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Study on Safe Criterion of Structure Damage Under Blasting

Vibration
CHEN Shi-hai
1
QIAN Qi-hu
2

(1.Civil Institute, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510 China
2.Engineering Institute of Engineering Crops, PLA Univ. Of Sci.&Tech, Nanjing 210007, China)
Abstract
The article has adopted the theory analysis, dynamic finite element methods and combined the spot test to analyze
the dynamic response characteristics of the structure under the blasting vibration load roundly, discuss the
epicenter mechanism of the blasting seismic wave and transmitting characteristics of the wave. The rational
project parameter of judging blasting vibration effects is researched emphatically. The influence of the lasting time
of vibration and multi-dimension blasting vibration on response of the structure are calculated and analyzed
preliminarily. The conclusions have been given as follows: the frequency of the seismic wave, amplitude of
vibration and the lasting time are determined by the broken degree of the broken district, the characteristic of the
undestroyed medium and the amount of charging. it is suitable to adopt the blasting vibration speed as the project
judge parameter of the blasting vibration effect for structure;. the maximum of the structure stress response caused
by the different lasting time of blasting vibration speed is same, when the frequency and peak value of vibration
are fixed, but to consider the accumulating damage structure, the plasticity strain produced by the structure
increases with the increase of the lasting time of vibration. when the frequency is changed, the response is not
same with the lasting time; it is suitable to look the maximum of the level vibration speed as the standard of the
blasting vibration effects for low frequency vibration of ground motion, when the frequency of ground motion is
high, the safe criterion should take the maximum value of vertical vibration speed.
Key words: blasting ,structure , Safe Criterion, seismic effect ,seismic wave
With the development of national economic
construction and large quantities of important basic
establishment, such as road taffic network, transferring
southern water to the north, large hydroelectricity
project, multi-purpose development and exploitation
of underground space, construction of nuclear power
station and disposing of nuclear waste materials,
underground important military-strategic blindages
and so on, geotechnical blasting plays increasingly
important role. It can accelerate the speed of
engineering construction and reduce construction cost.
But some blasting damages took place because of
immaturity of blasting safety theory and irrationality
of blasting control measures. For example, in blasting
engineering, geotechnical engineering and engineering
of disaster reduction and prevention and protection,
not-to-be-blasted objects, such as building or structure,
slope and dam etc. near the blasting site, turn to
unstable, sliding, dehiscing, deforming and damaging,
which are caused by blasting vibration. Then blasting
vibration effects with a certain extent of harm turn up.
So, in order to avoid blasting vibration damage,
Ministry of State Security has drafted blasting
vibration safety standard (Blasting Safety Regularities
GB6722-86),but Safety problems existing in blasting
practice show that, it is not full reliable of blasting
safety criterion at present, and there is certain
limitation in both theory and engineering practice.
Which is to say, there are still some questionable
matters in researches of blasting vibration effects,
especially, ground dynamic-response character of
structure and blasting vibration safety criterion.
In-depth exploration should be done in analyzing and
researching of blasting source, transmission medium,
site condition, shocked object and ground vibration
parameter etc.
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1. Blasting source mechanism of blasting seismic
wave transmission.
It is well known, when a charge is exploded,
three districts has generated in rock according to the
damage degree of wall rock. They are vacant district,
broken district and elastic district, and elastic district
is divided into cracked district and shocking district.
So blasting seismic wave is the wave that has been
filtered by broken district and radial cracked district.
Therefore, that high-pressure expansion and
interacting with rock mass of explosive product,
expanding and shrinking pulse process of cavity wall
acted by explosive gas, range of broken district and
stress time history of the interface between broken
district and elastic shocking district should be
involved in the research on blasting source mechanism.
The characteristic of broken district is medium turning
into discrete material wholly on blasting pressure.
Considering medium will be failure on a very little
shearing deformation and the energy share consumed
on damaging material is very little too, we can
predicate that the movement of discrete medium in
broken district plays an important role, and it is similar
to the movement of fluidity. But discrete friction-type
medium in broken district has a certain resist-sheared
ability, which is different from fluidity. The
characteristic of radial cracked district is that medium
is damaged by crack and forming radical pole alike,
which plays a role of transmitting the pressure coming
from broken zone to elastic district. The characteristic
of elastic shocking district is elastic medium with
original property. In radial cracked district and elastic
shocking district, deformation is in elastic range, thats
small deformation, and particle movement is the main
factor.
According to the analysis of deformation and
damage characteristic above, the deformation
relational expression in continuous medium mechanics
can be adopted in undamaged elastic district. And the
movement of discrete medium plays an important role
in broken district. Researches of physical tiny-concept
mechanics show residual strength
p
s
of tiny broken
medium is the important character to disclose rock
mass damage, and brittle failure of rock mass medium
turns into corresponding status of ultimate strength
with sharply decreasing of shearing stress. Two
ultimate-characteristic parameters are introduced:
strength of undamaged material
e
s
and strength of
damaged material
p
s
. No matter in broken district and
radical cracked district, rock mass medium is
incompressible actually. Results of numerical analysis
and calculation show, in granite, the radius of vacant
district, broken district and radical cracked district is
1.33 times, 2.97 times and 22.7 times of charge radius
respectively, which is match to traditional range of
damaged district.
Researches show that, wave period of
transmission in elastic district directs to the radius of
damaged district, thats
p
C R T / 2
*
= , in the formula,
*
R is the radius of damaged district. So damaged
district is considered to be seismic source in
underground explosion. Underground explosion is the
simplest model in all of underground explosion, and
damaged district can be presented as expanding
center in preliminary approximate calculation. Under
ideal condition, particle is forced to move along with
disturbing transmission by such seismic source. So
pressure wave is longitudinal wave (P wave). In fact,
for non-uniform structure of real medium, fast damage
of movement symmetry in the process of vibration
source that connects to it, transverse wave or shear
wave (S wave) has appeared too. In the end, body
wave---both longitudinal wave and transverse
wave---is provoked by expanding center-type
vibration source in real medium. But, in near zone,
shock energy is mainly carried by longitudinal wave,
which plays an important role in blasting vibration.
Essential parameters of radiated blasting shock wave
are determined by radius of vacant district and
damaged district. In simple case, essential vibration
parameters is expressed according to depending
relation of stress to time (time function and wave
shapes of vibration source) on the interface of
damaged zone and vibration zone. Therefore,
frequency of vibration source is depended on weight
of charge and medium characteristic, and if in the
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same medium, the more weight of charge, the lower
frequency of vibration source. Reciprocal of frequency
also reflects the rise time of blasting vibration source
wave. In medium, particle vibration velocity on the
boundary of damaged zone, thats the maximum
peak-value velocity caused by blasting vibration, is
( )
p
m
R R a v

