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HA + B A + BH
for example:
H
O H3O O
+ H2O
C X C + X
C X C + X
for example:
CH3 CH3
H2O
H3C C Cl H3C C + Cl
CH3 CH3
3. Trapping of an electron source (AN; reverse of process 2)
Nu C Nu C
or:
Nu C Nu C
E
E
C C C C
C C C C + E
R R
C C C C
Nu C X Nu C + X Nu C X Nu C + X
Nu C X Nu C + X Nu C X Nu C + X
Note that substitution reactions of this kind may occur at heteroatom centres
as well as at carbon.
8. Bimolecular elimination (DHDN; E2)
Concerted bimolecular elimination may also occur at heteroatom centres.
The base may be either neutral or anionic, while the leaving group may
depart as an anion or a neutral.
B B
BH BH
H H
C C C C C C C C
X X
X X
B B
BH BH
H H
C C C C C C C C
X X
X X
9. Trimolecular electrophilic addition to multiple bond (ANAH; reverse of pathway 8)
This is the reverse of the E2 elimination. Note that in this process, there is NO
intermediate cation - addition of the nucleophile and electrophile (proton) is
simultaneous. Because this reaction is trimolecular, it is statistically less
probable than the more-common multi-step addition process.
B B
HB HB
H H
C C C C C C C C
X X
X X
B B
HB HB
H H
C C C C C C C C
X X
X X
Note that this pathway can also involve heteroatom centres (e.g. carbonyls)
and Lewis acids.
Nu Nu
Nu
C Y C Y or: C C C C
EWG
EWG
X
X
C Y C Y
HO
HO HO
C C
H
HOH
OH
O O
e.g.: or:
Common Path Combinations
Several well-known organic reactions are simple combinations of only two elementary processes.
A few common examples are listed here.
1. Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1 = DN + AN)
H 2O
+ H
C Cl O O
Cl
H H
Cl
Cl H H
H3C H3C CH3
H3C CH3 CH3
CH3 H3C H3C CH3
H3C CH3
Cl
H Cl H H Cl
H H
O O
H O O CH3
+ HOCH3
H
Br FeBr4
H Br
Br
The Eight Minor Pathways
These minor processes are combinations of elementary processes that are sufficiently unique to
warrant being treated separately. We have not seen examples of all eight minor pathways in 2.222.
Only the three that we have encountered are listed here.
1. Internal syn elimination
H H
O O O O
C
O
O
2. 1,2 Rearrangement to an electron deficient center with loss of Nu, a special case
of the 1,2R pathway
This pathway is seen in the Baeyer-Villiger reaction:
R2
O H
O
HO O 1
R + OR2
R 1 O
H B H B H B