Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

Chapter 5 SUPERSTRUCTURES Example on Design of Slab Bridge

Design Data and Specifications
Superstructure consists of 10m slab, 36m box girder and 10m T-girder all simply supported. Only the design of Slab Bridge will be used for illustration.

Roadway Grade = 1660.00 m, amsl HWM = 1643.56 - Roadway grade dictates elevation of superstructure and not minimum free board requirement. I. Slab Clear span = 10m Road way width = 7.32m Curb width = 0.8m II. T-Girder Clear span 10m Road way width = 7.32m Curb width = 0.80m III.Box-Girder Clear span = 36m Road way width = 7.32m Curb width = 0.80m

-Materials Concrete: Class A concrete: Cylinder strength

f c = 28MPa

[A5.4.2.1] [A5.4.2.4]

Steel: fy = 400MPa Es = 200GPa Design method is Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRDF)
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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

Reference: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, SI units, 2nd Edition, 2005.

Slab Bridge Design

1.

Depth Determination

[A2.5.2.6.3]

Minimum recommended depth for slabs with main reinforcement parallel to traffic is

Where S is the span, S=c/c of supports clear span + d, S=10+0.4/2+0.43/2=10.415m

Use D = 540 mm, d= 540- F/2-25 = 499mm S=10.415mClear span + d = 10000 + 499 = 10.499m Ok! 2. Live Load Strip Width (Cover) [Art.4.6.2.3]

a) Interior Strip i) One lane loaded: multiple presence factor included

[C.4.6.2.3]

L1 is smaller of 10415 or 18000. W1 is the smaller of 8920 or 9000 L1 = 10415 W1 = 8920

ii) Multiple lanes loaded

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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

W=Actual edge to edge width = 8920mm NL = Int(clear roadway width/3600)

Use E=3256.63mm Equivalent concentrated and distributed loads Truck: P1=35/3.2566=10.75; P2 = 145/3.2566 = 44.52 Tandem: P3=110/3.2566 = 33.78 Lane: w = 9.3/3.2566 = 2.856 b) Edge Strip Longitudinal edge strip width for a line of wheels

[Art.4.6.2.1.4]

E= distance from edge to face of barrier + 300+1/4* strip width E= 800 + 300+3256.63/4 = 1914.08mm > 1800mm E=1800mm 3. Influence Lines for Shear Force and Bending Moment

Slab bridges shall be designed for all vehicular live loads specified in AASHTO Art 3.6.1.2, including the lane load [Art.3.6.1.3.3]

a) Inter Strip i) Maximum Shear Force

This governs
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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

Impact factor = 1+IM/100 = 1+33/100 = 1.33, not applied to lane load [Art.3.6.2.1] VLL+IM=1.33*72.52+14.87 = 111.32 ii) Maximum bending Moment Truck: MTr = 44.52(0.703+2.553) + 10.75(0.103) = 146.06 kNm Tandom: MTa = 33.78(2.304*2) =155.66 kNm this governs Lane: MLn = 2.856*(1/2)*2.604*10.415 MLL+Im = 1.33*155.66+38.73 = 245.76kNm =38.73kNm

b) Edge Strip Because E= 1800mm, one lane loaded with a multiple presence factor of 1.2 will be critical

4.

Select resistance factor, 0.90 0.90 0.75 0.70 0.70

[Art. 5.5.4.2.1]

Strength Limit States (RC) Flexure & Tension Shear & Torsion Axial Compression Bearing On concrete Compression in strut and tie model 5. Select Load Modifiers, 1 Strength i) Ductility 0 0.95 ii) Redundancy R 1.05 iii) Importance I 1.05

service 1.0 1.0 1.0

fatigue 1.0 1.0 1.0

[Art. 1.3.3] [Art. 1.3.4] [Art. 1.3.5]

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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

0 = R = I = 1.0 6. Select Applicable Load Combinations [Table 3.4.1-1] Strength I U= (1.25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(LL+1M)+1.0FR+TG TG Service I U=1.0(DC+DW) +1.0(LL+IM) + 0.3(WS+WL+1.0FR Fatigue U=0.75*(LL+IM) Dead Load Force Effects a) Interior Strip:- Consider a 1m Strip, con=2400 kg/m3 WDC= (2400*9.81)* 10-3 kN/m3 * 0.54 m = 12.71kN/m2 WDW = (2250*9.81)* 10-3 kN/m3 * 0.075m = 1.66kN/m2 [Table 3.5.1-1]

7.

