Notes Straight Line

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Straight Lines

Key Concepts
1. For two points, on a line parallel to X axis the distance between them
is just the modulus of the difference between their x coordinates.
2. For two points, on a line parallel to Y axis the distance between them
is just the modulus of the difference between their y coordinates.
3. Three points are collinear, i.e. lie on the same line if the triangle
formed by them has zero area.
4. The centroid G divides the medians in the ratio 2:1. A triangle can be
divided into 3 triangles of equal area by its centroid AGAB, AGBC,
AGAC are equal in area.

5. The angle (say) made by the line with positive direction of x axis
and measured anti clockwise is called the inclination of the line 0180.
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6. A line that is parallel to the x axis or coinciding with the x axis has
inclination zero degrees.
7. A line that is parallel to the y axis or coinciding with the y axis has
inclination 90 degrees.
8. The slope of a straight line is a measure indicating its inclination with
respect to the positive direction of x-axis.
9. Consider a line not parallel to the y-axis. If it makes an angle u with the
x-axis (measured in the anticlockwise direction), then m = tan u is called the
slope of the line.
10. Slope of a line parallel to the y-axis is not defined.
11. Slope of a line parallel to the x-axis is zero.
12. Two lines are parallel (that is, they never meet) if and only if one of the
following conditions holds:
(i) They are both vertical lines, that is, they are parallel to the y-axis.
(ii) If their slopes are equal i.e m
1
=m
2
.

13. Two lines (not parallel to the y-axis) are perpendicular if and only if
their slopes m
1
and m
2
satisfies the condition that m
1
m
2
= -1. If one of
the lines is parallel to the y-axis (that is, a vertical line with its slope
undefined), then any line parallel to the x-axis (that is, a horizontal
line with slope 0) is perpendicular to it. Conversely, suppose a pair of
lines, where one is horizontal and other vertical, then the given lines
are perpendicular.

14. If X,Y and Z are three points in the XY plane then they are collinear if
and only if slope of XY is the same as the slope of YZ.

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15. If u is the inclination of a line L, then tanu is called the slope or
gradient of the line L.
16. If a horizontal line L is at a distance a units from the x-axis, then
ordinate of every point lying on the line is a. Thus, equation of such a
line L is y = a where a is any real number.

17.Equation of a vertical line at a distance b from the y-axis is
x = b. Depending upon whether the line is on left or right hand side of the y
axes the constant b is positive or negative

18. Various Forms of equation of line
(a) Slope intercept form
(b) Point Slope Form
(c) Two point Form
(d) Intercept Form
(e) Normal Form
19. The general equation of a straight line is Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B, C
are constants and A and B are not zero simultaneously.
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Case 1: A = 0, B = 0
In this case, the equation reduces to
Ax + C = 0 or, x
which is a straight line parallel to the y-axis.

Case 2: A = 0, B 0 Then as in case 1, the straight line is parallel to the x-
axis.
By + C = 0
C
y
B
=

Case 3: A = 0, B = 0
In this case, the equation may be written as

which is the slope intercept form of a straight line with slope
and y-intercept

Case 4: If C=0, Then Ax +By +C=0 becomes,
Ax+By=0.
This is a line passing through the origin and therefore line has zero intercepts
on the axes

20. Equation of line parallel to the line Ax + By + C = 0 is
Ax + By + K = 0 where K is any arbitrary constant

21. Equation of line perpendicular to the line
Ax + By + C = 0 is Bx -Ay + K = 0

22. Two or more lines are concurrent if they meet at a single point

23. General equation of line Ax +By +C=0 can be reduced to other forms of
line as well
(i) Slope intercept Form:
If B= 0, then Ax +By+C=0
Can be written as
By=-Ax-C
y= -
A
B
x -
C
B

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(ii)Intercept Form: If C= 0, Then Ax +By +C=0
Ax + By=- C
(
A
-C
)x +(
B
-C
)y=1
x
C
-
A
| |
|
\ .
+
y
C
-
B
| |
|
\ .
=1
(iii) Normal Form:
Ax + By + C = 0 or Ax + By = - C.

