mitropoliti anania jafariZe

cthbf% bcnjhbekb ,tlb cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbcfufy

ufyijht,ekb mfhsdtkt,bcf

afxazeTi

qarTvelTa gaafxazeba

+& edtktcb fa[fptsb dtkmfhsekb o.fhjt,bc sfyf[vfl

++& mfhsdtkb bcnjhbrjct,b fa[fptsbc tsybrehb
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+++& fa[fptsbc njgjybvt,b
+|& mdtvj b,thbbc^ fye fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj
|& vsbtkb njvt,bc xfvjcf[kt,f fa[fptsib
|+& uffa[fpt,eksf udfht,b

cfmfhsdtkjc cfgfnhbfhmjc vfyukbc-ofkrbc tgfhmbf

2007
1

\|+ c-lfy thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajc lfikbc

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- jct,bc^ [jkj fa[fptsb - flbqt-xthmtpekb njvbc f,fpt,bc^
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mitropoliti anania jafariZe, 2001, 2007

uZvelesi afxazeTi
ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad

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4

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5

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6

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7

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8

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9

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Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb

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15

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18

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19

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20

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22

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23

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24

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25

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28

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29

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30

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33

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34

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36

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lf fhf vl& hbjyc^ hflufy fhf ajsb ofhvjflutylf vbc lhjc
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lf tc vlbyfht xhlbkjts cfpqdfhc ofhvjflutylf cfvtuhtkjcsdbc \|++ c-lfy&

qvemo iberiis,
anu afxazeTis sakaTalikoso

mhbcnbfyj,f chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc .jdtk res[tib^ vfs

ijhbc fa[fptsib^ bmflfutc xdtyb eakbcf lf vfw[jdhbc btcj
mhbcntc vjwbmekt,vf _ vjofatt,vf& rthjl^ mfhsekb jabwbfkehb trktcbf cfmfhsdtkjib mhbcnbfyj,bc itvjvnfyfl
sdkblf fhf vfhnj ovblf fylhbf vjwbmekcf lf cbvjy rfyfytkc^ fhfvtl ,fhskjvt lf sfltjp vjwbmekt,cfw& .jdtk
itvs[dtdfib^ lblb xfvjkjwdbc^ #kbnfybbc kjwdbcfc@ ~gehbc rehs[tdf`^ c[df lblb kjwdt,bc lhjc^ hjujhw otcb^ vfs
fct b[ctybt,lyty vqdltkvsfdht,b% #&&&ovblfsf lblt,eksf lf
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sfltjpbcf^ lf ovblfsf vjwbmeksf-cojhbcf mfhsdtks
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rjylfrb 1890 o& ud& 8`& fv lhjc^ hjujhw otcb^ b[ctybt,jlf
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37

bcbyb^ hjvtksfw mfhsek trktcbfcsfy /mjylfs rfdibhb^

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rb emflfuybfs&
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38

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vlbyfhtvlt zjhj[bcfcf fmtlfy vjwbmekyb uflfcekfy
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vjofatt,b vbcekfy #fkfybfib lf mfkfm aecnfib@ ~aecnf
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lfkbc [tj,bc vjvb]yfdtl vlt,fht vsbfy v[fhtc& aecnflfy^ /
fubjuhfabbc wyj,bs^ vjwbmekyb uflfcekfy cfreshbd
39

fa[fptsib ~f,fpubfib`& /fubjuhfab uflvjudwtvc% #lbl

ct,fcnjgjkbcib ~w[evib` hjv xfdblyty^ bmflfutc qvhsbc
cbn.df& fylhbfv lfcnjdf bm cbvjyb vjofatt,bsehs lf sdbs
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v[fhtib vjqdfotj,bc itvltu ufhlfwdkbkf lf
lfecfakfdt,bfs ybrjacbfib^ hjvtkbw fa[fptsbc ]bmtsib
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mhbcnbfyj,f cfrvfjl ufdhwtkt,ekb cfhoveyjt,f b.j +-+++
cfereytt,ib^ vfc vkfdhb ufdktyf /mjylf cfpjufljt,bc .dtkf
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bvgthbbc cfpqdht,c ibuybs tmwtjlf [jkvt^ [jkj
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itbrhb,f& bv lhjbcfsdbc^ bc-bc b.j jhufybpt,fc bo.t,lf mfhsekb trktcbf^ vfhsfkbf^ mhbcnbfyj,f cfmfhsdtkjib fct
se bct wyj,bkb lf hfvltyflvt ufdhwtkt,ekb b.j^ mfhs40

kbc vtat htd vfhsfkc mhbcnbfyek vjhfksfy

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ovblf ybyjc fhf vfhnj fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc^ _ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc ufyvfyfskt,kflfw vbbxytdty&
vt-5 cfereybc fdnjhc utkfcb rdbpbrtkc fqybiyekb fmdc^
hjv vt-4 cfereybc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib^ hjvbc bvgthfnjhbc
rjycnfynbyt +-bc ~306-337` lhjc^ #qvthsbc vwyt,f vbbqtc
gjynjc ufcodhbd vlt,fht vbof-o.fkpt vw[jdht,vf b,tht,vf
lf kfpt,vf@& fv fdnjhbc eo.t,bs^ hjujhw b,tht,ib^ bct
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hjv cfv[hts rjk[tsib^ zfyts-kfptsib^ sdbs vt-17 cfereytvlt ~hjltcfw zfyts-kfptsb erdt sehmt,c /mjylfs
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ofhvjflutylf^ hjvkbc cfpqdfhb ]th vlbyfht tuhbco.fkpt^
itvltu rb rtkfcehpt uflbjlf^ fvbnjvfw ovblf ybyjc vbth
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41

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vjbwfdlf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc ~ovblf ybyjc itvltu lf
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42

bv vjyfcnthib^ cflfw fqvjxtybkbf gbhdtkb mfhsekb

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fhw se lblb [ybc oby vbxytekb b.j^ hjv lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib mhbcnbfyj,f ufdhwtklf |+ cfereytib lf vfibydt
tc v[fht itdblf ,thyekb trktcbbc behbclbmwbfib^ vfuhfv
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+| cfereyblfydt lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib^ bctdt hjujhw
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43

vtat afhyfdfpvf mfhsekb tybc cf[tkvobaj tyfl

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44

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vthxekt^ ud& 243`^ cjv[eh o.fhjt,ib bcbwff fqybiyekb^
hjv mfhsekb trktcbbc tc vtsfehb tuhbcbc fhmbtgbcrjgjcb
b.j #obyfyltk otcsf sfyf[vflj@^ t&b& vbbxytjlf^ hjv obyfsfw^ t&b& | cfereytib vfbyw^ tuhbcb mfhsek trktcbfib itlbjlf^ eahj vtnbw^ sfyf[vfl df[einbcf^ ]th rbltd
rfsfkbrjcj,bc lfo.t,fvlt^ vfiby^ hjwf mfhsek trktcbfc
vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb vfhsfdlf^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib ghjdbywbf #dfrt@ hbjycf lf w[tybco.fkc ijhbc vw[tstkb^ cfvsfdhjc tgbcrjgjcbc behbclbmwbfib itlbjlf& #fhc [jyc trktcbf lblb^ uev,fsbfyb^ vidtybthyfut,b^ pbc tgbcrjgjcb^
vo.tvcb dfrbcf& tc b.j thsj,fcf ibyf mfhskbc vsfdfhtgbcrjgjpbcf^ itlujvfl ufy.jabcf lfcdtc fm tgbcrjgjcb@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +|^ ud& 750`&
rfsfkbrjcj,bc lfo.t,bc itvltufw^ hjujhw tc itbkt,f
ufdbujs ghjrjab rtcfhbtkbc |+ c-bc wyj,bs^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc mhbcnbfyt,b rfsfkbrjcc tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty&
wyj,bkbf^ hjv fv lhjbcfsdbc rfsfkbrjcb vstk cfmfhsdt45

kjib b]lf v[jkjl vw[tsfib^ fvbnjvfw cojhtl vfc lf fhf

c[df hjvtkbvt rfsfkbrjcc tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty tuhbcbc
mhbcnbfyt,b& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc fqothbc lhjc ghjrjab
othc% #mhbcnbfysf vqdltkvsfdfhcfw rfsfkbrjcc eojlt,ty
tkbysf tybsf^ hflufy bc thsb ufyfut,c .dtkf bmfeh cjakt,c@
~utjhubrf^ 2^ 1965^ ud& 88`&
y& ,thtybidbkb othlf% #mfhsekb mhbcnbfyj,bc
#fa[fptsib@ ~tuhbcib` flht ufdhwtkt,ekj,bc vjovj,ff^ hf
smvf eylf^ vw[tsbc rfsfkbrjcbc tuhbcbc rfsfkbrjcfl
vj[ctybt,f |++ cfereytib lf c[df&&& vfuhfv tc cfrbs[b wfkrt
itcfcofdkb lblb vybidytkj,bc cfrbs[bf lf vfcptl cfe,fhb
bvtlb udfmdc bm udtmyt,f&&&@ ~y& ,thtybidbkb^ cfm& bcnjhbbc
cfrbs[t,b^ 1990^ ud& 598`&
lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib mfhsekb trktcbbc ufdktyfc |++
cfereytib vbesbst,c bm mfhsekb cftrktcbj fhmbntmnehbc
fhct,j,f^ rthjl^ tuhbcib cftrktcbj vityt,kj,bcfc
b.tyt,lyty ]dhbc ~vw[tsbc ]dhbc` nbgbc fhmbntmnehfc |++
c-bc lfcfo.bcib& vfuhfv cojhtl |++ cfereytib [lt,f lblb
cftrktcbj wdkbkt,t,b^ hfw gjkbnbrfcsfy b.j
lfrfdibht,ekb&
|++ cfereybc 20-bfy okt,ib cgfhctsc b,thbbc ufdkbs ittcbf ,bpfynbbc rtbcfhb /thfrkt^ lffvfhw[f cgfhcsf vtat lf
iteluf lfvjhxbkt,ekb mdt.yt,bc vjo.j,bc cfmvtc& vfy^
sfyf[vfl mfhskbc w[jdht,bcf^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc #pqdbc gbhb@ xfvjfijhf mfhsek cf[tkvobajc lf eiefkjl
itethsf bvgthbfc& #vfiby refkfl ofhbqtc ,thtysf cfpqdfhb mfhskbcf^ cgthb lf ,jkj rkfh]tsbcf^ pqdbc gbhb@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ |^ ud& 226`& hjujhw xfyc^ bv lhjbcfsdbc
mfhsek cfvtajc xfvjcwbklf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbf crfylf-ijhfgybc [fpfvlt&|+ cfereytibw cgfhcts-,bp46

fynbbc jvbc lhjc fv [fppt uflbjlf ufdktybc cathjc cfpqdfhb fv cf[tkvobajt,c ijhbc^ f[kf cgfhctsbc lfvfhw[t,bc
itvltu ,bpfynbfv ufvjbxbyf vnfwt,kehb ,eyt,f lf vjcnfwf
mfhsek cf[tkvobajc fqybiyekb nthbnjhbf pqdblfy fqybiyek ~crfylf-ijhfgybc` [fpfvlt& gjkbnbreh wdkbkt,fc
ufvjeodtdbf cftrktcbj behbclbmwbbc wdkbkt,fw& rthjl^
fqybiyek [fpfvlt vjmwtekb lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbf uflftwf rjycnfynbytgjkbc cfgfnhbfhmjc& [jkj fqybiyekb [fpbc fqvjcfdktsbs vjmwtekb nthbnjhbf rdkfd
vw[tsbc ~b,thbbc` cfrfsfkbrjcjc tresdyjlf&
thtrktc kfimhj,bc #pqdbcgbhtsbc@ xfvjhsvtdbc itvltu b,thbf-,bpfynbbc cfpqdfhb ufblj crfylf-ijhfgybc [fppt&
fvbnjvfw^ fv [fpbc lfcfdktsbs ,thyekvf trktcbfv lffv.fhf
behbclbmwbf& fm itbmvyf ,thyekb cftgbcrjgjcjt,b wtynhbs ajsib ~kfpbrbc vbnhjgjkbf`% 1& afcbcbc^ fye ajsbc* 2&
hjljgjkbcbc ~fye dfhwb[bcf`* 3& gtnhfcb ~,fsevsfy^
wb[bcbhb`* 4& wfbibcf* 5& bqbyt,bc ~uelf.dbc^ bkjhsfy`&
hjujhw kfpbrbc vbnhjgjkbfib^ bct f,fpubbc cftgbcrjgjcjib cftrktcbj tyfc fv lhjbcfsdbc ofhvjflutylf
,thyekb tyf^ [jkj crfylf-ijhfgybc fqvjcfdktsbs dblht
kb[bc vsfvlt vjmwtekb trktcbbc cftrktcbj tyfc
dtkt,ehfldt mfhsekb ofhvjflutylf& fctsb vlujvfhtj,f
ufuhtklf sbsmvbc 100 okbc vfybkpt^ [jkj |+++ cfereyblfy sfylfsfy lfbo.j wdkbkt,t,b^ hjvkt,bw sbsmvbc 2
cfereyt ufuhtklf& cftrktcbj wdkbkt,t,b rdkfd gjkbnbrehb vlujvfhtj,bc itwdkbs b.j ufvjodtekb& |++ cfereybc ief okt,ib ufvjxylf f[fkb kbthb fkf^ f[fkb htkbubf
_ vf/vflbfyj,f^ lfbo.j fhf,j,f& ufezbhlf sdbs ,bpfynbbc
bvgthbfc^ mfhsekb cf[tkvobaj fhf,t,vf rhbpbcfvlt
vbb.dfytc& ,bpfynbbc gjpbwbt,bc itcecnt,bc ufvj^ fmfvlt fv
47

bvgthbfib itvfdfkvf fa[fptsvf vjbgjdf cfvsfdhjl vjo.j,bc

eakt,f^ itvltu rb vbbqj lfvjerblt,kj,bc eahj vfqfkb
[fhbc[b& hjujhw bsmdf^ fvbs bcfhut,kf fa[fptsbc thbcsfdvf ktjy +-vf lf |+++ cfereybc 20-bfy okt,ib sfdbcb cfvsfdhj itb.dfyf mfhskbc cf[tkvobajc itvflutykj,fib& ktjy
+-cf lf vbh vtatc ijhbc lflt,ekb itsfy[vt,bc sfyf[vfl ~b[&
tgbcrjgjcb fyfybf ]fafhbt^ cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjwbmekj trktcbbc bcnjhbf^ n& ++`^ ktjy + bmwf mfhskbc thbcsfdfl^ vbcb
cfvsfdhj yjvbyfkehfl itdblf mfhskbc cfvtajib^ cfvfubthjl vbbqj eakt,f mfhskbc vtabc mfkbidbkbc
uehfyle[nbc ithsdbcf^ vbbqj cfvtaj htufkbfw _ cfvtaj
udbhudbyb^ hfw vfc^ fk,fs^ ufhrdtek cfvtaj eakt,t,c
fybzt,lf& fv lhjc vbh vtabc vfv fhxbkvf cfvfhsfdfl vbbqj
lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbf _ tuhbcb^ fhudtsb^
sfrdthb^ uehbf lf cdfytsb& vfkt fhxbkvf vbfnjdf lfcfdkts
cfmfhsdtkj lf uflfdblf rf[tsib& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc fv
lhjc^ xfyc^ vfhsfdlf rfyjybthb vtvrdblht mfhskbc cfvtaj
nf[nbcf^ fa[fptsbc thbcsfdb ktjy +& vfc sfdbcb
cf[tkvobajt,bc ufthsbfyt,bc lhjc^ xfyc^ ufethsbfyt,bf
lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbfw^ rthjl^ vfc ufethsbfyt,bf
f,fpubbc cffhmbtgbcrjgjcj lf afcbcbc vbnhjgjkbf^ fv jhb
trktcbbc ufthsbfyt,bs itmvybk f[fk trktcbfc tojlf #mdtvj
b,thbbc@ trktcbf& hfnjv( vbptpb bc b.j^ hjv tuhbcfa[fptsbc ufthsbfyt,ekb trktcbf vjbwfdlf itvltu vbofo.fkc% tuhbcc^ fhudtsc^ sfrdthc^ uehbfc^ fa[fptsc& .dtkfyb
bcbyb tsybrehfl mfhsek mdt.yt,c ofhvjflutylyty^ fvbnjvfw
vfs .dtkfc thsfl ~lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,fc`
ew[jtkt,b mdtvj bdthbtkt,c^ fylf e,hfkjl bdthbtkt,c
eojlt,lyty^ fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,fc rb ptvj
48

