More Applications of Newton's Laws: Answers To Questions

More Applications of Newtons Laws
CHAPTER OUTLINE
5.1 5.2 Forces of Friction Newtons Second Law Applied to a Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Nonuniform Circular Motion Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces The Fundamental Forces of Nature Context ConnectionDrag Coefficients of Automobiles
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q5.1 (a)
5.3 5.4
r r r ma = R + mg
(b)
ma = T mg
(c)
ma = f R
5.5 5.6
r r r
r r
r f
FIG. Q5.1 Q5.2

(a) (b) (c) The friction of the road pushing on the tires of a car causes an automobile to move. The push of the air on the propeller moves the airplane. The push of the water on the oars causes the rowboat to move.
Q5.3
As a man takes a step, the action is the force his foot exerts on the Earth; the reaction is the force of the Earth on his foot. In the second case, the action is the force exerted on the girls back by the snowball; the reaction is the force exerted on the snowball by the girls back. The third action is the force of the glove on the ball; the reaction is the force of the ball on the glove. The fourth action is the force exerted on the window by the air molecules; the reaction is the force on the air molecules exerted by the window. We could in each case interchange the terms action and reaction. The tension in the rope must be 9 200 N. Since the rope is moving at a constant speed, then the resultant force on it must be zero. The 49ers are pulling with a force of 9 200 N. If the 49ers were winning with the rope steadily moving in their direction or if the contest was even, then the tension would still be 9 200 N. In all of these cases, the acceleration is zero, and so must be the resultant force on the rope. To win the tug-of-war, a team must exert a larger force on the ground than their opponents do. If you slam on the brakes, your tires will skid on the road. The force of kinetic friction between the tires and the road is less than the maximum static friction force. Anti-lock brakes work by pumping the brakes (much more rapidly that you can) to minimize skidding of the tires on the road. 113
Q5.4
Q5.5
114
Q5.6
With friction, it takes longer to come down than to go up. On the way up, the frictional force and the component of the weight down the plane are in the same direction, giving a large acceleration. On the way down, the forces are in opposite directions, giving a relatively smaller acceleration. If the incline is frictionless, it takes the same amount of time to go up as it does to come down. As you pull away from a stoplight, friction is the force that accelerates forward a box of tissues on the level floor of the car. At the same time, friction of the ground on the tires of the car accelerates the car forward. Drop a stick into a running stream and fluid friction sets the stick into horizontal motion. The speed changes. The tangential force component causes tangential acceleration. A torque is exerted by the thrust force of the water times the distance between the nozzles. This is the same principle as the centrifuge. All the material inside the cylinder tends to move along a straight-line path, but the walls of the cylinder exert an inward force to keep everything moving around in a circular path. The water has inertia. The water tends to move along a straight line, but the bucket pulls it in and around in a circle. Blood pressure cannot supply the force necessary both to balance the gravitational force and to provide the centripetal acceleration, to keep blood flowing up to the pilots brain. I would not accept that statement for two reasons. First, to be beyond the pull of gravity, one would have to be infinitely far away from all other matter. Second, astronauts in orbit are moving in a circular path. It is the gravitational pull of Earth on the astronauts that keeps them in orbit. In the space shuttle, just above the atmosphere, gravity is only slightly weaker than at the Earths surface. Gravity does its job most clearly on an orbiting spacecraft, because the craft feels no other forces and is in free fall. From the proportionality of the drag force to the speed squared and from Newtons second law, we derive the equation that describes the motion of the skydiver:
Q5.7
Q5.8 Q5.9 Q5.10
Q5.11 Q5.12 Q5.13
Q5.14
dv y dt
= mg
D A 2 vy 2
where D is the coefficient of drag of the parachutist, and A is the projected area of the parachutists body. At terminal speed,
ay = dv y dt
= 0 and vT =
F 2mg I GH D A JK
12
When the parachute opens, the coefficient of drag D and the effective area A both increase, thus reducing the speed of the skydiver. Modern parachutes also add a third term, lift, to change the equation to
m dv y dt
= mg
D A 2 L A 2 vy vx 2 2
where v y is the vertical velocity, and v x is the horizontal velocity. The effect of lift is clearly seen in the paraplane, an ultralight airplane made from a fan, a chair, and a parachute.
Chapter 5
115
Q5.15 Q5.16
Lower air density reduces air resistance, so a tank-truck-load of fuel takes you farther. The larger drop has higher terminal speed. In the case of spheres, the text demonstrates that terminal speed is proportional to the square root of radius. When moving with terminal speed, an object is in equilibrium and has zero acceleration. The thesis is false. The moment of decay of a radioactive atomic nucleus (for example) cannot be predicted. Quantum mechanics implies that the future is indeterminate. On the other hand, our sense of free will, of being able to make choices for ourselves that can appear to be random, may be an illusion. It may have nothing to do with the subatomic randomness described by quantum mechanics.
Q5.17
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 5.1
P5.1
Forces of Friction
r r r
FIG. P5.1
For equilibrium: f = F and n = Fg . Also, f = n i.e.,
f F = = n Fg
s =
75.0 N = 0.306 25.0 9.80 N
a f
60.0 N and k = = 0.245 . 25.0(9.80) N
P5.2
Fy = ma y :
+n mg = 0 fs sn = s mg
This maximum magnitude of static friction acts so long as the tires roll without skidding.
Fx = ma x :
vi = 50.0 mi h = 22.4 m s ,
f s = ma
The maximum acceleration is a = s g . The initial and final conditions are: xi = 0 ,

