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PRACTICAL NO.-01

Two Dimensional Truss


Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 to solve a simple 2D Truss problem. This is the first of four introductory ANSYS tutorials.

Problem Description
Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system shown below (E = 200GPa, A = 3250mm2).

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem


1. Give the Simplified Version a Title (such as 'Bridge Truss Tutorial'). In the Utility menu bar select File > Change Title:

The following window will appear:

Enter the title and click 'OK'. This title will appear in the bottom left corner of the 'Graphics' Window once you begin. Note: to get the title to appear immediately, select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot

2. Enter Keypoints The overall geometry is defined in ANSYS using keypoints which specify various principal coordinates to define the body. For this example, these keypoints are the ends of each truss.
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We are going to define 7 keypoints for the simplified structure as given in the following table Coordinate x 0 1800 3600 5400 7200 9000 Y 0 3118 0 3118 0 3118

keypoint 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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10800 0

(these keypoints are depicted by numbers in the above figure) From the 'ANSYS Main Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS

Menu'

select:

The following window will then appear:

To define the first key point which has the coordinates x = 0 and y = 0: Enter key point number 1 in the appropriate box, and enter the x,y coordinates: 0, 0 in their appropriate boxes (as shown above).

Click 'Apply' to accept what you have typed.


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Enter the remaining keypoints using the same method. Note: When entering the final data point, click on 'OK' to indicate that you are finished entering keypoints. If you first press 'Apply' and then 'OK' for the final keypoint, you will have defined it twice!

If you did press 'Apply' for the final point, simply press 'Cancel' to close this dialog box. Units Note the units of measure (ie mm) were not specified. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that a consistent set of units are used for the problem; thus making any conversions where necessary. Correcting Mistakes When defining keypoints, lines, areas, volumes, elements, constraints and loads you are bound to make mistakes. Fortunately these are easily corrected so that you don't need to begin from scratch every time an error is made! Every 'Create' menu for generating these various entities also has a corresponding 'Delete' menu for fixing things up. 3. Form Lines The keypoints must now be connected We will use the mouse to select the keypoints to form the lines.
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In the main menu select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord. The following window will then appear:

Use the mouse to pick keypoint #1 (i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small yellow box.

Now move the mouse toward keypoint #2. A line will now show on the screen joining these two points. Left click and a permanent line will appear.

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Connect the remaining keypoints using the same method. When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Lines in Active Coord' window, minimize the 'Lines' menu and the 'Create' menu. Your ANSYS Graphics window should look similar to the following figure.

Disappearing Lines Please note that any lines you have created may 'disappear' throughout your analysis. However, they have most likely NOT been deleted. If this occurs at any time from the Utility Menu select: Plot > Lines 4. Define the Type of Element It is now necessary to create elements. This is called 'meshing'. ANSYS first needs to know what kind of elements to use for our problem:
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From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete. The following window will then appear:

Click on the 'Add...' button. The following window will appear:

For this example, we will use the 2D spar element as selected in the above figure. Select the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 LINK1' in the 'Element Types' window.

Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box.

5. Define Geometric Properties We now need to specify geometric properties for our elements:
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In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete

Click Add... and select 'Type 1 LINK1' (actually it is already selected). Click on 'OK'. The following window will appear:

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As shown in the window above, enter the cross-sectional area (3250mm): Click on 'OK'. 'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window.

6. Element Material Properties You then need to specify material properties:


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In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models

Double click on Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic

We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following field:
EX 200000

Set these properties and click on 'OK'. Note: You may obtain the note 'PRXY will be set to 0.0'. This is poisson's ratio and is not required for this element type. Click 'OK' on the window to continue. Close the "Define Material Model Behavior" by clicking on the 'X' box in the upper right hand corner.

7. Mesh Size The last step before meshing is to tell ANSYS what size the elements should be. There are a variety of ways to do this but we will just deal with one method for now.
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In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines

In the size 'NDIV' field, enter the desired number of divisions per line. For this example we want only 1 division per line, therefore, enter '1' and then click 'OK'. Note that we have not yet meshed the geometry, we have simply defined the element sizes.

8. Mesh Now the frame can be meshed.


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In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh Lines' Window

Your model should now appear as shown in the following window

Plot Numbering To show the line numbers, keypoint numbers, node numbers...

From the Utility Menu (top of screen) select PlotCtrls > Numbering...

Fill in the Window as shown in figure click 'OK'

Now you can turn numbering on or off at your discretion Saving Your Work Save the model at this time, so if you make some mistakes later on, you will at least be able to come back to this point. To do this, on the Utility Menu select File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to save your file. It is a good idea to save your job at different times throughout the building and analysis of the model to backup your work in case of a system crash or what have you.