75mm bituminous wearing surface, bit = 2250kg/m3 [Table 3.5.1-1] VDC = * 12.71*10.415 = 66.21kN/m VDW = * 1.66*10.415 = 8.64kN/m

b)

Edge Strip:

VDC = * 16.06*10.415 = 83.63kN/m 8. Investigate Service Limit State

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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

i) Durability: Cover for main reinforcement steel for deck surface subjected to tire wear = 60mm bottom of cast in-place slab = 25 mm D = R = I = 1.0 = 1.0 a) Moment Interior Strip

[Art. 5.12]

M=1.0(172.34 + 22.51 + 245.76) = 440.61 kNm Reinforcement: Assume j=0.875 and fs = 0.6 fy = 0.6*400 = 240

b)

Moment Edge strip:

M=1.0(217.76 + 0 + 533.56) = 751.32kNm

ii)

Control of Cracking

[Art.5.7.3.4]

Components shall be so proportioned that the tensile stress in the mild steel Reinforcement at the service limit state, fs, does not exceed fsa

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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

Z crack width parameter (N/mm) = 23000N/mm for severe exposure dc depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar located closest there to. Clear cover used to compute dc50mm

a)

Interior strip

190 <394.6 Okay! b) Edge Strip

140<418.98 Okay AArea of concrete having the same controid as the principal tensile reinforcement and bounded by the surfaces of the cross-section and a line parallel to the neutral axis divided by the number of bars (mm2), clear cover here also 50mm The concrete is considered cracked if tensile stress in concrete 80% of the modulus of rupture, [Art. 5.7.3.4&5.4.2.6]

a)

Interior Strip check concrete tensile stress against 0.8fr Mint = 440.61kNm/m
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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

Now, steel stress should be calculated for elastic cracked section. The moment of inertia of the composite transformed section should be used for the stress calculation N=7, nAsprove = 7*4232.88 = 29630.16mm2 Equivalent concrete area

Determine x from *1000*x2 = 29630.16(499-x)

x=144.87mm

Now Icr = 1/3*1000*144.873 + 29630.1(499-144.86)2 = 4.729*109 mm4/m. Steel stress over n, fs/n = M(d-x)/Icr =(440.61*106*354.13)/(4.729*109) = 32.99MPa fs=7*32.99=230.93MPa0.6fy Now, fsa can be computed:

fs = 230.93fsa = 240Mpa OK! b) Edge Strip Medge = 751.32KNm/m

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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

*750*X2 = 7*4882.93(749-x) x = 219.655mm<250mm Curb height 3 2 Icr = 1/3*750*(219.655) + 7*4882.93(749-219.655) = 12.227*109mm4 fs/n = M(d-x)/Icr = 751.32x106*(749-219.655)/12.227x109) = 32.53Mpa fs = 7*32.53Mpa=227.71Mpa

fs<fsa Ok! iii) Deformations Deflection and camber calculations shall consider dead load, live load, erection loads, concrete creep and shrinkage. [Art. 5.7.3.6.2] Immediate (instantaneous) deflections may be computed taking the moment of inertia as either the effective moment of inertia, Ie or the gross moment of inertia, I g The long-term deformation (due to creep and shrinkage) may be taken as the immediate deflection multiplied by the following factor 3.0-1.2(As/AS)1.6 if immediate deflection is calculated using I e. if immediate deflection is calculated using I g.
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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

a) Dead Load Camber: Total dead load of the bridge and the whole bridge cross-section is considered WDC = 12.71*8.62+(2.53+0.59+0.23)*1.8*2=121.62KN/m WDW=1.66*7.32

Ma actual maximum moment (Nmm) fr modulus of rupture yt distance from N.A to extreme tension fiber (mm) fr = 0.63 = 0.63 = 3.33Mpa,

Location of N.A,

Since the section does not crack under DL, Ig should be used

Chamber 4*4.53=18.12mm upward

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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

b) Live Load Deflection (Optional) 2.5.2.6.2]

[Art.

Use design truck alone or design lane plus 25% of truck load. [Art. 3.6.1.3.2] When design truck is used alone, it should be placed so that the distance between its resultant and the nearest wheels is bisected by span centerline. All design lanes should be loaded. MDC+DW+LL+IM = 1813.79+1.33*146.06*3.2566*2*1.0 = 3079.04KNm>M cr Multiple presence factor

Design TruckLoad

First load, P=385.7KN,a=8.78,b=1.635m,X=4.48m

Second load, P=385.7,a = x = 4.48m, b = 5.935m

Third load, P=93.1kKN,a=10.235,b=0.18m,X=5.935

(LL+IM)1=1.75+3.83+0.003=5.583<<13mm Ok! Design Lane Load +25% of design Truck Load: W=9.3*2*1=18.6kN/m
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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