2 v f = 0 , v2 f = vi + 2 a x f x i :
vi2 = 2 s gx f
(a)
xf =
xf =
vi2 2 g
a22.4 m sf = 2(0.100)c9.80 m s h
2 2 2
256 m
(b)
xf = xf =
a22.4 m sf = 2(0.600)c9.80 m s h
2
vi2 2 g
42.7 m
116
P5.3
If all the weight is on the rear wheels, (a) F = ma: s mg = ma But x =
2 0.250 mi 1 609 m mi 2 x at 2 s gt 2 = so s = 2 : s = = 3.34 . 2 2 2 gt 9.80 m s 2 4.96 s
fb
ja
(b)
Time would increase, as the wheels would skid and only kinetic friction would act; or perhaps the car would flip over.
*P5.4
+y
+y
n ground = Fg 2 = 85.0 lb F2
22.0 22.0 F1
n tip f
+x Fg = 170 lb F = 45.8 lb 22.0
+x
Free-Body Diagram of Person
Free-Body Diagram of Crutch Tip
FIG. P5.4
From the free-body diagram of the person,
F1 = F2 = F . Then, Fy = 2 F cos 22.0+85.0 lbs 170 lbs = 0 yields F = 45.8 lb.

(a) Now consider the free-body diagram of a crutch tip.
Fx = F1 sina22.0f F2 sina22.0f = 0 , which gives
Fx = f ( 45.8 lb) sin 22.0= 0 ,

or f = 17. 2 lb .
Fy = n tip ( 45.8 lb) cos 22.0 = 0 ,

which gives n tip = 42.5 lb . For minimum coefficient of friction, the crutch tip will be on the verge of slipping, so f 17.2 lb = = 0.404 . f = f s max = s n tip and s = n tip 42.5 lb
a f
(b)
As found above, the compression force in each crutch is F1 = F2 = F = 45.8 lb .
Chapter 5
117
P5.5
(a)
The person pushes backward on the floor. The floor pushes forward on the person with a force of friction. This is the only horizontal force on the person. If the persons shoe is on the point of slipping the static friction force has its maximum value.
Fx = ma x : Fy = ma y :
ma x = s mg 1 x f = xi + v xi t + a x t 2 2
f = sn = ma x n mg = 0
r
2
r r
a x = s g = 0.5 9.8 m s = 4.9 m s 1 3 m = 0 + 0 + 4.9 m s 2 t 2 2 t = 1.11 s
e e
j j
FIG. P5.5
(b)
xf =
2x f 2(3 m) 1 s gt 2 , t = = = 0.875 s 2 s g (0.8) 9.8 m s 2
P5.6
If the load is on the point of sliding forward on the bed of the slowing truck, static friction acts backward on the load with its maximum value, to give it the same acceleration as the truck Fx = ma x : Fy = ma y : s mg = ma x v xf 2 = v xi 2 + 2 a x x f xi (a) xf
xi 2
r r
f = m load a x n m load g = 0 0 = v + 2b g gd x 0 i i b12 m sg = 14.7 m v = = 2 g 2a0.5fe9.8 m s j ax = s g

xi 2
FIG. P5.6
s f
d
s
(b)
P5.7
From the expression x f =
v xi 2 , neither mass affects the answer . 2 s g
f + mg sin = 0 and +n mg cos = 0 with f = n yield s = tan c = tan 36.0 = 0.727
k = tan c = tan 30.0 = 0.577

P5.8
m suitcase = 20.0 kg , F = 35.0 N
Fx = ma x : Fy = ma y :
(a) F cos = 20.0 N cos =
20.0 N + F cos = 0 +n + F sin Fg = 0

r r r
20.0 N = 0.571 35.0 N
= 55.2
(b) n = Fg F sin = 196 35.0(0.821) N n = 167 N
FIG. P5.8
118
P5.9
m = 3.00 kg , = 30.0 , x f = 2.00 m, t = 1.50 s , xi = 0, v xi = 0 (a) xf = 1 2 at : 2
r r
2.00 m =
1 2 a 1.50 s 2 4.00 a= = 1.78 m s 2 2 1.50
FIG. P5.9
a f
F = n + f + mg = ma :
Along x: 0 f + mg sin 30.0 = ma f = m g sin 30.0 a n = mg cos 30.0 (b) (c) (d)
Along y: n + 0 mg cos 30.0 = 0
k =
f m g sin 30.0a a = , k = tan 30.0 = 0.368 n mg cos 30.0 g cos 30.0
f = m g sin 30.0a , f = 3.00 9.80 sin 30.01.78 = 9.37 N

2 v2 f = vi + 2 a x f xi where x f x i = 2.00 m 2 2 v2 f = 0 + 2 1.78 2.00 = 7.11 m s
a fa f
v f = 7.11 m 2 s 2 = 2.67 m s
P5.10
T f k = 5.00 a (for 5.00 kg mass) 9.00 g T = 9.00 a (for 9.00 kg mass) Adding these two equations gives: 9.00 9.80 0.200 5.00 9.80 = 14.0 a a = 5.60 m s 2 T = 5.00 5.60 + 0.200 5.00 9.80
a f
a fa f
a f
a fa f
r r r
r r r r
= 37.8 N
FIG. P5.10
Chapter 5
119
P5.11
(a) (b)
See Figure to the right. 68.0 T m 2 g = m 2 a (Block #2) T m1 g = m1 a (Block #1) Adding,
f1 = k n 1
m1 n1 m1
m2 n2 m2
T f2 = kn 2
68.0 m1 + m 2 g = m1 + m 2 a
1 2
g b g 68.0 a= bm + m g g =
m1 g = 118 N
m2 g = 176 N
1.29 m s 2
FIG. P5.11
T = m1 a + m1 g = 27.2 N
*P5.12
j of Let a represent the positive magnitude of the acceleration a$ $ $ m1 , of the acceleration a i of m 2 , and of the acceleration + aj of m 3 . Call T12 the tension in the left rope and T23 the tension in the cord on the right.
T12
T23 f = kn m2 g
For m1 , For m 2 , and for m 3 ,
Fy = ma y Fx = ma x Fy = ma y Fy = ma y
+T12 m1 g = m1 a T12 + k n + T23 = m 2 a
n m2 g = 0 T23 m 3 g = +m 3 a
T12
T23
we have three simultaneous equations
+T12
b g 0.350a9.80 N f T = b1.00 kg ga +T 19.6 N = b 2.00 kg ga .

