POL208Y Lecture Three: Sovereignty and Anarchy Wednesday, September 25, 2013 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions -Attendance

and participation in tutorials is correlated with success in POL208 attendance (A) -> success (B) -Attending tutorials ->higher grade -Sufficient condition: tutorial attendance is a sufficient condition for success in POL208 (ONLY going to tutorials and doing NOTHING ELSE you will be successful) -Successful students must have been regular participants in tutorials -Falsification: should never observe without B -However: students may succeed through other means; other components are needed: exam, paper, quizzes -Observing (B) in the absence of A does not falsify the hypothesis -Necessary condition: students must participate in tutorials in order to succeed in POL208 -Students can be active in tutorials but still NOT do well in the course (other variables: readings, lectures, exams etc) however they MUST participate in tutorials to do well -We should never observe B without A however observing A without B does not falsify the hypothesis -Conditions can be: neither, either or both Sovereignty -Kenya for example is lacking a clear government -> thus a failed state -The mall shooting that recently occurred had sub state actors as opposed to international organizations like the UN General Assembly -The UN is based on national membership -International Relations thus studies the relations between states The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) & Birth of International Relations -The HRE claimed itself holy because of its connection to the Pope and Rome -Pope had connection to religious authority (divine authority because he was the representative of god on earth) but not military (no army) -Political legitimacy was maintained through the HRE -No one had ONE CLEAR authority within the empire and thus the map was a mess (overlaps, no clear territories) -Before the reformation, the Pope and Emperor governed Catholics but since Protestants emerged after the reformation, the power of the HRE and Emperor was negated -Council of Prague (The defenestration of Prague 1618) in which people thrown out of window -Europe enters a state of war for the next 30 years, 30% of European population suffers -> hunger -Peace of Westphalia; the international system that we know today is established here in 1648 (birth date of Westphalia system) -All parties recognized the principle of cuius region, eius religio enshrined in the Peace of Augsburg (1555); he who is king gets to choose the religion -The principle of national self-determination + legally binding treaties + the development of International Law

Sovereignty in Practice -We need to have people, a territory, a bureaucracy, and the king as a legal entity: four components of statehood -Monopoly over the functions of the state in a defined territory, excluding all external intervention (monopoly over the legitimate use of force) -The right to conduct foreign relations and sign treaties is a right for states -Sovereign equality, one country one vote example in the UN general assembly Sovereignty and the United Nations -Internal sovereignty: to act within its own border -External sovereignty: whether other countries accept your state (recognition from other actors in the system) -UN does not hinder sovereignty; embedded in constitution of the organization Contested Sovereignty -Where sovereignty (either internal or external) is contested one can expect troubles -Contested from the inside: failed states and civil wars (Congo, Former Yugoslavia, Somalia) -Contested from the outside: no recognition (e.g. Taiwan, Afghanistan during the Taliban (19962001) which was only recognized by three states (Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, UAE) -Contestation over borders (The Arab-Israeli conflict) The Westphalian System (A Myth?) -Independence -Non-intervention -Equality -Internal sovereignty, external sovereignty -Territory, population, bureaucracy Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) -Was inspired and influenced by two works on a European trip with a rich family -Used the scientific method to study human nature in a time of the British Civil War -Leviathan (1651); offers a thought experiment in which before there were institutions and a state and before society starts -The State of Nature experiment: not a historical story, it never existed -The State of Nature: a war of every man against every war -Life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short -The solution to escape the state of nature is The State The Logic of Hobbes Argument I -Man is a selfish hedonist: of the voluntary acts of every man, the object is some good to himself which leads us to the state of nature assumption -He also suggests all individuals are equal, rational, and possessing a passionate love of survival (right of nature) -A persons right of nature justifies violence against everybody else -In the interests of personal survival, people will come around to agree that they should renounce their right to use violence -> renounce your right to violence but this agreement will NOT work because who is there to stop you?

The Logic of Hobbes Argument II -Hobbes suggests the creation of Leviathan, which enforces stability-citizens give up their independence to buy stability -The Leviathan gets ultimate authority and a monopoly over the use of violence -Morality, justice, property are all social constructs imposed by the state and exist only so long as the state is strong enough to impose them-they are tools for maintaining stability rather than inherent rights -For Hobbes, these (morality, human rights, justice etc.) are not natural things within the system -Law is dependent on power legal positivism states justice is whatever the law says it is -An unjust law is an oxymoron Hedley Bull: The Domestic Analogy -In the absence of the Leviathan-the state of nature (solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short) -In international relations, there is no Leviathan: states still operate in the state of nature -Without a world government, the possibility of violence always exists Anarchy -The international system is in a Hobbesian state of nature; the state is a unitary actor -Anarchy DOES NOT mean chaos or a lack of order; it means NO leader or formal government to govern International Relations -The Westphalian system is an archaic system because it lacks a world government -How does this structure affect the conduct of International Relations?