimum water product 3.141106 kg/h comparing with other integrated hybrid MSF-BR/OR designs. MSF-BR2/RO is the highest water cost (0.8597$/m3). Also, it has the lowest percentage reduction which about 9%. The situation for the membrane in this case is bad

because the high precipitation of salt in the membrane (concentration polarization) and then reduce the membrane life. The best design of the integration hybridization system are MSF-BR1/RO and MSF-BR3/RO. They are approximately the same in water production and water cost. Water production of MSF-BR1/RO and MSF-BR3/RO are 3.252106 kg/h and 3.283106 kg/h respectively. The water production cost of MSF-BR1/RO is 0.842$/m3 and for MSF-BR3/RO is 0.838$/m3. MSF-BR3/RO is better than MSF-BR1/RO because it combines many design feature of integration hybrid such as: feedwater temperature to the RO unit is controlled by using heated water from the heat rejection section of the MSF unit which means fewer membranes are required, long life for the membranes and more water production. Mixing the brine reject of RO unit with MSF feed. The total annual cost of MSF-BR3/RO is 2.412107$/year. It has 11% reduction in cost according to MSF-BR cost. MSF-BR4/RO has the same design feature of MSF-BR3/RO but the main difference is the brine reject of RO unit is feed of MSF. Low MSF feed about 1.367106 kg/h with salinity 91103 ppm affect the production cost of water which is 0.739$/m3.The MSF-BR unit cost is 1.038 $/m3 with total heat transfer area is 1.913104 m2.However, the cost of standalone MSF-BR is 0.949$/m3 with total area is about 9.676104 m2.

Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations

6-1 Conclusion
This study focused on finding the minimum water cost and finding the optimum design of hybrid MSF/RO desalination plant. Existing desalination plants in Saudi Arabia (RO and MSF) were reviewed for: Understanding the general design characteristics of these processes. Exploring the advantages of each process.

Suggestion of applicable design configurations of the hybrid MSF/RO systems is one of our objectives. Modeling of each proposed design configurations of the hybrid MSF/RO systems then solving the governing conservation equations of mass and energy is done in this study. Performing an economic optimization study based on the minimum water production cost for each proposed hybrid MSF/RO configurations is also done by using MATLAB program. For established new plant, installing big plant capacity or using many stages of RO plant is better than installing MSF plant or building Hybrid plants. Combining RO plant with existing dual-purpose such as MSF plant is the best choices to minimize the water cost. Combining RO plant with existing MSFBR plant is better than combining with MSF-OT in economics point view. MSF-BR3/RO of integrated hybrid desalination plant is the best design in this category because it combined many design features of integration hybrid systems.

6-2 Recommendations
SWRO desalination is highly influenced by mal-operation of the pretreatment system and/or conditions of the seawater makeup. Hybrid desalination systems are thus considered a good economic alternative for building new desalination plants with large production capacities. The following recommendations are suggested: For new installing plant, start to build a new high capacities of RO plants which are much better than building MSF plants with the same capacity. Combining RO plant with existing dual-purpose to operate in parallel with existing dual-purpose (MSF plant). Make deep investigation and development on integrated hybrid system MSF-BR3/RO to increase the water production. The process design of MSF plant is to be revised and developed to reduce its capital investment by using cheaper materials of construction or better hear transfer media. Making better membrane quality to reduce the concentration polarization phenomena.

Chapter 7 Bibliography

Reference:
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Optimal Design of Hybrid RO/MSF Desalination Plants", Part-l Modeling and Algorithms, Desalination 154, 43-66,2003. 17- M.Taniguchi, S.Kimura, "Estimation of Ttansport Parameters of RO Membranes for Seawater Desalination", American Institute American Institute of Chemical Engineers, AIChE Journal, 46, 10, 2000. 18- S.Senthilmurugan, A.Ahluwalia and S.K.Gupta, "Modeling of Spiral- Wound Module and Estimation of model Parameters Using Numerical Techniques", Desalination 173, 269-286,2005. 19- H.M. Ettouney, H.T. El-Dessouky, R. Faibish, and P. Gowin, Economics of Thermal and Membrane Desalination Processes, Middle East Energy 2001, Dubai, UAE, Oct. 8-10, 2001. 20- U. Atikol, H.S. Aybar," Estimation of Water Production Cost in the Feasibility Analysis of RO System", Desalination 184, 253-258, 2005. 21- I.S.AI-Mutaz, "Coupling of A unclear Reactor to Hybrid RO/MSF Desalination Plants", Desalination 175, 259-268, 2003. 22- A. Almulla, A.Hamad and M.Gadalla ," Integrating hybrid systems with thermal desalination plants", Desalination 174,171-192,2005. 23- I.S.AI-Mutaz, M.A. Soliman ,and A.M. Dahthem, "Optimum Design for a Hybrid Desalting Plant", Desalination 76, 177189,1989. 24- J.Andrianne and F.Alardin, "Thermal and Membrane Process Economics: Optimized Selection for Seawater Desalination", Desalination 153, 305-311, 2002 25- EI-Sayed, E.F., Ebrahim, S., AI-Saffar,A and Jawad, M.A., "Pilot Study of MSF/RO Hybrid Systems", Desalination 120,121128,1998. 26- M. Turek and P. Dydo, "Hybrid membrane thermal versus simple Systems", Desalination 157, 51-56,2003. 27- N.M.Wade,E.P.Ltd and Brighton, "The Effect of The Recent Energy Cost Increase on The Relative Water Cost From RO and Distillation Plant", Desalination and Water Re-use Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium, Malta 15-18 April 1991. 28- I.S.AI-Mutaz,A.I.Alabdulaaly, "Evaluation of Water Production Cost in RO and MSF Plants in Saudi Arabia", IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Bcieulco, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Nov 12-18, 1995. 29- J.Van Dijk, P.J.De Moel and H.A.Van Den Berkmortel, "Optimizing Design and Cost of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Systems", 52, 57-73, 1984. 30- Braj M. Misra, Pradip K. Tewari and B. Bhattacharjee, Futuristic

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Appendix A MATLAB Computer Programs for Desalination Plants

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %MSF-once through desalination %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %n total number of stages used to produce Md of product water; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; n=18; %total number of stages; Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC; M_f=13.75e6 %%feed flow rate kg/h; Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60); Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xf = 42000; %Salinity of the intake seawater, ppm; Xb=Mf*Xf/(Mf-Md) %Salinity of the rejected brine, ppm; %Then the rejected brine flow rate; Mb = Mf-Md; M_b=Mb*60*60 %Then the rejected brine flow rate kg/h X1=Mf*Xf/(Mf-y*Mf); % salinity of the first stage % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mf*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas; M_s=Ms*60*60 %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918*1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) %take the boiling point elevation BPE1 eqals 1.83 oC; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = X1*(B1 + C1*X1)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr; LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2)); % take the overall heat transfer coefficient, Ur equals 2 kW/m2 oC; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3 % Ar is the area for the first stage, Ar = Mf*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr) % total system area; A_total=Ab+n*Ar % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%Economical Estimation of MSF, once through type can be done as follow

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000 % has value between 5000-9000 %indirect capital investment C_IDM, in $/year C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM % Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =M_f; %make up feed kg/h den_B =1033; %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 % . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8; %densty of distillate stream, kg/m^3 C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109 % .Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 % .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 %distilled flow rate in m^3/year cost_p = C_AM /M_d1 %

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %MSF desalination with brine recirculation %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %n stages is used to produce Md kg/sec ; %nr stages in the heat recovery section; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; n=21; nr=18; nj=n-nr; %TOTAL SEAWATER FEED TO(MSF-BR)System= M_sys in kg/h M_sys=13.75e6 Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116 ; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC; M_f=4.05e6 %feed flow rate, kg/h Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60) ; %feed flow rate, kg/sec Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xf = 42000; %Salinity of the intake seawater, ppm; %Salt Balance to find Mf; Mb=(Mf*Xf)/Xb; %rejected brine flow rate, kg/sec M_b=Mb*60*60 %rejected brine flow rate;, kg/h %Then the production flow rate, kg/sec Md = Mf-Mb; M_d=Md*60*60 %Then the production flow rate kg/h % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C Lamdas = 2222.33 kJ/kg; Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mr*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas; M_s=Ms*60*60 % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 in kg/h %recycled brine concentration; Xr = ((Xf-Xb)*Mf + Mr*Xb)/Mr %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918*1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) %take the boiling point elevation BPE1 eqals 1.83 oC; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = Xr*(B1 + C1*Xr)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C for heat recovery section; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % vapor condensation temperature, Tv1; Tv1 = T1-BPE1 - NEA1 -DTd1; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr; LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2));

% take the overall heat transfer coefficient, Ur equals 2 kW/m2 oC; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3 % heat recovery section Ar, is determined for the first stage, Ar = Mr*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr)