T12 + 39.2 N = 4.00 kg a
23 23
m1 g
FIG. P5.12
m3 g
(a)
Add them up:

+39.2 N 3.43 N 19.6 N = 7.00 kg a
a = 2.31 m s 2 , down for m1 , left for m 2 , and up for m 3 . (b) Now T12 + 39.2 N = 4.00 kg 2.31 m s 2
fc
T12 = 30.0 N and T23 19.6 N = 2.00 kg 2.31 m s 2
fc
h
T23 = 24.2 N .
120
P5.13
(Case 1, impending upward motion) Setting
Fx = 0:
fs , max = sn: Setting
P cos 50.0n = 0 fs , max = s P cos 50.0 = 0.250 0.643 P = 0.161P
Fy = 0:
P sin 50.00.161P 3.00 9.80 = 0 Pmax = 48.6 N
a f
(Case 2, impending downward motion) As in Case 1,
fs , max = 0.161P Setting
FIG. P5.13
Fy = 0:
P5.14
P sin 50.0+0.161P 3.00 9.80 = 0 Pmin = 31.7 N
a f
We must consider separately the disk when it is in contact with the roof and when it has gone over the top into free fall. In the first case, we take x and y as parallel and perpendicular to the surface of the roof:
r r
Fy = ma y :
+n mg cos = 0 n = mg cos
then friction is f k = k n = k mg cos

FIG. P5.14
Fx = ma x :
f k mg sin = ma x a x = k g cos g sin = 0.4 cos 37 sin 37 9.8 m s 2 = 9.03 m s 2
The Frisbee goes ballistic with speed given by

2 2 v xf = v xi + 2 a x x f xi = 15 m s
i b d
g + 2e9.03 m s ja10 m 0f = 44.4 m

2 2
s2
v xf = 6.67 m s For the free fall, we take x and y horizontal and vertical:
2 2 v yf = v yi + 2 a y y f yi
0 = 6.67 m s sin 37 yf
g + 2e9.8 m s jdy b4.01 m sg = 6.84 m = 6.02 m +

2 2 2
10 m sin 37
19.6 m s 2
Chapter 5
121
Section 5.2
P5.15
Newtons Second Law Applied to a Particle in Uniform Circular Motion

r
m = 3.00 kg , r = 0.800 m. The string will break if the tension exceeds the weight corresponding to 25.0 kg, so Tmax = Mg = 25.0 9.80 = 245 N. When the 3.00 kg mass rotates in a horizontal circle, the tension causes the centripetal acceleration, so T= 3.00 v 2 mv 2 . = r 0.800 0.800 T 0.800 Tmax 0.800 245 rT = = = 65.3 m 2 s 2 m 3.00 3.00 3.00
a f
a f
Then and or
v2 =
f a
a f
0 v 65.3 0 v 8.08 m s . 9.11 10 31 kg 2.20 10 6 m s m v2 F= = r 0.530 10 10 m

FIG. P5.15
P5.16
(a)
je
= 8.32 10 8 N inward
(b)
P5.17
2.20 10 6 m s v2 a= = = 9.13 10 22 m s 2 inward r 0.530 10 10 m

r r ac r
n = mg since a y = 0
The force causing the centripetal acceleration is the frictional force f. From Newtons second law f = ma c = But the friction condition is f sn
mv 2 s mg i.e., r mv 2 . r
r FIG. P5.17
v s rg = 0.600 35.0 m 9.80 m s 2

P5.18
fe
j
6
v 14.3 m s mv 2 down r
(a)
Fy = ma y ,
v = g moon r = 2r v= , T
mg moon down =
e1.52 m s je1.7 10
2
m + 100 10 3 m = 1.65 10 3 m s
(b)
T=
2 1.8 10 6 m
3
1.65 10 m s
j=
6.84 10 3 s = 1.90 h
122
P5.19
T cos 5.00 = mg = 80.0 kg 9.80 m s 2 (a) (b)
ge
j
r
r T = 787 N : T =
a68.6 Nfi$ + a784 Nf$j

r
T sin 5.00 = ma c : a c = 0.857 m s 2 toward the center of the circle. The length of the wire is unnecessary information. We could, on the other hand, use it to find the radius of the circle, the speed of the bob, and the period of the motion.
FIG. P5.19
Ta
*P5.20
Fg = mg = 4 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 39.2 N 1.5 m 2m = 48.6 r = 2 m cos 48.6 = 1.32 m sin =
b ge
a f
39.2 N Tb
2
Fx = ma x =
a
b4 kg gb6 m sg T cos 48.6+T cos 48.6 =

b
mv 2 r
forces ac v
Ta + Tb =
109 N = 165 N cos 48.6
1.32 m
Fy = ma y
+Ta sin 48.6Tb sin 48.639.2 N = 0 Ta Tb = 39.2 N = 52.3 N sin 48.6
motion
FIG. P5.20
(a)
To solve simultaneously, we add the equations in Ta and Tb : Ta + Tb + Ta Tb = 165 N + 52.3 N Ta = 217 N = 108 N 2
(b)
Tb = 165 N Ta = 165 N 108 N = 56.2 N
Chapter 5
123
Section 5.3
P5.21
Nonuniform Circular Motion

r
Let the tension at the lowest point be T.
F = ma: T mg = ma c =
2
F vI T = mG g + J H rK L b8.00 m sg T = b85.0 kg gM9.80 m s + 10.0 m MN