bdthbtkt,c& tuhbc-fa[fptsbc^ fye mdtvj bdthbbc trktcbbc

xfvj.fkb,t,fc ew[jtkb lf xdtyb bcnjhbrjct,bw dfhfelj,ty
720 okt,bcfsdbc% bthecfkbvtkb gfnhbfhmb ljcbstjcb othc%
#b,thbfib jhb fdnjrtafkehb fhmbtgbcrjgjcbf^ hjvtksfw
mfhsdtkt,b eojlt,ty rfsfkbrjct,c& mdtvj b,thbf^ hjvtkcfw
dtkfl rjk[tscf lf kfpbrfc eojlt,lyty^ fmdc tgfhmbt,b
bvthtsib^ uehbfib^ cfvtuhtkjib^ fa[fptsib^ cdfytscf lf
vtc[tsbc yfobkib& tc tgfhmbt,b tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty rjycnfynbytgjkbc rfstlhfc afcblbc vbnhjgjkbnbc cfiefkt,bs&&&
fct^ hjv /thfrktc itvltu _ ktd bcfdhjcfvlt mdtvj b,thbf
erdt b.j fdnjrtafkehb cffhmbtgbcrjgj^ vfuhfv xdty fh dbwbs^ hjvtkb bvgthfnjhbc lhjc lf hjvtk rht,fpt vbfybztc
vfc fdnjrtafkbf&&& ptvj lf mdtvj b,thbfc ijhbc cfpqdfhb
fhbc mtlb&&& mdtvj b,thbbc rfsfkbrjcb gfnbdbs eahj vtnbf
ptvj b,thbbc rfsfkbrjcpt^ hflufyfw bc erdt bcfdhjcbc lhjc
720 otkc rfsfkbrjcb b.j mdtvj b,thbbcf@ ~ljcbstjcb^ bthecfkbvtkb gfnhbfhmt,b^ sfdb 5^ ud& 510^ obuyblfy cfhltkb
vbnhjgjkbnb vfmcbvt^ #mfhsekb trktcbf lf vbcb fdnjrtafkbf@^ #stjkjubf@^ fstyb^ 1966 o& ud& 47-48`&
hjujhw ptvjs vj.dfybkb vfufkbsbs xfyc lf hjvtkbw
c[df vfufkbst,bsfw lfcnehlt,f^ ew[jtkt,b bv trktcbfc^
hjvtkcfw mfhsdtkt,b cfereytsf vfybkpt deojlt,lbs
#fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc@^ eojlt,ty #mdtvj b,thbbc@ trktcbfc& vfsb fphbs^ mdtvj b,thbbc trktcbfv vjbwdf mdtvj
b,thbbc utjuhfabekb v[fhtt,b lf othty% #mdtvj b,thbf^
hjvtkcfw dtkfl rjk[tsc lf kfpbrfc eojlt,ty@& mdtvj
b,thbbc^ fye fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc tgfhmbt,b /mjybf
bvthtsib^ uehbfib^ cfvtuhtkjib^ fa[fptsib^ cdfytscf lf
vtc[tsbc yfobkib& bc ,thyekb trktcbbc vbvfhs fdnjr49

tafkehb^ fye lfvjerblt,tkb trktcbf-cffhmbtgbcrjgjcj

.jabkf lf fdnjrtafkbf vjegjdt,bf lff[kjt,bs 720 okbcfsdbc bvgthfnjh /thfrkt rtbcfhbc itvltu bvgthfnjh ktd
bcfdhjcfvlt&
ptvjs vj.dfybk bthecfkbvtkb gfnhbfhmbc wyj,fc
flfcneht,c vtjht bthecfkbvtkb gfnhbfhmb [hbcfyab ~mhbcfysj`% #cfmfhsdtkjib^ hjvtkcfw flht b,thbf thmdf^ b.j
jhb fdnjrtafkehb fhmbtgbcrjgjcb^ hjvtksfw xdtekt,bc
sfyf[vfl eojlt,lyty rfsfkbrjct,c lf fhf fhmbtgbcrjgjct,c&
fct vfs vfhnj mfhsdtkt,b eojlt,ty& fvfsufy thsb t&b& fhmbtgbcrjgjcb mdtvj b,thbbcf tojlf bvthtsbc^ jctsbc^ uehbbc
lf chekbfl mdtvj b,thbbc eytnfhtc rfsfkbrjcc^ fye vfhnbdfl chekbfl b,thbbc eytnfhtc rfsjkbrjcc& hjvtkb bvgthfnjhbc lhjc fy hjvtk rht,fpt uf[lf bc cffhmbtgbcrjgjcj^
xdty pecnfl dth lfdflubyts^ vfuhfv 26 bdybcbc cdbyfmcfhib
dgjekj,s^ hjv bjfyt ujstsbc tgbcrjgjcb [tklfc[vekb
bmyf b,thbbc rfsfkbrjcbc vbth ~uekbc[vj,c fhf vw[tsbc^
fhfvtl fa[fptsbc^ fye #mdtvj b,thbbc rfsfkbrjcc@ tgbcrjgjcb fyfybf ]fafhbt`^ hflufyfw hjvfek mdt.yt,ib
,fnjyj,lf [fnvt,hjksf thtcb^ fct^ hjv^ hjujhw xfyc^ /
thfrktc itvltu bcfdhjcfvlt mdtvj b,thbf cffhmbtgbcrjgjcj
uf[lf ~bmdt^ ud& 48`&
fv o.fhjt,bc xdtyt,blfy itbkt,f lfdfcrdyfs^ hjv lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj ew[jtksfsdbc b,thbff& pju]th vfc #mdtvj
b,thbfw@tojlt,f& fm erdt |+++ cfereyblfy fhct,j,c fdnjrtafkehb trktcbf^ hjvkbc vtsfehcfw mfhsdtkt,b rfsfkbrjcc eojlt,ty _ tcff fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj& fa[fptsbc
cfrfsfkbrjcjc bvgthfnjh ktd bcfdhjcfvlt vbeqbf fdnjrtafkbf& gfnhbfhmb [hbcfyab cojhtl erfdibht,c
[fnvt,hjkehb thtcbc ofhvjmvyfcf lf mdtvj b,thbbc trk50

tcbbc vbth fdnjrtafkbbc vbqt,fc thsvfytsc& fdnjrtafkbbc

mdti buekbc[vt,f fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbc^ fye
ufthsbfyt,ekb kfpbrbc cfvbnhjgjkbnjcf lf f,fpubbc cffhmbtgbcrjgjcjc vbth lfvjerblt,kj,bc vbqt,f ,thyekb
trktcbbcfufy& fmfvlt^ hjujhw fqybiyekb b.j^ kfpbrbc cfvbnhjgjkbnj sfdbc cftgbcrjgjcjt,bs^ fctdt f,fpubbc trktcbfw itlbjlf rjycnfynbytgjkbc cfgfnhbfhmjc behbclbmwbfib& cojhtl fv lhjbcfsdbc^ |+++ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib^
fqjhbylf [fnvt,hjksf vodfkt,kj,f& vfhsfkbf^ bvgthfnjh ktd bcfdhjcfvltw b.j vwltkj,f [fnt,bc frhfkdbcf
cf[tkvobajt,hbdb vfcinf,bs^ vfuhfv [fnvt,hjkj,f lfbo.j
ktd bcfdhjcbc ~717-741` lhjc^ bvgthfnjh ktdbc gjkbnbrbc
ufvuhtkt,tkb b.j vbcb idbkb rjycnfynbyt + ~741-775`^
hjvtkvfw [fnvt,hjkj,f ltdyfvlt vbb.dfyf& 754 otkc xfnfhlf [fnvt,hjksf rht,f^ ,bpfynbbc sbsmvbc .dtkf tgbcrjgjcb ~338` [fnt,bc obyffqvltu ufvjdblf^ lfbo.j
trktcbt,blfy [fnt,bc ufvjnfyf^ [fnsf.dfybcvwtvtkb ,tht,b
vblbjlyty tvbuhfwbfib^ ifdb pqdbc xhlbkj cfyfgbhjpt^ .bhbvib^ [thcjytcib^ fhf,sf vbth lfg.hj,bk fynbjmbfcf lf
fktmcfylhbbc cfgfnhbfhmjt,ib^ cflfw fh b.j ltdyf&
,thvjyfpdyj,f ufvjw[fllf lfyfifekfl^ vfs cnfy]fdlyty lf
[jwfdlyty&
ufhlf
rjycnfynbytgjkbcf^
c[df
cfgfnhbfhmjt,ib^ hjvtkybw bv lhjc bvgthbbc ufhts
vlt,fhtj,lyty^ chekt,bs o.yfhfl e.eht,lyty ,bpfynbeh
rfvfsc ~f& rfhnfitdb^ vcjakbj rht,t,b^ gfhbpb^ 1963`&
ew[jtkb fdnjht,b cojhtl vbesbst,lyty^ hjv lfcfdkts
cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc ,thyekb trktcbbcfufy
ufsfdbceakt,f erfdibhlt,f ktd bcfdhjcbc tgjmfc^ fye
[fnvt,hjkeh thtcbc jabwbfkeh lfo.t,fc ,bpfynbfib&
,bpfynbblfy ltdybkb [fnsf.dfybcvwtvkt,b lf ,th51

vjyfpdyt,b vjfo.lyty ifdb pqdbc gbhc& cojhtl fv lhjbcfsdbc eylf xfvjijht,ekb.j ujstsbc trktcbf rjycnfynbytgjkc
_ vodfkt,tksf ltlfmfkfmc& fv lhjcdt eylf xfvjijht,ekb.j
tuhbcbcf lf f,fpubbc trktcbt,b rjycnfynbytgjkc^ cojhtl
fv lhjc lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc flvbybcnhfwbekb
ufthsbfyt,fw bo.t,f ktjy +-bc lhjc^ vfkt lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc ufthsbfyt,fv jabwbfkehb _ gjkbnbrehb cf[t vbbqj^ xfvj.fkb,lf tuhbc-fa[fptsbc cfvtaj ktjy ++-bc
vtsfehj,bs& vfhsfkbf^ tuhbc-fa[fptsbc trktcbf
cfhoveyjt,hbdb esfy[vjt,bc ufvj xfvjcwbklf rjycnfynbytgjkc^ vfuhfv cftrktcbj rfyjyt,bc sfyf[vfl^ fctsb mvtlt,f
vbeqt,tkbf^ ltlf trktcbbcfufy idbkb trktcbbc lfijht,fc
.jdtksdbc eylf vbtwtc rfyjybrehb yt,fhsdf& xdtycf lf
ew[jeh o.fhjt,ib vfhskfw fhbc lfwekb wyj,t,b bvbc
itcf[t,^ hjv cojhtl fqybiyek tgjmfib^ |+++ cfereybc ief
okt,ib fynbjmbfib xfcekf b,thbbc trktcbbc ltktufwbf^
fynbjmbbc cfgfnhbfhmjc ewdybf mdtvj b,thbbc^ fye vfhnbdfl b,thbbc trktcbbc lfvjerblt,kj,f& tc wyj,f lfwekb
.jabkf fynbjmbeh #mhjyjuhfaib@& bmblfy rb esfhuvybf
wyj,bk vjqdfotc tahtv vwbhtc ~eo.t,f vbptpcf mfhsdtksf
vjmwtdbcfcf^ 1959`^ fmtlfy rb uflfcekf #mfhskbc
w[jdht,fib@% #lqtsf rjycnfynbyt crjhbcf ~tcff rjycnfynbyt|^ 741-775` vjcf[tkbcfsf^ fynbjmbfc gfnhbfhmj,fcf ytnfhbcf stjabkfmntcf ~774-751` vjdblyty mfhskbs ~t&b&
b,thbblfy` vjwbmekfl vjyfpjyyb jhb lf vjes[htc ytnfhcf
stjabkfmntc&&& [jkj vfy ,zj,bsf rht,bcfsf&&& vbcwf mfhsdtksf ghjnhtgnbrjyb^ hjvtk fhc ufy[cybsb^ hfbsf sdbs
vfscf cfpqdfhcf tgbcrjgjcsfufy [tkyb lftc[vjlbfy ;fvfl;fvflcf rfsfkbrjccf mfhskbcfcf&&&@ ~tahtv vwbht^ eo.t,f^ ud& 9`*
tc wyj,f t[t,f fhf vw[tsbc^ fhfvtl #mdtvj b,thbbc@ cfrfsfk52

brjcjc ~tgbcrjgjcb fyfybf ]fafhbt^ cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjwbmekj trktcbbc bcnjhbf^ n& ++`&
t&b& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc^ fye mdtvj b,thbbc fmfvlt rjycnfynbytgjkpt lfmdtvlt,fht,ek tgbcrjgjct,c vbtwfs
eakt,f^ sfdfl fthxbfs sfdbcb rfsfkbrjcb^ fye tuhbcfa[fptsbc fye #b,thbbc@ trktcbfv |+++ c_ib vbbqj fdnjrtafkbf ,thyt,bcfufy& vfuhfv vbcb fdnjrtafkbf fv lhjc ]th
rbltd chekb fh .jabkf bv v[hbd^ hjv vfc vbhjyb eylf vbtqj
fynbjmbbcfufy^ vbhjybc itcfc.blfl lfcfdktk mfhsdtkt,c^
fye mdtvj b,thbbc trktcbfc fynbjmbbcfsdbc eylf tkbfs 1000
rdfvkbc ~rjvkbc` uflfcf[flb& vwbht [ybc itvltu fynbjmbfv
rdfvkbc uflfcf[flbc yfwdkfl bs[jdf fsfcb lhf/rfyb .jdtkokbehfl& vfktdt fynbjmbfv ,thtysf vtabc iefvfdkj,bs
mdtvj b,thsf 1000 lhf/rfyb uflfcwf bthecfkbvbc cfgfnhbfhmjc& f[kf erdt vbhjybc itcfc.blb sfy[f mfhsdtkt,c bthecfkbvbcfsdbc eylf tkbfs ~tahtv vwbht^ bmdt^ ud& 10`&
tahtvc ,thyek o.fhjt,ib yf[ctyt,b #b,thbf@ .dtkufy #mfhskfl@ esfhuvybf&
vfifcflfvt^ tuhbc-fa[fptsbc trktcbfv^ fye fa[fptsbc
cfrfsfkbrjcjv^ hjvtkcfw ew[jtkt,b mdtvj b,thbbc^ fylf
b,thbbc trktcbfc eojlt,lyty^ vfhsfkbf^ |+++ c-bc
lfcfo.bcib vbbqj ,thyekb trktcbbcfufy fdnjrtafkbf^ vfuhfv vfbyw tc trktcbf dfklt,ekb b.j^ vbhjyb ittbyf bthecfkbvbc cfgfnhbfhmjib&
tc bc tgjmff^ hjwf fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj fhf,sf
itvjctdt,bc ufvj cfcnbrflff ufyflueht,ekb^ vw[tsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj lfvwbht,ekb& vfkt uhbujk [fystkbcf lf c[df
qbhcb vfvt,bc vjqdfotj,bc itltufl trktcbf ufyvnrbwlf lf
ufkbthlf^ ufycfresht,bs nfj-rkfh]tsib& uhbujk
[fystkb lbl .ehflqt,fc fg.hj,lf fa[fptsbc cfrfsfk53