% neglect all of the thermal losses except the BPEn (assumed=1.77 oC); %the vapor temperature in the last stage; Bn = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*Tn + 9.74*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-03; Cn = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*Tn + 9.42*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-08; BPEn = Xb*(Bn + Cn*Xb)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 1.217 C for heat recovery section; NEAn = 1.217; Tvn = Tn-BPEn-NEAn; LMTDj =((Tvn-Tjn)-(Tvn-Tcw))/log((Tvn-Tjn)/(Tvn-Tcw)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Uj=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tvn+1.597*1e-05*Tvn^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tvn^3 % cooling water flow rate; Mcw = (Ms*Lamdas -Mf *Cp*(Tn -Tcw))/(Cp*(Tn -Tcw)); M_cw=Mcw*60*60 % cooling water flow rate in kg/h Aj =(Mf+Mcw)*Cp*(Tjn-Tcw)/(Uj*LMTDj) % total condenser area; Ac =(n -nj)*Ar + nj*Aj % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms % the specific heat transfer area; sA = (Ab + Ac)/Md % the specific cooling water flow rate; sMcw = Mcw/Md %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% %%Economical Estimation of MSF,Brine Recirculation type can be done as following: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000 % has value between 5000-9000 A_total = Ab+Ac % total heat transfer area, M_d =Md*60*60; %distilled flow rate, kg/h %indirect capital investment C_IDM, in $/year C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM % Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including % .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =M_f ;%make up feed kg/h den_B =1033; %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 % . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8 ;%densty of distillate stream, kg/m^3 C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109 % .Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 % .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 %distilled flow rate in m^3/year cost_p = C_AM /M_d1

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %This program is to simulate a single stage(RO) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % feed sea water is at 25c & 42000ppm % input data t=25; %t=temperture at c Ff=3e6 %According to parameters of membrane,feed flow rate kg/h cf=42; %seawater feed conc in kg/m^3, cf=42000 ppm p1=7000000; %operating pressure in pa, p1=70 bar p2=1.01325e5; %atmospheric pressure in pa, p2=1 atm del_p= p1-p2; %pressure difference in pa del_p1= del_p/1000; %pressure difference in kpa AW=2.0577e-12; %pure water permeability in m/sec pa % membrane physical parameters ub= 0.3; N_train=4; N_mod= 480; A_mod= 34.5; At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; %first step assumption, cp=0.1; %assume value of wall conc(cw) and find ks cw=cf; den_cw=498.4*m+((248400*m^2+752*m*cw))^0.5; ks=1.08e-4*ub^0.5 ; for Jn=1:8 del_pi=pi_cw - pi_cp; NW=AW*(del_p - del_pi); nw=NW*den_cp; NS=AS*(cw-cp); cw_new=cp+((cf-cp)*(exp(nw/(ks*1000)))); if abs(cw-cw_new)<1e-3 break else

% number of trains %number of module in each train % area of one module % total area

%new value of wall conc

cp=NW/NS; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); pi_cp=(0.6955+0.0025*t)*1e8*(cp/den_cp); end end cw1=cw*1000 % wall concentration in ppm % total product estimation Np=nw+NS; %product flow rate in kg/hr Fp= At_mod * Np*3600 %permeate concentration in ppm cp1=cp*1000 %reject flow rate kg/h F_rj=Ff-Fp %reject flow rate concentration in ppm c_rj=((Ff*cf-Fp*cp)/F_rj)*1000; QY=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24*365; %yearly total plant capacity , m3/yrear At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area

p =p1/1000; % calcualted from the RO design, pressure kPa Qy=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24 %total plant capacity , m3/day %capacity ratio between production and reference Rat = 24*Fp/(den_cp*Q_ref); Rf=Fp/Ff %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% %%Economical Estimation of (RO) can be done as following: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% %cost_mem estimation: N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod % total area cost_mod = 4000; % cost of one module in $ cost_mem=cost_mod*(At_mod/A_mod) % membrane cost %cost_civil estimation: cost_civil = 2390 *(Q_ref)^0.8 %civil work in $ %cost_pump estimation: cost_pump= 0.0141*((Q_ref*101.32*p)/Rf); %pumping & energy recovery system n= 30; %an amortization life of 30 years i= 0.05; %the interest rate? a = (i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1) % amortization factor plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost1=cost_fix*QY % annual electric power cost is obtained from the following relation:? power_cost = 0.04; %$/m3 power_consumption =5; %5 kWh/m3 plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost2=power_cost*power_consumption*plant_availability *plant_capacity*365 cost_ep=cost2/QY % annual chemicals cost in $/m3 cost_chem = 0.03 cost3=cost_chem *QY % annual membrane replacement cost is 10% of the membrane cost cost4= 0.10 * cost_mem cost_mem_rep=cost4/QY % annual labor cost is equal to 0.05/m3 cost_labor = 0.05 %0.05$/m3 cost5=cost_labor*QY cost_RO_total=cost1+cost2+cost3+cost4+cost5 %total cost in $/year RO_prod_cost= (cost_fix+cost_ep+cost_chem +cost_mem_rep +cost_labor)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT/RO) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%MSF once through desalination %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %TOTAL SEAWATER FEED TO SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT / RO) M_Hf=13.75e6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %n total number of stages used to produce Md of product water; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; n=18; %total number of stages; Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC; M_f=10.75e6 %feed flow rate, kg/h Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60) %%feed flow rate kg/sec; Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xf = 42000; %Salinity of the intake seawater, ppm; M_d=Md*60*60 %Then the rejected brine flow rate; Mb = Mf-Md; M_b=Mb*60*60 X1=Mf*Xf/(Mf-y*Mf); % salinity of the first stage % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C Lamdas = 2222.33 kJ/kg; Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mf*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas; M_s=Ms*60*60 % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 in kg/h %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918*1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) %take the boiling point elevation BPE1 eqals 1.83 oC; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = X1*(B1 + C1*X1)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr; LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2)); % take the overall heat transfer coefficient, Ur equals 2 kW/m2 oC; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3 % Ar is the area for the first stage, Ar = Mf*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr) % total system area; A_total=Ab+n*Ar % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %This program is to simulate a single stage RO %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % feed sea water is at 25c & 42000ppm % input data t=25; %t=temperture at c %According to parameters of membrane,feed flow rate kg/h Ff=0.217*M_Hf cf=42; %seawater feed conc in kg/m^3, cf=42000 ppm p1=7000000; %operating pressure in pa, p1=70 bar p2=1.01325e5; %atmospheric pressure in pa, p2=1 atm del_p= p1-p2; %pressure difference in pa del_p1= del_p/1000; %pressure difference in kpa AW=2.0577e-12; %pure water permeability in m/sec pa % membrane physical parameters ub= 0.3; %Dl= 0.6/100; N_train=4; N_mod= 480; A_mod= 34.5; At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod;

%characteristic length of the net, in m % number of trains %number of module in each train % area of one module % total area

%first step assumption, %assume cp find den_cp,pi_cp cp=0.1; %permeate conc in kg/m^3, %assume value of wall conc(cw) and find ks cw=cf; den_cw=498.4*m+((248400*m^2+752*m*cw))^0.5; %density of wall conc ks=1.08e-4*ub^0.5 ; for Jn=1:8 del_pi=pi_cw - pi_cp; NW=AW*(del_p - del_pi); nw=NW*den_cp; NS=AS*(cw-cp); cw_new=cp+((cf-cp)*(exp(nw/(ks*1000)))); %new value of wall conc if abs(cw-cw_new)<1e-3 break else cp=NW/NS; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); %density at cp=774ppm pi_cp=(0.6955+0.0025*t)*1e8*(cp/den_cp); %osmotic Pressure in Pa of permeate end end % total product estimation cw1=cw*1000 % wall concentration in ppm % total product estimation Np=nw+NS; Fp= At_mod * Np*3600 %product flow rate in kg/hr cp1=cp*1000 %permeate concentration in ppm F_rj=Ff-Fp %reject flow rate kg/h

c_rj=((Ff*cf-Fp*cp)/F_rj)*1000 %reject flow rate concentration in ppm QY=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24*365; %yearly total plant capacity , m3/yrear At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT / RO) in kg/h %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % M_Hd=M_d+Fp %total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM in m3/year M_Hd1=M_Hd*(1/1000)*(24)*(365) %salt bakance of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT / RO) in kg/m3 X_Hd=(Fp*cp)/M_Hd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%Economical Estimation of MSF,once through desalination type can be done as follow %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000 %indirect capital investment C_IDM, in $/year C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM % Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including % .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =M_f; %make up feed kg/h den_B =1033; %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 % . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8 ;%densty of distillate stream, kg/m^3 C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109 % .Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 % .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 %distilled flow rate of MSF in m^3/year MSF_cost_p = C_AM /M_d1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%Economical Estimation of RO : p =p1/1000; % calcualted from the RO design, pressure kPa den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); Qy=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24 %total plant capacity , m3/day Q_ref= 29484; % reference RO plant Capacity in m^3/day Rat = 24*Fp/(den_cp*Q_ref); %capacity ratio between production and reference Rf=Fp/Ff %cost_mem estimation: N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod % total area cost_mod = 4000; % cost of one module in $ cost_mem=cost_mod*(At_mod/A_mod) % membrane cost