2
mv 2 r
OP PQ = 1.38 kN > 1 000 N
He doesnt make it across the river because the vine breaks.
FIG. P5.21 P5.22

(a)
Fy = ma y =
mg n = mv 2 R
mv 2 R n = mg mv 2 R gR . mv 2 R
(b)
When n = 0 , Then,
mg = v=
P5.23
Fy =
mv 2 = mg + n r
But n = 0 at this minimum speed condition, so mv 2 = mg v = gr = r
e9.80 m s ja1.00 mf =
2
r
3.13 m s .
FIG. P5.23 P5.24

(a) (b) ac = v2 r r= 13.0 m s v2 = = 8.62 m a c 2 9.80 m s 2
b e
Let n be the force exerted by the rail. Newtons law gives Mg + n = n=M Mv 2 r
FIG. P5.24
F v gI = M b 2 g g g = GH r JK
2
Mg , downward
continued on next page
124
(c)
v2 ac = r
ac
b13.0 m sg =
20.0 m
= 8.45 m s 2
If the force exerted by the rail is n1 then n1 + Mg = Mv 2 = Ma c r
n1 = M a c g which is < 0 since a c = 8.45 m s 2 Thus, the normal force would have to point away from the center of the curve. Unless they have belts, the riders will fall from the cars. To be safe we must require n1 to be positive. v2 Then a c > g . We need > g or v > rg = 20.0 m 9.80 m s 2 , v > 14.0 m s . r
fe
Section 5.4
P5.25
(a)
Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces

a = g bv When v = vT , a = 0 and g = bvT b= g vT
The Styrofoam falls 1.50 m at constant speed vT in 5.00 s. Thus,

Then vT = b= y 1.50 m = = 0.300 m s t 5.00 s
9.80 m s 2 = 32.7 s 1 0.300 m s
(b) (c)
At t = 0 , v = 0 and
a = g = 9.80 m s 2 down
When v = 0.150 m s, a = g bv = 9.80 m s 2 32.7 s 1 0.150 m s = 4.90 m s 2
jb
down
P5.26
(a)
m 1 2 , A = 0.020 1 m 2 , R = air ADvT = mg V 2 m = beadV = 0.830 g cm 3
LM 4 a8.00 cmf OP = 1.78 kg N3 Q

3
Assuming a drag coefficient of D = 0.500 for this spherical object, and taking the density of air at 20C from the endpapers, we have
vT =
b ge j = 0.500e1.20 kg m je0.020 1 m j
2 1.78 kg 9.80 m s 2
3 2
53.8 m s
(b)
v2 f
vi2
b53.8 m sg = + 2 gh = 0 + 2 gh : h = = 2 g 2e9.80 m s j
v2 f
2 2
148 m
Chapter 5
125
P5.27
(a)
At terminal velocity,
R = vT b = mg b = 3.00 10 3 kg 9.80 m s 2 mg = = 1.47 N s m vT 2.00 10 2 m s
je
(b)
In the equation describing the time variation of the velocity, we have v = vT 1 e bt m or at time
v = 0.632 vT when e bt m = 0.368 t=
FG m IJ lna0.368f = HbK
2.04 10 3 s
(c)
At terminal velocity,
R = vT b = mg = 2.94 10 2 N
x
P5.28
v=
FG mg IJ LM1 expFG bt IJ OP where expaxf = e H b KN H m KQ
is the exponential function. v vT = mg b
At t , At t = 5.54 s
0.500 vT = vT 1 exp
LM F ba5.54 sf I OP MN GH 9.00 kg JK PQ F bb554 . sg I expG H 9.00 kg JK = 0.500; . sg bb554 = ln 0.500 = 0.693;

9.00 kg
b=
b9.00 kggb0.693g = 113 . kg s

554 . s
2
(a)
mg vT = b 0.750 vT = vT 1 exp
vT
b9.00 kg ge9.80 m s j = =
1.13 kg s
78.3 m s
(b)
LM N
FG 1.13t IJ OP H 9.00 s K Q
x
FG 1.13t IJ = 0.250 H 9.00 s K 9.00aln 0.250f t= s=

exp 1.13 dx =
t 0
11.1 s
(c)
mg dx = dt b
FG IJ LM1 expFG bt IJ OP ; H K N H mK Q
At t = 5.54 s ,
IJ LM1 expFG bt IJ OPdt KN H m KQ mgt F m g I F bt IJ = mgt + FG m g IJ LMexpFG bt IJ 1OP xx = +G expG J b H b K H m K b H b KN H m K Q F b9.00 kgg e9.80 m s j I 5.54 s JJ expb0.693g 1 x = 9.00 kge9.80 m s j +G 1.13 kg s G 113 . kg s b g H K x = 434 m + 626 ma 0.500f = 121 m
x0
z z FGH
0
mg b
126
P5.29
(a)
v t = vi e ct
af
So 5.00 = 10.0 e 20.0 c and 20.0 c = ln (b) (c) At t = 40.0 s v = vi e ct
FG 1 IJ H 2K v = b10.0 m sge
a=
v 20.0 s = 5.00 = vi e 20.0 c , vi = 10.0 m s . c= ln 20.0
c h=
1 2
3.47 10 2 s 1
40.0 c
= 10.0 m s 0.250 = 2.50 m s
ga
dv = cvi e ct = cv dt
P5.30
F = ma
kmv 2 = m kdt =
t
k dt = v 2 dv
0 v0
z z
v
dv v2
dv dt
k t 0 =
a f
v 1 1
=
v0
1 1 + v v0
1 + v 0 kt 1 1 = + kt = v v0 v0 v0 v= 1 + v 0 kt
Section 5.5
P5.31 P5.32
F=
The Fundamental Forces of Nature