brjcjc^ bvjupfehf bm& mfhsdtksf^ fye nfj-rkfh]tsbc

cf[tkvobajvfw vbfg.hj .ehflqt,f fa[fptsbc^ fye mdtvj
b,thbbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc& 830 otkc behblbekfl cwyj vbcb
fhct,j,f lf fv lhjbcfsdbc behbclbmwbfib uflfcwf nthbnjhbf crfylf-ijhfgybc [fpblfy kb[bc vsfvlt^ t&b& fqvjcfdkts fhudtsb^ hjvtkbw fmfvlt trktcbehfl vw[tsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc tresdyjlf& uhbujk [fystkbc vjofatv lblvf
tahtvvf rb vjfudfhf fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjcf lf bthecfkbvc ijhbc fhct,ekb vbhjybc cfrbs[b& hjujhw bsmdf^ fmfvlt
fa[fptsc^ fye mdtvj b,thbbc trktcbfc vbhjyb bthecfkbvblfy
vj/mjylf^ f[kf rb sdbs bthecfkbvbc cfgfnhbfhmjc
sfy[vj,bs mdtvj b,thbbc ~fa[fptsbc` cfrfsfkbrjcjc vbhjyb
vw[tsblfy eylf vbtqj& se hf b.j fvbc vbptpb^ tc vjs[hj,bkb
fmdc ubjhub vthxektc _ #hfvtse gbhdtkfl f-cf rfsfkbrjcsf ~t&b& fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjct,c lf fhf fqvjcfdktsbc
rfsfkbrjct,c _ tgbcrjgjcb fyfybf ]fafhbt` vb/hjyb bthecfkbvbs vj/.dfylf^ [jkj tahtv mhbcntcvbthbcf ,hfyt,bsf
vb/hjybc rehs[tdf mfhskc ufyfotcf bthecfkbvbc gfnhbfhmbc ufyotct,bsf lf ofvt,bsf cb[fhekbsf^ fhfvtl^ mfhskfl
ahbflb mdt.fyfb fqbhbw[t,bc^ hjvtkcfwf ibyf mfhsekbsf
tybsf ;fvb itbobhdbc lf kjwdfyb .jdtkb fqtchekt,bc@ ~d&
mfhs& fubjuh& kbn& tu& 1978 o& ud& 182`&
+\ cfereytib tahtv vfo.dthtkbc vtwflbytj,bs^ bthecfkbvbc cfgfnhbfhmjc vbeqbf uflfo.dtnbkt,f^ hfsf fa[fptsbc
cfrfsfkbrjcjc vbhjyb vbtqj fhf bthecfkbvblfy^ fhfvtl
vw[tsblfy ~mfhskbc wtynhblfy`^ bvbnjv hjv #mfhskfl
ahbflb mdt.fyfb fqbhfw[t,bc^ hjvtkcfwf ibyf mfhsekbsf
tybsf ;fvb itbobhdbc lf kjwdfb .jdtkb fqtchekt,bc@&
fa[fpts-tuhbcbc trktcbfib rb^ fv lhjbcfsdbc erdt
lfythubkb b.j mfhsektyjdfyb cftrktcbj vcf[eht,f^
54

,thyekb tybc yfwdkfl& vfifcflfvt^ bvbc ufvj^ hjv fa[fptsbc

cfrfsfkbrjcjib obhdf-kjwdf mfhsekbf^ bthecfkbvc vbexytdbf bc thsbfyb mfhsekb trktcbbc yfobkfl lf
uflfeo.dtnbf^ hjv fa[fptsbc ~mdtvj bdthbbc` trktcbfc
vw[tsblfy vbtqj vbhjyb& fvbs afmnbehfl fqcluf /thfrkt
rtbchbc lhjc lfhqdtekb cftrktcbj thsj,f lf mfhsekb
trktcbf ufthsbfylf&
fvbthblfy mfhsdtk thc uffxylf jhb fdnjrtafkehb trktcbf^ hjvtksf vtsfehsfufy thsc #e[ewtcb@ rfsfkbrjcb vfhsfdlf ~vw[tsbc`^ vtjht rb #evhovtc@ rfsfkbrjcfl ~,bzdbystkb` vbbxytjlf&
eylf dbabmhjs^ hjv bthecfkbvb cfdct,bs efyufhjl fh
lfsvj,lf fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjcfsdbc vbhjybc
vbojlt,bc eakt,fc& cfdfhfeljf^ hjv fvbcfsdbc bpheytc
erdt kbthvf vtatt,vf^ kbthb cf[tkvobajc vtsfeht,vf _
fa[fptsbcf lf nfj-rkfh]tsbc vtatt,vf^ vjqotekb
wyj,t,bs^ ,fuhfn rehfgfkfnc _ #mfhsdtksf vtatc@ eqdfobf fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbc behblbekb wyj,bcfsdbc& vfnbfyt othc% #[jkj vfy ,fuhfn uffxbyf lf ufyfotcf rfsfkbrjcb fa[fptsc mhbcntc fmts 830 otkc@ ~mfhskbc
w[jdht,f^ +^ ud& 255`& tc wyj,f bct eylf ufdbujs^ hjv afmnbehfl 720-bfyb okt,blfy fhct,ekb tuhbc-fa[fptsbc trktcbf ,fuhfn vtabc lhjbcfsdbc erdt cfrfsfkbrjcjl bmwf^ hfw
wyj mfhsdtkvf vtatv& itbkt,f gbhlfgbhb vybidytkj,bsfw
#uffxbyf@ lf #ufyfotcf@ vbcb rfsfkbrjcb&
[jkj vbhjysfy lfrfdibht,bs bthecfkbvbc trktcbbc
vjmvtlt,bc cbcojhtc fcf,est,c bc^ hjv +\ cfereytibdt bthecfkbvbc cfgfnhbfhmjc yt,fhsdbs bjfyt uestkb tgbcrjgjcb
mfhskib frehs[tc& vfifcflfvt^ fv lhjc mfhskbcf lf bthecfkbvbc trktcbt,c ijhbc rfhub ehsbthsj,ff lf rjycnfyn55

bytgjkib [fnvt,hjkehb odfkt,bc ufvj rjycnfynbytgjkbc

cathjib v.jab pjubthsb trktcbf mfhsek trktcbfc uflftwf&
fvudfh ajypt ufcfut,bf^ se hfnjv lfhsj bthecfkbvvf mfhsektyjdfy fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc yt,f vbhjybc
vw[tsblfy vbqt,bcf&
hjujhw bsmdf^ fa[fptsbc^ fye mdtvj b,thbbc cfrfsfkbrjcjib itdblf cfvb cftrktcbj jkmb^ fmtlfy jhb _ f,fpubbcf
lf kfpbrbcf _ ,thyektyjdfyb b.j cftrktcbj sdfkcfphbcbs^ [jkj tuhbc-fhudtsbc trktcbf^ fye crfylf-ijhfgybc
[fpbc fqvjcfdktsbs vlt,fht cftrktcbj jkmb .jdtksdbc
mfhsektyjdfyb b.j lf fctsfl lfhxf fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc itmvyfvlt^ hfw df[einb ,fuhfnbjybc fphbs^ vj[lf
vt-8 cfereybcfsdbc& vstk trktcbfib^ fa[fptsbc cfvtajc
.jdtk res[tib fqcluf lf sfylfsfy dhwtklt,jlf mfhsektyjdfyb obhdf-kjwdf&
,thyekb tybc mfhsekb tybs itwdkfc lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib sfy cltdlf ecfcnbrtcb jvt,b ,bpfynbfcf lf fa[fptsbc
cfvtajc ijhbc&
#,bpfynbeh o.fhjt,ib lfwekbf wyj,f ,bpfynbtksf cfvb
cfv[tlhj tmcgtlbwbbc itcf[t, lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib &&&
vtw[ht cfereybc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib^ hfw cfv]thdt ,bpfynbtksf cfcnbrb lfvfhw[t,bs lfvsfdht,ekf@ ~g& byujhj.df^
u& vthxekt^ ud& 217`&
830-bfy okt,ib stjabkt rtbchbc lhjc fa[fptsib
ufupfdybkb ,bpfynbtksf vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb ]fhb cfcnbrfl
lfvfhw[lf^ 840-bfy okt,ib ,bpfynbfv jhb lblb kfimhj,f
ufyf[jhwbtkf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib& #]fhbc thsvf
yfobkvf [jvfklbc lfvc[dhtdf ufybwflf lf cbwjw[kt itcobhf^ c[dt,b rbltd^ sevwf [vtktspt uflfdblyty^ vfuhfv
56

e,tleht,f ufbpbfhtc& fb fct lfbqegf tc ]fhb@^ fvbc itvltu

vjvltdyj jvib ,bpfynbtkt,c 40 000 rfwb lferfhufds
lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjcsfy jvib lf cfcnbrfl
lfvfhw[t,ekfy ~bmdt^ ud& 218`&
fvbc itvltu ,bpfynbfc fqfh ekfimhbf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib& tc bvfc ybiyfdc^ hjv vfy cwyj fa[fptsbc cfvtajcf lf
fuhtsdt fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc fhct,j,fw&
#fct ufvjbztlf fv ,hjkfib mfhsdtkb [fk[bc
sfdbceakt,f@ ~bmdt^ ud& 218`&
fvbc itvltu trktcbt,blfy ,thyekb tybc itwdkfc mfhsekb tybs [tkc dtqfh iteikblf bvgthbf& #&&&,thyekb tyf^
,bpfynbbc [fyuhkbdb vlujvfhtj,bc itltufl uf,fnjyt,ekb
lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib^ hjujhw vsfdfhb cf[tkvobaj lf
cftrktcbj tyf^ ufyltdybk bmvyf lf ,thyekbc flubkb vskbfyfl mfhsekvf lfbzbhf^ mfhsekb tyf ufvjw[flt,ekbf thsflths cf[tkvobaj tyfl^ mfhsekb tyf uf,fnjylf
cfpjufljt,hbdb w[jdht,bc .dtkf fcgfhtppt& ufycfresht,bs
vybidytkjdfyb b.j bc afmnb^ hjv ,thyekb tyf ufyltdybk
bmvyf sdbs trktcbblfyfw^ fmfw ,thyekb mfhsekvf itcwdfkf& se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s bv ufhtvjt,fc^ se hf vjyjgjkbehb vlujvfhtj,f tzbhf trktcbfc ufyfskt,bc cfmvtib cfiefkj cfereytsf gbhj,t,ib^ hjltcfw ufyfskt,f lf
vobuyj,hj,f egbhdtktcfl trktcbbc [tk mdti dbsfhlt,jlf^
ufyfskt,bcf lf vobuyj,hj,bc vsfdfh wtynht,c evsfdhtcfl
vjyfcnht,b lf trktcbbc ufdktybc mdti v.jab cfcofdkt,kt,b
lf crjkt,b itflutylyty& fldbkfl ofhvjcflutybf^ se hf
ufycfresht,ekb vybidytkj,f /mjybf ,thyekb tybc yfwdkfl mfhsekbc itvjqt,fc trktcbfib& tc elbltcb
vybidytkj,bc htajhvf^ itwdkf trktcbfib ,thyekb tybcf
mfhsekbs^ itcfkt,tkb uf[lf xfnfht,ekb.j bvbc itvl57

tu^ hjv #fa[fpsf@ cfvtajc [tkbceakt,fv lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbf^ hjvtkbw bthfhmbekfl lfrfdibht,ekb
b.j ,bpfynbbc cfbvgthbj trktcbfcsfy^ rjycnfynbytgjkbc
gfnhbfhmsfy^ xfvjfijhf rjycnfynbytgjkc lf lferfdibhf
mfhskbc ~b,thbbc` cfrfsfkbrjcjc& fvhbufl^ [fyf #fa[fpsf@
cfvtajcb _ tc fhbc tgjmf mfhsekb cfpjufljt,hbdb gjkbnbrbc chekb lf cf,jkjj ufvfh]dt,bcf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib@ ~bmdt^ ud&220`&
eahj vtnbw^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbblfy
,thyekb tybc ufyltdybc itvlujv bm f.dfdt,fc bo.t,c mfhsekb
reknehf^ mfhsekb kbnthfnehf^ #&&& fa[fptsbc cfvtaj fv
lhjc ufv[lfhf ths-thsb wtynhb mfhsekb cftrktcbj
vothkj,bcf^ fa[fptsbc cfvtajc [tkbceakt,bc cfufyut,j
vafhdtkj,bc mdti@ ~bmdt^ ud& 221`& g&byujhj.df sfdbc itcfybiyfd s[pekt,fib #ubjhub vthxekt@ vc]tkj,c lfcfdkts
cfmfhsdtkjib vjqdfot mfhsdtkb kbnthfnjht,bc itcf[t,
~mfhsekbc ufhlf bm c[dftyjdfyb fh bmvyt,jlf`&
#&&&mfhsek tyfpt botht,jlf fv tgjmfib hjujhw cftrktcbj vothkj,bc tukt,b^ bct cfbcnjhbj vothkj,bc
tukt,b@ ~budt^ ud& 222`&
fa[fpsf vtatt,b sdbsdt .jabkfy itvrdtsyb lf vafhdtkyb mfhsdtkb reknehbc vjqdfott,bcf^ vj.dfhekyb mfhsekb gjtpbbcf lf vothkj,bcf ~bmdt^ ud& 222`&
w[flbf^ thsflthsb vbptpb bvbcf^ hjv ew[jtksfufy
ufsfdbceakt,bc itvltu fa[fptsbc cf[tkvobaj^ cftrktcbj^
reknehbcf lf flvbybcnhfwbbc tyfl mfhsekb tyf
ufvjw[fllf^ b.j bc^ hjv fa[fptsbc cfvtajc vjcf[ktj,f b.j
mfhsekb& fa[fptsbc cfvtaj mfhsdtksf cfvtajc ofhvjflutylf^ cojhtl fvbnjvfw eojlt,lyty lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc
ew[jtkt,b #mdtvj b,thbfc@& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cfrfs58

fkbrjcjc wtynhb vjsfdct,ek bmyf ,bzdbysfib& fvbc itvltu

,bzdbysfib sbsmvbc 800 otkb _ \|+ cfereytvlt v[jkjl lf
v[jkjl mfhsektyjdfyb obhdf-kjwdf ufbcvjlf lf mfhsekb
tybs flblt,lyty eafk qvthsc vqdltkvcf[ehyb& fa[fptsbc
cfrfsfkbrjcjc vsfdfhb htpbltywbf ,bzdbysfib b.j& ,bzdbysf
flht ofhvjflutylf mhbcnbfyj,bc ths-ths evsfdhtc wtynhc fa[fptsib^ +| cfereytib fm tgbcrjgjcb b]lf^ bv lhjbcfsdbc tc mdt.fyf _ f,fpubf _ dblht vlbyfht tuhbco.kfvlt
bvgthbfib itlbjlf lf^ w[flbf^ ,bzdbysbc trktcbfw ,thyekb
b.j& mhbcnbfyj,f hjujhw tuhbcib^ bct f,fpubfib +| cfereyblfydt at[vjrblt,ekb b.j^ fvbnjvfw wyj,t,b^ hjvtkybw |+
cfereybc fv,t,c itt[t,bfy mhbcnbfyj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^
fhfcojhfl fhbc f[cybkb& |+ cfereytib kfptsbc ths vtatc
rjycnfynbytgjkib mhbcnbfyj,f vbeqbf^ fvbnjvfw vbbxytdlyty^ hjv tuhbccf lf fa[fptsib |+ cfereyblfy ufdhwtklf
mhbcnbfyj,f& tuhbcbc vbvfhs fctsb cbvwlfht fhmtjkjubfv
lfflfcnehf& fa[fptsbc mfhsektyjdfyb cfrfsfkbrjcjc
lffhct,bc itvltu dtkb ,thyektyjdfyb wtynhb f,fpubbc
cffhmbtgbcrjgjcj ufeemvt,bfs^ [jkj f[fkb mfhsektyjdfyb wtynhb ,bzdbysfib lfefhct,bfs ~fctdt ybrjacbfibw
ufeemvt,bfs ,thyektyjdfyb cftgbcrjgjcj` lf cojhtl fv
lhjbcfsdbc ~lf fhf |+ cfereytib^ becnbybfytc lhjc`^ feubfs
,bzdbysbc cfrfsfkbrjcj nffhb _ #mfhsekb rkfcbrehb
[ehjsvjqdht,bc tukb@&
fctdt dfhwb[bc^ hjljgjkbcbc cftgbcrjgjcj rfstlhbc
yfwdkfl mesfbcib mfhsektyjdfyb cftgbcrjgjcj
lfefhct,bfs&
#fa[fptsbc vtat ubjhub ++-bc lhjc ~922-957` ufemvt,ek
bmyf pqdbc cfyfgbhj afcbcbc rfstlhf lf bub uflfnfybk bmyf
iblf v[fhtib _ f[fk wtynhib _ z.jylblib@ ~bmdt^ ud& 249`&
59