%cost_civil estimation: cost_civil = 2390 *(Q_ref)^0.8 %civil work in $ %cost_pump estimation: cost_pump= 0.0141*((Q_ref*101.32*p)/Rf); %Estimation of the water production cost n= 30; %an amortization life of 30 years i= 0.05; %the interest rate? a = (i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1) % amortization factor plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; % annual electric power cost is obtained from the following relation:? power_cost = 0.04; %$/m3 power_consumption =5; %5 kWh/m3 plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost2=power_cost*power_consumption*plant_availability *plant_capacity*365 cost_ep=cost2/QY % annual chemicals cost in $/m3 cost_chem = 0.03 %0.03$/m3 cost3=cost_chem *QY % annual membrane replacement cost is 10% of the membrane cost cost4= 0.10 * cost_mem cost_mem_rep=cost4/QY % annual labor cost is equal to 0.05/m3 cost_labor = 0.05 %0.05$/m3 cost5=cost_labor*QY cost_RO_total=cost1+cost2+cost3+cost4+cost5 %total cost in $/year RO_prod_cost= (cost_fix+cost_ep+cost_chem +cost_mem_rep +cost_labor) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %HYBRID COST F_ref=1000 B_ref=750 cost_H1=44000+70*F_ref cost_H2=150000+375*F_ref cost_H3=22000+12000*F_ref cost_H4=25000+10*B_ref cost_H_total=cost_H1+cost_H2 +cost_H3 +cost_H4 COST_HA=0.0963*(cost_H_total)*(f_ratio^0.9) %total annual cost of SIMPLE HYBRID(MSF-OT/RO) COST_SIM_HY=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA) %WATER COST OF SIMPLE HYBRID(MSF-OT/RO) total_cost=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA)/M_Hd1

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR/RO) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %TOTAL SEAWATER FEED TO SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT/RO) M_Hf=13.75e6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %n total number of stages used to produce Md of product water; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; %input parameters; n=21; nr=18; nj=n-nr; Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116 ; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC; M_f=3.165e6 %feed flow rate, kg/h Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60) ; %feed flow rate, kg/sec Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xf = 42000; %Salinity of the intake seawater, ppm; %Salt Balance to find Mf; Mb=(Mf*Xf)/Xb; %rejected brine flow rate, kg/sec M_b=Mb*60*60 %rejected brine flow rate;, kg/h %Then the production flow rate Md = Mf-Mb; M_d=Md*60*60 % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C Lamdas = 2222.33 kJ/kg; Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mr*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas; M_s=Ms*60*60 % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 in kg/h %recycled brine concentration; Xr = ((Xf-Xb)*Mf + Mr*Xb)/Mr %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918*1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) %take the boiling point elevation BPE1 eqals 1.83 oC; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = Xr*(B1 + C1*Xr)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C for heat recovery section; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % vapor condensation temperature, Tv1; Tv1 = T1-BPE1 - NEA1 -DTd1; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr; LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2)); % take the overall heat transfer coefficient, Ur equals 2 kW/m2 oC;

%The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3 % heat recovery section Ar, is determined for the first stage, Ar = Mr*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr) % neglect all of the thermal losses except the BPEn (assumed=1.77 oC); %the vapor temperature in the last stage; Bn = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*Tn + 9.74*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-03; Cn = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*Tn + 9.42*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-08; BPEn = Xb*(Bn + Cn*Xb)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 1.217 C for heat recovery section; NEAn = 1.217; Tvn = Tn-BPEn-NEAn; LMTDj =((Tvn-Tjn)-(Tvn-Tcw))/log((Tvn-Tjn)/(Tvn-Tcw)); % take heat transfer coefficient, Uj = 1.85 kW/m2 oC, LMTDj=10.53; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Uj=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tvn+1.597*1e-05*Tvn^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tvn^3 % cooling water flow rate; Mcw = (Ms*Lamdas -Mf *Cp*(Tn -Tcw))/(Cp*(Tn -Tcw)); M_cw=Mcw*60*60 % cooling water flow rate in kg/h Aj =(Mf+Mcw)*Cp*(Tjn-Tcw)/(Uj*LMTDj) % total condenser area; Ac =(n -nj)*Ar + nj*Aj % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms % the specific heat transfer area; sA = (Ab + Ac)/Md % the specific cooling water flow rate; sMcw = Mcw/Md A_total = Ab+Ac % total heat transfer area, %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %This program is to simulate a single stage SWRO % feed sea water is at 25c & 42000ppm % input data t=25; %t=temperture at c Ff=3e6 %According to parameters of membrane,feed flow rate kg/h cf=42; %seawater feed conc in kg/m^3, cf=42000 ppm p1=7000000; %operating pressure in pa, p1=70 bar p2=1.01325e5; %atmospheric pressure in pa, p2=1 atm del_p= p1-p2; %pressure difference in pa del_p1= del_p/1000; %pressure difference in kpa AW=2.0577e-12; %pure water permeability in m/sec pa % membrane physical parameters ub= 0.3; %Dl= 0.6/100; N_train=4; N_mod= 480; A_mod= 34.5; At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; %first step assumption, %assume cp find den_cp,pi_cp cp=0.1;

%characteristic length of the net, in m % number of trains %number of module in each train % area of one module % total area

%permeate conc in kg/m^3

%assume value of wall conc(cw) and find ks cw=cf; ks=1.08e-4*ub^0.5 ; for Jn=1:8 del_pi=pi_cw - pi_cp; NW=AW*(del_p - del_pi); nw=NW*den_cp; NS=AS*(cw-cp); cw_new=cp+((cf-cp)*(exp(nw/(ks*1000)))); if abs(cw-cw_new)<1e-3 break else cp=NW/NS; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); pi_cp=(0.6955+0.0025*t)*1e8*(cp/den_cp); end end cw1=cw*1000 cp1=cp*1000 %product concentration in ppm % total product estimation Np=nw+NS; Fp= At_mod * Np*3600 %product flow rate in kg/hr F_rj=Ff-Fp %reject flow rate kg/h c_rj=((Ff*cf-Fp*cp)/F_rj)*1000 %concen. in ppm QY=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24*365; %yearly total plant capacity , m3/yrear At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR / RO) in kg/h M_Hd=M_d+Fp M_Hd1=M_Hd*(1/1000)*(24)*(365)%total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM in m3/year %salt concentration of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR / RO) in ppm X_Hd=(Fp*cp1)/M_Hd %total brine of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR / RO) in kg/h M_Hb=M_b+F_rj X_Hb=(M_b*Xb+F_rj*c_rj)/M_Hb %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%Economical Estimationcan be done as following %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%% %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000 % has value between 5000-9000 C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM % Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including % .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =M_f %make up feed kg/h den_B =1033 %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8 %densty of distillate stream, kg/m^3 C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109 .Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year

% %

C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 %distilled flow rate of MSF in m^3/year MSF_cost_p = C_AM /M_d1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % p =p1/1000; % calcualted from the RO design, pressure den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); Qy=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24 %total plant capacity , m3/day Q_ref= 29484; % reference RO plant Capacity in m^3/day Rat = 24*Fp/(den_cp*Q_ref); %capacity ratio between production and reference Rf=Fp/Ff %cost_mem estimation: N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod % total area cost_mod = 4000; % cost of one module in $ cost_mem=cost_mod*(At_mod/A_mod) % membrane cost %cost_civil estimation: cost_civil = 2390 *(Q_ref)^0.8 %civil work in $ %cost_pump estimation: cost_pump= 0.0141*((Q_ref*101.32*p)/Rf); %Estimation of the water production cost n= 30; %an amortization life of 30 years i= 0.05; %the interest rate? a = (i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1) % amortization factor plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost1=cost_fix*QY % annual electric power cost is obtained from the following relation: power_cost = 0.04; %$/m3 power_consumption =5; %5 kWh/m3 plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost2=power_cost*power_consumption*plant_availability *plant_capacity*365 cost_ep=cost2/QY % annual chemicals cost in $/m3 cost_chem = 0.03 %0.03$/m3 cost3=cost_chem *QY % annual membrane replacement cost is 10% of the membrane cost ? cost4= 0.10 * cost_mem cost_mem_rep=cost4/QY % annual labor cost is equal to 0.05/m3 cost_labor = 0.05 %0.05$/m3 cost5=cost_labor*QY cost_RO_total=cost1+cost2+cost3+cost4+cost5 %total cost in $/year RO_prod_cost= (cost_fix+cost_ep+cost_chem +cost_mem_rep +cost_labor) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %

%HYBRID COST F_ref=1000 B_ref=750 cost_H1=44000+70*F_ref % hybrid electromechaical equipment cost cost_H2=150000+375*F_ref %hybrid civil work cost cost_H3=22000+12000*F_ref % hybrid elctrochlorination cost_H4=25000+10*B_ref %hybrid brine disposal cost cost_H_total=cost_H1+cost_H2 +cost_H3 +cost_H4 %reference hybrid intake-outfall cost COST_HA=0.0963*(cost_H_total)*(f_ratio^0.9) %annual plant intakeoutfall cost %total annual cost of SIMPLE HYBRID(MSF-OT/RO) COST_SIM_HY=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA) %WATER COST OF SIMPLE HYBRID(MSF-OT/RO) total_cost=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA)/M_Hd1

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT1/RO) %Hybbrid desalination,case #1 ; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %TOTAL SEAWATER FEED TO INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT1/RO) M_Hf=13.75e6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %n total number of stages used to produce Md of product water; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; n=18; %total number of stages; Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC; M_f=M_Hf %feed flow rate, kg/h Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60); %%feed flow rate kg/sec; Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xf = 42000; %Salinity of the intake seawater, ppm; Xb=Mf*Xf/(Mf-Md) %Salinity of the rejected brine, ppm; %Then the rejected brine flow rate; Mb = Mf-Md ; M_b=Mb*60*60 %Then the rejected brine flow rate kg/h X1=Mf*Xf/(Mf-y*Mf) % salinity of the first stage % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C ; Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mf*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas; M_s=Ms*60*60 % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 in kg/h %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918*1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) %take the boiling point elevation BPE1 eqals 1.83 oC; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = X1*(B1 + C1*X1)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr; LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3 % Ar is the area for the first stage, Ar = Mf*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr)

% total system area; A_total=Ab+n*Ar % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %This program is to simulate a single stage SWRO % feed sea water is at 25c & 42000ppm % input data t=35; %t=temperture at c Ff=3e6 %According to parameters of membrane,feed flow rate kg/h cf=Xb/1000; %seawater feed conc in kg/m^3, p1=7000000; %operating pressure in pa, p1=70 bar p2=1.01325e5; %atmospheric pressure in pa, p2=1 atm del_p= p1-p2; %pressure difference in pa del_p1= del_p/1000; %pressure difference in kpa AW=2.0577e-12; %pure water permeability in m/sec pa % membrane physical parameters ub= 0.3; %Dl= 0.6/100; N_train=4; N_mod= 480; A_mod= 34.5; At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; %brine velocity, m/s %characteristic length of the net, in m % number of trains %number of module in each train % area of one module % total area

%first step assumption, %assume cp find den_cp,pi_cp cp=0.1; %p %assume value of wall conc(cw) and find ks cw=cf; ks=1.08e-4*ub^0.5 ; for Jn=1:8 del_pi=pi_cw - pi_cp; NW=AW*(del_p - del_pi); nw=NW*den_cp; NS=AS*(cw-cp); cw_new=cp+((cf-cp)*(exp(nw/(ks*1000)))); %new value of wall conc if abs(cw-cw_new)<1e-3 break else cp=NW/NS; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); pi_cp=(0.6955+0.0025*t)*1e8*(cp/den_cp); end end cw1=cw*1000 %wall concentration in ppm cp1=cp*1000 %product concentration in ppm % total product estimation Np=nw+NS; Fp= At_mod * Np*3600 %product flow rate in kg/hr F_rj=Ff-Fp %reject flow rate kg/h c_rj=((Ff*cf-Fp*cp)/F_rj)*1000 %in ppm QY=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24*365; %yearly total plant capacity , m3/yrear At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT1/RO) in kg/h M_Hd=M_d+Fp %total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM in m3/year

M_Hd1=M_Hd*(1/1000)*(24)*(365) %salt bakance of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT1 / RO) in ppm X_Hd=(Fp*cp1)/M_Hd %brine of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT1 / RO) in kg/h M_Hb=M_b-Ff %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%Economical Estimation of MSF,once through type can be done as follow %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000 % has value between 5000-9000 %indirect capital investment C_IDM, in $/year C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM % Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including % .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =M_f; %make up feed kg/h den_B =1033; %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 % . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8; %densty of distillate stream, kg/m^3 C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109 % .Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 % .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 %distilled flow rate of MSF in m^3/year MSF_cost_p = C_AM /M_d1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % p =p1/1000; % calcualted from the RO design, pressure kPa den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); Qy=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24 %total plant capacity , m3/day Q_ref= 29484; % reference RO plant Capacity in m^3/day Rat = 24*Fp/(den_cp*Q_ref); %capacity ratio between production and reference Rf=Fp/Ff % all above variables were given in previous claculation %cost_mem estimation: N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod % total area cost_mod = 4000; % cost of one module in $ cost_mem=cost_mod*(At_mod/A_mod) % membrane cost %cost_civil estimation: cost_civil = 2390 *(Q_ref)^0.8 %civil work in $ %cost_pump estimation: cost_pump= 0.0141*((Q_ref*101.32*p)/Rf); %pumping & energy recovery system %Estimation of the water production cost n= 30; %an amortization life of 30 years

i= 0.05; %the interest rate? a = (i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1) % amortization factor plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost1=cost_fix*QY % annual electric power cost is obtained from the following relation:? power_cost = 0.04; %$/m3 power_consumption =5; %5 kWh/m3 plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost2=power_cost*power_consumption*plant_availability *plant_capacity*365 cost_ep=cost2/QY % annual chemicals cost in $/m3 cost_chem = 0.03 %0.03$/m3 cost3=cost_chem *QY % annual membrane replacement cost is 10% of the membrane cost ? cost4= 0.10 * cost_mem cost_mem_rep=cost4/QY % annual labor cost is equal to 0.05/m3 cost_labor = 0.05 %0.05$/m3 cost5=cost_labor*QY cost_RO_total=cost1+cost2+cost3+cost4+cost5 %total cost in $/year RO_prod_cost= (cost_fix+cost_ep+cost_chem +cost_mem_rep +cost_labor) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %HYBRID COST F_ref=1000 B_ref=750 cost_H1=44000+70*F_ref cost_H2=150000+375*F_ref cost_H3=22000+12000*F_ref cost_H4=25000+10*B_ref cost_H_total=cost_H1+cost_H2 +cost_H3 +cost_H4 COST_HA=0.0963*(cost_H_total)*(f_ratio^0.9) %total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-OT1/RO) COST_SIM_HY=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA) %WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-OT/RO) total_cost=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA)/M_Hd1

%INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT2/RO) %Hybbrid desalination,case#2 ; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %TOTAL SEAWATER FEED TO INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT2/RO) M_Hf=13.75e6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %This program is to simulate a single stage RO %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % feed sea water is at 25c & 42000ppm % input data t=25; %t=temperture at c Ff=3e6 %According to parameters of membrane,feed flow rate kg/h cf=42000/1000; %seawater feed conc in kg/m^3, p1=7000000; %operating pressure in pa, p1=70 bar p2=1.01325e5; %atmospheric pressure in pa, p2=1 atm del_p= p1-p2; %pressure difference in pa del_p1= del_p/1000; %pressure difference in kpa AW=2.0577e-12; %pure water permeability in m/sec pa % membrane physical parameters ub= 0.3; %Dl= 0.6/100; %characteristic length of the net, in m N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area %first step assumption, %assume cp find den_cp,pi_cp cp=0.1; %assume value of wall conc(cw) and find ks cw=cf; ks=1.08e-4*ub^0.5 ; for Jn=1:8 del_pi=pi_cw - pi_cp; NW=AW*(del_p - del_pi); nw=NW*den_cp; NS=AS*(cw-cp); cw_new=cp+((cf-cp)*(exp(nw/(ks*1000)))); if abs(cw-cw_new)<1e-3 break else cp=NW/NS; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); cp=774ppm pi_cp=(0.6955+0.0025*t)*1e8*(cp/den_cp); in Pa of permeate

%density at %osmotic Pressure

end end cw1=cw*1000 %wall concentration in ppm cp1=cp*1000 % product concentration in ppm % total product estimation Np=nw+NS; Fp= At_mod * Np*3600 %product flow rate in kg/hr F_rj=Ff-Fp %reject flow rate kg/h c_rj=((Ff*cf-Fp*cp)/F_rj)*1000 %%reject concentration in ppm QY=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24*365; %yearly total plant capacity , m3/yrear At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%MSF once through desalination ; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %n total number of stages used to produce Md of product water; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; n=18; %total number of stages; Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC M_f1=M_Hf-Ff %spitted stream from Maine seawater feed X_f1=42000; %Salinity of M_f1= the intake seawater Salinity,ppm; M_f=M_f1+F_rj %feed flow rate, kg/h Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60); Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xb=Mf*Xf/(Mf-Md) %Salinity of the rejected brine, ppm; %Then the rejected brine flow rate; Mb = Mf-Md; M_b=Mb*60*60 %Then the rejected brine flow rate kg/h X1=Mf*Xf/(Mf-y*Mf) % salinity of the first stage % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mf*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas; M_s=Ms*60*60 %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918*1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) %take the boiling point elevation BPE1 eqals 1.83 oC; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = X1*(B1 + C1*X1)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr; LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2)); % take the overall heat transfer coefficient; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3 % Ar is the area for the first stage, Ar = Mf*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr) % total system area; A_total=Ab+n*Ar % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %

%total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT2/RO) in kg/h M_Hd=M_d+Fp %total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM in m3/year M_Hd1=M_Hd*(1/1000)*(24)*(365) %salt bakance of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT2/RO) in kg/m3 X_Hd=(Fp*cp)/M_Hd %brine of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT2/RO) in kg/h M_Hb=M_b %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%Economical Estimation of MSF,once through type can be done as follow %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000 %indirect capital investment C_IDM, in $/year C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM % Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including % .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =M_f; %make up feed kg/h den_B =1033; %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 % . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8; %densty of distillate stream, kg/m^3 C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109 % .Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 % .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 %distilled flow rate of MSF in m^3/year MSF_cost_p = C_AM /M_d1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % p =p1/1000; % calcualted from the RO design, pressure kPa den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); Qy=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24 %total plant capacity , m3/day Q_ref= 29484; % reference RO plant Capacity in m^3/day Rat = 24*Fp/(den_cp*Q_ref); %capacity ratio between production and reference Rf=Fp/Ff %cost_mem estimation: N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod % total area cost_mod = 4000; % cost of one module in $ cost_mem=cost_mod*(At_mod/A_mod) % membrane cost %cost_civil estimation: cost_civil = 2390 *(Q_ref)^0.8 %civil work in $ %cost_pump estimation: %pumping & energy recovery system cost_pump= 0.0141*((Q_ref*101.32*p)/Rf);

%Estimation of the water production cost n= 30; %an amortization life of 30 years i= 0.05; %the interest rate? a = (i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1) % amortization factor plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost1=cost_fix*QY % annual electric power cost is obtained from the following relation:? power_cost = 0.04; %$/m3 power_consumption =5; %5 kWh/m3 plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost2=power_cost*power_consumption*plant_availability *plant_capacity*365 cost_ep=cost2/QY % annual chemicals cost in $/m3 cost_chem = 0.03 %0.03$/m3 cost3=cost_chem *QY % annual membrane replacement cost is 10% of the membrane cost ? cost4= 0.10 * cost_mem cost_mem_rep=cost4/QY % annual labor cost is equal to 0.05/m3 cost_labor = 0.05 %0.05$/m3 cost5=cost_labor*QY cost_RO_total=cost1+cost2+cost3+cost4+cost5 %total cost in $/year RO_prod_cost= (cost_fix+cost_ep+cost_chem +cost_mem_rep +cost_labor) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %HYBRID COST F_ref=1000 B_ref=750 cost_H1=44000+70*F_ref cost_H2=150000+375*F_ref cost_H3=22000+12000*F_ref cost_H4=25000+10*B_ref cost_H_total=cost_H1+cost_H2 +cost_H3 +cost_H4 COST_HA=0.0963*(cost_H_total)*(f_ratio^0.9) %total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-OT1/RO) COST_SIM_HY=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA) %WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-OT/RO) total_cost=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA)/M_Hd1

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR1/RO) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%MSF Brine Recirculation desalination ; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %TOTAL SEAWATER FEED TO INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT/RO)= M_Hf %%%%M_Hf=M_f+M_cw %%%%%%%%% M_Hf=13.753e6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %nr stages in the heat recovery section; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; n=21; nr=18; nj=n-nr; Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116 ; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC; M_f=4.05e6 %feed flow rate, kg/h Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60) ; %feed flow rate, kg/sec Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xf = 42000; %Salinity of the intake seawater, ppm; Mb=(Mf*Xf)/Xb; %rejected brine flow rate, kg/sec M_b=Mb*60*60 %rejected brine flow rate;, kg/h %Then the production flow rate, Md = Mf-Mb; M_d=Md*60*60 %Then the production flow rate kg/h % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C; Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mr*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas; M_s=Ms*60*60 % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 in kg/h %recycled brine concentration; Xr = ((Xf-Xb)*Mf + Mr*Xb)/Mr %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918*1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) %take the boiling point elevation BPE1 eqals 1.83 oC; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = Xr*(B1 + C1*Xr)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C for heat recovery section; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % vapor condensation temperature, Tv1; Tv1 = T1-BPE1 - NEA1 -DTd1; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr;

LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2)); % take the overall heat transfer coefficient, Ur equals 2 kW/m2 oC; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3 % heat recovery section Ar, is determined for the first stage, Ar = Mr*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr) % neglect all of the thermal losses except the BPEn (assumed=1.77 oC); %the vapor temperature in the last stage; Bn = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*Tn + 9.74*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-03; Cn = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*Tn + 9.42*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-08; BPEn = Xb*(Bn + Cn*Xb)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 1.217 C for heat recovery section; NEAn = 1.217; Tvn = Tn-BPEn-NEAn; LMTDj =((Tvn-Tjn)-(Tvn-Tcw))/log((Tvn-Tjn)/(Tvn-Tcw)); % take heat transfer coefficient, Uj = 1.85 kW/m2 oC, LMTDj=10.53; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Uj=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tvn+1.597*1e-05*Tvn^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tvn^3 % cooling water flow rate; Mcw = (Ms*Lamdas -Mf *Cp*(Tn -Tcw))/(Cp*(Tn -Tcw)); M_cw=Mcw*60*60 % cooling water flow M_cw1=M_cw-3e6 %remaing after taking Ff Aj =(Mf+Mcw)*Cp*(Tjn-Tcw)/(Uj*LMTDj) % total condenser area; Ac =(n -nj)*Ar + nj*Aj % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms % the specific heat transfer area; sA = (Ab + Ac)/Md % the specific cooling water flow rate; sMcw = Mcw/Md A_total = Ab+Ac % total heat transfer area, % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms % the specific heat transfer area; sA = (Ab + Ac)/Md % the specific cooling water flow rate; sMcw = Mcw/Md; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %This program is to simulate a single stage RO % feed sea water is at 35c & 42000ppm % input data t=35; %t=temperture at c Ff=3e6; %According to parameters of membrane,feed flow rate kg/h cf=42; %seawater feed conc in kg/m^3, cf=42000 ppm p1=7000000; %operating pressure in pa, p1=70 bar p2=1.01325e5; %atmospheric pressure in pa, p2=1 atm del_p= p1-p2; %pressure difference in pa del_p1= del_p/1000; %pressure difference in kpa AW=2.0577e-12; %pure water permeability in m/sec pa % membrane physical parameters ub= 0.3;

N_train=4; N_mod= 480; A_mod= 34.5; At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod;

% number of trains %number of module in each train % area of one module % total area

%first step assumption, %assume cp find den_cp,pi_cp cp=0.1; %permeate conc in kg/m^3, permeate %assume value of wall conc(cw) and find ks cw=cf; ks=1.08e-4*ub^0.5 ; for Jn=1:8 del_pi=pi_cw - pi_cp; NW=AW*(del_p - del_pi); nw=NW*den_cp; NS=AS*(cw-cp); cw_new=cp+((cf-cp)*(exp(nw/(ks*1000)))); if abs(cw-cw_new)<1e-3 break else cp=NW/NS; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); pi_cp=(0.6955+0.0025*t)*1e8*(cp/den_cp); end end cw1=cw*1000 % wall concentration in ppm % total product estimation Np=nw+NS; Fp= At_mod * Np*3600 %product flow rate in kg/hr cp1=cp*1000 %permeate concentration in ppm F_rj=Ff-Fp %reject flow rate kg/h c_rj=((Ff*cf-Fp*cp)/F_rj)*1000 %reject flow rate concentration in ppm QY=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24*365; %yearly total plant capacity , m3/yrear At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR/RO) in kg/h M_Hd=M_d+Fp %total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM in m3/year M_Hd1=M_Hd*(1/1000)*(24)*(365) %salt bakance of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR / RO) in ppm X_Hd=(Fp*cp1)/M_Hd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR1/RO); %Economical Estimation of HYBRID : %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%Economical Estimation of MSF,Brine Recirculation type can be done as follow %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000 %indirect capital investment C_IDM, in $/year C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM % Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including % .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =M_f; %make up feed kg/h den_B =1033; %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 % . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8; %densty of distillate stream, kg/m^3 C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109 % .Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 % .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) %distilled flow rate of MSF in m^3/year M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 MSF_cost_p = C_AM /M_d1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % p =p1/1000; % calcualted from the RO design, pressure kPa den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); Qy=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24 %total plant capacity , m3/day Q_ref= 29484; % reference RO plant Capacity in m^3/day Rat = 24*Fp/(den_cp*Q_ref); %capacity ratio between production and reference Rf=Fp/Ff %cost_mem estimation: N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod % total area cost_mod = 4000; % cost of one module in $ cost_mem=cost_mod*(At_mod/A_mod) % membrane cost %cost_civil estimation: cost_civil = 2390 *(Q_ref)^0.8 %civil work in $ %cost_pump estimation: cost_pump= 0.0141*((Q_ref*101.32*p)/Rf); %Estimation of the water production cost n= 30; %an amortization life of 30 years i= 0.05; %the interest rate? a = (i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1) % amortization factor plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost1=cost_fix*QY % annual electric power cost is obtained from the following relation:? power_cost = 0.04; %$/m3 power_consumption =5; %5 kWh/m3

plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost2=power_cost*power_consumption*plant_availability*plant_capacity *365 cost_ep=cost2/QY % annual chemicals cost in $/m3 cost_chem = 0.03 %0.03$/m3 cost3=cost_chem *QY % annual membrane replacement cost is 10% of the membrane cost ? cost4= 0.10 * cost_mem cost_mem_rep=cost4/QY % annual labor cost is equal to 0.05/m3 cost_labor = 0.05 %0.05$/m3 cost5=cost_labor*QY cost_RO_total=cost1+cost2+cost3+cost4+cost5 %total cost in $/year RO_prod_cost= (cost_fix+cost_ep+cost_chem +cost_mem_rep +cost_labor) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %HYBRID COST F_ref=1000 B_ref=750 cost_H1=44000+70*F_ref cost_H2=150000+375*F_ref cost_H3=22000+12000*F_ref cost_H4=25000+10*B_ref cost_H_total=cost_H1+cost_H2 +cost_H3 +cost_H4 COST_HA=0.0963*(cost_H_total)*(f_ratio^0.9) %total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-OT1/RO) COST_SIM_HY=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA) %WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-OT/RO) total_cost=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA)/M_Hd1

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR2/RO) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%MSF Brine Recirculation desalination %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %TOTAL SEAWATER FEED TO INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR2/RO) %%%%M_Hf=M_f+M_cw %%%%%%%%% M_Hf=13.752e6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %n stages ; %nr stages in the heat recovery section; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; n=21; nr=18; nj=n-nr; Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110 ; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35 ; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC; M_f=4.05e6 %feed flow rate, kg/h Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60); %feed flow rate, kg/sec Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xf = 42000; %Salinity of the intake seawater, ppm; %Salt Balance to find Mf; Mb=Xf*Mf/Xb; %production flow rate, kg/sec M_b=Mb*60*60 %Then the rejected brine flow rate; Md = Mf-Mb; M_d=Md*60*60 %Then the rejected brine flow rate kg/h % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mr*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas; M_s=Ms*60*60 % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 in kg/h %recycled brine concentration; Xr = ((Xf-Xb)*Mf + Mr*Xb)/Mr %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918*1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) %take the boiling point elevation BPE1 eqals 1.83 oC; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = Xr*(B1 + C1*Xr)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C for heat recovery section; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % vapor condensation temperature, Tv1;

Tv1 = T1-BPE1 - NEA1 -DTd1; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr; LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2)); % take the overall heat transfer coefficient, Ur equals 2 kW/m2 oC; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3 % heat recovery section Ar, is determined for the first stage, Ar = Mr*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr) % neglect all of the thermal losses except the BPEn (assumed=1.77 oC); %the vapor temperature in the last stage; Bn = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*Tn + 9.74*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-03; Cn = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*Tn + 9.42*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-08; BPEn = Xb*(Bn + Cn*Xb)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 1.217 C for heat recovery section; NEAn = 1.217; Tvn = Tn-BPEn-NEAn; LMTDj =((Tvn-Tjn)-(Tvn-Tcw))/log((Tvn-Tjn)/(Tvn-Tcw)); % take heat transfer coefficient, Uj = 1.85 kW/m2 oC, LMTDj=10.53; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Uj=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tvn+1.597*1e-05*Tvn^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tvn^3 % cooling water flow rate; Mcw = (Ms*Lamdas -Mf *Cp*(Tn -Tcw))/(Cp*(Tn -Tcw)); M_cw=Mcw*60*60 % cooling water flow rate in kg/h M_cw1=M_cw+1.2e6; % M_cw+ 1.2e6 (from Mb) kg/h M_cw2=M_cw1-3e6 %after taking Ff(RO feed) Aj =(Mf+Mcw)*Cp*(Tjn-Tcw)/(Uj*LMTDj) % total condenser area; Ac =(n -nj)*Ar + nj*Aj %total heat transfer area A_total = Ab+Ac % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms % the specific heat transfer area; sA = (Ab + Ac)/Md % the specific cooling water flow rate; sMcw = Mcw/Md; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %This program is to simulate a single stage SWRO % feed sea water is at 35c & 42000ppm % input data t=35; Ff=3e6 %According to parameters of membrane,feed flow rate kg/h cf=((M_cw*Xf+1.2e6*Xb)/M_cw1)*(1/1000) p1=7000000; %operating pressure in pa, p1=70 bar p2=1.01325e5; %atmospheric pressure in pa, p2=1 atm del_p= p1-p2; %pressure difference in pa del_p1= del_p/1000; %pressure difference in kpa AW=2.0577e-12; %pure water permeability in m/sec pa % membrane physical parameters ub= 0.3; %Dl= 0.6/100; N_train=4; N_mod= 480;

%characteristic length of the net, in m % number of trains %number of module in each train

A_mod= 34.5; At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod

% area of one module % total area

%first step assumption, %assume cp find den_cp,pi_cp cp=0.1; permeate %assume value of wall conc(cw) and find ks cw=cf; ks=1.08e-4*ub^0.5 ; for Jn=1:8 del_pi=pi_cw - pi_cp; NW=AW*(del_p - del_pi); nw=NW*den_cp; NS=AS*(cw-cp); cw_new=cp+((cf-cp)*(exp(nw/(ks*1000)))); if abs(cw-cw_new)<1e-3 break else cp=NW/NS; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); pi_cp=(0.6955+0.0025*t)*1e8*(cp/den_cp); end end cw1=cw*1000 %wall concentration in ppm cp1=cp*1000 %product concentration in ppm % total product estimation Np=nw+NS; Fp= At_mod * Np*3600 %product flow rate in kg/hr F_rj=Ff-Fp %reject flow rate kg/h c_rj=((Ff*cf-Fp*cp)/F_rj)*1000 %reject flow rate concentration in ppm QY=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24*365; %yearly total plant capacity , m3/yrear At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR / RO) in kg/h M_Hd=M_d+Fp %total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM in m3/year M_Hd1=M_Hd*(1/1000)*(24)*(365) %salt balance of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR / RO) in ppm X_Hd=(Fp*cp1)/M_Hd %BRINE REJECT of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR/RO) in kg/h M_Hb=M_b-1.2e6 X_Hb=Xb %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR2/RO); %Economical Estimation of HYBRIDCASE#2 : %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%Economical Estimation of MSF,Brine Recirculation type can be done as follow %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000 %indirect capital investment C_IDM, in $/year C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM

% Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including % .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =M_f; %make up feed kg/h den_B =1033; %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 % . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8; %densty of distillate stream, kg/m^3 C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109 % .Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 % .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 %distilled flow rate of MSF in m^3/year MSF_cost_p = C_AM /M_d1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%Economical Estimation of RO can be done as follow %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%% p =p1/1000; % calcualted from the RO design, pressure kPa den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); Qy=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24 %total plant capacity , m3/day Q_ref= 29484; % reference RO plant Capacity in m^3/day Rat = 24*Fp/(den_cp*Q_ref); %capacity ratio Rf=Fp/Ff %cost_mem estimation: N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod % total area cost_mod = 4000; % cost of one module in $ cost_mem=cost_mod*(At_mod/A_mod) % membrane cost %cost_civil estimation: cost_civil = 2390 *(Q_ref)^0.8 %civil work in $ %cost_pump estimation: cost_pump= 0.0141*((Q_ref*101.32*p)/Rf); %Estimation of the water production cost %n= 30; %an amortization life of 30 years i= 0.05; %the interest rate? a = (i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1) % amortization factor plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost1=cost_fix*QY % annual electric power cost is obtained from the following relation:? power_cost = 0.04; %$/m3 power_consumption =5; %5 kWh/m3 plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost2=power_cost*power_consumption*plant_availability*plant_capacity*3 65 cost_ep=cost2/QY % annual chemicals cost in $/m3 cost_chem = 0.03 %0.03$/m3

cost3=cost_chem *QY % annual membrane replacement cost is 10% of the membrane cost cost4= 0.10 * cost_mem cost_mem_rep=cost4/QY % annual labor cost is equal to 0.05/m3 cost_labor = 0.05 %0.05$/m3 cost5=cost_labor*QY cost_RO_total=cost1+cost2+cost3+cost4+cost5 %total cost in $/year RO_prod_cost= (cost_fix+cost_ep+cost_chem +cost_mem_rep +cost_labor) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% %HYBRID COST F_ref=1000 B_ref=750 cost_H1=44000+70*F_ref cost_H2=150000+375*F_ref cost_H3=22000+12000*F_ref cost_H4=25000+10*B_ref cost_H_total=cost_H1+cost_H2 +cost_H3 +cost_H4 COST_HA=0.0963*(cost_H_total)*(f_ratio^0.9) %total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID2 (MSF-BR/RO) COST_INT_HY=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA) %WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID2 (MSF-BR/RO) total_cost=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA)/M_Hd1