=
Gm1 m 2 r
2
e6.672 10 ja2fa2f = a0.30f

11 2 11
2.97 10 9 N
For two 70kg persons, modeled as spheres, Fg = Gm1 m 2 r

2
e6.67 10 =
N m 2 kg 2 70 kg 70 kg
a2 mf
jb
gb
~ 10 7 N
P5.33
a=
b 4R g
E
MG
9.8 m s 2 = 0.613 m s 2 16 = 8.99 10 9
toward the earth
P5.34
F = ke
br g e
12 2
q1 q 2
fa40f = 3.60 10 j a+a40 2000 f

2
N (attractive) = 3.60 10 6 N downward
Chapter 5
127
Section 5.6
*P5.35
Context ConnectionDrag Coefficients of Automobiles
The resistive force is 1 1 DAv 2 = 0.250 1.20 kg m3 2.20 m 2 27.8 m s 2 2 R = 255 N R 255 N a= = = 0.212 m s 2 m 1 200 kg R=
fe
je
jb
*P5.36
(a)
The drag force on this car body at this speed is R= 1 1 DAv 2 = 0.34 1.2 kg m3 2.6 m 2 10 m s 2 2
a fe
je
jb
= 53.0 N .
Now Newtons second law is
Fx = ma x
+ f s 53.0 N = 1 300 kg 3 m s 2 fs = 3.95 10 3 N forward
(b)
Newtons second law changes to +3 950 N 1 2 0.2 1.2 2.6 10 N = 1 300 kg a 2 3 950 31.2 N a= = 3.02 m s 2 forward 1 300 kg
a fa fa fa f
Streamlining to reduce drag makes little difference to the acceleration at this low speed. (c)
Fx = ma x now reads
+3 950 N kg 2 1 0.34 1.2 2.6 v =0 2 m 3 950 kg m m v= = 86.3 m s 0.530 s 2 kg
a fa fa f
(d)
Still again, +3 950 N
kg 2 1 0.2 1.2 2.6 v =0 2 m v= 3 950 m 2 = 113 m s 0.312 s 2
a fa fa f
According to this model, drag reduction significantly affects maximum speed.
128
Additional Problems
P5.37
Applying Newtons second law to each object gives: (1) (2) (3) T1 = f1 + 2m g sin + a
r r
g g
a a = 0f bf = f
1
T2 T1 = f 2 + m g sin + a T2 = M g a
r r r
g
r
2
(a), (b) Equilibrium and frictionless incline
=0
r r r r
Under these conditions, the equations reduce to (1) (2) (3) T1 = 2mg sin T2 T1 = mg sin T2 = Mg
FIG. P5.37
Substituting (1) and (3) into equation (2) then gives so equation (3) becomes
M = 3m sin T2 = 3mg sin
(c), (d) M = 6m sin (double the value found above), and f1 = f 2 = 0 . With these conditions present, the equations become T1 = 2m g sin + a , T2 T1 = m g sin + a and T2 = 6m sin g a . Solved simultaneously, these yield
a= (e)
1 + sin g sin , T1 = 4mg sin 1 + 2 sin 1 + 2 sin
F GH
I JK
and T2 = 6mg sin
F 1 + sin I GH 1 + 2 sin JK g
Equilibrium a = 0 and impending motion up the incline so M = M max while f1 = 2 s mg cos and f 2 = s mg cos , both directed down the incline. Under these conditions, the equations become T1 = 2mg sin + s cos , T2 T1 = mg sin + s cos , and T2 = M max g , which yield M max = 3m sin + s cos
a f
(f)
Equilibrium a = 0 and impending motion down the incline so M = M min , while f1 = 2 s mg cos and f 2 = s mg cos , both directed up the incline. Under these conditions, the equations are T1 = 2mg sin s cos , T2 T1 = mg sin s cos , and T2 = M min g , which yield M min = 3m sin s cos
a f
g . When this expression gives a negative value, it
corresponds physically to a mass M hanging from a cord over a pulley at the bottom end of the incline. (g) T2 ,max T2 ,min = M max g M min g = 6 s mg cos
Chapter 5
129
P5.38
For the system to start to move when released, the force tending to move m 2 down the incline, m 2 g sin , must exceed the maximum friction force which can retard the motion: f max = f1 ,max + f 2 ,max = s ,1n1 + s , 2 n 2 f max = s ,1 m1 g + s , 2 m 2 g cos From Table 5.1, s ,1 = 0.610 (aluminum on steel) and s , 2 = 0.530 (copper on steel). With m1 = 2.00 kg, m 2 = 6.00 kg, = 30.0 ,
FIG. P5.38
the maximum friction force is found to be fmax = 38.9 N . This exceeds the force tending to cause the system to move, m 2 g sin = 6.00 kg 9.80 m s 2 sin 30 = 29.4 N . Hence, the system will not start to move when released . The friction forces increase in magnitude until the total friction force retarding the motion, f = f1 + f 2 , equals the force tending to set the system in motion. That is, until f = m 2 g sin = 29.4 N .
P5.39
(a)
The crate is in equilibrium, just before it starts to move. Let the normal force acting on it be n and the friction force, fs . Resolving vertically: n = Fg + P sin . Horizontally: P cos = fs . But, fs sn i.e., P cos s Fg + P sin or P cos s sin s Fg . Divide by cos : P 1 s tan s Fg sec . Then
r r
Pminimum = 0.400(100 N) sec 1 0.400 tan 0.00 40.0 15.0 46.4
s Fg sec
1 s tan
FIG. P5.39
(b)
P=
deg
b g Pa N f
30.0 60.1
45.0 94.3
60.0 260
If the angle were 68.2 or more, the expression for P would go to infinity and motion would become impossible.
130
P5.40
With motion impending, n + T sin mg = 0
f = s mg T sin and T cos s mg + s T sin = 0 so T= To minimize T, we maximize cos + s sin
r r
FIG. P5.40
s mg . cos + s sin
d cos + s sin = 0 = sin + s cos . d
(a)
= tan1 s = tan1 0.350 = 19.3