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving


You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and solve the the resulting system of equations. Open up the 'Solution' menu (from the same 'ANSYS Main Menu').

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1. Define Analysis Type First you must tell ANSYS how you want it to solve this problem:
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From the Solution Menu, select Analysis Type > New Analysis.

Ensure that 'Static' is selected; i.e. you are going to do a static analysis on the truss as opposed to a dynamic analysis, for example. o Click 'OK'. 2. Apply Constraints It is necessary to apply constraints to the model otherwise the model is not tied down or grounded and a singular solution will result. In mechanical structures, these constraints will typically be fixed, pinned and roller-type connections. As shown above, the left end of the truss bridge is pinned while the right end has a roller connection.
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In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints

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Select the left end of the bridge (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics Window and click on 'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.

This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of freedom (DOFs) are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field and click 'OK'. You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement contraints.

Using the same method, apply the roller connection to the right end (UY constrained). Note that more than one DOF constraint can be selected at a time in the "Apply U,ROT on KPs" window. Therefore, you may need to 'deselect' the 'All DOF' option to select just the 'UY' option.

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3. Apply Loads As shown in the diagram, there are four downward loads of 280kN, 210kN, 280kN, and 360kN at keypoints 1, 3, 5, and 7 respectively.
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Select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > on Keypoints. Select the first Keypoint (left end of the truss) and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M on KPs' window.

Select FY in the 'Direction of force/mom'. This indicate that we will be applying the load in the 'y' direction

Enter a value of -280000 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'. Note that we are using units of N here, this is consistent with the previous values input.

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The force will appear in the graphics window as a red arrow. Apply the remaining loads in the same manner.

The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.

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4. Solving the System We now tell ANSYS to find the solution:


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In the 'Solution' menu select Solve > Current LS. This indicates that we desire the solution under the current Load Step (LS).

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The above windows will appear. Ensure that your solution options are the same as shown above and click 'OK'. Once the solution is done the following window will pop up. Click 'Close' and close the /STATUS Command Window..

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results


1. Results Using ANSYS Reaction Forces A list of the resulting reaction forces can be obtained for this element
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from the Main Menu select General Postproc > List Results > Reaction Solu.

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Select 'All struc forc F' as shown above and click 'OK'

These values agree with the reaction forces claculated by hand above. Deformation
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In the General Postproc menu, select Plot Results > Deformed Shape. The following window will appear.

Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed object.

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Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner (DMX=7.409). One should also observe that the constrained degrees of freedom appear to have a deflection of 0 (as expected!)

Deflection For a more detailed version of the deflection of the beam,


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From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution. The following window will appear.

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Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM' as shown in the above window. Leave the other selections as the default values. Click 'OK'.

Looking at the scale, you may want to use more useful intervals. From the Utility Menu select Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours...

Fill in the following window as shown and click 'OK'.

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You should obtain the following.

The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List Nodal Solution' window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all degrees of freedom from the solution.

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Are these results what you expected? Note that all the degrees of freedom were constrained to zero at node 1, while UY was constrained to zero at node 7.

If you wanted to save these results to a file, select 'File' within the results window (at the upper left-hand corner of this list window) and select 'Save as'.

Axial Stress For line elements (i.e links, beams, spars, and pipes) you will often need to use the Element Table to gain access to derived data (ie stresses, strains). For this example we should obtain axial stress to compare with the hand calculations. The Element Table is different for each element, therefore, we need to look at the help file for LINK1 (Type help link1 into the Input Line). From Table 1.2 in the Help file, we can see that SAXL can be obtained through the ETABLE, using the item 'LS,1'
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From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table Click on 'Add...'

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As shown above, enter 'SAXL' in the 'Lab' box. This specifies the name of the item you are defining. Next, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes, select 'By sequence number' and 'LS,'. Then enter 1 after LS, in the selection box

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Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window. Plot the Stresses by selecting Element Table > Plot Elem Table The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SAXL' is selected and click 'OK'

Because you changed the contour intervals for the Displacement plot to "User Specified" you need to switch this back to "Auto calculated" to obtain new values for VMIN/VMAX. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...

Again, you may wish to select more appropriate intervals for the contour plot
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List the Stresses

From the 'Element Table' menu, select 'List Elem Table'

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From the 'List Element Table Data' window which appears ensure 'SAXL' is highlighted

Click 'OK'

Note that the axial stress in Element 1 is 82.9MPa as predicted analytically.