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR3/RO) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %TOTAL SEAWATER FEED TO INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-OT/RO)= M_Hf %%%%M_Hf=M_f+M_cw %%%%%%%%% M_Hf=14.0168e6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % a single stage RO % feed sea water is at 35c & 42000ppm % input data t=35; %t=temperture at c Ff=3e6; cf=42; %seawater feed conc p1=7000000; %operating pressure in pa, p1=70 bar p2=1.01325e5; %atmospheric pressure in pa, p2=1 atm del_p= p1-p2; %pressure difference in pa del_p1= del_p/1000; %pressure difference in kpa AW=2.0577e-12; %pure water permeability in m/sec pa % membrane physical parameters ub= 0.3; N_train=4; N_mod= 480; A_mod= 34.5; At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod;

% number of trains %number of module in each train % area of one module % total area

%assume cp find den_cp,pi_cp cp=0.1; cw=cf; ks=1.08e-4*ub^0.5 ; for Jn=1:8 del_pi=pi_cw - pi_cp; NW=AW*(del_p - del_pi); nw=NW*den_cp; NS=AS*(cw-cp); cw_new=cp+((cf-cp)*(exp(nw/(ks*1000)))); if abs(cw-cw_new)<1e-3 break else cp=NW/NS; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); pi_cp=(0.6955+0.0025*t)*1e8*(cp/den_cp); end end cw1=cw*1000 Np=nw+NS; Fp= At_mod * Np*3600 cp1=cp*1000 F_rj=Ff-Fp c_rj=((Ff*cf-Fp*cp)/F_rj)*1000 %reject flow rate concentration in ppm QY=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24*365; %yearly total plant capacity At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %MSF desalination with brine recirculation %n stages is used to produce Md kg/h ;

%nr stages in the heat recovery section; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; n=21; nr=18; nj=n-nr; Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110 ; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35 ; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC; M_f=4.1e6 %feed flow rate, kg/h Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60); %feed flow rate, kg/sec M_f1=M_f+F_rj Mf1=M_f1*(1/60)*(1/60); Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xf = 42000; %Salinity of the intake seawater, ppm; Xf1=((Xf*M_f)+(F_rj*c_rj))/M_f1 %Salt Balance to find Mb; Mb=Xf1*Mf1/Xb ; %production flow rate, kg/sec M_b=Mb*60*60 %production flow rate, kg/h %Then the rejected brine flow rate; Md = Mf1-Mb ; M_d=Md*60*60 %Then the rejected brine flow rate kg/h %latent heat correlation, kJ/kg; Lamdav= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Tav -1.596*1e-03*Tav^2; y =Cp*DT/Lamdav; %brine recycle flow rate; % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C ; Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mr*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas ; M_s=Ms*60*60 % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 in kg/h %recycled brine concentration; Xr = ((Xf-Xb)*Mf + Mr*Xb)/Mr %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918*1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) % boiling point elevation BPE1 ; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = Xr*(B1 + C1*Xr)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C for heat recovery section; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % vapor condensation temperature, Tv1; Tv1 = T1-BPE1 - NEA1 -DTd1; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr; LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2)); % take the overall heat transfer coefficient, Ur equals 2 kW/m2 oC; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC;

Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3 % heat recovery section Ar, is determined for the first stage, Ar = Mr*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr) % neglect all of the thermal losses except the BPEn (assumed=1.77 oC); %the vapor temperature in the last stage; Bn = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*Tn + 9.74*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-03; Cn = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*Tn + 9.42*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-08; BPEn = Xb*(Bn + Cn*Xb)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 1.217 C for heat recovery section; NEAn = 1.217; LMTDj =((Tvn-Tjn)-(Tvn-Tcw))/log((Tvn-Tjn)/(Tvn-Tcw)); % take heat transfer coefficient, Uj = 1.85 kW/m2 oC, LMTDj=10.53; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Uj=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tvn+1.597*1e-05*Tvn^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tvn^3 % cooling water flow rate; Mcw = (Ms*Lamdas -Mf *Cp*(Tn -Tcw))/(Cp*(Tn -Tcw)); M_cw=Mcw*60*60 % cooling water flow rate in kg/h Aj =(Mf+Mcw)*Cp*(Tjn-Tcw)/(Uj*LMTDj) M_cw1=M_cw-Ff % total condenser area; Ac =(n -nj)*Ar + nj*Aj A_total = Ab+Ac % total heat transfer area, % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms % the specific heat transfer area; sA = (Ab + Ac)/Md ; % the specific cooling water flow rate; sMcw = Mcw/Md; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR3/RO) in kg/h M_Hd=M_d+Fp %total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM in m^3/year M_Hd1=M_Hd*(1/1000)*(24)*(365) %salt bakance of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR/RO) in ppm X_Hd=((Fp*cp1)/M_Hd) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR3/RO) %Economical Estimation of HYBRID: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%Economical Estimation of MSF,Brine Recirculation type can be done as follow %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000; %indirect capital investment C_IDM, in $/year C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM % Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including % .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =M_f1; %make up feed kg/h Xf_1=Xf1/1000 %concentration in kg/m^3 den_B=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*Xf_1)^(0.5); %density of Brine stream ,kg/m^3 %den_B =1033 %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 % . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8; %densty of distillate stream C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109

.Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 % .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 %distilled flow rate of MSF in m^3/year MSF_cost_p = C_AM /M_d1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %Estimation of RO IN INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR/RO);CASE#3 p =p1/1000; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); Qy=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24 %total plant capacity , m3/day Q_ref= 29484; % reference RO plant Capacity in m^3/day Rat = 24*Fp/(den_cp*Q_ref); %capacity ratio between production and reference Rf=Fp/Ff %cost_mem estimation: N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod % total area cost_mod = 4000; % cost of one module in $ cost_mem=cost_mod*(At_mod/A_mod) % membrane cost %cost_civil estimation: cost_civil = 2390 *(Q_ref)^0.8 %civil work in $ %cost_pump estimation: cost_pump= 0.0141*((Q_ref*101.32*p)/Rf); %pumping & energy recovery system %Estimation of the water production cost n= 30; %an amortization life of 30 years i= 0.05; %the interest rate? a = (i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1) % amortization factor plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost1=cost_fix*QY power_cost = 0.04; %$/m3 power_consumption =5; %5 kWh/m3 plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost2=power_cost*power_consumption*plant_availability*plant_capacity*3 65 cost_ep=cost2/QY % annual chemicals cost in $/m3 cost_chem = 0.03 %0.03$/m3 cost3=cost_chem *QY % annual membrane replacement cost is10% of the membrane cost cost4= 0.10 * cost_mem cost_mem_rep=cost4/QY % annual labor cost is equal to 0.05/m3 cost_labor = 0.05 %0.05$/m3 cost5=cost_labor*QY cost_RO_total=cost1+cost2+cost3+cost4+cost5 %total cost in $/year RO_prod_cost= (cost_fix+cost_ep+cost_chem +cost_mem_rep +cost_labor) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %HYBRID COST

F_ref=1000 B_ref=750 cost_H1=44000+70*F_ref cost_H2=150000+375*F_ref cost_H3=22000+12000*F_ref cost_H4=25000+10*B_ref cost_H_total=cost_H1+cost_H2 +cost_H3 +cost_H4 COST_HA=0.0963*(cost_H_total)*(f_ratio^0.9) %total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-OT1/RO) COST_INT_HY=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA) %WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-OT/RO) total_cost=COST_INT_HY/M_Hd1

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR4/RO) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%MSF Brine Recirculation desalination %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %TOTAL SEAWATER FEED TO INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM %%%%M_Hf=M_f+M_cw %%%%%%%%% M_Hf=13.753e6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %single stage SWRO % feed sea water is at 35c & 42000ppm % input data t=35; %t=temperture at c Ff=3e6; cf=42; %seawater feed conc p1=7000000; %operating pressure in pa, p1=70 bar p2=1.01325e5; %atmospheric pressure in pa, p2=1 atm del_p= p1-p2; %pressure difference in pa del_p1= del_p/1000; %pressure difference in kpa AW=2.0577e-12; %pure water permeability in m/sec pa % membrane physical parameters ub= 0.3; N_train=4; N_mod= 480; A_mod= 34.5; At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod;

% number of trains %number of module in each train % area of one module % total area