T= 0.350 1.30 kg 9.80 m s 2 cos 19.3+0.350 sin 19.3
(b)
fc
h=
4.21 N
P5.41
F1 = m1 a :
m1 g sin 35.0 f k ,1 + T = m1 a 3.50 9.80 sin 35.0 s 3.50 9.80 cos 35.0+T = 3.50 1.50
a fa f
a fa f
a f a f
(1)
F2 = m 2 a :
+ m 2 g sin 35.0 f k , 2 T = m 2 a + 8.00 9.80 sin 35.0 s 8.00 9.80 cos 35.0T = 8.00 1.50
a fa f
a fa f
(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously gives (a) (b)
k = 0.0871
T = 27.4 N
FIG. P5.41
Chapter 5
131
P5.42
(a) (b) (c)
See Figure (a) to the right. See Figure (b) to the right. For the pin,
r mg = 36.4 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 357 N

r r
ge
Fy = ma y :
C cos 357 N = 0 357 N C= . cos
For the foot,
FIG. P5.42(a)
FIG. P5.42(b)
Fy = ma y :
(d) For the foot with motion impending,
+n B C cos = 0
n B = 357 N .
Fx = ma x :
+ f s C sin s = 0 sn B = C sin s 357 N cos s sin s C sin s = = tan s . s = 357 N nB
(e)
The maximum coefficient is
s = tan s = tan 50.2 = 1.20 .
132
P5.43
(a)
First, draw a free-body diagram, (top figure) of the top block. Since a y = 0 , n1 = 19.6 N . And
f k = k n1 = 0.300 19.6 N = 5.88 N . Fx = maT
r r
10.0 N 5.88 N = 2.00 kg aT or aT = 2.06 m s 2 (for top block). Now draw a freebody diagram (middle figure) of the bottom block and observe that Fx = Ma B gives f = 5.88 N = 8.00 kg a B
r r
or a B = 0.735 m s 2 (for the bottom block). In time t, the distance each block moves (starting from rest) is 1 1 dT = aT t 2 and d B = a B t 2 . For the top block to reach 2 2 the right edge of the bottom block, (see bottom figure) it is necessary that dT = d B + L or 1 1 2.06 m s 2 t 2 = 0.735 m s 2 t 2 + 3.00 m 2 2
which gives: t = 2.13 s . (b) From above, d B = 1 0.735 m s 2 2.13 s 2
ja
= 1.67 m .
FIG. P5.43
P5.44
(a)
r r r r r r
FIG. P5.44
f1 and n1 appear in both diagrams as action-reaction pairs (b) 5.00 kg:

Fx = ma :
n1 = m1 g = 5.00 9.80 = 49.0 N
a f
f1 T = 0
T = f1 = mg = 0.200 5.00 9.80 = 9.80 N 10.0 kg:

Fx = ma : Fy = 0:
a fa f
45.0 f1 f 2 = 10.0 a n 2 n1 98.0 = 0
f 2 = n 2 = n1 + 98.0 = 0.20 49.0 + 98.0 = 29.4 N 45.0 9.80 29.4 = 10.0 a

*P5.45
Chapter 5
133
a = 0.580 m s 2
(a)
If the car is about to slip down the incline, f is directed up the incline.
Fy = n cos + f sin mg = 0 where f = sn gives

n=
r f
r n
s mg mg and f = . cos 1 + s tan cos 1 + s tan
r mg
n cos n sin
Then,
Fx = n sin f cos = m
v min =
2 v min yields R
f sin f cos
Rg tan s 1 + s tan
When the car is about to slip up the incline, f is directed down the incline. Then, Fy = n cos f sin mg = 0 with f = sn yields n=
mg
r n
s mg mg and f = . cos 1 s tan cos 1 s tan
r f r mg
In this case,
Fx = n sin + f cos = m
v max =
2 v max , which gives R
n cos n sin f cos
Rg tan + s 1 s tan
(b)
If v min =
Rg tan s 1 + s tan
g = 0 , then
2
s = tan .
mg
f sin
(c)
v min =
v max =
a100 mfe9.80 m s jatan 10.00.100f = 1 + a0.100f tan 10.0 a100 mfe9.80 m s jatan 10.0+0.100f = 1 a0.100f tan 10.0
2
8.57 m s
FIG. 5.45
16.6 m s
134
*P5.46
(a)
Directly n = 63.7 N cos 13 = 62.1 N

f k = 0.36 62.1 N = 22.3 N .
Now adding +T + 14.3 N 22.3 N = 6.5 kg a and T + 37.2 N = 3.8 kg a gives 37.2 N 8.01 N = 10.3 kg a a = 2.84 m s 2 . Then T = 37.2 N 3.8 kg 2.84 m s 2 = 26.5 N . (b) We recognize the equations are describing a 6.5-kg block on an incline at 13 with the horizontal. It has coefficient of friction 0.36 with the incline. It is pulled forward, which is down the incline, by the tension in a cord running to a hanging 3.8-kg object. fk n T 13 63.7 N 37.2 N 3.8 kg FIG. P5.46 *P5.47 When the cloth is at a lower angle , the radial component of F = ma reads mv 2 n + mg sin = . r At = 68.0 , the normal force drops to zero and v2 g sin 68 = . r T 13 6.5 kg
p 68 R mg
mg sin68
mg cos68
FIG. P5.47
v = rg sin 68 = The rate of revolution is angular speed = 1.73 m s
a0.33 mfe9.8 m s j sin 68 = 1.73 m s