,tlbfib uflfenfybfs bqfyt,bc ~uelf.dbc` rfstlhf&

fa[fptsib bmvyt,jlf v[jkjl pjuflmfhsekb [fcbfsbc fhmbntmnehekb tukt,b^ cftrktcbj lf cfvjyfcnhj ityj,t,b^
mfhsekb cfcekbthj fhmbntmnehbc cnbkbs fityt,ekb
cfvyfdbfyb ,fpbkbrt,b^ v[jkjl cfmfhsdtkjcfsdbc
lfvf[fcbfst,tkb cfvtrktcbfyb ,fpbkbrt,b^ ]dhbc nbgbc
uev,fsjdfyb nfht,b bv sfdbct,eht,t,bs^ hjvtkbw v[jkjl
mfhsekb tukt,bcfsdbcff lfvf[fcbfst,tkb& fa[fptsib
~buekbc[vt,f cfreshbd fa[fptsb` fh xfvj.fkb,t,ekf fhw
thsb sfdbct,ehb^ v[jkjl fv htubjybcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb
fhmbntmnehekb nbgb& vfhsfkbf^ vfs uffxylfs hfqfw kjrfkehb sfdbct,eht,t,b^ vfuhfv fhf bctsb [fhbc[bcf^ hbsfw^
dsmdfs^ rf[tsbc tukt,b ufyc[dfdlt,f mfhskbc tukt,bcfufy
fy nfj-rkfh]tsbcf tuhbcbc tukt,bcfufy ~u& xe,byfidbkb`&
,thyekb eqkbc uflfult,bc itvltu cfreshbd fa[fptsbc
~t&b& vlbyfht rjljhbc bmbs vw[jdht,` vjcf[ktj,fc fh itemvybf sfdbcb fy,fyb^ vfsb tyf fh .jabkf vbqt,ekb cf[tkvobaj
lf flvbybcnhfwbekb lf fhw cftrktcbj cfzbhjt,bcfsdbc& bc
ufvj.tyt,ekb fh .jabkf fhw reknehbc^ fhw flvbybcnhfwbek cathjib^ vfiby^ hjwf vstk lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc
cojhtl fv res[blfy ufvjcekb lbyfcnbf vfhsfdlf lf fvbnjvfw vstk dhwtk mdt.fyfc #fa[fpsf cfvtaj@ tojlf& fvbc
vbptpb bc .jabkf^ hjv fa[fpt,b #mfhsekb tsybrehb
thsj,bc ufye.jatk yfobkc ofhvjflutylyty bctdt^ hjujhw
tuhbctkyb^ cdfyyb^ rf[yb fy vtc[yb@ ~y& ,thtybidbkb`& cojhtl
fvbnjv bqdojlyty fa[fpsf vtatt,b mfhsekb reknehbc^
mfhsekb cf[tkvobajt,hbj,bcf lf trktcbbc f.dfdt,bcfsdbc
~v& kjhsmbafybt`&
fa[fptsbc cfvtajib #&&&itbmvyf mfhsekb fubjuhfabekb^
/bvyjuhfabekb
s[pekt,t,b^
fbuj
mfhsekb
60

[ehjsvjqdht,bc tukt,b^ fa[fpsf vtatt,bc rfhpt mfhsekfl lfbothf fa[fptsbc vtatsf bcnjhbf^ fa[fpsf cfvtaj
fmnbehfl vjyfobktj,lf bv lbl thjdyek ,hjkfib^ hjvkbc
cf,jkjj itltub mfhsekb mdt.yt,bc ths cf[tkvobajl
ufthsbfyt,f b.j@&
fa[fpsf cf[tkvobaj mfhsekb cf[tkvobaj hjv fh
.jabkb.j^ vbcb ltlfmfkfmb bmyt,jlf fhf mfhsekb
vjcf[ktj,bc iefuekib v.jab^ dtkb mfhsekb
cf[tkvobajt,hbj,bcf lf reknehbc wtynhb mesfbcb^ fhfvtl
fyfrjabf ~fa[fptsbc cfthbcsfdjc wtynhb`^ trktcbf fh
ufvjt.jajlf rjycnfynbytgjkbc cfvo.cjc^ lf se
ufvjt.jajlf^ xfvj.fkb,lt,jlf cfreshbd fa[fptsbc trktcbfl^ fh lffvrdblht,lf obhdf-kjwdfc mfhsek tyfpt lf fh
itethslt,jlf vw[tsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc& bv;fvfl +\-\
cfereytt,bc itvltu rb fh uflflbc [tkbceakt,f mfhsdtkb
vtatt,bc [tkib^ fhfvtl thsbfyb atjlfkehb cfmfhsdtkjc
gbhdtkb vtat ,fuhfn ,fuhfnbjyb fa[fpsf vtatt,bc
rfyjybthb vtvrdblht b.j xfvjvfdkj,bsfw ~ltlbc [fpbs` lf
vfsb cf[tkvobajt,hbdb gjkbnbrbc ufvuhtkt,tkbw&
\ c-bc 80-bfyb okt,blfy wyt,f #fa[fptsbc@ lf #fa[fpbc@
vybidytkj,f rbltd eahj afhsjdlt,f& thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc
gbhdtkb vtatt,bc nbnekfnehfib gbhdtk flubkpt bluf
#vtat fa[fpsf@^ hflufy^ hjujhw ,fuhfnbjysf cf[kbc #mfhsdtkb vtabc@^ fctdt lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtaj cf[kbc
#fa[fpsf vtabc@ thsflthsb rfyjybthb vtvrdblht ,fuhfnb
]th #fa[fpsf vtatl@ ~t&b& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vtatl`
frehs[tc^ [jkj vbcb obyfgfhb #mfhsdtksf vtabc@
ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu vbbqj vfy #mfhsdtksf vtabc nbnekb&
rf[ts-/thtsbc itvjthst,bc itvltu /thsf lf rf[sf vtabc
nbnekt,b lf thsbfyb mfhsekb atjlfkehb cf[tkvobajc
61

vtatsf nbnekfnehf fv tnfgpt fct ufbvfhsf% vtat fa[fpsf^

mfhsdtksf^ /thsf^ rf[sf&
fvbc itvltu hbu ew[jeh o.fhjt,ib #fa[fptsb@ ybiyfdc
vstk cfmfhsdtkjc^ #fa[fpb@^ cfthsjl^ mfhsdtkbc
vybidytkj,bs b[vfht,jlf& fqybiyek cfrbs[pt dhwtkb
kbnthfnehf fhct,j,c lf lflfcneht,ekbf^ hjv hecekb
othbkj,bsb o.fhjt,bc #f,fcub@^ cjv[eh-fhf,ek-cgfhcekb
o.fhjt,bc #fa[fpb@ lf c[df^ pjuflfl^ hjujhw otcb^ mfhsdtkc ybiyfdc&
bvlhjbyltk mfhsek o.fhjt,ib #fa[fpb@ ybiyfdc pjuflfl mfhsdtkc^ lfcfdktk mfhsdtkc^ lf cfreshbd^ fa[fpc&@
~v& kjhsm&^ #fhf eo.bfy se&&&@^ ufp& kbn& cfm&^ 16&11&90 o&`&
itbkt,f lfbcdfc rbs[df% cftrktcbj cfvfhskbc vb[tldbs^
hfvltyfl itcfkt,tkb b.j^ mfhsdtk [fk[c /mjyjlf jhb
fdnjrtafkehb trktcbf^ cfrfsfkbrjcj^ sfdbcb mdt.ybc
c[dflfc[df res[tt,ib& gfce[bc ufwtvfvlt eylf bsmdfc^ hjv^
vfhsfkbf^ ,thyek lf ew[jeh o.fhjt,ib mdtvj bdthbbc^ fye
fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj b[ctyt,f fdnjrtafkeh trktcbfl^
vfuhfv bc fdnjrtafkehb^ fye lfvjerblt,tkb b.j cojhtl
ew[jehb trktcbt,bc vbvfhs& [jkj vw[tsbc^ fye ptvj bdthbbc cfrfsfkbrjcjcsfy vfc uffxylf eahjc-evwhjcj,bsb
lfvjrblt,ekt,f^ cojhtl fvbs b.j ufvjodtekb bc^ hjv
fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj vbhjyc bqt,lf vw[tsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjlfy& fctsb lfvjrblt,ekt,f ufycfresht,bs ufvjxylf
itvlujv cfereytt,ib& hfw itt[t,f fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc lffhct,bc cfvfhskt,hbd cfaedkt,c^ cftrktcbj
rfyjyt,bc sfyf[vfl^ .jdtkb cf[tkvobajc ibuybs
itcfkt,tkbf lffhct,ekb bmytc trktcbf& cftrktcbj
cfpqdht,b eylf tvs[dtjltc cf[tkvobaj flvbybcnhfwbek
cfpqdht,c& fv vbptpsf ufvj fa[fptsbc cfvtajc^ hjujhw
62

mfhsekb cedthtyekb cf[tkvoba jc ofhvjmvyfv

cfvfhskt,hbdb cfaedkt,b itemvyf fv cf[tkvobajc ibuybs
lfvjerblt,tkb trktcbbc fhct,j,fc&
thsbfyb mfhsekb cf[tkvobajt,hbj,bc fqlutybc itvlujv
\+ c& tgjmfib itbmvyf cfvfhskt,hbdb cfaedkt,b cftrktcbj
ufthsbfyt,bcsdbcfw& thsbfy cf[tkvobajib ufthsbfylyty
fa[fptsbcf lf vw[tsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjt,b ths cfgfnhbfhmjl&
lffhct,ek bmyf cfmfhsdtkjc cfgfnhbfhmj \ cfereybc
,jkjcf lf \+ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib& gbhdtkb gfnhbfhmb b.j
vtkmbctltrb&
cfgfnhbfhmjc vjo.j,bc cnhemnehf bctsb b.j^ hjv vfcib
itlbjlf jhb cftrktcbj cfvsfdhj% vw[tsbc ~fye mfhskbc`
cfrfsfkbrjcj^ ,bzdbysbc ~fye fa[fptsbc` cfrfsfkbrjcj&
fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv cfgfnhbfhmjc itmvybc lhjc fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj fh ufemvt,ekf hjujhw flvbybcnhfwbekb thstekb& vfy itbyfhxeyf dtkb ibyfufyb cnhemneht,b& cfthsjl^ mfhsek cfgfnhbfhmjib cfrfsfkbrjcjt,b bv ajhvbs
fhct,j,lyty^ hjujhflfw ,thyek cfgfnhbfhmjib
cfvbnhjgjkbnjt,b& ,thyek cfvbnhjgjkbnjt,ib thsthsb hjvtkbvt lblb mfkfmbc tgbcrjgjcb ofhvjflutylf
eahjcc^ fye vsfdfhc lf vfc tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty vbc [tkmdtbs
v.jab cftgbcrjgjcjt,bc vtsfeht,b _ tgbcrjgjct,b&
cfvbnhjgjkbnjt,ib fstekj,bs cftgbcrjgjcj fhct,j,lf^
[jkj vbnhjgjkbnb^ sfdbc v[hbd^ tmdtvlt,fht,jlf gfnhbfhmc& fctdt b.j vjo.j,bkb mfhsekb cfrfsfkbrjcjt,bw&
fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcc tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc fstekj,bs tgbcrjgjct,b^ [jkj^ sfdbc v[hbd^ bc
tmdtvlt,fht,jlf cfmfhsdtkjc gfnhbfhmc& cfgfnhbfhmj cnhemnehf bctsb b.j^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc gfnhbfhmb bvfdlhjekfl ofhvjflutylf mfhskbc rfsfkbrjcc& tct bub^ vfc
63

jhb nf[nb tzbhf cfmfhsdtkjc gfnbhfhmbcf lf mfhskbc

rfsfkbrjcbcf^ fvbnjvfw itvlujv eojltc rbltw rfsfkbrjcgfnhbfhmb&
cfmfhsdtkjc cfgfnhbfhmjc vjo.j,bc fctsb cnhemnehf
taeyt,jlf mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc thsbfyj,fc^ [jkj bvbc
itvltu^ hfw \| cfereybcfsdbc cf[tkvobajc thsbfyj,fc
,pfhb ittgfhf^ cftrktcbj thsbfyj,fw vjbifkf^ hfvfw fcf[df
/gjdf ljrevtynib^ hjvtkcfw #vwyt,fb cfc]ekj@ tojlf& \|
cfereybc itvltu fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjv vw[tsbc vbvfhs
vjbgjdf ufhrdtekb flvbybcnhfwbekb lfvjerblt,kj,f vbhjybc flubkpt rehs[tdbc xfsdkbs& fqybiyekb ljrevtynbc ufy[bkdfvlt eylf bsmdfc^ hjv hjujhw |+++-\^ bct \+-\|
cfereytt,ib^ lf^ fctdt 1820 okfvlt^ hectsbc vbth vbc
ufemvt,fvlt^ fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj cfdct,bs mfhsektyjdfy trktcbfc ofhvjflutylf&
fvfc yfskfl exdtyt,c vhfdfkb vfufkbsb^ hjvtksfufy
pjubthsb firfhfl [tkitcf[t,bf& vfufkbsfl^ kb[ybc nfhbc
ahtcrt,bc mfhsektyjdfyb ofhotht,b& cfreshbd fa[fptsib
fhct,ekb vhfdfkb mfhsektyjdfyb cftgbcrjgjcj ~wtynht,b
vobuyj,hj,f-ufyfskt,bcf`^ hjvtkybw thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc
cf[tkvobaj hqdtdf-lfekeht,bc itvltu rfdrfcbbc vst,blfy
itvjzhbkb ofhvfhst,bc ~flbqt-xthmtp-facfht,bc` vbth bmyf
eo.fkjl ufyflueht,ekb& xhlbkjtkb ofhvfhst,bc
sfdlfc[vt,bc lhjc vjmdbc lblt,ekb nfhblfy cfmfhsdtkjc
wtynht,ib^ rthjl^ z.jylblib uflvjenfybfs ybdst,b& #vfhndbkbc nffhib lfwekbf iefnfybc n.fdbc cf[fht,f^ vhfdkbc cehfst,bs itvrekb lf evfqktcbc [tkjdyt,bs
lf[fnekb& lblfl wyj,bkb fhmtjkjub rjylfrjdb uffwdbahf
fv cehfst,bc evodthdfktcvfy [tkjdyt,fv^ hjvkbc vcufdcb^
vbccfdt vjovj,bs^ c[df fh bgjdt,f cfmfhsdtkjib lf bidbfs64

bf vstkc ltlfvbofpt& fqvfnt,ekbc [tkjdyt,bs fhbc

ufvj.dfybkb fuhtsdt fcjvsfdhekb fcjt,b &&&.dtkf ofhothfsfufy cxfyc^ hjv cf[fht,f lfothbkb .jabkf vjmdbc
nfhbcfsdbc lf^ hjujhw cxfyc^ fa[fptsib mhbcnbfyj,bc
lfvwbht,bc itvltu ~\|++-\|+++ cc` tc cf[fht,f vfhndbkib
vbenfybfs& vjmdbc [fnt,b rb fcdtybf [jac lf peulblc@ ~s&
;jhlfybf^ mhjybrt,b ++^ ud& 172`&
mfhsekb tybs tdtlht,jlyty qvthsc fa[fpb
qdsbcvcf[eht,bw cfereytsf vfybkpt& tc xfyc ofhotht,blfy
vjmdbc cf[fht,bcf _ #vjmdbc qdsbcf vij,tkj itbo.fkt cekb
smdty obyf vlt,bcf vjmdtk vsfdfhtgbcrjgjpbcf f,hf/fvbcf@*
#.jdkfl ovblfj ltljafkj qdsbcvij,tkj lfbwtd lf
itbo.fkt jhsfdt w[jdht,fcf ibufy vjmdbcf vtnhfgtpt ubjhub ltrfyjpb@* #lblt,f qvthscf chek v.jatkcf .jdkbcf
rtsbkbcfcf^ lfbothf ovblf tct js[sfdb lfcf,fvbsufy otksf
1300@* lf ,jkjc #&&&xdtyyb cf[fht,fyb gbhdtkbsufy ovblfl
sfhuvybkbf lf rtsbkfl [fyvtnybwf lf cf,fovbylehbwf&&&@
~bmdt^ ud& 173`&
hjujhw ptvjs vj.dfybkblfy xfyc^ vjmdbc cf[fht,bc vtgfnhjytyb^ vjmdbc qdsbcvcf[ehyb #xdty cf[fht,fc@ eojlt,ty&
dtkmfhsekb [fyvtnb lf cf,fovblehb htlfmwbt,b wyj,bkbf
|+++ cfereybc itvltu& vjmdtkb qdsbcvcf[ehyb sfdbfys sfdc
fresdyt,lyty mfhsdtk [fk[c lf fvbnjvfw othlyty% #xdtyyb
cf[fht,fyb gbhdtksfufy ovblfl sfhuvybkbf@^ t&b& +|-|+
cfereytt,ibw [fyvtnj,bcfc lf itvltufwj&
fvfdt vjmdbc cf[fht,bc ofhotht,blfy xfyc^ hjv 1300 okfvlt vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb .jabkf f,hf/fvb^ vbc itvltu vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbf lfybtkb^ itvlujv tgjmfib \|+
cfereybcfsdbc vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbf abkbgt x[tnbt
~eahj flht^ 1438 okbcfsdbc vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb
65