A B C
cos sin p
= =
e e

24. The distance of a point from a line is the length of perpendicular drawn
from the point on the line.

25. Distance between two parallel lines is equal to the length of the
perpendicular from a point to line (2). Therefore, distance between parallel
lines y=mx +c and
y=mx+ d is given by
=
2
-c
(-m)( )+(-d)
m
1+m
=
2
|c-d|
1+m

26. If two lines having the same slope pass through a common point, then
two lines will coincide.
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27. If is the inclination of a line , then tan is called the slope or gradient
of the line .
28. Two lines are parallel if an only if their slopes are equal
29. Two lines are perpendicular if and only if product of their slopes is -1
30. The equation of the line having normal distance from origin p and angle
between normal and the positive x axis e is given by x cos e + y sin e = p.

Key Formulae
1. Distance between the points P(x
1
, y
1
) and Q(x
2
, y
2
) is

2 2
2 1 2 1
PQ (x x ) (y y ) =
2. The coordinates of a point dividing the line segment joining the points
(x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) in the ratio m: n
(i) Internally:
2 1 2 1
mx nx my ny
,
m n m n
+ + | |
|
|
+ +
\ .
.
(ii) Externally:
2 1 2 1
mx nx my ny
,
m n m n
| |
|
|

\ .

3. If m = n, then coordinates of the mid point of the line
segment joining the point (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) are
1 2 1 2
x x y y
, .
2 2
+ + | |
|
|
\ .

4. Area of the triangle whose vertices are (x
1
, y
1
), (x
2
, y
2
) and (x
3
, y
3
) is

1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1
x (y y ) x (y y ) x (y y )
2
+ + .
5. (a) If a line makes and angle with the positive direction of x axis, then
the slope of the line is given by = tan o , o 90
(b) Slope or gradient of a line joining (x
1
, y
1
), (x
2
, y
2
) is
2 1
2 1
y y
rise
m tan
x x run
= u = =

(c) Slope of horizontal line is zero and slope of vertical line is undefined.
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6. Angle between two lines L
1
and L
2

2 1
1 2
m m
tan
1 mm
u =
+
, as 1 + m
1
m
2
0

7. For Parallel lines

Slope of L
1
(m
1
)=slope of L
2
(m
2
) or tan o =tan |
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8. For Perpendicular Lines

Slope of L
1
(m
1
) slope of L
2
(m
2
) =-1
i.e m
1
m
2
=-1
7. Three points are collinear if and only if slope of AB = slope of BC.

8. Point - slope form:
0
0
y y
m
x x
, i.e., y y
0
= m (x x
0
)

9. Two - point form: equation of the line passing through the points (x
1
, y
1
)
and (x
2
, y
2
) is given by
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2 1
1 1
2 1
y y
y y (x x )
x x

10. Slope intercept form: Equation of line L with the point (x, y) and
slope m and y intercept c is y = mx + c

(b) Suppose line L with slope m makes x intercept d. The equation of L is
y=m(x - d)
11. Intercept Form: Equation of the line making intercepts a and b on x
and y axis respectively
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x y
1
a b
+ =

12. Normal Form: The equation of the line having normal distance p from
the origin and angle to which the normal makes with the positive direction of
x axis is given by
x cos e + y sin e = p

13. General Form of linear equation: Equation of the form Ax + By + C = 0,
where A and B are not zero simultaneously -
14. The perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax + By + C = 0 from a point
P(x
1
, y
1
) not on it is given by
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1 1
2 2
Ax By C
d
A B
+ +
=
+

15. Distance between two parallel lines Ax + by + C
1
= 0 and Ax + By + C
2

= 0 is given by d =
1 2
2 2
C C
A B
+


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