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PRACTICAL NO.-02

CANTILEVER BEAM

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem


Give the Simplified Version a Title (such as 'Verification Model'). Utility Menu > File > Change Title 1. Enter Keypoints For this simple example, these keypoints are the ends of the beam.
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We are going to define 2 keypoints for the simplified structure as given in the following table Coordinate x 0 y Z 0 0 0

keypoint 1 2
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500 0

From the 'ANSYS Main Menu' select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS

3.Form Lines The two keypoints must now be connected to form a bar using a straight line.

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Select: Preprocessor > Modeling> Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line. Pick keypoint #1 (i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small yellow box. Now pick keypoint #2. A permanent line will appear. When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Create Straight Line' window.

2. Define the Type of Element It is now necessary to create elements on this line.
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From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete. Click on the 'Add...' button. The following window will appear:

For this example, we will use the 3D elastic straight pipe element as selected in the above figure. Select the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 PIPE16' in the 'Element Types' window.

Click on the 'Options...' button in the 'Element Types' dialog box. The following window will appear:

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Click and hold the K6 button (second from the bottom), and select 'Include Output' and click 'OK'. This gives us extra force and moment output.

Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box and close the 'Element Type' menu.

3. Define Geometric Properties We now need to specify geometric properties for our elements:
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In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete Click Add... and select 'Type 1 PIPE16' (actually it is already selected). Click on 'OK'. Enter the following geometric properties:
Outside diameter Wall thickness OD: TKWALL: 25 2

This defines an outside pipe diameter of 25mm and a wall thickness of 2mm.
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Click on 'OK'. 'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window.

4. Element Material Properties You then need to specify material properties:


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In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models... Double click Structural > Linear > Elastic and select 'Isotropic' (double click on it) Close the 'Define Material Model Behavior' Window. We are going to give the properties of Aluminum. Enter the following field:
EX 70000 PRXY 0.33

Set these properties and click on 'OK'. 5. Mesh Size


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In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines In the size 'SIZE' field, enter the desired element length. For this example we want an element length of 2cm, therefore, enter '20' (i.e 20mm) and then click 'OK'. Note that we have not yet meshed the geometry, we have simply defined the element sizes. (Alternatively, we could enter the number of divisions we want in the line. For an element length of 2cm, we would enter 25 [ie 25 divisions]).

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NOTE It is not necessary to mesh beam elements to obtain the correct solution. However, meshing is done in this case so that we can obtain results (ie stress, displacement) at intermediate positions on the beam. 6. Mesh Now the frame can be meshed. In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh Lines' Window 7. Saving Your Work
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Utility Menu > File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to save your file.

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving


1. Define Analysis Type
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From the Solution Menu, select 'Analysis Type > New Analysis'. Ensure that 'Static' is selected and click 'OK'.

2. Apply Constraints
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In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints

Select the left end of the rod (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics Window and click on 'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.

This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of freedom (DOFs) are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field and click 'OK'.

3. Apply Loads As shown in the diagram, there is a vertically downward load of 100N at the end of the bar
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In the Structural menu, select Force/Moment > on Keypoints. Select the second Keypoint (right end of bar) and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M' window. Click on the 'Direction of force/mom' at the top and select FY. Enter a value of -100 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'. The force will appear in the graphics window as a red arrow.

The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.

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4. Solving the System We now tell ANSYS to find the solution:


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Solution > Solve > Current LS

Post processing: Viewing the Results


1. Results Using ANSYS Deformation
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from the Main Menu select General Postproc from the 'ANSYS Main Menu'. In this menu you will find a variety of options, the two which we will deal with now are 'Plot Results' and 'List Results'

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Select Plot Results > Deformed Shape. Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed object.

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Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner (shown here surrounded by a blue border for emphasis). This is identical to that obtained via hand calculations.

Deflection For a more detailed version of the deflection of the beam,


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From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution. Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM'. Leave the other selections as the default values. Click 'OK'.

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You may want to have a more useful scale, which can be accomplished by going to the Utility Menu and selecting Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours

The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution ... select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List Nodal Solution' window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all translational and rotational degrees of freedom from the solution. If we had only wanted to see the displacements for example, we would have chosen 'ALL Us' instead of 'ALL DOFs'.

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Are these results what you expected? Again, the maximum deflection occurs at node 2, the right end of the rod. Also note that all the rotational and translational degrees of freedom were constrained to zero at node 1.

If you wanted to save these results to a file, use the mouse to go to the 'File' menu Stresses For line elements (ie beams, spars, and pipes) you will need to use the Element Table to gain access to derived data (ie stresses, strains).
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From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table... Click on (at the upper left-hand corner of this list window) and select 'Save as'. 'Add...'