.jabkf hjvfyjpb^ \|+ cfereytib vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb uhbujk

vfuybc t^ tmdsbvt cf.dfhtkbt^ hjvtkbw itvltu 1605 okblfy fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcb ufv[lfhf^ itvltu fylhbf
cf.dfhtkbt^ \|++ c-ib _ bfrj,b ~b[& bmdt^ ud& 174`& fmtlfy xfyc^
hjv vjmdbc qdsbcvcf[eht,c fhfdbsfhb rfdibhb fhf fmds facfhek-flbqeh cfv.fhjcsfy^ bcbyb v[jkjl lf v[jkjl mfhsek tsyjcc ufytresdyt,bfy&
fa[fptsbc tsybrehb itvflutykj,bc ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc
fkpt vybidytkjdfybf bc afmnb^ hjv fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjpb
tmdsbvt cf.dfhtkbt ,bzdbysbc cf[tkjdfy nffhc ~1600 okbcfsdbc` c[df ovblf obuyt,sfy thsfl cobhfdc #mfhskbc
w[jdht,fc@& rthjl^ vfc ,bzdbysbcfsdbc iteobhfdc itvltub
obuyt,b% #thsb jmhjc rjylfrb vtkybs lf[fnekb^ thsb c[dfb
tnhfnbcfb rjylfrb&&& thsb ;fvyb^ thsb lfdbsyb^ thsb
rehs[tdfb&&& thsb mfhskbc w[jdht,fb lf[fnekb@ ~mfhsekb cfvfhskbc tukt,b^ +++^ ud& 387`& #mfhskbc w[jdht,f@
_ ovblf obuyt,bc udthlbs^ ovblf obuyt,bc hfyuibf f.dfybkb
fa[fpsf rfsfkbrjct,bc vbth& fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc fsfcokjdfyb bcnjhbbc vfybkpt xdtysdbc wyj,bkb .dtkf rfsfkbrjcb mfhsdtkb b.j lf fhw itbkt,jlf #mdtvj bdthbbc@
trktcbbc vtsfehb mfhsdtkb hjv fh .jabkb.j& fvbc thsflthsb vbptpb bc b.j^ hjv fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc vhtdkb _ thjdyt,bs^ udfhbidbkj,bs ofhvjflutylyty^ lf
cojhtl fct othc thsb fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcb sfdbc cfvo.cjc
itcf[t,& rfsfkbrjcb uhbujk kjhsmbafybt fa[fptsbc
trktcbbc cfvo.cjc mfhsdtkt,c eojlt,c lf othc^ hjv mfhsdtksf itvot lf vafhdtkvf qdsbcvij,tkvf mfhsdtkb
vhtdkbcfsdbc ufvjfupfdyf fa[fptsib ~t&b& mdtvj bdthbfib`
fylhbf vjwbmekbj ~b[& mdtvjs`&
66

fa[fptsbc fstekj,bs rfsfkbrjpsfufy vjqotekbf

pjubthsbc udfhb% vfkfmbf f,fibt ~1529-1632`^ tdltvjp
x[tnbt ~1557-1578`^ tmdsbvt + cf.dfhtkbt ~1578-1605`^ 1600
okbcfsdbc fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf tdltvjy cf.dfhtkbt ~mfhsekb cfvfhskbc tukt,b^ +++^ ud& 386`^ \|++ c& 20-bfy okt,ib
fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf vfkfmbf uehbtkb ~1616-1639` ~bmdt^
ud& 482`* vfmcbvt vfzenft ~1639-1657`* \|++ c& 50-bfy okt,ib
fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf pfmfhbf mdfhbfyb ~1657-1660`^ cdbvjy x[tnbt ~1660-1666`^ tdltvjp ++ cf.dfhtkbt ~1666-1669`^
tmdsbvt ++ cf.dfhtkbt ~1669-1673`^ lfdbs ytvcft ~16731696`^ uhbujk kjhsmbafybt ~1696-1742`^ uthvfyt
oekerbt _ ,tcfhbjy thbcsfdb ~1755-1769` ~hfzbc inj
thbcsfdt,bcf` ~bmdt^ ud& 880`* 70-bfy okt,ib _ fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf bjct, ,fuhfnbjyb ~vtabc t` ~bmdt^ ud&885`^ vfmcbvt fsf,fub ~1776-1795`&
bvbc itvltu^ hfw mfhskbcf lf rf[tsbc cfvtajt,b bmwf cgfhctsbc dfcfkeh mdt.yt,fl \|++ cfereytib^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbrehb thstekt,b ~bvthtsbc cfvtaj
cfvsfdhjt,b` itlfht,bs sfdbceakt,bs cfhut,kj,lyty^ fvbc
ufvj fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj^ hjvtkbw vjbwfdlf vstk
lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc^ mfhskbc itlfht,bs eahj
ufkbthlf& fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjv sfdbc sfdpt fbqj
mfhsdtkj,bc^
mfhsekb
mhbcnbfyj,bc^
fye
vfhskvflblt,kehb cfhoveyjt,bc pheydbc ndbhsb& tc bc
lhjf^ hjwf cgfhctkt,b lf jcvfkt,b s,bkbcbc cbjybc vtxtsfl uflfrtst,fc wlbkj,lyty^ [jkj mfhskbc ths rfsfkbrjcc
cnfv,jkib fgfnbvht,lyty^ [jkj vtjhtc cgfhctkt,b
s,bkbcbc wb[tib /rkfdlyty&
bv elbltcb vbcbbc ufvj^ hjvtkbw sfdbc sfdpt fbqj
fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjv^ \|++ cfereybc bthecfkbvtkb
67

gfnhbfhmt,b lf;byt,bs fvnrbwt,lyty^ hjv vfsb lhjbcfsdbc

fa[fptsbc^ fye hjujhw bcbyb eojlt,lyty^ #mdtvj b,thbbc@
rfsfkbrjcb eahjcbf #ptvj bdthbbc@ rfsfkbrjcsfy
itlfht,bs ~b[& ptvjs`& w[flbf^ fctsb vnrbwt,fyb bv oesbthb
lfrdbhdt,bc itltub b.j lf fhf j,btmnehb cehfsb&
cojhtl mfhsdtkb thbc elbltcb rhbpbcbc lhjc^ cfmfhsdtkjc thsbfyb cfvtajc lfikbc itvltu^ bthecfkbvtk-fynbjmbtkvf gfnhbfhmt,vf bcfhut,ktc vjvtynbs lf mfhsekb
trktcbbc ufthsbfyt,f-ufkbtht,bc vfubth bcehdtc vbcb
lfmewvfwt,f-lfyfobkt,f& \| cfereybc 70-bfy okt,ib
cf[tkvobajt,hbdb rhbpbcbc lhjc lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib
xfcekf bthecfkbvtk-fynbjmbtkb gfnhbfhmb lf vfc lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbcfsdbc #vbeybzt,bf@ fdnjrtafkbf& erehs[t,bf wfbitk-,tlbtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb bjfrbvt
fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcfl ~bmdt^ ud& 222`& wyj,bkbf^ hjv fvbc
itvltu cfereytsf vfybkpt fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcc bmdt^
lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib bhxtdlyty lf cfthsjl fh
trbs[t,jlyty yt,fhsdfc fhw ths ew[jtk gfnhbfhmc^ lf fhw
fynbjmbtk-bthecfkbvtkc& \| cfereytib xfvjcekb
ew[jtkb gfnhbfhmb lfcfdktk mfhsdtkvf bthfhmt,vf
ufvjb.tytc cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmbcfufy eahj
vtnb lfvjerblt,kj,bc vjgjdt,bc vbpybs& fmfvlt^ hjujhw
bsmdf^ fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj ofhvjflutylf yfobkc cfmfhsdtkjc cfgfnhbfhmjcb^ fvbnjvfw fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbc
rehs[tdf itbkt,jlf cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmbc yt,fhsdbs^ vbc vbth& f[kf^ erdt fynbjmbtk-bthecfkbvtkb gfnhbfhmbc vbth #bmvyf ufvjbt,f lf vjrbs[df ue]fhsf
bflufhsf lf dbsfh bub gbhdtkfl mfhskbcf lf fa[fptsbc
rfsfkbrjpyb fynbjmbbcf gfnhbfhmbcfufy brehs[tjlbfy lf
;fvsf cbdtkbcfufy lf cjakbcf cbdthfubcfufy b.dytc vhfd68

fkyb otcyb itikbs lf ufhlfmwtdbs dyf[ts &&& dfrehs[ts rfsfkbrjpb bjdfrbv vfh]dtyfb bthecfkbvbcf fa[fptsbcf rfsfkbrjpb&&& lfdf.tyts lf lfdcdbs fa[fptsc^ cf.lfhc vfc fylhbf vjwbmekbcfsf^ .jdtksf mhbcnbfysf kb[s-fvthcf^ jlbibcf^ uehbbcf lf fa[fptsbcf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 222`&
fv lhjc vj[lf fhf fa[fptsbc trktcbbc lfvjhxbkt,f
fynbjmbf-bthecfkbvpt^ fhfvtl fa[fptsbc trktcbf
eakt,hbdfl ufenjklf mfhskbc cfgfnhbfhmjc lf
lfvjerblt,tkb uf[lf vbcufy&
fvbc itvltu^ fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj ittwflf
ufv[lfhb.j kblthb cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbcf^ vbcb vtsfeht,b
pju]th chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmbc
cf[tkbs ufvjlbjlyty& vfufkbsfl^ vjqotekbf thsb cf,esb^
hjvtkcfw flfcneht,c chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjcgfnhbfhmb uhbujkb^ hjvtkbw b.j fhf vw[tsbc^ fhvtl ,bzdbysbc vfvfvsfdfhb^ #uhbujk vo.tvcb mhbcntc vbth .jdkbcf
cfmfhsdtkjbcf rfsfkbrjpb@ ~mfhs& cfvfhskbc tukt,b^ +++^
ud& 675`& fct hjv^ \| cfereybc itvltu fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj mfhskbc trktcbfc rb fh ufvjt.j^ gbhbmbs^ sfdbcb sfdb
thsflths #mhbcntc vbth@ lflutybk #.jdkbcf cfmfhsdtkjc@
vo.tvcfl ufvjfw[flf&
hjujhw bsmdf^ fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj ufhrdtekb sdfkcfphbcbs ufkbthlf rbltw^ vfuhfv vbcb ofhvfnt,f itfxthf
vsbtkb ofhvfhsekb njvt,bc itvjctdt,vf& vsbtkb ofhvfhsb
xthmtpek-facfhekb njvt,b^ egbhdtktc .jdkbcf^ entdlyty fa[fptsib fhct,ek trktcbt,cf lf vjyfcnht,c& mfhsekb
cekbthb reknehbc edtktc rtht,ib^ cftgbcrjgjcj se
cfvhtdkj nfht,ib lfuhjdbkb b.j fehfw[tkb ufyb^ xthmtp-facfht,b fyflueht,lyty^ bnfwt,lyty ufyc^ fh bylj,lyty
flfvbfyt,cfw^ bhdtk mfhsek vjcf[ktj,fc& xhlbkj
69

rfdrfcbblfy xfcf[kt,ekb vsbtkt,b mdt.ybc cf[tkbc vb[tldbs

bojlyty #fa[fpt,fl@ lf lfegbhbcgbhlyty dtk reknehfc&
#vwyt,fb cfc]ekjib@ fqybiyfdlyty _ #&&&fa[fpyb
mhbcntfyj,bcfufy chekbfl vblhtrbk b.dytc^ mhbcntc
vwyt,fsfufy ufyijht,ek b.dytc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 222`&
fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjct,c fcts hsek dbsfht,fib vbpyfl
lfecf[fds #fa[fpsfufy@ ~fye erdt xthmtp-facfht,bcfufy`
f.hbkb mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,f lftcf[kt,byfs sfdbfys
vfvekib^ fylf cfmfhsdtkjc v.elhj res[tt,ib^ 1712 okbc
ths cf,esib fqbybiyf _ #yf;fytdc cjatkb fa[fpcf ft.fhf@
~bmdt^ ud& 670`^ c[df cf,est,ibf% #rbltd ,b,bf ,jkmdft fa[fpc
wjk-idbkbfyfl oft.dfyf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 677`& fvbnjvfw othlf obyf
cfereytsf thsb cf,esb% fa[fpt,vf ufh.dytc c]ekb lf
rfsfkbrjpj,fj& fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjct,b b[cybfy lf
fcf[kt,ty lfn.dtdt,ek vjcf[ktj,fc^ fvfc vbesbst,c vhfdfkb cf,esb&
ukt[t,bc
mjyt,fpt
lf[fh,t,ekb
vsbtkb
ofhvfhst,bcfsdbc cftrktcbj mjyt,f yfvldbkb pqfghekb
ufyb b.j& mfhsdtk cfvqdltkjt,fc vhfdfk fctek okj,bs
yfuhjdt,b ufyb /mjylf lfwekb fa[fptsbc trktcbt,ib&
v[jkjl thsb-jhb cf,esblfyfw rb xfyc^ hf fehfw[tkb ufyb
b.j nfht,ib lfwekb% fb^ hf mjyt,f itcobhf mfhsdtkvf
vqdltkvsfdfhvf ,bzdbysbc nffhc lff[kjt,bs 1600 otkc%
#yt,bsf qdsbcfsf fhc tdltvjy rfsfkbrjpbc itobhekb% thsb
jmhjc [fnb &&& thsb jmhjc ]dfhb vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb^
thsb ,fhbvb jmhjbcf vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb^ thsb js[sfdb
jmhjs vjztlbkb vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb&&& ~tmdsbvt rfsfkbrjpbc itobhekj,f`& yt,bsf qdsbcfsf itdcobht vt^
fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjpvfy tadsbvb cf.dfhtkbctvfy ,bzdbysbcf qdsbcvij,kbcf udbhudbyb jmhjbcf vjsdfkvfhufk70