=
0 * 0
/ , which is also relevant to the
range of damaged zone and weight of charge. The
formula above is similar to the usual decay formula of
blasting vibration velocity that induced by blasting
similarity law. In rock medium, for time characteristic
parameters caused by central charge explosion,
pressure duration of wave varies little with increment
of distance in hard rock and varies large in soft rock.
In these two cases, the time of stress reached the
maximum value varies sharply.
Therefore, blasting seismic wave is the wave that
has been filtered by broken district and radial cracked
district. Frequency, vibration amplitude value and
duration of transmission are determined by damaged
range of broken zone, residual strength of damaged
medium, characteristic of undamaged medium and
charge dose. Radial cracked zone reacts effect on
quick decaying and transmitting wave. Frequency,
wave amplitude value and action time are determined
by the size of broken zone.
2. Research on rational parameter of blasting
vibration effects.
Usually, every object on the earth surface or
underground near blasting source is forced to bump
and tremble, which is caused by blasting vibration.
These phenomena and consequences caused by
blasting are called blasting vibration effects. When the
strength of blasting vibration gets to a certain limit,
buildings and structures are damaged around blasting
areas.
Vibration caused by blasting is a very complex
random process. Its amplitude, period and frequency
of vibration are always changing with time, and they
are function of time.
As to blasting vibration safety criterion, vibration
velocity of earth surface peak value is used as criterion
and safe distance is used as control standard to guide
blasting engineering all the time in the former Soviet
Union. The maximum value of blasting vibration
velocity, vibration acceleration and vibration energy
ratio have ever been used as safety criterion in western
countries, especially in America. At last, peak value of
vibration velocity is adopted as safety control standard
to guide blasting engineering.
According to theory of structural dynamics,
beginning from structure vibration response formula,
this paper has discussed the vibration response of
various structural systems, analyzed the damage of
structure by the maximum seismic load value of
response, and finished dynamic finite-element
calculation of structure entity and simplified model.
The results show, blasting seismic load acting on
structure is mainly decided by characteristic of
structure and peak value and action time history of
blasting seismic wave, the seismic wave action time
history involves vibration frequency and vibration
duration. Blasting vibration duration, vibration
frequency and vibration amplitude value are main
influencing factors about the damage of different type
building or structure caused by blasting vibration
effects. Then when characterizing blasting seismic
load value acted on structure, amplitude, frequency
and duration of various loads should be involved. So
no matter for acceleration load or velocity load,
adopting its peak value to characterize seismic load is
not all-round.
Corresponding to load curve that has definite
acceleration peak value, frequency and duration of
blasting vibration on earth surface, considering the
calculus relation between the load curve of velocity
and acceleration, thats rich signal information of
vibration curve can be copied, it is certain that there
are definite peak value of velocity, frequency and
duration of blasting vibration. From this sense, both
characteristic parameter of vibration velocity and
acceleration of blasting vibration are best to judge
dynamic response and damage of structure.
Considering that the vibration response of
geotechnical engineering is decided by the maximum
velocity of earth surface movement and rock medium
characteristics, and there is fine correlation between
blasting vibration peak value of acceleration and
velocity, adopting characteristic parameter of blasting
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vibration velocity as blasting vibration safety criterion
is most suitable. And the energy criterion of solid
material failure has proved this conclusion.
3. The effects of blasting vibration duration to
structure response.
There are few researches on effects of blasting
vibration action duration to structure response. There
are mainly two kinds of viewpoints: some researchers
regard that vibration action duration affects almost
nothing to the structure vibration failure criterion,
which depends on vibration velocity. The others
regard that damaging effects of blasting vibration
duration embody mainly after structure response
passing elastic limit into inelastic stage, showing as
structure response becomes serious with the increment
of duration and the probability of appearing big
permanent deformation increase sharply, then the
damage ability of seismic wave becomes bigger.
Theoretical analysis of structural dynamics and
time history analysis of structure blasting vibration
process show that, for linkage elastic system and
plastic-elastic frame structure, if frequency of blasting
vibration keeps constantly, the form of structure
dynamic response curve and the maximum value of
response caused by different blasting vibration
velocity and acceleration duration is same. Thats
structure response characteristic of blasting vibration
has no relation with duration. But for structure, in
which accumulated damage has been considered,