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As shown above, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes in the above window, select 'Stress' and 'von Mises SEQV'

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Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window. Plot the Stresses by selecting Plot Elem Table in the Element Table Menu The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SEQV' is selected and click 'OK'

If you changed the contour intervals for the Displacement plot to "User Specified" you may need to switch this back to "Auto calculated" to obtain new values for VMIN/VMAX. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...

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Again, select more appropriate intervals for the contour plot


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List the Stresses


From the 'Element Table' menu, select 'List Elem Table' From the 'List Element Table Data' window which appears ensure 'SEQV' is highlighted

Click 'OK'

Note that a maximum stress of 64.914 MPa occurs at the fixed end of the beam as predicted analytically. Bending Moment Diagrams To further verify the simplified model, a bending moment diagram can be created. First, let's look at how ANSYS defines each element. Pipe 16 has 2 nodes; I and J, as shown in the following image.

To obtain the bending moment for this element, the Element Table must be used. The Element Table contains most of the data for the element including the bending moment data for each element at Node I and Node J. First, we need to obtain obtain the bending moment data.

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General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... . Click 'Add...'.

In the window, A. Enter IMoment as the 'User label for item' - this will give a name to the data B. Select 'By sequence num' in the Item box C. Select 'SMISC' in the first Comp box D. Enter SMISC,6 in the second Comp box E. Click 'OK' This will save all of the bending moment data at the left hand side (I side) of each element. Now we need to find the bending moment data at the right hand side (J side) of each element.

Again, click 'Add...' in the 'Element Table Data' window. . Enter JMoment as the 'User label for item' - again, this will give a name to the data

A. Same as above B. Same as above C. For step D, enter SMISC,12 in the second Comp box D. Click 'OK' Click 'Close' in the 'Element Table Data' window and close the 'Element Table' Menu. Select Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res...

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From the 'Plot Line-Element Results' window, select 'IMOMENT' from the pull down menu for LabI, and 'JMOMENT' from the pull down menu for LabJ. Click 'OK'. Note again that you can modify the intervals for the contour plot.

Now, you can double check these solutions analytically. Note that the line between the I and J point is a linear interpolation. Before the explanation of the above steps, enter help pipe16 in the command line as shown below and then hit enter.

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PRACTICAL NO.-03

BICYCLE FRAME EXAMPLE


Recall the geometry and dimensions of the bicycle frame:

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem


Clear any old ANSYS files and start a new file Utility Menu > File > Clear and Start New 1. Give the Example a Title Utility menu > File > Change Title 2. Defining Some Variables We are going to define the vertices of the frame using variables. These variables represent the various lengths of the bicycle members. Notice that by using variables like this, it is very easy to set up a parametric description of your model. This will enable us to quickly redefine the frame should changes be necessary. The quickest way to enter these variables is via the 'ANSYS Input' window which was used above to input the command line codes for the verification model. Type in each of the following lines followed by Enter.
x1 = 500 x2 y1 y2 z1 = 825 = 325 = 400 = 50

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3. Enter Keypoints For this space frame example, these keypoints are the frame vertices.
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We are going to define 6 keypoints for this structure as given in the following table (these keypoints are depicted by the circled numbers in the above figure): coordinate keypoint x 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 y y1 y2 z 0 0 0 0 z1 -z1

x1 y2 x1 0 x2 0 x2 0

Now instead of using the GUI window we are going to enter code into the 'command line'. First, open the 'Preprocessor Menu' from the 'ANSYS Main Menu'. The preprocessor menu has to be open in order for the preprocessor commands to be recognized. Alternatively, you can type /PREP7 into the command line. The command line format required to enter a keypoint is as follows:

K, NPT, X, Y, Z

where, each Abbreviation is representative of the following:


Keypoint, Reference number for the keypoint, coords x/y/z

For a more detailed explanation, type help k into the command line For example, to enter the first keypoint type:
K,1,0,y1,0

into the command line followed by Enter. As with any programming language, you may need to add comments. The exclamation mark indicates that anything following it is commented out. ie - for the second keypoint you might type:
K,2,0,y2,0 o ! keypoint, #, x=0, y=y2, z=0

Enter the 4 remaining keypoints (listed in the table above) using the command line

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Now you may want to check to ensure that you entered all of the keypoints correctly: Utility Menu > List > Keypoints > Coordinates only

If there are any keypoints which need to be re-entered, simply re-enter the code. A previously defined keypoint of the same number will be redefined. However, if there is one that needs to be deleted simply enter the following code:

KDELE,#

where # corresponds to the number of the keypoint. In this example, we defined the keypoints by making use of previously defined variables like y1 =
325.