bnekb^ jvjajhb vbvtl vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb^ ,bcjyb

cf]dhbcf jmhjbc qbkt,bfyb&&& mfvfhb jmhjbcf^ tymthb cbhvbcfb vbvtl vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb&&& jmhjc [fnb vbvtl vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb&&& thsb ati[evb jmhjcf^ lf thsb
dthw[kbcfb& thsb mfyfhnb jmhjcf vjsdfkekb&&& jmhjc
rjylfrb&&& jmhjc ljcnfmfyb&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 386`^ xfvjyfsdfkb
dbhafcb itobhekj,t,bcf fkpt lblbf& \|++ c-bc 20-bfy
okt,ib vfkfmbf uehbtkvf rfsfkbrjcvf itcobhf ,bzdbysfc _
#m& itvbobhfdc xdty fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjpcf uehbtkbc tcf
,fnjyc vfkfmbfc ,bzdbysbcf qdsbcvij,kbcfsdbc% thsb vehfcf .tkcfrblb [fnb&&& thsb lblb yfk,fmb jmhjcf js[fcbc
akehbcf&&& thsb rfhub dthw[kbc ]dfh-cfystkb^ thsb
vjvfhufkbnt,ekb vfpfhf&&& tymthb vbvtl vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb hdf jmhjc hujkbsf^ idblbc vjvfhufkbnekbc
hujkbsf&&& ,bcjyb vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb&&& thsb jmhjc jvjajhb&&& vbvtl vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb cfvb jmhjc qbkbsf&&&
thsb jmhjc lblbc qbkbsf^ vehfcfs yfmyfhb s[esvtnb
s[esvtnb jmhjc qbkbsf&&& vjvfhufkbnekb mfvfhb&&& ,bcjyb
cnfdhbcf vjvfhufkbnekb sdhfvtnbc jhmhjc veif,f[bc
fv,hbfybc qbkt,bsf&&& jhvjwlftmdcb .bhvbpb bfueylb&&& c[df
vhfdfkb sdkbsf lf vfhufkbnbsf&&& jhb jmhjc qbkb vehfcf
veifv,f[bcf&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 498`& xfvjsdkfw rb ytkbf&
bvfdt okt,ib vfkfmbf uehbtkb rfsfkbrjcb rdkfd cobhfdc ,bzdbysfc vlblfh itcfobhfdc^ vfvekt,c^ cjakt,c^ .vt,c^
esdfkfd mjyt,fc^ hjvtkcfw sfdfl #vwbht itcobhfdc@
eojlt,c% #&&&ovblbc fylhbf vjwbmekbc [fnb vjvbztlbyt,bf
lf sjhvtn cfeakjc re,jib xfvbcdtyt,bf lf ,bzdbysfc
lfvbcdtyt,bf&&& fvfc ufhts thsb vbvtl vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb
jmhjc jvjajhb fsfcbc akehbcf chekbfl gfnbjcfybc sdfkbsf lf vfhufkbnbsf itvrj,bkb lf vbcb jmhjc
71

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yfc.blb fhbc&&& cfvrkfdt,b jmhjcf js[fcbc akehbcf vbvtl
vjsdfkvfhufkbnekb&&& jmhjc vehfcf mfvfhb gfnbjcybc .bhvbpbc bfueylbsf^ kfkbsf^ ybifehbc abhepbsf lf vfhufkbnbsf@ ~ud& 499`& thsb cbn.dbs^ xfvjsdkf itekt,tkbf&
vsbtkb ofhvfhst,bcfsdbc^ hjvtksfw vf/vflbfyt,b
xthmtpt,c^ [jkj mfhsdtkt,b ]th facfht,c^ [jkj
fa[fptsib xfvjcf[kt,bc itvltu fa[fpt,c eojlt,lyty^ jmhjvhfdfkb^ vfhufkbnt,bsf lf dbhafcb sdkt,bs fdct,ekb
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nfht,b^ hjvtksfw mfhsekb cf[tkvobaj dtqfh bwfdlf^
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flbqt-facfht,vf cfaedkbfyfl uffhwdtc ]th ,bzdbysbc
nffhb^ vfcib v[jkjl vfssdbc ecfhut,kj mfhsekb obuyt,b
lfnjdtc^ itvltu rb fa[fptsbc c[df mfhsekb
cftgbcjrgjcjt,b&
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n.dtt,fl uf/.bltc& ,bzdbysf hjv xthmtp-facfht,bc
itvjctdt,bc ufvj vbenjdt,bfs^ tc wyj,bkb b.j ew[jtkbtdhjgtkb vrdktdfht,bcsdbcfw&
\+\ c-bc lfcfo.bcib fv v[fhtib vjupfehb ahfycef ufv,f
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rtlkt,b dtkb vjyfcnhbcf^ hjvtkbw lblb [ybc obyfs
xthmtpt,bc itvjctdt,bc vjenjdt,bfs@ ~ufv,f^ vjupfehj,f
fvbthrfdrfcbfib^ 1987 o& ^ ud& 79`& fv lhjbcfsdbc
flubkj,hbdb vjcf[ktj,bc yfobkb sbsmvbc uffacfht,ek72

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cjv[t,bcfsdbc ibibcf lf sf.dfybcwtvbc j,btmnc ofhvjflutyc&
fa[fpt,b whevjhoveytyb fhbfy^ hbc ufvjw fv vjyfcnthib
itvjhxtybk fdt]c^ cftrktcbj vjhsekj,fcf lf obuyt,c
lqtcfw rb tsf.dfyt,bfy& dthw thsb fa[fpb^ sehmb se cjvt[b^
hjvtkbw ,bzdbysfib xfvjlbc^ hfsf vfhbkb ,pfib ufwdfkjc^
dth ,tlfdc fv ybdst,bc vrht[tkehb [tkb f[kjc& 1821 otkc
fm cfdfzhjl xfvjcekvf dbqfw cjvt[vf ths-thsb obuyblfy
aehwtkb vjbgfhf^ hjvtkbw vbcsdbc ewyj,b fcjt,bs b.j
lfothbkb@ ~bmdt^ ud& 80`&
hfqf b.j lfhxtybkb ,bzdbysbc e,ho.bydfktcb cfrfsfkbrjcjlfy( ehoveyjsfsdbc ufvjecfltufhb mfhsekb ovblf
obuyt,b^ hjvtksfw aehwtk-aehwtk fhwdfdlyty&
bmfvlt rb fhwse lblb [ybs flht ,bzdbysbcfsdbc cbc[kbc
whtvk-lfys[tekb mfhsdtkb vqdltkvsfdht,b sfdc fh bpjufdlyty fv trktcbbcf lf vfsb vhtdkbcfsdbc& v[jkjl
itobhekt,fsf cbbc xfvjothfc czbhlt,f lblb lhj lf
tythubf^ cfufyut,j vjyjuhfabf& xfvjdsdkbs v[jkjl bv
cbutkt,bc^ itobhekt,bc obuyt,bc cfsfeht,c^ hjvtkybw xdty
cfvqdltkjt,fc ,bzdbysbc cfrfsfkbrjcjcfsdbc iteobhfdc&
#fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjpj ufvjcfdfkb vjcfrht,kbc lfdsfhb@^ 1621 okbcf& #itobhekj,bc obuyb vfkfmbf rfsfkbrjpbcf ,bzdbynbcflvb@ jh]th c[dflfc[df okt,ib^ ths-thsb
1712 okbc ~bmdt^ ud& 668`^ [jkj itvlujvb itobhekj,f
vf[kj,tk otkc vjv[lfhf ~bmdt^ ud& 675`& 1731 okbcfsdbc
fhct,j,c #itobhekt,bc obuyb uf,hbtk obyfvqdhbcf ,bzdbynbcflvb@ ~bmdt^ ud& 714`&
73

fhct,j,c 1732 okbc rbltd thsb #itobhekj,bc obuyb rfsfkbrjp uhbujk kjhsmbafybbcf ,bzdbynbcflvb@ ~bmdt^ ud&
716`& [jkj 1733 otkc uhbujk kjhsmbafybt rdkfd vhfdfkc cobhfdc ,bzdbynfc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 718`& cojhtl fv
itobhekj,bc cbutkib fqybiyfdc fa[fptsbc ytnfhb rfsfkbrjpb^ hjv ,bzdbysbc qdsbcvij,kbc^ fye fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc cfvo.cjc mfhsdtkt,b itflutylyty& rthjl^ bc fv
cbutkib othc% #&&&dbsfhwf bub gtnht vjwbmekcf vbtwf /ehbfsf vjmwtdfb^ [jkj gfdktc ofhvfhsssf ptlf^ fuhtsdt gbhdtk ojlt,ekcf fylhtfc vjtwf xhlbkjtsbcf mdt.fyf vjmwtdfl xdtyt,bsf ovblbcf qdsbcvij,kbcfsf^ hfvtse xdty mfhsdtkyb vbcyb obk[ljvbkyb dfhs&&& fvfs rfsfkbrjpsf lf
cfztl vg.hj,tksf ,bzdbynbcf qdsbcvij,kbcfsf vcf[eht,f
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fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc vhtdkc v[jkjl lf v[jkjl
mfhsdtkt,b itflutylyty& itvlujv okt,ibw itcobhf ,bzdbysfc uhbujk kjhsmbafybtv itcfobhfdt,b ~bmdt^ ud& 764^ 765^
768`& itcfobhfdb rdkfd ufyvtjhlf itvlujv okt,ibw ~bmdt^
ud& 772`& fhct,j,c ,tcfhbjy rfsfkbrjcbc ~1742-1769`
itobhekj,bc obuyb ,bzdbynbcflvb ~bmdt^ ud& 880`& fhct,j,c
1770 okbc 15 bfydhbs lfsfhbqt,ekb itobhekj,bc obuyb
,bzdbynbcflvb ~bmdt^ ud& 883`^ bubdt rfsfkbrjpb 1774 otkcfw
cobhfdc itcfobhfdc ,bzdbynfc ~bmdt^ ud& 896` lf f&i&
,bzdbysbc lblt,ek nffhib sbsmvbc vstkb 800 okbc
vfybkpt^ se eahj vtnb [ybs fhf^ eafk qvthsc v[jkjl
lf v[jkjl mfhsekb tybs flblt,lyty&
se hjujh gfnbdc cwtvlyty mfhsdtkb vqdltkvsfdht,b
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74

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cjkjvjybc dtyf[j^ hmf vtofvekj^ lfdbsbc .dfdbkj^
lf,flt,eksf cekytkv.jaj^ btctc rdths[j^ lblt,bs
fq.dfdt,ekj^ belfc ihjifyj^ lf,flt,eksf cfvrfekj^
bfrj,bc rb,tj ptwfl vbvfhs fqvfhst,fj^ bcfrbc dfhlj
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efqhtc .jdtksf ,eyt,fsf itd t v[jkjl ij,bkb@ ~mfhs&
cfvfhskbc tukt,b^ n& +++^ ud& 640`^ hfjlty vnrbdytekb eylf
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ufemvt,f&
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lf,t]bst,bs othlyty^ hjv fqybiyek cftgbcrjgjcjsf
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eahj cfbynthtcjf bvbs^ hjv fm bc cfzbhjl cwyj,c cfvjqdfotjl itbcofdkjc vtuhekb lf mfhsekb^ hjv vfifcflfvt
vjmdbc hfbjyb vtuhtkt,bs lfcf[kt,ekb tuekt,f ~mfhsekb
cf[tkvobaj lf mhbcnbfyj,bc tyff`^ hfw vbcbjythekb
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75

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lfcf[kt,ekb@ ~y& ,thtybidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc
cfrbs[t,b^ 1990^ ud& 612`&
fctdt f,cjkenehfl mfhsekb b.j lhfylbcf lf ,tlbbc
cftgbcrjgjcjt,b% #w[flbf^ hjv lhfylf^ bctdt hjujhw
,tlbf^ cfvtuhtkjibf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 618`& y& ,thtybidbkb fcts
lfcrdybc ufrtst,bc lhjc t.hlyj,f gfnhb bjfytcf lf c[dfsf
vj[ctyt,t,c lf othc% #buekbc[vt,f^ hjv lhfylbc hfbjyb^
bctdt hjujhw ,tlbbcf^ mfhsdtkt,bsff lfcf[kt,ekb@
~bmdt^ ud& 618`&
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, XV ,
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76


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(
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cfahs[t itemvytc rfsfkbrjcbc abpbreh fhct,j,fc& .dtkf fv
cfibyfj lf cfufhtj gjkbnbrehvf cbnefwbfv \|+ cfereytib
bekt,ekb uf[flf tdltvjy x[tnbt lftnjdt,byf ,bzdbysf
lf uflvjtyfwdkf utkfsib^ gjkbnbreh wtynhib@
~v&ht[dbfidbkb^ bvthtsbc cfvtaj^ 1989^ ud& 49`&
cfdfhfeljf^ hjv ,bzdbysfv ufyfuhj fhct,j,f hjujhw
ths-thsvf htpbltywbfv rfsfkbrjcbcf^ .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^
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wtynhfl \|+++ cfereytibw& fv cfrfsfkbrjcjc ths-ths
cf,esib fqybiyekb b.j^ hjv vbcb behbclbmwbbc erblehtc
cfpqdfhc xhlbkj-lfcfdktsbs ofhvjflutylf geymnb #rfaf@
77

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mdt.fyfcsfy dfzhj,fc utyebc [tkbceakt,f rfafc cfiefkt,bs
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mfkfm rfafib vhfdkfl w[jdhj,lyty mfhsdtkt,b ~t& vfvbcsdfkfidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkjc ifdb pqdbcgbhtsbc bcnjhbblfy^
ufp& #cf[fk[j ufyfskt,f@^ 18&\&89`& rfafc itvlujvib tojlf
atjljcbf lf cojhtl rfaf bsdkt,jlf fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc behbclbmwbbc ths-ths cfcfpqdhj geymnfl& #rfsfkbrjpbc cfrehs[b fhc cfvo.cj kb[bcf lf rfafc ief^ hectsbc
cfvpqdfhcf lf zfytsc ief@ ~mfhs& cfvfhs& tu&^ ++^ ud& 180`&
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cfpqdht,b fctf ufycfpqdhekb% #kb[sf fvthbcf^ zjhj[bcf
fmts^ jctscf fmts^ pqdfb gjynjcf fmfs cflf lblbcf ,bzdbysbc cfpqdfhb vbfotdc@ ~mfhs& cfv& tu&^ +++^ ud& 223`& cfereytsf
itvlujv cfrfsfkbrjcjc cfpqdfhb afmnbehfl erdt hfvltyflvt itvwbhlf^ vfuhfv^ fa[fptsbc f[fkb vjcf[ktj,fw^ hjvtkibw fhct,j,lyty dtkb mhbcnbfyekb lfatyt,fyb^ fctdt
f[fkb yf[tdhfl ofhvfhsekbw^ sfdbc sfdc mhbcnbfyekc
eojlt,lf lf xdtyb trktcbbc vhtdkc ofhvjflutylf^ vfuhfv
f[fk vhtdkcf lf dtk vhtdkc ijhbc lblb ufyc[dfdt,f b.j
lf lblb lhj tcfzbhjt,jlf vfc dtkb fa[fptsbc vhtdkbc
cbvfqktvlt vbcfqotdfl&
fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjv lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc .jdtk
78

res[tib ~cfvtuhtkjcf^ uehbfcf^ bvthtscf^ hfzf-ktx[evcf se

cdfytsib` itbyfhxeyf dtkb cblbflt lf bc qbhctekfl
fhct,j,lf hectsbc vbth lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc fytmcbfvlt&
bvbc itvltufw rb^ hfw mfhsk-rf[tsbc cfvtajc vjvwdtkb ptvj
bdthbbc trktcbbc fdnjrtafkbf hect,vf erfyjyjl uffemvtc
1811 otkc^ mdtvj b,thbbc cfrfsfkbrjcj fhct,j,fc
ufyfuhj,lf 1820 okfvlt bvthtsbc wyj,bk cftrktcbj
f]fy.t,fvlt& vfhsfkbf^ fv lhjbcfsdbc fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj nf[nb sfdbceafkb b.j^ vfuhfv vbc vjcf.lhtc afmnbehfl ofhvjflutylf ljcbstjc mesfstkb vbnhjgjkbnb&
vbc vbth ufwtvekb ,jkj cftrktcbj cf,est,b 1818 okbs
sfhbqlt,f^ tc vbnhjgjkbnb hecbc [tkbceakt,vf lffgfnbvhtc lf wtvbsf lf cfcnbrb nfy]dbs fvj[fltc cekb& fvbs
afmnbehfl lfvsfdhlf mdtvj bdthbbc^ fye fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc fsfcokjdfyb bcnjhbf& hjujhw ptvj bdthbbc^ fctdt
mdtvj bdthbbc trktcbt,b hectsbc trktcbfv vbbthsf^ vfuhfv
fvbc itvltufw^ cf,tlybthjl^ hjujhw lfcfdkts^ bct fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbt,ib obhdf-kjwdf dtkt,ehfldt
mfhsek tyfpt vbvlbyfhtj,lf lf vbe[tlfdfl lblb cehdbkbcf^ ckfdehvf tyfv jlyfdflfw rb dth lfxhlbkf chekbfl
cfmfhsdtkjib dtkb mfhsekb cftrktcbj tyf lf .jdtk
res[tib mfhsdtk vhtdkc rdkfd mfhsdtkb cfvqdltkjt,f
tvcf[eht,jlf&
20 bfydfhb^ 1990 o&^ m& f[fkwb[t&

