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BIOSCI 107 FC

ID NUMBER: ___________________________ SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND


BIOSCI 107

Short Answer Questions Section

Instructions Print your name and ID at the top of each answer page. Record your answers in the spaces provided. Only answers in the specified areas will be marked. All questions should be attempted.

Short Answer Format Section B: Section C: Section D: Section E: Cell Processes Blood and Immune Systems Excitable Tissues: Neurons Excitable Tissues: Muscle 15 marks 15 marks 10 marks 10 marks

Total: 50 marks. Recommended time: 60 minutes.

CP
15

B&I
15

ET:M
10

ET:N
10

ALL 50

Admin Use Only

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THERE ARE NO QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE.

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BIOSCI 107 FC

ID NUMBER: ___________________________ SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

SECTION B: CELL PROCESSES


15 marks Recommended time: 20 minutes Please study the following figure.

Figure 2

51. Please use Figure 2 to answer the following questions. On the diagram indicate whether the 4 membrane transport proteins shown are either primary active transporters, secondary active transporters or ion channels. (2 marks) (b) Fill in the blanks: (5 marks) The _____________________________ utilises the Na+ gradient to accumulate Cl- ions against its __________________________ gradient. This gradient is maintained by the active removal of _____________________ and enhanced by the recycling of _______________________ to generate a negative membrane potential. Cl- exit across the apical membrane is the ________________________ in Cl- secretion and is mediated by a channel called ________________________. To preserve ___________________ Na+ ions are pulled across the epithelium to negate the ___________________ potential established in the lumen of the gland. The resultant _______________ difference generated across the epithelium produces a nett water flow that results in a(n) ___________________ secretion.
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(a)

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Circles for use of markers only

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BIOSCI 107 FC

51. (c)

In the space provided draw and label a simple diagram that explains how cholera toxin produces secretory diarrhoea. (3 marks)

52.

Ion channels and transporters have fundamentally different properties. Complete the table by inserting yes or no to indicate whether the Na+ channel or the facilitated glucose transporter have the listed properties. The first row of the table has been completed for you. (5 marks) Property Exhibits specificity Contains ion selectivity filter Exhibits saturation Mediates passive diffusion Forms a water filled pore Exhibits gating of open probabilty Na+ Channel No Facilitated glucose transporter Yes

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BIOSCI 107 FC

ID NUMBER: ___________________________ SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

SECTION C: BLOOD AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS


15 marks Recommended time: 20 minutes 53. Please study the following diagram.

(a) For each of the circles numbered from 1 to 9 in Figure 3, choose the most appropriate label from the following list. Please note that each letter may be used more than once. (9 marks) A. B. C. D. E. F. Stimulates Gives rise to Prevents Free antigens directly activate Engulfed by Secrete

Answers: 1. ____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 4. ____________ 5. ____________ 6. ____________ 7. ____________ Figure 3 8. ____________ 9. ____________ (1 mark) 10

(b)

What is an MHC-II molecule?

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Figure 4c

BIOSCI 107 FC (5 marks)

Please study the following diagram.


Figure 4a Figure 4b

2 1 3

Cytoplasm Cell membrane

Nucleus Chromosomal DNA

Figure 4 Figure 4 shows diagrams representing the three stages of the life-cycle of HIV, after the infection of a T-helper cell. (a) For Figure 4A, what does label 1 point to?

(b)

For Figure 4A, what does label 2 point to?

(c)

BRIEFLY describe in the space below what is happening in Figure 4B.

(d)

For Figure 4C, what is the small circle indicated by label 3?

(e)

BRIEFLY describe in the space below what is happening in Figure 4C.

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ID NUMBER: ___________________________ SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

SECTION D: EXCITABLE TISSUES: NEURONS


10 marks Recommended time: 10 minutes 55. In the boxes below, place the events involved in generating an action potential and synaptic transmission in a sensory neuron in the order in which they occur: A. B. The receptor potential is transmitted passively to the trigger zone of the axon. The action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic terminal of the axon causing release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. This evokes excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the postsynaptic membrane of the receiving neurons. Threshold depolarisation occurs in the trigger zone of the axon and an action potential is evoked. A stimulus acts on the receptor and causes a local depolarisation of the cell membrane, known as the receptor potential. The current generated by the action potential in the trigger zone of the axon spreads passively to the adjacent region of the axon, causing threshold depolarisation and the generation of a new action potential in that region. (5 marks total)

C. D. E.

Answers:

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56.

The list 1 5 shows five definitions. The list A to E shows five terms. Please match the correct terms with the correct definition. (5 marks total)

1.

The minimum level of depolarisation required for an action potential to be generated. A neurotransmitter caused hyperpolarisation of the postsynaptic membrane. Area where the action potentials arise. Time during which a neuron cannot produce an action potential even with a very strong stimulus. Period of time when a second action potential can be initiated with a very strong stimulus.

A.

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

2.

B. Relative refractory period C. Absolute refractory period D. Threshold

3. 4.

5.

E.

Axon hillock

Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

_____________

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ID NUMBER: ___________________________ SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

SECTION E: EXCITABLE TISSUES: MUSCLE


10 marks Recommended time: 10 minutes

57.

The following summarises events during contraction of the heart. Please insert the missing word(s) or number(s) to complete the paragraph. (Total 10 marks)

In the heart, the beat is initiated by ________________ cells found in the ____________ node. The rate of discharge of these cells is controlled by the neurotransmitters ______________________ and ______________________. The neurotransmitter _________________ increases the heart rate which also __________________the force of cardiac ________________. From there, the action potential passes through the ______________________ to the __________________ node and then

down the _______________ via the bundle of __________________ to reach the ___________________ fibres that cover and enter the __________________. The ______________________ complex of the ECG reflects the _________________ of the ventricular muscle mass and the contraction phase known as_________________ and the peripheral blood pressure _________________. As the ventricular cells repolarise, the _________________ of the ECG is seen which marks the start of the _________________ period when the ventricle refills with blood. This is normally followed by a _________________ marking the start of the next heart beat.

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