plastic strain generated in structure increases with time
growing. If vibration frequency is different, vibration
duration affects structure response relatively serious.
4.Influence on structural dynamic response by
directivity of blasting ground vibration
Researches have pointed out that using a critical
value of velocity as quantitative intensity project
standard and damage criterion of building blasting
vibration damage is reasonable. But for this critical
value, whether to use vector sum of particle movement
or use one of the three component of particle
movement is hardly in uniform. Many countries
havent used vector sum of particle movement, but
they have used the maximum component of particle
movement. Some domestic units adopt vertical
velocity. And some have used maximum horizontal
accelerated velocity or the maximum one of the
velocitys three components. It is commonly thought
at home that vertical and horizontal accelerated
velocity of ground vibration is the same order of
magnitude and decay of horizontal accelerated
velocity is slower by the increase of length of blasting
centers. Considering that the ability to resist vertical
load is much larger than resisting horizontal load and
horizontal acceleration is major factor to building
damage, so the maximum horizontal acceleration has
been adopted as quantitative intensity engineering
standard (damage criterion) of judging ground
vibration strength and damage degree of building.
According to vibration velocity data measured by
many departments, vertical velocity of blasting ground
vibration is not the maximum one usually, and radial
velocity is relative larger. Radial and vertical direction
acceleration are in same magnitude order when the
length of blasting centers is relative short, and, radial
acceleration is major for ground vibration at the zone
far from blasting center. The results of vibration data
measured in many blasting vibration tests show that,
there are fairly much horizontal vibration velocity is
larger than or near to vertical vibration velocity.
Actually, the action of earth surface movement to
building is multi-component. There are six
components, which are three translatory components
and three rotary components. In past researches, they
are mainly focus on the structure response under the
action of one-way horizontal (or vertical) ground
movement, the structure response under the action of
multidimensional ground vibration has been
considered rarely. In fact, the structure response under
the action of multidimensional ground vibration is
lager than one-way horizontal ground vibration,
especially, for irregular structure.
By time history analysis, which is a relatively
precise calculation method, structure response under
the action of multidimensional ground vibration has
been analyzed, and compared with structure response
under the action of one-way ground vibration. The
analysis results show that, under the action of relative
high frequency blasting vibration load, vertical
seismic-wave response of frame structure is relatively
serious, and the structure goes to damage easily. Under
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the action of three-dimensional load, in which vertical
load is major, inner force of structure increases to
1.081.1 times of that under the action of vertical
load. The structure response degree caused by
three-dimensional load, in which horizontal load is
major, is almost equal to vibration effects of structure
caused by the maximum velocity peak value in
three-dimensional vibration acting at vertical direction
(the effective stress ratio between them is 0.180.93).
Therefore, the maximum amplitude value of vibration
velocity in three-dimensional blasting vibration can be
used as blasting vibration safety standard value.
Under the action of relative low-frequency
blasting vibration load, structure damage caused by
horizontal vibration load is major, and blasting
vibration safety standard value (its selection should
base on structure vibration response caused by the
maximum load at horizontal direction) of the
maximum load at horizontal direction should be
considered.
Therefore, frequency influence of the earth
surface vibration load should be involved in structure
earthquake-resistant safety standard, basing on
velocity peak value of vertical load when at high
frequency and horizontal load when at low frequency.
5.conclusion
The frequency of the seismic wave, amplitude of
vibration and the lasting time are determined by the
broken degree of the broken district, the characteristic
of the undestroyed medium and the amount of
charging.
It is suitable to adopt the blasting vibration speed
as the project judge parameter of the blasting vibration
effect for structure.
It is suitable to look the maximum of the level
vibration speed as the standard of the blasting
vibration effects for low frequency vibration of ground
motion, when the frequency of ground motion is high,
the safe criterion should take the maximum value of
vertical vibration speed.
References:
[1] CHEN Shi-hai: Study on Safe Criterion of
Structure Damage Under Blasting Vibration, Nanjing:
Doctors degree paper of PLA Univ. Of Sci.&Tech.,
2004.6
[2] Ma Fang-xing: Safe reliability analysis of building
structure by blasting vibration actionQingdao:
Mastersdegree paper of Shandong University of
Science and Technology,2006.5

Acknowledgement :
This research is supported by doctor subject
scientific research fund of higher school under grant
number 20060424002


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