UNIDAD EDUCATIVA EXPERIMENTAL

A M A Z N I C A
TENA - ECUADOR

TOPIC: PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

Previous research project obtaining bachelor's degree in Science.

AUTHOR: ADVISER:

Ricardo Matovelle Surez Lcd. Lenin Tapia

2013

CERTIFICATION
Lcd. Lenin Tapia

ADVISORY OF RESEARCH PROJECT

CERTIFIES:

Having reviewed this research project, the same that meets the standards set by Unidad Educativa Particular Amaznica de Tena; for this reason, I authorize its submission to the relevant legal purposes.

Tena, 05 of June / 2013

Lcd. Lenin Tapia Signature

AUTHORITY
All views, opinions, statements, analysis, interpretations, conclusions and all other aspects expressed in this paper are the sole responsibility of the author.

Tena, 07/06/2013

Signature

DEDICATION TO:
Napoleon Matovelle My father who has dedicated many years as a doctor in the population of Napo on preventive care and my mother Gladys Suarez for moral support in the realization of this thesis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To all those who encouraged me to continue and complete especially my tutor. Lenin Tapia

INDEX CONTENIDOS PGINAS

Certification II Authority III Dedicatory IV Acknowledgements V Index VI Introduction 1 Abstract FIRST CHAPTER Preventive medicine 1. What we mean by preventive medicine? 2. Types of prevention 2.1 Primary Prevention 2.2 Secondary Prevention 2.3 Tertiary Prevention 2.4 Quaternary Prevention SECOND CHAPTER Primary health care 1. Prevention methods 1.1 Epidemiologic surveillance and sanitary 2

1.1.2 Immunizations 1.1.3 Control of vector-borne diseases 1.1.4 Nutrition and malnutrition 1.1.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1.1.6 Transmitted diseases food and Water 2. Characteristics of primary atention 2.1 What have the primary attention? Conclusions

INTRODUCTION

The practice of "prevention", address multiple risk factors faced by the human, scientific and empirically proven to be of great value as a strategy to address the risks, fight them or delete them, and in turn identify vulnerabilities individual and collective actions to minimize the effects of exposure to risk.

In medicine, its vital the "prevention" because their implementation by clearly defined processes and procedures worldwide, has clearly demonstrated its effectiveness, efficiency and effectiveness, understood this well when making preventive health activities, we reduced costs in suffering and both individual and family resources and community.

I proceeded to search for information available in the scientific literature and on the Internet, as they are feasible sources to get them and easily accessible.

The vast amount of information on the subject of preventive health is related to global interest to reduce suffering and financial costs to improve the health and quality of life of their people, especially in developing countries.

The knowledge of the practice of preventive medicine, could in our country, and specifically in our province, to be applied to improve the quality of life and reallocate resources to other social sectors.

It has reviewed available scientific literature in my family, as my parents have master's degrees in public health and health services management, and I complemented with periodic review and relevant internet. The exposure of the general to the specific, from the contextual to the local, to have a clear and wide of the issues raised.

ABSTRACT

Preventive medicine is applied for disease control based on a set of advocacy and health promotion.

Preventive medicine is applied at the level of care both in specialized care as primary care or hospital, different facets depending on the evolution of the disease, and can distinguish four types of preventive medicine: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.

All patients are classified according to the level of health risk, from 1 to 4, community clinics periodically report to the district the number they have in each risk category and the number of sick patients.

FIRST CHAPTER

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 1. WHAT WE MEAN BY PREVENTIVE MEDICINE?

Includes all community activities organized for promotion, protection and restoration of the health of the population. It is the organized community efforts to promote and protect the health of its citizens and to recover where you missed.1

It is about increasing health levels of individuals and preventing specific diseases whose natural history is known and available prevention tools effective and efficient as immunizations or health education.

Preventive medicine is applied at the level of care both in specialized care as primary care or hospital. It has many facets depending on the evolution of the disease.

