CENG 442 Foundations

Prof Dr Prof. Dr. Mustafa AYTEKIN

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Prof. Dr. Mustafa AYTEKIN

Major Building Parts

Superstructure

Substructure Foundation

What is Foundation

As a structural engineer: Foundation is the element of a structure that serves to support the loads super super-imposed imposed to it through the transmitting elements (such as columns or walls). walls) As a geotechnical engineer: Foundation is also the surrounding soil or rock of the structural element described above.
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What is Foundation (cont.)

A foundation also serves some other functions, such as:

1. Prevent settlement ( (including g differential settlement) ) of a structure 2. Prevent possible movement of structure due to periodic shrinkage and swelling of subsoil 3. Allow building over water or water-logged ground 4. Resist uplifting or overturning forces due to wind

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What is Foundation (cont.)

5. Resist lateral forces due to soil movement 6. Underpin (support) existing or unstable structures

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CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS Some amount of excavation required for every building

Top soil consisting of organic matter is removed (Below the region of soil erosion (by water and wind) & below the level of p permafrost To the required depth at which the bearing capacity necessary for the building is met (A variety of machines used for excavation) The sides of excavation to be protected from caving in by benching, sheeting (sheet piles, slurry walls, etc.) or bracing (cross-slot, rakers or tiebacks) De-watering using well-points & sumps, and watertight barriers - Mixing the soil by rotating paddles

Equipment q p used in construction

Bulldozers Shovel dozers B kh Back hoes Bucket loaders Scrapers Trenching machines Power shovels
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Equipment used in construction

Tractor-mounted rippers Pneumatic hammers Drop balls Hydraulic y splitters p Blasting

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Foundation Construction

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DOZERS

B kR Bank Requiring ii aR Retention t ti System S t

Backhoe

Load and Settlements of Foundations

Types of loads on foundations: Dead, live, wind inclined thrusts and uplift, wind, uplift water table and earthquake forces Types yp s of o settlements: s s U Uniform o and a d differential d a Differential settlement must be minimized, depends on site soil conditions and distribution of loads on columns supporting the building Requirements of a safe foundation: Structuref foundation d ti system t safe f against i t settlements ttl t th that t would lead to collapse - Foundation settlement should not damage the structure - Foundation must be technically and economically feasible

Foundation Loads

Dead Load Live Li Load L d Wind Load Horizontal Pressures Below Grade Structural Member Forces Uplift Earthquake

SETTLEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS

NO SETTLEMENT * UNIFORM SETTLEMENT *DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but differential settlement can cause severe structural damage

Choices of Foundation?

The performance or choices of foundation depends p on a number of factors, these include:

Nature of sub-soil sub soil Materials used for the foundation Economical consideration of using a right kind of foundation Layout of the structure (building/floor plan, plan positioning loads etc.) Condition of the site

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Primary y Factors Affecting g Foundation Choice

Subsurface soil Ground water conditions Structural requirements

Secondary Factors Affecting Foundation Choice

Construction access, methods & site conditions diti Environmental factors Building g Codes & Regulations g Impact on surrounding structures Construction schedule C Construction t ti risks i k

Classification of Foundation
Foundation in general can be classified into a number of ways, such as: 1. Simple, Shallow and Deep foundation 2. Pad/strip type and piled foundation

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Types of foundation we use

Shallow foundations Deep foundations

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Shallow Foundations

Requirements
Suitable S it bl soil il bearing b i capacity it Undisturbed soil or engineered fill

Basic types or configurations

Column footings Wall or strip footings

Shallow foundations
Pad (spread)foundations Pad foundations are used to support an individual point load such as that due to a structural column. They may be circular, square q or reactangular. g They y usually consist of a block or slab of uniform thickness, but they may be b stepped d or haunched h h d if f they are required to spread the load from a heavy column. column Pad foundations are usually shallow, p pad p foundations can but deep also be used
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Shallow foundations
Pad (spread) foundations

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Combination Spread & Strip Footing

Shallow foundations
Combined foundations

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Shallow foundations
Combined foundations

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Shallow foundations
Combined foundations

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Shallow foundations
Strip foundations
Strip foundations are used to support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or if a line of columns need supporting where column positions are so close that individual pad foundations would be inappropriate.

