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TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

The six trigonometric functions: Sum and product formulas:


opp y hyp r 1 sin a cos b = 1 [sin (a + b ) + sin (a − b )]
sin θ = = csc θ = = = 2
hyp r opp y sin θ cos a sin b = 12 [sin (a + b ) − sin (a − b )]
adj x hyp r 1
cos θ = = sec θ = = = cos a cos b = 1
[cos (a + b ) + cos (a − b )]
2
hyp r adj x cos θ
sin a sin b = 1
[cos (a − b ) − cos (a + b )]
opp y sin θ adj x 1 2
tan θ = = = cot θ = = = sin a + sin b = 2 sin( a +2 b ) cos( a −2 b )
adj x cos θ opp y tan θ

Sum or difference of two angles: sin a − sin b = 2 cos( a +2 b ) sin( a −2 b )


sin (a ± b ) = sin a cos b ± cos a sin b cos a + cos b = 2 cos( a +2 b ) cos( a −2 b )
cos(a ± b ) = cos a cos b m sin a sin b
cos a − cos b = −2 sin( a +2 b ) sin( a −2 b )
tan a ± tan b
tan( a ± b) =
1 m tan a tan b Law of cosines: a = b + c − 2bc cos A
2 2 2

2 tan θ where A is the angle of a scalene triangle opposite


Double angle formulas: tan 2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ side a.
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ cos 2θ = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 π
Radian measure: 8.1 p420 1° = radians
cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 180
180°
Pythagorean Identities: sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 1 radian =
π
tan θ + 1 = sec θ
2 2
cot 2 θ + 1 = csc 2 θ
Reduction formulas:
Half angle formulas: sin( −θ) = − sin θ cos( −θ) = cos θ
1
sin 2 θ = (1 − cos 2θ )
1
cos2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ) sin(θ) = − sin(θ − π) cos(θ) = − cos(θ − π)
2 2 tan( −θ) = − tan θ tan(θ) = tan(θ − π )
θ 1 − cos θ θ 1 + cos θ m sin x = cos( x ± ) π
± cos x = sin( x ± π2 )
sin = ± cos = ± 2
2 2 2 2
θ 1 − cos θ sin θ 1 − cos θ Complex Numbers: e ± jθ = cos θ ± j sin θ
tan = ± = =
2 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ sin θ cos θ = 12 ( e jθ + e − jθ ) sin θ = j12 ( e jθ − e − jθ )

TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES FOR COMMON ANGLES


Degrees Radians sin θ cos θ tan θ cot θ sec θ csc θ
0° 0 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined
30° π/6 1/2 3/2 3/3 3 2 3/3 2
45° π/4 2 /2 2 /2 1 1 2 2
60° π/3 3/2 1/2 3 3/3 2 2 3/3
90° π/2 1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined 1
120° 2π/3 3/2 -1/2 - 3 - 3/3 -2 2 3/3
135° 3π/4 2 /2 - 2 /2 -1 -1 - 2 2
150° 5π/6 1/2 - 3/2 - 3/3 - 3 -2 3 / 3 2
180° π 0 -1 0 Undefined -1 Undefined
210° 7π/6 -1/2 - 3/2 3/3 3 -2 3 / 3 -2
225° 5π/4 - 2 /2 - 2 /2 1 1 - 2 - 2
240° 4π/3 - 3/2 -1/2 3 3/3 -2 -2 3 / 3
270° 3π/2 -1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined -1
300° 5π/3 - 3/2 1/2 - 3 - 3 2 -2 3 / 3
315° 7π/4 - 2 /2 2 /2 -1 -1 2 - 2
330° 11π/6 -1/2 3/2 - 3/3 - 3 2 3/3 -2
360° 2π 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined

Tom Penick tomzap@eden.com www.teicontrols.com/notes 2/20/2000


Expansions for sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent:
y3 y5 y 7
sin y = y − + − +L
6 5! 7!
y2 y4 y6
cos y = 1 − + − +L
2 4! 6!
y3 2 y5
tan y = y + + +L
3 15
1 y y3 2 y5
cot y = − − − −L
y 3 45 945
Hyperbolic functions:

sinh y =
1 y
2
(
e − e− y ) sinh jy = jsin y
1
(
cosh y = e y + e − y
2
) cosh jy = jcos y
tanh jy = j tan y
Expansions for hyperbolic functions:
y3
sinh y = y + +L
6
y2
cosh y = 1 + +L
2
y2 5y 4
sech y = 1 − + −L
2 24
1 y y3
ctnh y = + − +L
y 3 45
1 y 7 y3
csch y = − + −L
y 6 360
y3 2 y5
tanh y = y − + −L
3 15

Tom Penick tomzap@eden.com www.teicontrols.com/notes 2/20/2000

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