This was simply used for convenience. To define keypoint #1, for example, we could have

alternatively used the coordinates x = 0, y = 325, z = 0. 4. Changing Orientation of the Plot To get a better view of our view of our model, we'll view it in an isometric view: Select Utility menu bar > PlotCtrls > Pan, Zoom, Rotate...'

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In the window that appears (shown left), you have many controls. Try experimenting with them. By

turning on the dynamic mode (click on the checkbox beside 'Dynamic Mode') you can use the mouse to drag the image, translating and rotating it on all three axes.

To get an isometric view, click on 'Iso' (at the top right). You can either leave the 'Pan, Zoom, Rotate' window open and move it to an empty area on the screen, or close it if your screen is already cluttered.

5. Create Lines We will be joining the following keypoints together:

keypoint line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1st 2nd 1 2 3 1 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 Note: unlike 'Keypoints', 'Lines' will automatically assign themselves the next available reference number. Again, we will use the command line to create the lines. The command format to create a straight line looks like:
L, P1, P2 Line, Keypoint at the beginning Keypoint at the end of line of the line,

For example, to obtain the first line, I would write: ' L,1,2 '

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Enter the remaining lines until you get a picture like that shown below. Again, check to ensure that you entered all of the lines correctly: type ' LLIST ' into the command line

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If there are any lines which need to be changed, delete the line by typing the following code: ' LDELE,# ' where # corresponds to the reference number of the line. (This can be obtained from the list of lines). And then re-enter the line (note: a new reference number will be assigned) You should obtain the following:

7. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add As in the verification model, define the type of element (pipe16). As in the verification model, don't forget to change Option K6 'Include Output' to obtain extra force and moment output. 8. Define Geometric Properties Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete Now specify geometric properties for the elements
Outside diameter Wall thickness OD: TKWALL: 25 2

9. Element Material Properties

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To set Young's Modulus and Poisson's ratio, we will again use the command line. (ensure that the preprocessor menu is still open - if not open it by clicking Preprocessor in the Main Menu)
MP, LAB, MAT, C0 Material value Property,Valid material property label, Material Reference Number,

a. To enter the Elastic Modulus (LAB = EX) of 70000 MPa, type: ' MP,EX,1,70000 ' b. To set Poisson's ratio (PRXY), type ' MP,PRXY,1,0.33 ' 10. Mesh Size As in the verification model, set the element length to 20 mm

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines 11. Mesh Now the frame can be meshed. a. In the 'Preprocessor' menu select 'Mesh' > 'Lines' and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh Lines' Window Saving Your Job Utility Menu > File > Save as...

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving


Close the 'Preprocessor' menu and open up the 'Solution' menu (from the same 'ANSYS Main Menu'). 1. Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis... > Static 2. Apply Constraints Once again, we will use the command line. We are going to pin (translational DOFs will be fixed) the first keypoint and constrain the keypoints corresponding to the rear wheel attachment locations in both the y and z directions. The following is the command line format to apply constraints at keypoints.

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DK, KPOI, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2, KEXPND, Lab2, Lab3, Lab4, Lab5, Lab6 Displacement on K, K #, DOF label, value, value2, Expansion key, other DOF labels

Not all of the fields are required for this example, therefore when entering the code certain fields will be empty. For example, to pin the first keypoint enter:
DK,1,UX,0,,,UY,UZ

The DOF labels for translation motion are: UX, UY, UZ. Note that the 5th and 6th fields are empty. These correspond to 'value2' and 'the Expansion key' which are not required for this constraint. Also note that all three of the translational DOFs were constrained to 0. The DOFs can only be contrained in 1 command line if the value is the same. To apply the contraints to Keypoint 5, the command line code is:
DK,5,UY,0,,,UZ

Note that only UY and UZ are contrained to 0. UX is not constrained. Again, note that the 5 th and 6th fields are empty because they are not required.
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Apply the constraints to the other rear wheel location (Keypoint 6 - UY and UZ). Now list the constraints ('DKLIST') and verify them against the following:

If you need to delete any of the constraints use the following command: 'DKDELE, K, Lab' (ie 'DKDELE,1,UZ' would delete the constraint in the 'z' direction for Keypoint 1)

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3. Apply Loads We will apply vertical downward loads of 600N at the seat post location (keypoint 3) and 200N at the pedal crank location (keypoint 4). We will use the command line to define these loading conditions.
FK, KPOI, Lab, value, value2 Force loads at keypoints, K #, Force Label directions (FX, FY, FZ), value1, value2 (if req'd)

To apply a force of 600N downward at keypoint 3, the code should look like this: ' FK,3,FY,-600 ' Apply both the forces and list the forces to ensure they were inputted correctly (FKLIST). If you need to delete one of the forces, the code looks like this: 'FKDELE, K, Lab' (ie 'FKDELE,3,FY' would delete the force in the 'y' direction for Keypoint 3) The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.