%first step assumption, %assume cp find den_cp,pi_cp cp=0.1; %permeate conc in kg/m^3, cp=774 ppm cw=cf; den_cw=498.4*m+((248400*m^2+752*m*cw))^0.5; %density of wall conc ks=1.08e-4*ub^0.5 ; for Jn=1:8 del_pi=pi_cw - pi_cp; NW=AW*(del_p - del_pi); nw=NW*den_cp; NS=AS*(cw-cp); cw_new=cp+((cf-cp)*(exp(nw/(ks*1000)))); if abs(cw-cw_new)<1e-3 break else cp=NW/NS; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); pi_cp=(0.6955+0.0025*t)*1e8*(cp/den_cp); end end cw1=cw*1000 % wall concentration in ppm % total product estimation Np=nw+NS; Fp= At_mod * Np*3600 %product flow rate in kg/hr cp1=cp*1000 % permeate concentration in ppm F_rj=Ff-Fp %reject flow rate kg/h c_rj=((Ff*cf-Fp*cp)/F_rj)*1000 QY=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24*365; %yearly total plant capacity , m3/yrear At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod; % total area

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %MSF desalination with brine recirculation %n stages is used to produce Md kg/sec ; %nr stages in the heat recovery section; %design parameters and performance characteristics; % simplified model; %input parameters; n=21; nr=18; nj=n-nr; Tcw = 25; %Intake seawater Temperature, oC; Ts = 116; %Steam temperature, oC; To = 110 ; %Top brine temperature, oC; Tn = 35 ; %Brine temperature in the last stage, oC; M_f=F_rj %feed flow rate, kg/h Mf=M_f*(1/60)*(1/60) ; %feed flow rate, kg/sec Cp = 4.18; %Heat capacity of the liquid streams, kJ/kg oC; Xf = c_rj; %Salinity of the intake seawater, ppm; %Salt Balance to find Mb; Mb=Xf*Mf/Xb ; %production flow rate, kg/sec M_b=Mb*60*60 %production flow rate, kg/h %Then the rejected brine flow rate; Md = Mf-Mb ; M_d=Md*60*60 %Then the rejected brine flow rate kg/h M_cw1=M_Hf-Ff %recycled brine concentration; Xr = ((Xf-Xb)*Mf + Mr*Xb)/Mr % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 C ; Lamdas= 2499.5698 -2.204864 *Ts -1.596*1e-03*Ts^2; Ms = Mr*Cp*(To-Tr1)/Lamdas ; M_s=Ms*60*60 % steam flow rate, at Ts = 116 in kg/h %the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDb; LMTDb= ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tr1))/log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tr1)); %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ub=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Ts+1.597*1e-05*Ts^2-1.9918 *1e-07*Ts^3 %brine heater area, Ab, m2; Ab = Ms*Lamdas /(Ub*LMTDb) %take the boiling point elevation BPE1 eqals 1.83 oC; B1 = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*T1 + 9.74*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-03; C1 = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*T1 + 9.42*1e-05*T1^2)*1e-08; BPE1 = Xr*(B1 + C1*Xr)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 0.213 C for heat recovery section; NEA1 = 0.213; DTd1=0; % the logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTDr; LMTDr =((Tv1-Tr1)-(Tv1-Tr2))/log((Tv1-Tr1)/(Tv1-Tr2)); % take the overall heat transfer coefficient, Ur equals 2 kW/m2 oC; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Ur=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tav+1.597*1e-05*Tav^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tav^3

% heat recovery section Ar, is determined for the first stage, Ar = Mr*Cp*(Tr1-Tr2)/(Ur*LMTDr) % neglect all of the thermal losses except the BPEn (assumed=1.77 oC); %the vapor temperature in the last stage; Bn = ( 6.71 + 6.34*1e-02*Tn + 9.74*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-03; Cn = (22.238 + 9.5*1e-03*Tn + 9.42*1e-05*Tn^2)*1e-08; BPEn = Xb*(Bn + Cn*Xb)*1e-03; % take non-equilibrium allowance of 1.217 C for heat recovery section; NEAn = 1.217; LMTDj =((Tvn-Tjn)-(Tvn-Tcw))/log((Tvn-Tjn)/(Tvn-Tcw)); % take heat transfer coefficient, Uj = 1.85 kW/m2 oC, LMTDj=10.53; %The overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2 oC; Uj=1.7194+3.2063*1e-03*Tvn+1.597*1e-05*Tvn^2-1.9918*1e-07*Tvn^3 % cooling water flow rate; Mcw = (Ms*Lamdas -Mf *Cp*(Tn -Tcw))/(Cp*(Tn -Tcw)); M_cw=Mcw*60*60; % cooling water flow rate in kg/h Aj =(Mf+Mcw)*Cp*(Tjn-Tcw)/(Uj*LMTDj) % total condenser area; Ac =(n -nj)*Ar + nj*Aj A_total = Ab+Ac % total heat transfer area, % the performance ratio; PR = Md/Ms % the specific heat transfer area; sA = (Ab + Ac)/Md ; % the specific cooling water flow rate; sMcw = Mcw/Md; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %total product of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM (MSF-BR4/RO) in kg/h M_Hd=M_d+Fp M_Hd1=M_Hd*(1/1000)*(24)*(365)%total product of SIMPLE HYBRID SYSTEM in m3/year %salt bakance of INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR/RO) in ppm X_Hd=((Fp*cp1)/M_Hd) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %Economical Estimation of HYBRID %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%Economical Estimation of MSF,Brine Recirculation type can be done as follow %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %direct capital investment C_DM, in $/year fi=6000 %indirect capital investment C_IDM, in $/year C_IDM = 0.1*C_DM % Operation & maintenance Cost,C_OM including % .Chemical treatment, C_che in $/year Mm =F_rj; %make up feed kg/h den_B=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*c_rj)^(0.5); %density of Brine stream ,kg/m^3 %den_B =1033 %Brine density ,kg/m^3 C_che = 8000*(Mm /den_B)*0.024 % . Power Cost, Cpower in $/year den_d = 996.8 ;%densty of distillate stream C_power = 8000*(M_d/ den_d)*0.109

.Spares Cost, C_spar in $/year C_spar = 8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.082 % .Labor Cost, C_lab in $/year C_lab =8000*(M_d / den_d )*0.1 %Annual Cost, C_AM in $/year C_AM = C_DM + C_IDM + C_OM %Production Cost ,,cost_p = C_AM ($/year) /F_d (m^3/year) M_d1 =M_d*(1/den_d)*24*365 %distilled flow rate of MSF in m^3/year MSF_cost_p = C_AM /M_d1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %Estimation of RO IN INTEGRATED HYBRID SYSTEM(MSF-BR4/RO) p =p1/1000; den_cp=498.4*m+(248400*m^2+752*m*cp)^(0.5); Qy=Fp*(1/den_cp)*24 %total plant capacity , m3/day Q_ref= 29484; % reference RO plant Capacity in m^3/day Rat = 24*Fp/(den_cp*Q_ref); %capacity ratio between production and reference Rf=Fp/Ff %cost_mem estimation: N_train=4; % number of trains N_mod= 480; %number of module in each train A_mod= 34.5; % area of one module At_mod= N_train*N_mod*A_mod % total area cost_mod = 4000; % cost of one module in $ cost_mem=cost_mod*(At_mod/A_mod) % membrane cost %cost_civil estimation: cost_civil = 2390 *(Q_ref)^0.8 %civil work in $ %cost_pump estimation: cost_pump= 0.0141*((Q_ref*101.32*p)/Rf); %Estimation of the water production cost n= 30; %an amortization life of 30 years i= 0.05; %the interest rate? a = (i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1) % amortization factor plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost1=cost_fix*QY % annual electric power cost is obtained from the following relation: power_cost = 0.04; %$/m3 power_consumption =5; %5 kWh/m3 plant_availability = 0.90; plant_capacity= Qy; cost2=power_cost*power_consumption*plant_availability*plant_capacity*3 65 cost_ep=cost2/QY % annual chemicals cost in $/m3 ? cost_chem = 0.03 %0.03$/m3 cost3=cost_chem *QY % annual membrane replacement cost is 10% of the membrane cost ? cost4= 0.10 * cost_mem cost_mem_rep=cost4/QY % annual labor cost is equal to 0.05/m3 cost_labor = 0.05 %0.05$/m3 cost5=cost_labor*QY cost_RO_total=cost1+cost2+cost3+cost4+cost5 %total cost in $/year RO_prod_cost= (cost_fix+cost_ep+cost_chem +cost_mem_rep +cost_labor) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%HYBRID COST F_ref=1000 B_ref=750 cost_H1=44000+70*F_ref cost_H2=150000+375*F_ref cost_H3=22000+12000*F_ref cost_H4=25000+10*B_ref cost_H_total=cost_H1+cost_H2 +cost_H3 +cost_H4 COST_HA=0.0963*(cost_H_total)*(f_ratio^0.9) %total annual cost of INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-BR/RO) COST_INT_HY=(C_AM+cost_RO_total+1.1*COST_HA) %WATER COST OF INTEGRATED HYBRID(MSF-BR/RO) total_cost=COST_INT_HY/M_Hd1

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