2. TYPES OF PREVENTION
1

SALLERAS, Louis. (1985) Libro Educacin Sanitaria: principios, mtodos y aplicaciones. REF: http://lbe.uab.es/vm/sp/old/docs/salud-publica/medicina-preventiva.pdf

2.1 PRIMARY PREVENTION

They are a set of health activities carried out both by the community or governments and the medical personnel before the appearance of a certain disease. It includes:

Health promotion, which is to promote and protect the health of the population through actions that affect individuals in a community, such as anti-smoking campaigns to prevent lung cancer and other diseases associated with snuff.

The specific health protection such as environmental health and food safety. Advocacy and health protection that impact on the environment does not execute the medical or nursing staff, but other public health professionals, while the vaccination itself are held by medical and nursing staff.

Chemoprophylaxis, which involves the administration of drugs to prevent diseases such as the administration of estrogen in postmenopausal women to prevent osteoporosis.

According to WHO, one of the tools of health promotion and preventive action for health education, which also addresses the transmission of information, the promotion of motivation, personal skills and self-esteem necessary to take action to improve health. The health education includes not only information on the social, economic and environmental causes that influence health, but also referred to the risk factors and behaviors, and the use of health care system.

2.2 SECONDARY PREVENTION

Also referred to early diagnosis. Is a systematic epidemiological program or universal application to detect in a given population and asymptomatic, serious illness early or early in order to reduce mortality and may be associated with effective treatment or curative.

To classify him as disease secondary prevention should be a major health problem as a marked effect on the quality and duration of life time, initial prolonged asymptomatic stage and you know its natural history, the availability of effective treatment and accepted by the population in case of finding the disease in the initial state.

2.3 TERTIARY PREVENTION

It is the restoration of health once the disease has appeared. You apply a treatment to try to cure or alleviate a disease or specific symptoms. The restoration of health care takes place in a hospital care.

Also located within Tertiary prevention when an individual, based on experience, having previously suffered a disease or infection, prevents the root causes of that disease, in other words avoid further contagion based on previously acquired experiences.

2.4 QUATERNARY PREVENTION

Quaternary prevention is the set of health activities that mitigate or avoid the consequences of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system.

These are the actions taken to identify patients at risk for treatment, to protect them from new medical interventions and to suggest alternatives ethically acceptable.2

SECOND CHAPTER
2

JAMOULLE, Marc. (2008)Diccionario de medicina general y de familia de la WONCA.

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Preventive clinical medicine through actions that affect people, executed in clinical, but for the protection and health of individuals, it is important to proceed on two major activities such as preventive medicine and medical surveillance, two public health activities that base their action on the strategy of primary health care.

1. METHODS OF PREVENTION

Health care is based on methods and technologies, scientific principles and accepted by society, placed within the reach of all individuals and families in the community through participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of development.

Health services are important to complement individual skills, family and community to produce and restore health through daily practice of preventive medicine founded in self-care.

Primary care is the mechanism by which countries and areas provide better health to people and people with greater health equity in population subgroups, and with lower costs. The main objective is to organize health systems around a strong system patient-centered, ie Primary Care.3

STARFIELD, B. (2009) Frum Cataln de Atencin Primaria.

1.1 EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE AND SANITARY

It is the strategy that studies the behavior of the disease and try through control and surveillance to prevent or reduce the lethality of certain actions that affect humans. Also the implementation of activities related to the observation of the behavior of the disease, interpretation of findings and actions to take, well, sometimes the isolation procedures affected.

Its principal activities are immunizations, disease control of vector-borne and sexually transmitted diseases transmitted by food and water.

The purpose is to be able to recommend on objective and scientific basis for action measures short medium or long term susceptible to control or prevent the problem.

Epidemiological and health surveillance in its contribution to preventive medicine addresses the following aspects: Monitoring the nutritional status of the population, the immune status of the community, environmental sanitation, and control of sources and modes of infection.