LL+IM=1.33+1.48+2.79mm<<13.02mm Ok! TandemLoad Single concentrated tandem load at mid-span (spaced at zero meter) P=1.33*220*2*1 = 585.2KN With average Ieover the entire span used instead of Ie at section of maximum moment as done here, smaller deflection would result. The contribution of compression steel is also neglected. For these reasons, live load deflections are made optional in AASHTO. 9. Investigate Fatigue Limit State. U=0.75(LL+IM), IM=15% Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m axle spacing. Maximum moment results when the two from axles are on the span and the rear axle is out of span.

a)

Tensile Live Load stress: One lane loaded E=4298.2mm

fs max = 7*5.58 = 39.05 Mpa b) Reinforcing Bars: The stress range in straight reinforcement bars resulting from fatigue load combination shall not exceed. ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h)
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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

ff-is stress range fmin-minimum LL stress, where there is stress reversal=0 for our case r/h=0.3 ff=145-0.33(0)+55(0.3)=161.5Mpa fmax<ffok! 40.66<161.5 ok! 10. Investigate Strength Limit State i) Flexure: Equivalent Rectangular stress Distribution [Art. 5.7.2.2.2]

a) Interior strip Mu=iQI=1.05[1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL +IM+TGMTG] For simple span bridges, temperature gradient effect reduce gravity load effects. Because temperature gradient may not always be there, assume TG=0 Mu=1.05 [1.25(172.34) + 1.5(22.51) + 1.75(245.76)] = 713.23kNm/m Mu = Asfyd(1-0.588 fy/fc) D=540-32/2-25 = 499mm

= 0.0086 >min = 0.03*fc/fy = 0.03*28/400=0.0021

As = 0.0086*1000*499=4291.4mm2 Use

b) Edge Strip Mu=iQI=1.05[1.25(217.76) +0+ 1.75(533.56)+0) = 1266.22KN/m D=540 + 250 32/2-25 = 749mm

=0.00904>min As =bd = 0.0086*750*749=5082.19mm2

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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

ii) Sheaf Slab bridges designed in conformance with AASHO, Art 4.6.2.3 may be considered satisfactory for shear. Art. 4.6.2.3 deals with approximate method of analysis of slab bridges using equivalent strip method. But if longitudinal tubes are placed in the slab as in pre stressed concrete, and create voids and reduce the cross section, the shear resistance must be checked. iii) Distribution Reinforcement: The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a percentage of the main reinforcement required for positive moment as

a) Interior strip: Transverse reinforcement = 0.175*4347.34mm2 = 745.6mm2

b) Edge strip: Transverse reinforcement = 0.1715 * 5063.8 mm2 = 868.44mm2

m
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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

iv) Shrinkage& Temperature Reinforcement: Reinforcement for shrinkage & temperature stresses shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes. The steel shall be distributed equally on both sides

a) Interior Strip:

m, transverse.

2.1 LIMIT STATES GENERAL Bridges shall be designed for specified limit states to achieve the objectives of constructibility, safety, and serviceability, with due regard to issues of inspectibility, economy, and aesthetics, as specified in Chapters 3 11. Regardless of the type of analysis used, Equation 2.1 shall be satisfied for all specified force effects and combinations thereof. Equation 2.1 below is the basis of the LRFD methodology. Each component and connection shall satisfy Equation 2.1 for each limit state, unless otherwise specified. For service and extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0, except for bolts, for which the provisions of Chapter 8: Bridge Details apply.

All limit states shall be considered of equal importance.

i i Qi

Rn = R f

(2.1)
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Chapter 5- Superstructures Design Example on Slab Bridge

Fundamentals of Bridge Structures

Where: for loads for which a maximum value of i is appropriate: i = D R I 0.95 (2.2)

for loads for which a minimum value of i is appropriate: i = 1 D R I Where: i = load modifier: a factor relating to ductility, redundancy, and operational importance i = load factor: a statistically based multiplier applied to force effects Qi = force effect = resistance factor: a statistically based multiplier applied to nominal resistance (see chapters 5,6,7 8, 10 and 12). Rn = nominal resistance D = a factor relating to ductility, as specified below R = a factor relating to redundancy as specified below I = a factor relating to operational importance as specified below Rf = factored resistance: Rn Ductility, redundancy, and operational importance are significant aspects affecting the margin of safety of bridges. Whereas the first two directly relate to physical strength, the last concerns the consequences of the bridge being out of service. The grouping of these aspects on the load side of Equation 2.1 is, therefore, arbitrary. However, it constitutes a first effort at codification. In the absence of more precise information, each effect, except that for fatigue and fracture, is estimated as 5 percent, accumulated geometrically, a clearly subjective approach. With time, improved quantification of ductility, redundancy, and operational importance, and their interaction and system synergy, shall be attained, possibly leading to a rearrangement of Equation 2.1, in which these effects may appear on either side of the equation or on both sides. 1.0 (2.3)

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