P-Delta and Minimum Base Shear

H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

Min. Base Shear

V = (0.8ZNvI/R)W for drift limitation? Is it for ground motion uncertainty or modeling uncertainty or both? Lets say explicitly what it is for! Should be the same enforcement as for code-conforming structures If for modeling uncertainties and alternative design, then it belongs to Level 3 if for collapse safety?
H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

Collapse Safety + Drift ! P-Delta

P-Delta is controlled by
P (large in lower stories) Delta - but inelastic ! Collapse mechanism Length of post-yield plateau Effective post yield stiffness Deterioration Frame problem very diff. from wall problem
H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

Pushover Deflection Profiles, without and with P-delta -- N =18, T = 3.6 -- Frame

H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

Global Pushover Curve, without and with P-Delta -- N =18, T = 3.6 -- Frame

H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

Global Pushover Curve, LA-20, without and with P-"

ROOF DRIFT ANGLE vs. NORMALIZED BASE SHEAR
Pushover (NEHRP '94 k=2 pattern): LA 20-Story, Pre-Northridge, M1, M1-NPD

0.14
Normalized Base Shear (V/W)

0.12 0.1 0.08

Model M1 Model M1-NPD ASD Base Shear (UBC '94)

Vy

0.06 0.04

VASD
0.02 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Roof Drift Angle

H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

Sensitivity to Strain Hardening, Pushover, LA-20

ROOF DRIFT ANGLE vs. NORMALIZED BASE SHEAR
Pushover: LA 20-Story, Pre-Northridge, Model M2, ! = 0%, 3%, 5%, 10%

0.20

Normalized Base Shear (V/W)

0.15

Strain-Hardening = 0% Strain-Hardening = 3% Strain-Hardening = 5% Strain-Hardening = 10%

0.10

0.05

0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 Roof Drift Angle

H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

Elastic and Inelastic Stability Coefficient N =18, T = 3.6 -- Frame

GLOBAL PUSHOVER CURVES
N=18, T 1 =3.6, BH, Peak Oriented Model, LMSR-N, !=5%, " =0.03, # / # =Inf, " =N.A, $ =Inf, % =0
s c y c s,c,k,a

1.2
y

" s,0 K0=0.04K 0

Normalized Strength, V/V

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Normalized Roof Displacement, # /# r yr 2.5 3
Pushover Curve with P- ' Effects Pushover Curve w/o P- ' Effects (0 &e=0.09 &i=0.37

H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

Effect of P-Delta on Median Collapse Capacity (Deteriorating Frame Systems)

EFFECT OF P- ! ON MEDIAN [S a,c (T1)/g]/ "
N=Var, T 1 =Var, BH, Peak Oriented Model, LMSR-N, #=5%, $ =0.03, % / % =4, $ =-0.10, " & s c y c s,c,k,a =Inf, =0 20

15
[S a,c(T 1 )/g]/ "
Ref. Frames w/o P-D, T1=0.1N Ref. Frames w/o P-D, T1=0.2N Ref. Frames with P-D, T1=0.1N Ref. Frames with P-D, T1=0.2N

10

0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3 4

H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

Effect of P-Delta on Median Collapse Capacity (as function of base shear yield coefficient) Frames versus Walls (8-story)
P-Delta Effect on !c (MRF)
N = 8, T 1 = 1.2, " = var., Stiff.&Str. = Shear, SCB = 2.4-1.2, $ = 0.03, $ /$ = 5.0, % = 20, M /M = 1.1
p pc p c y

P-Delta Effect on !c (SW)

# = 0.05
6 N = 8, T 1 = 0.8, " = var., Str. = var., # = 0.05 $ = 0.02, $ /$ = 1.0, % = 20, M /M = 1.1
p pc p c y

3 Without P-Delta 2.5 With P-Delta 2

Without P-Delta 5 With P-Delta 4

! (Sa/g) c

1.5

! (Sa/g) c
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 " 0.25 0.3 0.35

1 0.5 0 Base shear coefficient

2 1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Base shear coefficient 0.4 " 0.5 0.6

H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07

So, whats the point?

P-Delta, which is amplified by deterioration, causes collapse (not the only source) P-Delta effect is very sensitive and not straight forward to predict We should safeguard against prediction errors But min. base shear does not look like the right vehicle to do so In codes: establish a limit on P!/(Vyh)????
H. Krawinkler, 2/22/07