79

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cflfw cfpqdfhb eahj lfcfdktsbs _ vlbyfht rtkfcehpt uflbc& fa[fptsbc cfvsfdhj fv lhjc vwbht v[fht b.j^ vbcb cfpqdfhb xhlbkjtsbc vbvfhsekt,bs fh vjbwfdlf afmnbehfl sfyfvtlhjdt ufuhbc hfbjybc vybidytkjdfy yfobkcfw rb^
hflufyfw tc nthbnjhbf fv lhjbcfsdbc cfv[htsbs ofvjotekb ]bmt,bc njvc tzbhf& [jkj hfw itt[t,f cfvtuhtkjc
cfvsfdhjc^ bc erblehtcfl b.j ufkbtht,ekb \|++ cfereybc + yf[tdfhib^ bvltyfl^ hjv ktdfy lflbfyb bvthtsbc vtatc
nf[nc twbkt,jlf^ cfpqdfhb bvthtscf lf cfvtuhtkjc ijhbc afmnbehfl mesfbcbc vf[kj,kfl uflbjlf&
trjyjvbrehfl^ reknehekfl lf cfpjufljt,hbdb .jabs
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vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ \|++ cfereytib vj[lf ufcfjwfhb vjdktyf _ fa[fptsbc gfnfhf cfvsfdhjv ufwbkt,bs eahj 'kbthb
lf lblb jlbibc cfvsfdhj hfvlty]thvt lffvfhw[f^ xfvjfijhf
80

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bkjhb se ,tlbf jlbiib itlbjlf& ktdfy ++ lflbfybc lhjc
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.jabkf^ hjv cfvtuhtkjc vsfdfhc #fa[fpsf
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fv rtlkbc itcf[t, eylf bsmdfc^ hjv vbc fut,fc vhfdfk
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wlbkj,c hjujhvt lffhoveyjc vrbs[dtkb^ sbsmjclf cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbek ghjdbywbfc^ fa[fptsc^ cfmfhsdtkjcsfy fhfdbsfhb rfdibhb fhf fmdc` othc^ hjv wb[t-cbvfuhtsf tc
cbcntvf fut,ekbf ktdfy ++ lflbfybc lhjc lf vbcb
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cfvsfdhjt,c ijhbc^ w[evsfy f[kjc^ vbc fqvjcfdktsbs
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feubfs lblb cbxmfhbs^ pjubthsb rjirb gbhlfgbh vbofpt
lfelufvs eaeylfvtynjl^ pjubthsbcfsdbc rb cfsjaeht,bw
rb fh lfenfyt,bfs& vnthc wb[t-rjirbc vityt,kt,b tkjlyty
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cbcntvf jlbipt fa[fpt,bc itcfxtht,kfl b.j ufycfpqdhekb^
fut,ek bmyf \|++ cfereybc 40-50-bfy okt,ib lf bwfdlf sfyfvtlhjdt uekhbaibc^ jxfvxbhbc^ ufkbc lf yfobkj,hbd peulblbc hfbjybc pqdbcgbhf^ e[dvjcfdkbfy^ cfvbofsvjmvtlj
v[fhtt,c^ [jkj fv v[fhtsf vjvwdtkb rfdrfcbjybc vsbfytsb
erdt ezbhfds vsbtk ofhvfhst,c^ cojhtl fvbnjv uhtklt,f
83

tc rtltkb pqdbcgbhtsbc gfhfktkehfl^ sbsmvbc 100 rv-bc

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lfcvek rbs[dfpt^ se hjujh itkj vwbht cfvsfdhjv
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84

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1623 okbcfsdbc&
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85

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rb jlbibc obyffqvltu bmvyf ufvj.tyt,ekb& ktdfy lflbfyb
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vfufkbsfl^ 1666 okbcfsdbc bvthtsbc vtabc obyffqvltu
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86

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87

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88

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89

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lf c[dt,b` ~v& kjhsmbafybt^ fhf eo.bfy se&&&^ ufp& kbn& cfmfhsdtkj^ 16&++&90`&
t& vfvbcsdfkfidbkb othc ew[jtk fdnjhsf xfyfotht,pt
lf.hlyj,bs% #xdtyc [tks fhct,ekb o.fhjt,bc vb[tldbs
lubylt,f^ hjv \+|-\| cfereytt,ib cfmfhsdtkjc ifdb pqdbc xhlbkj-lfcfdkts yfobkib ~lqtdfyltkb fa[fptsbc fcch
nthbnjhbfpt` jlbibc cfvsfdhjcfufy lfvjerblt,tkb gjkbnbrehb thstekb fh fhct,j,lf& bm fhct,ek vybidytkjdfy
trjyjvbreh lf reknehek rtht,ib^ ufycfresht,bs w[evib^
bhbsfl vjcf[ktj,fc mfhsdtkt,b itflutylyty&&& 1630 o&
ufpfa[ek-pfa[ekib fa[fptsib bvjupfehf bnfkbtkvf
]jdfyb ]ekbfyj lf kerfv^ bub othc% #fa[fpt,b ufafynekyb
fhbfy pqdbc cfyfgbhjpt^ vfsb w[jdht,bc otcb bctsbdtf^
hjujhw xthmtpt,bc& fhf fmds fhfdbsfhb lfothbkb rfyjyt,b
lf lfvothkj,bc ufvj.tyt,fw fh bwbfy^ hovtybs bcbyb
mhbcnbfyt,b fhbfy^ hfbvt mhbcnbfyekb otc-xdtekt,t,bc ufhtit&&& n.tt,b vfs tvcf[eht,fs^ hjujhw v.elhj flubkb^
hjltcfw bcbyb fbhxtdty ths flubkc cfw[jdht,kfl^ vtht vfc
fh njdt,ty&&& hflufyfw vfs fh fmds c[df cfw[jdht,tkb
flubkb^ ufhlf n.bcf^ fvbnjv /.fds vwbht hfjltyj,bc ]jub&&&
rvf.jabklt,bfy sfakbcfufy ufrtst,ekb qdbyjsb^ yflbhbs
lf n.tib ufphlbkb yf.jabs^ [jh,fkb vfssfy fh vjlbc^ vfhbkc fh [vfhj,ty@ ~b& nf,fqef^ cfmfhsdtkj tdhjgbc
fhmbdt,cf&&&^ +++^ ud& 169-171` ~t& vfvbcsdfkfidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkjc&&&^ 18&\&90^ ufp& c&u&`&
99

#\|++ cfereybc 80-bfyb okt,blfy jlbibc cfvsfdhjc xhlbkjtsb cfpqdfhb vjbifkf lf fa[fpt,vf lfbg.htc nthbnjhbf vlbyfht tyuehfvlt& bthecfkbvtkb gfnhbfhmbc ljcbstjcbc wyj,bs^ fa[fpt,vf vjfj[htc nthbnjhbf cj[evblfy
w[tybco.kfvlt& w[flbf^ bcbyb sfdbfys nthbnjhbfc hjlb
fj[ht,lyty@ ~b& fystkfdf^ fa[fpehb ghj,ktvbc&&&^ ufp&
vfvekb^ =6^ 1989`&
rfdrfcbbc vst,blfy fa[fptsib xfvjcf[kt,bc itcf[t,
facefsf ijhbc lfhxtybkf tsyjutytnbrehb uflvjwtvt,b&
#thsb ]ueab ktutylt,bcf vbesbst,c yfhst,bc^ t&b& vsbc vbsbehb njvt,bc lf vfsb uvbht,bc vjcdkfc fa[fptsbc vbofpt
vfyfvlt vjcf[kt rfwbzfvbf ujkbfst,bc se ]e]f #fwfyt,bc@
vjcgj,fc lf fm lfvrdblht,fc^ ths-thsb ktutylbs fa[fpsf
obyfght,b fhf,tsblfy uflvjcekfy^ ,jkjc lf ,jkjc vl&
.e,fybc ~+` dtkpt vjcekfy^ vfuhfv fmfeh wbd /fdfc dth
ituet,bfy lf fmtlfy fa[fptsbc vbofpt uflfcf[kt,ekfy^
sevwf vfsb yfobkb bmdt lfhxtybkf lf tctyb fhbfy
f,fpbytkt,b ~i-byfk-baf^ fa[fpt,b^ 1965^ ud& 103-105^ y&
kjvjehb^ gfce[fl^ ufp& #k&c@^ 20&\&89`&
#fwfyt,bc@ mdti vjcekb vsbtkt,b [jv fh uekbc[vj,lyty
#cfyt,c@ ~pfyt,c`^ hjvtksfw ,thyt,b #cfybut,c@ eojlt,lyty(
#sdbsjy fa[fpt,c itvjhxfs ,eyljdfyb ofhvjlutyt,b
vfsb obyfght,bc fv vbofpt cfblfyqfw ~tn.j,f lqtdfyltkb
flbqtlfy` vjcdkbc itcf[t,&&& bvfsb vybidytkjdfyb yfobkb^
dbyw sfdbc sfdc lqtc fa[fpc eojlt,c^ eylf vbdbxybjs fv
cek wjnf [ybc obyfyltkb xhlbkjtkb lfvg.hj,kt,bc
isfvjvfdkt,fl@ ~h& tdljrbvjd-djufrb^ fa[fptsbc&&&^ ufp&
cf[& ufyfsk&^ 29&\&89`&
y& aja[fbc cfbynthtcj lfrdbhdt,bs^ ew[jehb o.fhjt,b
vbesbst,ty^ hjv xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib^ rfcgbbc pqdbc gbhfc
100

fhct,ekf mdt.fyf #f,cef@^ fhct,ekf #f,cef@ [fk[bw& fvfc

vbesbst,c gkbybecb& y& aja[ftc vj/.fdc gkbybecbc ntmcnbc kfsbyehb ltlfyb lf sfhuvfyb byukbceh tyfpt^ .dtkufy
#f,cef@ [fk[ptf cfe,fhb& cojhtl fv #f,cet,bc@ itcf[t,
ufyew[flt,bf \|++ c& lfcfo.bcib ths bnfkbtk ,thc^ bcbyb
xhlbkj-rfdrfcbblfy f[kf[fy xfdblyty rfdrfcbfibj&
y& aja[ft othc% #gkbybecvf rfdrfcbbc fqcfothfl 20-pt
vtnb fdnjhbc yfihjvb ufvjb.tyf&&& fdnjhc cfdct,bs w[flfl
fmdc ufhrdtekb^ hjv gbhdtk cfereytib f,cef mdt.fyf
vlt,fhtj,lf rfdrfcbbc pqdbc xhlbkjts cfyfgbhjcsfy& gkbybecb fqybiyfdc f,cef [fk[bc tsybreh resdybkt,fcfw& f,cef
[fk[b crdbsb [fk[b b.j& + cfereytt,ib bc fqfh b.j vjvsf,fht
[fk[b&&& f,cef [fk[b w[jdhj,lf rfcgbbc pqdbc xhlbkjlfcfdkts yfobkib vlt,fht vjvwhj .ehbc ths yfgbhpt&&&
gkbybecbc fv wyj,bc cfyljj,f tzdc fh bodtdc& fhfdbsfhb
rthj bynthtcb f,cef mdt.ybc vlt,fhtj,bc fqothbc lhjc vfc
fh tmyt,jlf& vfy j,btmnehfl vbesbsf afmnb _ f,cef mdt.fyf
rfcgbbcgbhtsbc xhlbkj yfobkib vlt,fhtj,lf&&& f,cef tyfpt
vjkfgfhfrt [fk[b xhlbkj rfdrfcbblfy cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib
eqtknt[bkbs uflvjlbjlf lf bmdt cfvehpf.fyjc xhlbkjtsbs brfdt,lf vbot,c& eahj xhlbkjtsbs pqdbc yfgbhpt flbqt [fk[t,b xfvjcf[klyty& cf[tkojlt,f #xfhmfcb@
sehmt,vf eojltc flbqt [fk[c lf ybiyfdc ifhfupbc .fxfqt,c&&&
.dtkf tdhjgtkb vrdktdfhb fqybiyfdlf^ hjv flbqt [fk[t,b^
f,cef [fk[bw \+\ cfereytibw bv ljytpt bluf sfdbcb .jabs^
hjujhw 2000 okbc oby f[fcbfst,lf dfylfkt,c^ uest,c^
fkfyt,c& rjk[t,b 3000 okbc obyfsfw vfqfkb wbdbkbpfwbbs
ufvjbhxtjlyty@ ~y& aja[ft^ ifd pqdfc rjk[tsbc pqdf thmdf^ ufp& #f[& bdthbtkb@^ 14&|+&90`&
101

hjujhw fqbybiyf^ facet,c itvjhxtybkb fmds ktutylt,b

vfsb ew[jtsblfy fa[fptsib xfvjcf[kt,bc itcf[t,& [ibhfl
fv ew[j mdt.fyfc^ sfdlfgbhdtkb cfvij,kjc cf[tkc bcbyb
ufvj[fnfdty cbn.dbs^ hjvtkcfw xfvothyb othty^ hjujhw
#f,bcbybf@& cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv ktutylt,bc vsmvtkyb fv,j,ty
cf[tkc #f,cyb@^ hjvtkbw vcufdcbf gkbybecbc #f,cefcb@^ [jkj
xfvotht,c tcvbs f,bcbybf& #,fnjy i-byfk-bafc vj/.fdc
uflvjwtvf bvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ hjv fa[fpt,b f,bcbybblfy
uflvjcf[klyty vbecthfib@ ~s& vbx,efyb^ dby b.dyty&&&^ ufp& #cf[&
ufy&@^ 6&\++&89`&
flbqtdtk njvsf fa[fptsib xfvjcf[kt,bc itcf[t,
uflvjwtvt,b lfwekbf xhlbkj rfdrfcbfibw& itvjyf[ekbf
fl bqt .f,f hljc cf[ fk[j uvb hbc byfk bc i tcf[ t,
uflvjwtvf^ cflfw fqothbkbf^ se hjujh itvjbzhf bc \|+
c-bc lfcfo.bcib fa[fptsbc nthbnjhbfpt vhfdfkfsfcbfyb
kfimhbs^ itvjb.dfyf bm vjcf[ktj,f _
,
()
.
, XIX .
( )
, .
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( - . I, ., 1967,
. 83; k& ne[fidbkb^ eqt,b idbkb^ ufp& #f[& bdthbtkb@^
5&|+++&89`&
byfkb sehvt xhlbkjrfdrfcbtkb #f,fpbyt,bc@ sfdflt,c
fitc lf ifitc fmwtdlf .ehflqt,fc& fv f,fpbyt,cf lf facet,c
thsb tyf /mjylfs^ xfyc^ fa[fptsib xfvjcf[kt,bc itvltu
lfv[dtlh mfhsdtk ufvjxtybk cfsfdflj cfudfhtekjt,c
102