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Shallow foundations
Strip p foundations

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Shallow foundations
Strip foundations

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Shallow foundations
Raft (Mat) foundations

Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close together and individual pad foundations would interact. interact A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which extends over the entire loaded area. It may be stiffened by ribs or beams incorporated into the foundation. Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading positions. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area area.
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Shallow foundations
Raft foundations

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D Deep f foundations d ti

Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished g ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level. They include piles, piers and caissons or compensated foundations using deep basements and also deep pad or strip foundations. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.
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transfer building loads deep into the earth Basic types

Drilled (& poured)

Deep p Foundations - Purpose p

Driven

Deep foundations
Piles
Piles are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper d soil l or rock k strata having h a high h h bearing b capacity. They are used when for economic, constructional or soil condition considerations it is desirable to transmit loads to strata beyond the practical reach of shallow foundations. In addition to supporting pp g structures, , piles p are also used to anchor structures against uplift forces and to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces.
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Caisson Installation Sequence

Hole drilled with a large drill rig Casing installed (typically) B ll or Tip Bell Ti enlargement l t (optional) ( ti l) Bottom inspected and tested Reinforced Concrete placement (& casing removal)

Driven Piles
Two basic types of Piles
End bearing pile - point l di loading Friction i i pile il - load l d transferred by friction resistance between the pile and the earth

Pile material

Steel; HH- piles, Steel pipe Concrete; Site cast or Precast Wood; d Timber i b Composite

Precast Concrete Plies

Site Cast Concrete Piles

Cased Piles Uncased Piles

Deep foundations
Piers Piers are foundations for carrying a heavy structural load which is constructed insitu in a deep excavation.

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Deep foundations
Caissons Caissons are a form of deep foundation which are constructed above ground level, then sunk to the required level by excavating ti or dredging d d i material t i l from f within the caisson.

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D Deep f foundations d ti
Compensated foundations Compensated foundations are deep foundations in which the relief of stress due to excavation is approximately y the applied pp stress due to balanced by the foundation. The net stress applied is therefore very small small. A compensated foundation normally comprises a deep basement. basement
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Deep foundations
Types of pile
Piles are often used because adequate bearing capacity can not be found at shallow enough depths to support the structural loads. It is important to understand that piles get support from both end bearing and skin friction. The proportion of carrying capacity generated by either ith end d bearing b i or skin ki friction f i ti depends d d on the th soil conditions. Piles can be used to support various different types of structural loads loads.
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Deep foundations
End bearing piles

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Deep foundations
End bearing piles End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard, hard relatively impenetrable material such as rock or very dense d sand d and d gravel. l They Th derive most of their carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum at p the toe of the pile.
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Deep foundations
Friction piles

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Deep foundations
Friction Piles
Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or adhesion. This tends to occur when piles do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven for some distance into a penetrable soil. soil Their carrying capacity is derived partly from end bearing and partly from skin friction between the embedded surface of the soil and the surrounding soil. soil
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Deep foundations
Settlement reducing piles

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Deep foundations
Settlement reducing piles
Settlement reducing piles are usually incorporated p beneath the central part p of a raft foundation in order to reduce differential settlement to an acceptable p level. Such piles p act to reinforce the soil beneath the raft and help p to prevent p dishing g of the raft in the centre.

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Deep foundations
Tension piles
Structures such as tall chimneys chimneys, transmission towers and jetties can be subject to large overturning piles are often used to resist the moments and so p resulting uplift forces at the foundations. In such cases the resulting forces are transmitted to the soil along l the th embedded b dd d length l th of f the th pile. il The Th resisting i ti force can be increased in the case of bored piles by under-reaming under reaming. In the design of tension piles the effect of radial contraction of the pile must be taken into account as this can cause about a 10% - 20% reduction in shaft resistance.
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Tension piles

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Deep foundations f d i
Laterally loaded piles
Almost all piled foundations are subjected to at least some degree of horizontal loading. The magnitude of the h loads l d in relation l to the h applied l d vertical l axial l loading will generally be small and no additional design calculations will normally be necessary. necessary However, in the case of wharves and jetties carrying the impact p forces of berthing g ships, p , piled p foundations to bridge piers, trestles to overhead cranes, tall chimneys and retaining walls, the horizontal component is i relatively l i l large l and d may prove critical ii l in design. 2/24/2013 Prof. Dr. Mustafa AYTEKIN 58

Deep foundations
Laterally loaded piles
Traditionally piles have been installed at an angle to the vertical e t ca in suc such cases, p providing o d g su sufficient c e t horizontal o o ta resistance by virtue of the component of axial capacity of the pile which acts horizontally. However the capacity of a vertical pile to resist loads applied normally to the axis, although significantly smaller than the axial capacity of that pile pile, may be sufficient to avoid the need for such 'raking' or 'battered' piles which are more expensive p to install. When designing g g piles to take lateral forces it is therefore important to take this into account.

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Deep foundations
Piles in fill

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Deep foundations

Piles that pass through layers of moderately-to poorly-compacted fill will be affected by negative skin friction, which produces a downward drag along the pile shaft and therefore an additional load on the pile. This occurs as the th fill consolidates lid t under d its it own weight.
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THE END

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