4. Solving the System Solution > Solve > Current LS

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Postprocessing: Viewing the Results


To begin Postprocessing, open the 'General Postproc' Menu 1. Deformation Plot Results > Deformed Shape... 'Def + undef edge'

You may want to try plotting this from different angles to get a better idea what's going on by using the 'Pan-Zoom-Rotate' menu that was earlier outlined.

Try the 'Front' view button (Note that the views of 'Front', 'Left', 'Back', etc depend on how the object was first defined).

Your screen should look like the plot below:

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2. Deflections Now let's take a look at some actual deflections in the frame. The deflections have been calculated at the nodes of the model, so the first thing we'll do is plot out the nodes and node numbers, so we know what node(s) we're after.
o

Go to Utility menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering... and turn on 'Node numbers'. Turn everything else off.

Note the node numbers of interest. Of particular interest are those nodes where the constraints were applied to see if their displacements/rotations were indeed fixed to zero. Also note the node numbers of the seat and crank locations.

List the Nodal Deflections (Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...'). Are the displacements and rotations as you expected?

Plot the deflection as well. General Postproc > Plot Results > (-Contour Plot-) Nodal Solution select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM' in the window .

3. Element Forces We could also take a look at the forces in the elements in much the same way:

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o o o o

Select 'Element Solution...' from the 'List Results' menu. Select 'Nodal force data' and 'All forces' from the lists displayed. Click on 'OK'. For each element in the model, the force/moment values at each of the two nodes per element will be displayed.

o o

Close this list window when you are finished browsing. Then close the 'List Results' menu.

4. Stresses As shown in the cantilever beam example, use the Element Table to gain access to derived stresses.
o o o o

General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table ... Select 'Add' Select 'Stress' and 'von Mises' Element Table > Plot Elem Table

Again, select appropriate intervals for the contour plot 5. Bending Moment Diagrams As shown previously, the bending moment diagram can be produced. Select Element Table > Define Table... to define the table (remember SMISC,6 and SMISC,12)

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And,

Plot

Results

>

Line

Elem

Res

... to plot the data from the Element Table

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PRACTICAL NO.-04

SIMPLE STRESS BRACKET


The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a flat rectangular plate with a hole shown in the following figure:

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem


1. Give the Simplified Version a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title 2. Form Geometry Boolean operations provide a means to create complicated solid models. These procedures make it easy to combine simple geometric entities to create more complex bodies. Subtraction will used to create this model, however, many other Boolean operations can be used in ANSYS. a. Create the main rectangular shape Instead of creating the geometry using keypoints, we will create an area (using GUI) Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners

46

Fill in the window as shown above. This will create a rectangle where the bottom left corner has the coordinates 0,0,0 and the top right corner has the coordinates 200,100,0. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above command is BLC4,0,0,200,100) Create the circle Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Circle > Solid Circle

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Fill in the window as shown above. This will create a circle where the center has the coordinates 100,50,0 (the center of the rectangle) and the radius of the circle is 20 mm. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above command is CYL4,100,50,20 ) Subtraction Now we want to subtract the circle from the rectangle. Prior to this operation, your image should

To perform the Boolean operation, from the Preprocessor menu select: Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Areas At this point a 'Subtract Areas' window will pop up and the ANSYS Input window will display the following message: [ASBA] Pick or enter base areas from which to subtract (as shown below)

Therefore, select the base area (the rectangle) by clicking on it. Note: The selected area will turn pink once it

48

is selected. The following window may appear because there are 2 areas at the location you clicked.

Ensure that the entire rectangular area is selected (otherwise click 'Next') and then click 'OK'. Click 'OK' on the 'Subtract Areas' window. Now you will be prompted to select the areas to be subtracted, select the circle by clicking on it and then click 'OK'. You should now have the following model:

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ASBA,1,2) 3. Define the Type of Element It is now necessary to define the type of element to use for our problem:

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Preprocessor Menu > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete


o

Add the following type of element: Solid (under the Structural heading) and the Quad 82 element, as shown in the above figure.

PLANE82 is a higher order version of the two-dimensional, four-node element (PLANE42). PLANE82 is an eight noded quadrilateral element which is better suited to model curved boundaries. For this example, we need a plane stress element with thickness, therefore
o

Click on the 'Options...' button. Click and hold the K3 button, and select 'Plane strs w/thk', as shown below.