2
IJ FG 2r IJ = gFGH 12rev r K H 2 a0.33 mf K
0.835 rev s = 50.1 rev min .
Chapter 5
135
P5.48
(a)
While the car negotiates the curve, the accelerometer is at the angle . Horizontally: Vertically: T sin = mv 2 r
r
T cos = mg
where r is the radius of the curve, and v is the speed of the car. By division, Then a c = v2 = g tan : r v2 tan = rg a c = 9.80 m s 2 tan 15.0 a c = 2.63 m s 2 v2 r= ac v 2 = rg tan = 201 m 9.80 m s 2 tan 9.00
r
FIG. P5.48
(b) (c)
P5.49
b23.0 m sg r= a fe j
v = 17.7 m s
2.63 m s 2
= 201 m
(a)
Since the centripetal acceleration of a person is downward (toward the axis of the earth), it is equivalent to the effect of a falling elevator. Therefore, Fg = Fg mv 2 or Fg > Fg r
(b)
At the poles v = 0 and Fg = Fg = mg = 75.0 9.80 = 735 N down. At the equator, Fg = Fg ma c = 735 N 75.0 0.033 7 N = 732 N down.
a f b
FIG. P5.49
P5.50
(a)
Since the object of mass m 2 is in equilibrium, or
Fy = T m 2 g = 0
T = m2 g .
(b)
The tension in the string provides the required centripetal acceleration of the puck. Thus, Fc = T = m 2 g . Fc = v= m1 v 2 R RFc = m1
(c)
From we have
FG m IJ gR Hm K
2 1
136
*P5.51
v= (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 r 2 9.00 m = = 3.77 m s 15.0 s T
ar =
v2 = 1.58 m s 2 r
Flow = m g + a r = 455 N Fhigh

r
b g = mb g a g =
329 N ar 1.58 = tan 1 = 9.15 inward . g 9.8

T l = 2.50 m R = 4.00 m
2 Fmid = m g 2 + a r = 397 N upward and at = tan 1
*P5.52
(a)
The mass at the end of the chain is in vertical equilibrium. Thus T cos = mg . mv 2 Horizontally T sin = ma r = r
r mg
a f r = a 2.50 sin 28.0+4.00f m = 5.17 m

r = 2.50 sin + 4.00 m Then a r = v2 . 5.17 m ar v2 = g 5.17 g
FIG. P5.52
By division tan =
v 2 = 5.17 g tan = 5.17 9.80 tan 28.0 m 2 s 2 v = 5.19 m s (b) T cos = mg 50.0 kg 9.80 m s 2 mg T= = = 555 N cos cos 28.0
P5.53
a fa fa j
ge
Standing on the inner surface of the rim, and moving with it, each person will feel a normal force exerted by the rim. This inward force causes the 3.00 m s 2 centripetal acceleration: ac = v2 : r
The period of rotation comes from v = so the frequency of rotation is
2r : T
e3.00 m s ja60.0 mf = 13.4 m s 2r 2 a60.0 mf T= = = 28.1 s 13.4 m s v 1 1 1 F 60 s I f= = = G J = 2.14 rev min T 28.1 s 28.1 s H 1 min K
v = ac r =
2
Chapter 5
137
*P5.54
The volume of the grain is V =
4 3 4 r = 5 10 7 m 3 3
= 5.24 10 19 m3 . Its weight is
Fg = mg = Vg = 19.3 103 kg m 3 5.24 10 19 m 3 9.8 m s2
je
je
= 9.90 10 14 N down
(a) As it settles at terminal speed,
Fy = ma y
N s 5 10 7 m v = 0 m2
9.90 10 14 N + 0.018 8 v = 1.05 10 5 m s (b) y = v y t

t= 0.08 m 1.05 10 5 m s
= 7.59 103 s = 2.11 h
(c)
The speed of the middle of the tube is 3 000 rev min v2 r
Now a c = (d)
FG 2 a0.09 mf IJ FG 1 min IJ = 314 radian s a0.09 mf = 28.3 m s . H 1 rev K H 60 s K b28.3 m sg = 8.88 10 m s . =

2 3 2
0.09 m
In place of part (a) we have
Fx = ma x
0.018 8 N s m 2 5 10 7 m v = 1.01 10 14 kg 8.88 10 3 m s 2 v = 9.55 10 3 m s = t= x t
0.08 m s = 8.38 s 9.55 10 3 m
138
P5.55
(a)
n=
mv 2 R
f mg = 0 v= 2R T
f = sn T= 4 2 R s g
(b)
T = 2.54 s # rev rev 1 rev 60 s = = 23.6 min min 2.54 s min

r fs
FG H
IJ K
r n
r mg
FIG. P5.55 P5.56
(a)
The bead moves in a circle with radius v = R sin at a speed of v= The normal force has an inward radial component of n sin and an upward component of n cos
r r
2r 2R sin = T T
Fy = ma y :
or
n cos mg = 0
mg n= cos Then
FIG. P5.56
Fx = n sin = m
v2 becomes r
FG mg IJ sin = m FG 2R sin IJ K H cos K R sin H T
Chapter 5
139
which reduces to This has two solutions: and
g sin 4 2 R sin = cos T2 sin = 0 = 0 cos = gT 2 4 2 R (1) (2)
If R = 15.0 cm and T = 0.450 s, the second solution yields
e9.80 m s ja0.450 sf cos = 4 a0.150 mf