sfdbct,ehfl eojltc #fit@ lf #ifit@& #fit lf ifit ufvjbsmvbc [ibhfl^ hjujhw fxt^ fmtlfy fx-,f lf xfxt _ fmtlfy xfx-,f@
~bmdt& ithdfibtt,cf lf fyxf,ftt,c sfdbfyst,ehfl fx,f lf
xfx,f eojltc& [jkj itvltu mfhsdtkt,bcfufy cbn.df #sfdflbw@ itbsdbctc lf ufvjsmdfvlyty hjujhw #f-sfefl@&
fa[fptsbc itcf[t, vjqotekbf sehmb bcnjhbrjcbc tdkbf xtkt,bcf lf mfsb, xtkt,bc wyj,t,b& \|++ c-bc 20-40-bfy
okt,bcfsdbc mfsb, xtkt,bc wyj,bs^ cj[evb _ fa[fpt,c fh
tresdybs lf fa[fpt,b vst,ib w[jdhj,ty cj[evbc xhlbkjfqvjcfdktsbs thsb rbkjvtnhbc vfybkpt& fa[fpsf
vf[kj,kfl kfpt,bc njvb ,byflhj,c& fa[fpt,bc cfpqdfhb
rjljhfvltf _ ptvj otkb& fa[fpt,b bubdt xthmtpt,bf^ hflufyfw mfsb,bc wyj,bs^ xthmtpt,bc cfpqdfhb cfvtuhtkjf^
xthmtpt,ib cojhtl fa[fpt,c uekbc[vj,c& eahj vtnbw^ bc
gbhlfgbh vbesbst,c^ hjv xthmtpt,b lf fa[fpt,b thsb
[fk[bf& vbcb fphbs^ f,fpf fhff mfhsdtkb^ vtuhtkb lf lflbfyb rb #yfvldbkb mfhsdtkbf@&
mfsb, xtkt,b flfcneht,c^ hjv vfcfw ufewdybf
uflvjwtvt,b f,fpt,bc ~f[fkb fa[fpt,bc` ew[j v[fhblfy vjcdkbc itcf[t,& wyj,bkbf^ hjv [fpfht,b^ vj,byflhtyb xhlbkj
rfdrfcbfib^ |+++-\ cfereytt,ib belfehb cfhoveyjt,bc
fqvcfht,tkyb uf[lyty& bcbyb itvltu ufyb,yty eahj vtnfl
lfcfdktsbc vbvfhsekt,bs^ belfehb cfhoveyjt,bc ufvj vfs
t,hftkt,cfw eojlt,ty& mfsb, xtkt,b othc% #fv,j,ty^ hjv tctyb bchfbktkt,bcfufy ofhvjbidyty& sbsmvbc fv v[fhtib cfvb
t,hfekb njvb vjdblf lf lfcf[klf& xthmtpt,b lf f,fpt,b fv
cfvb njvbcfufy ufdhwtklyty@ ~mfsb, xtkt,bc wyj,t,b cfmfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrfcbbc itcf[t,^ 1978^ ud& 132`&
[fpfht,b^ vfhskfw^ rfcgbbcgbhf bv flubkt,ib
w[jdhj,lyty^ cflfw flht f,cet,bc njvbc cfw[jdhbcc
103

vbesbst,lf gkbybecb& itcfkt,tkbf^ [fpfhtsib belfbpvbc

ufdhwtkt,bc itvlujv +\-\ cfereytt,ib [fpfht,vf
uflfyfwdkt,f lfbo.tc sfdbfysb cfw[jdhbcblfy&
cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv lfcfdkts xhlbkjrfdrfcbfib ufvjxtybk
xthmtpt,c hfbvt rfdibhb /mjylfs vfssfy^ .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^
|+++-\ cfereytt,ib xhlbkjrfdrfcbbc lfcfdkts yfobkib fhf
xthmtpt,b^ fhfvtl jc-fkfyt,b vrdblhj,lyty& fa[fptsbc ths
vsbfy res[tc #fkfybfw@ rb thmdf& itvltu^ xfyc^ vj[lf njvsf
uflfflubkt,fyb^ .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ mfsb, xtkt,bc wyj,f
bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv xthmtpt,b lf f,fpt,b fa[fptsib vjcekb
njvt,b fhbfy^ cf.ehflqt,jf& f,fpf _ f[fkb fa[fpt,bc cbyjybvehb cf[tkbf& #f,[fpb _ bhbsflfl njvbc cf[tkbf& tc njvb^
hjvtkbw xdtyc lhjib bckfvbc mdt.yt,ib f,fpfc eojlt,ty^
.fhf f;lf/fybc vfw[jdht,kt,bcfufy ofhvjlut,f& mfkfmb
vlt,fhtj,c ifdb pqdbc yfgbhpt^ vsfpt^ pqdbc .ehtib^ f,[fpb
_ cj[evblfy thsb vbkbc vfybkpt^ xhlbkj fqvjcfdktsbsff& f,[fpsf vf[kj,kfl kfpt,bc njvb&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 133`&
mfsb,b rbltd ths[tk bvtjht,c^ hjv vbcb lhjbc fa[fpt,b fhf
vrdblhyb fhbfy fa[fptsbcf^ fhfvtl #.fhf f;lf/fybc
vfw[jdht,kt,bcfufy@ ofhvjlut,bfy&
hjujhw bsmdf^ xthmtpt,b lf f,[fpt,b ~fa[fpt,b` sehm
bcnjhbrjcc thsb [fk[bc njvfl vbfxybf& #njvt,b thsvfytsc
gfhfdty [fk[c lf dfzht,c vb/.blbfy& ltlf-vfvf se uf.bldbc
itvltu sfdbc df;c dfzfhc lfeyf[fdc^ dtqfh ufvjbc.blbfy& vfs
ijhbc fctsb flfsbf&&& thsvfytsc gfhfdty lf ,tut,c fktdty@
~bmdt^ ud& 132`& f,fpfc [fk[bc #sfdlfgbhdtkb cfpqdht,b
cjzblfy rjljhc fqotdc@ ~ud& 132`&
f,fpfc mdt.fyf cfmfhsdtkjc vjcfpqdhtf& cfmfhsdtkjib
rb vlt,fhtj,c f,fpfc vjcfpqdht lflbfybc mdt.fyf% #lflbfyb
ifdb pqdbc cfyfgbhjcsfy f[kjc^ f,fpfc vjcfpqdht mdt.fyff&
104

vbcb ufvut,tkb .jdtksdbc t,hdbc f,fpfc& vbcb thsb v[fht

ajsc fqotdc@ ~ud& 136`&
mfsb,b othc% #cfmfhsdtkj _ dbkfbtsbf &&& ibhdfybc pqdfcf lf ifd pqdfc ijhbc^ vbcb cfpqdht,bf% fqvjcfdktsbs _
lth,tylb lf ibhdfyb^ cfv[htsbs _ xbklbhbc^ .fhcbc lf fhphevbc tbktst,b^ lfcfdktsbs ifdb pqdf^ xhlbkjtsbs rb
f,fpfcf lf lfqtcnfybc dbkfbtst,bs fhbc itvjcfpqdhekb&
lfvjerblt,tkb ufvut,tkb /.fdc& vstkb vjcf[ktj,f mhbcnbfyb mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy&&& fxbr-,fic^ lflbfyc^ vtuhtkc lf c[dt,c
mfhsdtkt,c eojlt,ty& yfvldbk mfhsdtkt,fl fxbr-,fib lf
lflbfyb bsdkt,bfy@ ~bmdt^ ud& 136`&
hjujhw fqbybiyf^ #f,fpt,b@ lf #lflbfyb@ velfv t,hdbfy
thsvfytsc^ f,fpt,b _ vbcb fphbs^ bubdt xthmtpt,b fhbfy^ [jkj
#lflbfyb@ yfvldbkb mfhsdtkbf^ vfifcflfvt^ mfsb,bc fphbs^
jvb vbvlbyfhtj,c xthmtpt,cf lf mfhsdtkt,c ijhbc^ fye xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc elbltc [fk[cf lf xdtyc [fk[c ijhbc& vfhskfw^ xhlbkj rfdrfcbtkb vsbtkt,bc fa[fptsib lfvrdblht,fc
oby fqeluf vstkb lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtajcfvsfdhjt,b^ vfuhfv eitltujl& vfs sehmtsbw ezthlf v[fhc&
ktdfy ++ lflbfybc lhjc ~1611-1657` cfpqdfhb cfvtuhtkjcf lf fa[fptsc ijhbc vl& rtkfcehsfy bo.t,f
~bmdt^ ud& 58`&
vlbyfht hbjyc mfsb,b eojlt,c _ #ajsbc vlbyfhtc@^ fvbnjvfw cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv sehmb bcnjhbrjcb \|++ cfereybcf tdkbf xtkt,b #afi@ cf[tkc eojlt,lf fhf vlbyfht hbjyc^
fhfvtl bv lhjbcfsdbc cf[tkufysmvek yfdcfluehc^ vlt,fhtc
aiflbc .ehtcsfy^ hjvkbc itcf[t,fw othlyty itvlujvb lhjbc
vjupfeht,bw ;& ufv,f lf cgtycthb& fqybiyekb #aiflbc@
.ehtib xfvfdfk vlbyfhtc thmdf #afi@& .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^
hbjyb fhfcjltc .jabkf ufv.jab fa[fpt,cf lf vtuhtkt,c
105

ijhbc^ tdkbf xtkt,bc sfyf[vfl rb^ vlbyfht afif^ hjvkbc

o.kt,bw brhb,t,f #&&&cjzfc vst,bc [tdbc o.kt,bcfufy^ itvltu
gbhlfgbh cfv[htsbcfrty vbtlbyt,f lf cfvtuhtkjcf lf f,fpfc
mdt.fyfc ief pqdfc thsdbc& fqvjcfdkts cfyfgbhjpt vskbfyfl ehxb cfvtuhtkjc cjakt,bf& lfcfdktsbc yfgbhb f,fpfc
xfxt,bc njvbc mdt.fyff@ ~tdkbf xtkt,b^ vjupfehj,bc obuyb^
1971^ ud& 96`& fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib vl& #afib@ hbjyb fhff^ bc
fy vlbyfht rjljhbf^ fylf^ hjujhw fqbybiyf^ aiflbc .ehbc
ityfrflbf& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv y& ,thtybidbkb lffcrdybc% #fct^
hjv tdkbfc wyj,f fhw bct aetvlt,kehb xfyc@ ~y&
,thtybidbkb^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 606`& fv lfcrdybs sbsmjclf y&
,thtybidbkvf obyfcofh ufcwf gfce[b ]& /bebnc^ hjvtkbw
tdkbf xtkt,bc fqybiyekb wyj,bc fhfcojhb ufut,bc itltufl
fcrdyblf^ sbsmjclf fa[fpt,b vlbyfht hbjysfy w[jdhj,lyty^
hfw f,cehlbf& ajsb fv lhjbcfsdbc fh .jabkf yfdcfluehb^
thsflthsb yfdcfluehbf rjljhsfy vlt,fht _ #bcfuehb@ ~c&
]fyfibf^ |+^ 1988^ ud& 281`&
tdkbf xtkt,b bktdf ufcfjwfh wyj,t,c& vfufkbsfl^ othc
_ #vjcrjdb mfhsdtkt,bc mfkfmbf@ ~t& xtkt,b^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud&
98`^ hjv sehvt tcgfytkt,b^ ahfyut,b^ kfsbyt,b sfshekb
ofhvjij,bc [fk[bf^ [jkj byukbctkt,b _ cgfhcekb ~bmdt^
ud& 98` lf f&i&
cfthsjl^ fqybiyekb bcnjhbrjct,b dth ittlht,bfy xdtyc df[einb ,fnjybidbkc&
tdhjgtkb vjupfeht,bw [ibhfl bvtjht,lyty .ehvjrhek
fv,t,c^ vfuhfv vfsb fyfkbpb ~buekbc[vt,f ;& ufv,f lf cgtycthb`
eahj lfvf]tht,tkbf& cgtycthb f[fk fa[fpt,c gbhlfgbh
eojlt,c xthmtpt,c^ xthmtptsb^ vbcb fphbs^ bo.t,f fyfgfib
lf ,bzdbysf vbcb yfobkbf& ufuhfw xthmtptsibf lf ,bzdbysbc
nffhbw^ ufv,jhb _ kb[yb xthmtptsbc iefuekbf^ ithdfibt
106

_ xthmtpt,bc njvbc vsfdfhbf^ cfthsjl& bc facet,c eojlt,c

fhf fa[fpt,c^ fhfvtl xthmtpt,c& #cfvtuhtkjc vtcfvt ghjdbywbf uflfzbvekbf xhlbkjtsbs rjljhbc rjyw[fvlt lf cfpqdhfl eltdc fvfdt cf[tkojlt,bc vlbyfht^ 'dtkb fdnjht,bc
rjhfmcb^ fqvjcfdktsbs rb ob,tkb _ cfrvfjl vfqfkb vst,b&
tc ghjdbywbf fnfht,c fuhtsdt cfvehpf.fyjcf lf fa[fptsbc
cf[tkc& bub lflbfyt,bc cf[tkvobajc yfobkc itflutyc^ vfuhfv itbkt,f bsmdfc^ hjv bub fhw ths [tkbceakt,fc fh
tvjhxbkt,f& fm bidbfsfl se dyf[fds lfveifdt,ek vbot,c lf
chekbfl fh fhbc vjcf[ktj,f& tc flubkt,b yfvldbkb
elf,yjf^ hjvtkbw sfdlfwdbc flubkc ofhvjflutyc lf ,fhbthfl ufvjb.tyt,f fa[fpt,cf lf vtuhtkt,c ijhbc&&& ktrt,bcf
lf fa[fpt,bc cf[tkvobajsf cfpqdfhpt elf,yjt,bf uflfzbvekb& fvltyfl^ ufcfrdbhb fh fhbc^ hjv tyuehcf lf rjljhbc
rjyw[c ijhbc mdt.fyf chekbfl lfecf[kt,tkb lf tdhjgbcf
se nhjgbrt,bc .jdtkudfhb vwtyfhtekj,bcfsdbc ufvjcfltub
vbcb vbot,b ufvje.tyt,tkbf@ ~;fr ufv,f^ vjupfehj,f
fvbthrdrfcbfib^ 1987^ ud& 112`&
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107

fhbfyj^ dblht bc fa[fpt,b^ hjvtksf gjhnhtnbw vt tc-tc

fhbc fqdotht@ ~bmdt^ ud& 90`&
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ufyvfdkj,fib vbcb cfthsj cbqhvt 7-9 cf;tybf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 76`&
cgtycthb othc% #xthmtptsbc vhfdfkhbw[jdfy .ehtsf lf
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tc yfdcfluehb ufzbhdt,bs feqbfs hect,c lf cbvfuhtl
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fdnjhb othc% #yfdcfluehib itcdkf fkbfy ytkb b.j^
xthmtpb kjwvfybc ufhtit^ ufhlf fvbcf^ fmfehb
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rhfdlyty yfgbhbcfrty vjf[kjt,ek utvc cf,hjkdtkfl
fqzehdbkb yfdt,bs^ sbsmjclf ]fljcyehb ]j[bc lfmytdfpt^
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108

1980-bfyb okt,bc ,jkjc mfhsdtksf obyffqvltu

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lf ,kjrgfept,ib&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 106-130`& fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv bv
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109

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110

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ud& 136`&
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111

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112

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114

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115

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