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ET,1,PLANE82 followed by
KEYOPT,1,3,3)

Define Geometric Properties


o

As in previous examples Preprocessor menu > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete

50
o

Enter a thickness of 20 as shown in the figure below. This defines a plate thickness of 20mm)

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is R,1,20) Element Material Properties
o

As shown in previous examples, select Preprocessor > Material Props > Material models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:
EX 200000 PRXY 0.3

(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is MP,EX,1,200000 followed by
MP,PRXY,1,0.3)

Mesh Size To tell ANSYS how big the elements should be, Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas

Select an element edge length of 25. We will return later to determine if this was adequate for the problem. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AESIZE,ALL,25,)

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Mesh Now the frame can be meshed.


o

In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free and select the area when prompted (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AMESH,ALL)

Saving Your Job Utility Menu > File > Save as...

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving


You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and solve the the resulting system of equations. 1. Define Analysis Type
o

Ensure that a Static Analysis will be performed (Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis). (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ANTYPE,0)

2. Apply Constraints

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As shown previously, the left end of the plate is fixed.


o o o

In the Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Select the left end of the plate and click on 'Apply' in the 'Apply U,ROT on Lines' window. Fill in the window as shown below.

This location is fixed which means that all DOF's are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field as shown above. You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement contraints. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is DL,4,,ALL,0)

3. Apply Loads o As shown in the diagram, there is a load of 20N/mm distributed on the right hand side of the plate. To apply this load: Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Lines
o

When the window appears, select the line along the right hand edge of the plate and click 'OK'

Calculate the pressure on the plate end by dividing the distributed load by the thickness of the plate (1 MPa).

Fill in the "Apply PRES on lines" window as shown below. NOTE:

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The pressure is uniform along the surface of the plate, therefore the last field is left blank.

The pressure is acting away from the surface of the plate, and is therefore defined as a negative pressure.

The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.

4. Solving the System Solution > Solve > Current LS

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results


1. Convergence using ANSYS

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At this point we need to find whether or not the final result has converged. We will do this by looking at the deflection and stress at particular nodes while changing the size of the meshing element. Since we have an analytical solution for the maximum stress point, we will check the stress at this point. First we need to find the node corresponding to the top of the hole in the plate. First plot and number the nodes Utility Menu > Plot > Nodes

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering...


o

The plot should look similar to the one shown below. Make a note of the node closest to the top of the circle (ie. #49)

List the stresses (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress, Principals SPRIN) and check the SEQV (Equivalent Stress / von Mises Stress) for the node in question. (as shown below in red)

55

The equivalent stress was found to be 2.9141 MPa at this point. We will use smaller elements to try to get a more accurate solution.
o

Resize Elements a. To change the element size, we need to go back to the Preprocessor Menu Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas now decrease the element edge length (ie 20) b. Now remesh the model (Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free). Once you have selected the area and clicked 'OK' the following window will appear:

c. Click 'OK'. This will remesh the model using the new element edge length. d. Solve the system again (note that the constraints need not be reapplied). ( Solution

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Menu > Current LS )


o

Repeat steps 'a' through 'd' until the model has converged. (note - the number of the node at the top of the hole has most likely changed. It is essential that you plot the nodes again to select the appropriate node). Plot the stress/deflection at varying mesh sizes as shown below to confirm that convergence has occured.

Note the shapes of both the deflection and stress curves. As the number of elements in the mesh increases (ie - the element edge length decreases), the values converge towards a final solution. The von Mises stress at the top of the hole in the plate was found to be approximatly 3.8 MPa. This is a mere 2.5% difference between the analytical solution and the solution found using ANSYS. The approximate maximum displacement was found to be 0.0012 mm, this is 20% greater than the analytical solution. However, the analytical solution does not account for the large hole in the center of the plate which was expected to significantly increase the deflection at the end of the plate. Therefore, the results using ANSYS were determined to be appropriate for the verification model. 2. Deformation
o

General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape > Def + undeformd to view both the deformed and the undeformed object.

57

Observe the locations of deflection.

3. Deflection
o

General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select DOF solution, USUM in the window.

Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...)

58
o

Are these results what you expected? Note that all translational degrees of freedom were constrained to zero at the left end of the plate.

4. Stresses
o

General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select Stress, von Mises in the window.

You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN

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PRACTICAL NO.-05 PLANE STRESS BRACKET


Now we will return to the analysis of the bracket. A combination of GUI and the Command line will be used for this example. The problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in the following figure. This bracket is to be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. A figure of the plate is shown below.

This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right.