2 2
= 0.335 and = 70.4
Thus, in this case, the bead can ride at two positions = 70.4 and = 0 . (b) At this slower rotation, solution (2) above becomes cos =
e9.80 m s ja0.850 sf 4 a0.150 mf

2 2
= 1.20 , which is impossible.
In this case, the bead can ride only at the bottom of the loop, = 0 . The loops rotation must be faster than a certain threshold value in order for the bead to move away from the lowest position.
P5.57
At terminal velocity, the accelerating force of gravity is balanced by frictional drag: mg = arv + br 2 v 2 (a) mg = 3.10 10 9 v + 0.870 10 10 v 2 m = V = 1 000 kg m 3 4.11 10 11
j e
For water,
LM 4 e10 mj OP N3 Q = e3.10 10 jv + e0.870 10 jv

5
10
Assuming v is small, ignore the second term on the right hand side: v = 0.013 2 m s . (b) mg = 3.10 10 8 v + 0.870 10 8 v 2 Here we cannot ignore the second term because the coefficients are of nearly equal magnitude. 4.11 10 8 = 3.10 10 8 v + 0.870 10 8 v 2 v= 3.10
2
j e
e j e j a3.10f + 4a0.870fa4.11f = 1.03 m s 2a0.870f
140
(c)
mg = 3.10 10 7 v + 0.870 10 6 v 2 Assuming v > 1 m s , and ignoring the first term: 4.11 10 5 = 0.870 10 6 v 2 v = 6.87 m s
j e
*P5.58
(a)
ts 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0
af
dm 4.88 18.9 42.1 73.8 112 154 199 246 296 347 399 452 505 558 611 664 717 770 823 876
a f
(b)
d(m) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 t (s)
FIG. P5.58(b)
(c)
A straight line fits the points from t = 11.0 s to 20.0 s quite precisely. Its slope is the terminal speed. vT = slope = 876 m 399 m = 53.0 m s 20.0 s 11.0 s
Chapter 5
141
P5.59
Fy = L y Ty mg = L cos 20.0T sin 20.07.35 N = ma y = 0 Fx = L x + Tx = L sin 20.0+T cos 20.0 = m

m 35.0 m s v2 = 0.750 kg = 16.3 N r 60.0 m cos 20.0
v2 r
r r
L sin 20.0+T cos 20.0 = 16.3 N L cos 20.0T sin 20.0 = 7.35 N cos 20.0 16.3 N = L +T sin 20.0 sin 20.0 sin 20.0 7.35 N = L T cos 20.0 cos20.0 16.3 N 7.35 N T cot 20.0+ tan 20.0 = sin 20.0 cos 20.0 T 3.11 = 39.8 N
FIG. P5.59
a a f
T = 12.8 N
P5.60
v = vi kx implies the acceleration is Then the total force is The resistive force is opposite to the velocity:
a=
F = ma = ma kvf
dv dx =0k = kv dt dt
r r
F = kmv
ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P5.2 P5.4 P5.6 P5.8 P5.10 P5.12
(a) 256 m; (b) 42.7 m (a) 0.404; (b) 45.8 lb (a) 14.7 m; (b) neither mass is necessary see the solution (a) 55.2; (b) 167 N 37.8 N (a) 2.31 m s 2 , down for m1 , left for m 2 , and up for m 3 ; (b) 30.0 N and 24.2 N 6.84 m (a) 8.32 10 8 N inward ; (b) 9.13 10 22 m s 2 inward (a) 1.65 10 m s ; (b) 6.84 10 s
3 3
P5.20 P5.22 P5.24
(a) 108 N; (b) 56.2 N (a) mg mv 2 upward; (b) R gR
(a) 8.62 m; (b) Mg downward (c) 8.45 m s 2 unless they have belts, the riders will fall from the cars (a) 53.8 m s ; (b) 148 m (a) 78.3 m s ; (b) 11.1 s; (c) 121 m see the solution
~ 10 7 N toward you 3.60 10 6 N downward
P5.26 P5.28 P5.30 P5.32 P5.34
P5.14 P5.16
P5.18
142
P5.36
(a) 3.95 10 3 N forward ; (b) 3.02 m s 2 forward , (c) 86.3 m/s (d) 113 m/s they do not, 29.4 N (a) 19.3; (b) 4.21 N (a) see the solution; (b) see the solution; (c) 357 N; (d) see the solution; (e) 1.20 (a) see the solution; (b) 9.80 N , 0.580 m s 2
P5.50
(a) m 2 g ; (b) m 2 g ; (c)
FG m IJ gR Hm K
2 1
P5.38 P5.40 P5.42 P5.44
P5.52 P5.54
(a) 5.19 m s ; (b) see the solution, 555 N (a) 1.05 10 5 m s ; (b) 7.59 10 3 s ; (c) 8.88 10 3 m s 2 ; (d) 8.38 s
P5.56 P5.58
(a) either 70.4 or 0; (b) 0 (a) see the solution; (b) see the solution; (c) 53.0 m s
P5.46
(a) a = 2.84 m s 2 , 26.5 N; (b) see the solution (a) 2.63 m s 2 ; (b) 201 m; (c) 17.7 m s
P5.60
F = kmv
P5.48

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FIG. Q5.1 Q5.2