1.1.2 IMMUNIZATIONS

Immunization can be active or passive, the active is administered to the host by vaccination and the passive is administered means of serum.

Passive immunization, of course, is short, a few weeks to a few months, unlike active immunization which is of variable length, but which can become lifelong. What justifies that, whenever possible, prefer the active to the passive immunization. Vaccines have been in the past, they are in the present and will be even more in the future a fundamental tool of clinical preventive medicine.

Many infectious diseases of current interest in public health (measles, congenital rubella, hepatitis B, polio) have no specific treatment to cure, but can be effectively prevented by vaccination. Other infectious diseases have the same health significance of any specific treatment media based antitoxins (diphtheria, tetanus) or antibiotics (whooping cough), but their effectiveness is not absolute (tetanus lethality still remains around 30-40 % and pertussis in infants has a certain potential lethality despite antibiotic treatment), reinforcing the role of vaccinations.

Finally, do not forget that the first infectious disease eradicated worldwide, smallpox, was also the first to have an effective vaccine.

1.1.3 CONTROL OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES

The vector control, are these insects, rodents, mammals or other, has achieved success in controlling diseases transmitted by them, whether in their behavior as sources of infection or as intermediate hosts, so that it manages to break the epidemiological chain and avoid the high rates of mortality and morbidity in an efficient way, using this action of preventive medicine.

The use of household insecticide, eliminating reservoirs as bottles or tires but mainly by excellent health education of the population today is less frequently used insecticide space spraying or domiciliary.

1.1.4 NUTRITION AND MALNUTRITION

Knowing whether good nutrition is the base for the individual to have proper attitudes to enter into a process of educational training, and in other cases to be part of the economically active population, is part of a preventive medicine program to the pair of health education with high contents of dietary practices is followed by a food distribution to ensure that all people have adequate nutrition without excess or without shortages.

In recent years may show that the world population has a marked tendency to morbid obesity, onset of diabetes as a disease with a high impact on public health.In Cuba, a country whose resources are so limited the population nutrition problem is considered as a problem of high national priority.

1.1.5 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

AIDS, its identification as a public health problem suffers, began creating control agencies and programs not only in its incidence, but involved all sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis, papillomavirus, genital herpes , syphilis and gonorrhea, among other pathologies have been proposed under this common name, and the subject of several preventive strategies to control or eradicate.

1.1.6 DISEASE TRANSMISSION BY FOOD AND WATER

Cholera, botulism, salmonella, are clear examples of this type of diseases that are amenable to effective control measures are taken very simple and low cost, it is very clear scientific evidence that only with adequate washing habit hands before eating and after defecation, has a decrease high frequency of diarrhea especially in children.

A good health education together with the availability of safe water and adequate food nutritional collaborate to control these diseases and as a direct result of better nutrition and thus to a better quality of life for the individual and community..

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY ATENTION

The Accessibility Criteria related geographic proximity to home, workplace independent of the family's financial situation.

The Continuity of Care maintained over time between individuals and community groups to ensure a prompt to identify needs or problems.

Comprehensiveness not only healing or rehabilitation but the promotion and risk prevention.

2.1 WHAT HAVE THE PRIMARY ATENTION?

Healthcare-demand, scheduled and urgent both the consultation and in the patient's home.

The suggestion or requirement and implementation, where appropriate, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

The activities in prevention, health promotion, family care and community care, information and surveillance in protecting the health and basic rehabilitation.

The hospice palliative care, mental health services in coordination with specialized care and good oral health.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Preventive medicine by using universal methods is widely used by developing countries.

2. It is characterized by avoiding diseases, vector, by sexual transmission, or food or drink, is evidence of a focused organization to avoid the appearance of diseases effects of mismanagement of these aspects.

3. The strategy of Primary Health Care, has been the basis for this health system, essentially preventive, who heads the rational use of its scarce resources to avoid health problems, she keeps her healthy and productive population, with simple actions, scientifically proven and socially accepted.