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem


1. Give the Bracket example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title 2. Form Geometry Again, Boolean operations will be used to create the basic geometry of the Bracket. a. Create the main rectangular shape The main rectangular shape has a width of 80 mm, a height of 100mm and the bottom left corner

60

is located at coordinates (0,0) Ensure that the Preprocessor menu is open. (Alternatively type /PREP7 into the command line window)

Now instead of using the GUI window we are going to enter code into the 'command line'. Now I will explain the line required to create a rectangle:
BLC4, XCORNER, YCORNER, WIDTH, HEIGHT BLC4, height X coord (bottom left), Y coord (bottom left), width,

Therefore, the command line for this rectangle is BLC4,0,0,80,100

b. Create the circular end on the right hand side The center of the circle is located at (80,50) and has a radius of 50 mm The following code is used to create a circular area:
CYL4, XCENTER, YCENTER, RAD1 CYL4, X coord for the center, Y coord for the center, radius

Therefore, the command line for this circle is CYL4,80,50,50

c. Now create a second and third circle for the left hand side using the following dimensions:

parameter circle 2 circle 3 XCENTER 0 YCENTER 20 RADIUS 20 0 80 20

d. Create a rectangle on the left hand end to fill the gap between the two small circles. XCORNER -20 YCORNER 20 WIDTH HEIGHT 20 60

e. Your screen should now look like the following...

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f. Boolean Operations - Addition We now want to add these five discrete areas together to form one area.

To perform the Boolean operation, from the Preprocessor menu select: Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Add > Areas

In the 'Add Areas' window, click on 'Pick All' (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AADD,ALL)

You should now have the following model:

62

g. Create the Bolt Holes We now want to remove the bolt holes from this plate.

Create the three circles with the parameters given below: Parameter circle 1 circle 2 circle 3 WP X WP Y Radius 80 50 30 0 20 10 0 80 10

Now select Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Areas

Select the base areas from which to subract (the large plate that was created) Next select the three circles that we just created. Click on the three circles that you just created and click 'OK'. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ASBA,6,ALL) Now you should have the following:

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3. Define the Type of Element As in the verification model, PLANE82 will be used for this example
o o

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete Use the 'Options...' button to get a plane stress element with thickness (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ET,1,PLANE82 followed by
KEYOPT,1,3,3)

Under the Extra Element Output K5 select nodal stress.

Define Geometric Contants


o o

Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete Enter a thickness of 20mm. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is R,1,20)

Element Material Properties


o

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Library > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:
EX 200000

64
PRXY 0.3

(The command line code for the above step is MP,EX,1,200000 followed by MP,PRXY,1,0.3) Mesh Size o Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas o Select an element edge length of 5. Again, we will need to make sure the model has converged. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AESIZE,ALL,5,) Mesh
o

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free and select the area when prompted (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AMESH,ALL)

Saving Your Job

Utility Menu > File > Save as...

65

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving


You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and solve the the resulting system of equations. 1. Define Analysis Type
o

'Solution' > 'New Analysis' and select 'Static'. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ANTYPE,0)

2. Apply Constraints As illustrated, the plate is fixed at both of the smaller holes on the left hand side.
o o

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes Instead of selecting one node at a time, you have the option of creating a box, polygon, or circle of which all the nodes in that area will be selected. For this case, select 'circle' as shown in the window below. (You may want to zoom in to select the points Utilty Menu / PlotCtrls / Pan, Zoom, Rotate...) Click at the center of the bolt hole and drag the circle out so that it touches all of the nodes on the border of the hole.

66
o

Click on 'Apply' in the 'Apply U,ROT on Lines' window and constrain all DOF's in the 'Apply U,ROT on Nodes' window.

Repeat for the second bolt hole.

3. Apply Loads As shown in the diagram, there is a single vertical load of 1000N, at the bottom of the large bolt hole. Apply this force to the respective keypoint ( Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints Select a force in the y direction of -1000) The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.

4. Solving the System Solution > Solve > Current LS

Post-Processing: Viewing the Results


We are now ready to view the results. We will take a look at the deflected shape and the stress contours once we determine convergence has occured. 1. Convergence using ANSYS As shown previously, it is necessary to prove that the solution has converged. Reduce the

67

mesh size until there is no longer a sizeable change in your convergence criteria. 2. Deformation
o

General Postproc > Plot Results > Def + undeformed to view both the deformed and the undeformed object. The graphic should be similar to the following

Observe the locations of deflection. Ensure that the deflection at the bolt hole is indeed 0. 3. Deflection o To plot the nodal deflections use General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution then select DOF Solution - USUM in the window.

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o

Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...)

Are these results what you expected? Note that all translational degrees of freedom were constrained to zero at the bolt holes.

4. Stresses
o

General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select von Mises Stress in the window.

You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN.

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