28

MICROBIOLOGY
CHAPTER REVIEW
Viruses are noncellular obligate parasites that have a protein coat called a capsid and a nucleic acid core. Viral DNA must enter a host cell before reproduction is possible. In the lytic cycle, a bacteriophage immediately reproduces, and in the lysogenic cycle, viral DNA integrates into the host genome but may eventually reproduce. The kingdom Monera includes bacteria. Most bacteria are saprotrophs (heterotrophic by absorption), and along with fungi, fulfill the role of decomposers in ecosystems. The cyanobacteria are photosynthetic in the same manner as plants. Reproduction of bacteria is by binary fission, but sexual exchange occasionally takes place. Some bacteria form endospores, which can survive the harshest of treatment except sterilization. Kingdom Protista includes eukaryotic unicellular organisms and some multicellular forms. Algae are aquatic autotrophs by photosynthesis; protozoa are aquatic heterotrophs by ingestion. Slime, molds which are terrestrial, and water molds, which are aquatic, have some characteristics of fungi. Algae are classified according to their pigments (colors). Green algae are diverse: some are unicellular or colonial flagellates, some are filamentous, and some are multicellular sheets. Diatoms and dinoflagellates are unicellular producers in oceans; brown and red algae are seaweeds; euglenoids are unicellular with both plant and animal characteristics. Every type of life cycle is seen among the algae. Protozoa are classified according to the type of locomotor organelle. The amoebas phagocytize, the ciliates are very complex, and sporozoa are all animal parasites. Malaria is a significant disease caused by a sporozoan. Slime molds have an amoeboid stage and then form fruiting bodies, which produce spores that are dispersed by the wind. Water molds have threadlike bodies. Kingdom Fungi includes eukaryotic multicellular organisms that are saprotrophs. Fungi are composed of hyphae, which form a mycelium. Along with heterotrophic bacteria, they are decomposers. The fungi produce windblown spores during both sexual and asexual reproduction. The major groups of fungi are distinguished by type of sexual spore and fruiting body. Zygospore fungi produce spores in sporangia; sac fungi produce ascospores in asci; and club fungi form basidiospores in basidia. Fungi form two symbiotic associations of interest. Lichens contain both a fungus and an alga; mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship of mutual benefit between soil fungi and the roots of plants.

S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.

28.1 VIRUSES (P . 574)

Viruses are noncellular. Whether they should be considered living organisms is questionable. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites they must reproduce inside host cells. 1. Fill in the following table to describe viruses.
Viruses Structure Life Cycle, Where? Parasitic?

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2. a. Label the diagram, which describes how bacteriophages replicate, with the following terms: attachment biosynthesis integration lysogenic cycle lytic cycle maturation penetration release
__________ bacterial cell wall capsid nucleic acid

bacterial chromosome

________________

_____________

____________

_______________ _______________

_____________

prophage _________________

Which cycle produces bacteriophages? Which cycle is dormant?

b. ____________________

c. ____________________

Which cycle kills, or lyses, the host? d. ____________________ 3. Associate these portions of a retrovirus with the statements below: envelope, capsid, viral genome, transcriptase, cDNA a. integrated into host genome b. composed of RNA c. allows the virus to adhere to plasma membrane receptors d. carries out RNA e. enters the host cell (choose two) 4. Describe these additional steps needed for the virus to reproduce. a. biosynthesis ______________________________________________________________________ b. maturation _______________________________________________________________________ c. release __________________________________________________________________________ 5. Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F): a. Antibiotics are helpful for viral infections. b. Antiviral drugs act by interfering with viral replication. c. There are no vaccines for viral infections. d. Prions are neither viruses nor bacteria; they are protein particles.

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28.2 KINGDOM MONERA (P . 577)

The monera are prokaryotes of small size but are very diverse metabolically. Most bacteria are heterotrophic by absorption but the cyanobacteria are important photosynthesizers. 6. Label this diagram of a bacterial cell with the following terms: capsule cell wall cytoplasm fimbriae flagellum nucleoid plasma membrane plasmid ribosome
d. c. b. a. e.

f. g. h. i.

7. Based on the diagram you labeled in question 6, which of these structures are present in eukaryotic animal/plant cells but are not in a bacterial cell? a. plasma membrane b. nucleus c. ribosomes d. mitochondria e. cell wall f. chloroplasts g. flagella 8. Based on the diagram you labeled in question 6, what three structures are present in a bacterial cell but absent from a eukaryotic cell? What are their functions? Structure Function a. ____________________________ ____________________________ b. ____________________________ c. ____________________________ _______________________________ ____________________________

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9. Match the descriptions with the following organisms: 1 chemosynthetic bacteria 2 cyanobacteria 3 obligate anaerobes 4 saprotrophic bacteria a. decomposers b. O 2 given off c. NH 3 NO 3 d. cannot survive in O 2 environment 10. Match the relationships with the following terms: 1 commensalism 2 mutualism 3 parasitism 4 symbiotic a. includes all the others b. bacteria living in nodules of legumes c. bacteria living on your skin d. bacteria that cause strep throat 11. Label the three shapes of bacteria in the following diagram:

a.

c.

b.

12. Place a check next to all characteristics that are typical of cyanobacteria. a. many forms of nutrition b. always photosynthetic c. have flagella d. form lichens e. associated with algal bloom f. nitrogen fixing 13. Match the descriptions with the following terms pertaining to the reproduction of bacteria. 1 binary fission 2 conjugation 3 transformation 4 transduction 5 endospores a. bacteria picks up free pieces of DNA b. a means of survival c. asexual division d. male passes DNA to female e. bacteriophages carry DNA from one cell to the next

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28.3 KINGDOM PROTISTA (P . 583)

The protists include eukaryotic unicellular organisms and some related multicellular forms. Among protists, algae are the plantlike protists; protozoa are the animal-like protists; slime molds and water molds are the funguslike protists.

Algae (p. 583) 14. Green algae are believed to be related to plants because they have a cell wall that contains and
a. ____________________,

they possess chlorophylls

b. ____________________ d. ____________________.

c. ____________________,

and they store reserve food as

15. Complete the table describing the algae by placing the following terms in the appropriate columns (some terms are used more than once): I II unicellular isogametes filamentous heterogametes colonial conjugation multicellular alternation of generations daughter colonies zoospores
Algae Volvox Chlamydomonas Spirogyra Ulva I. II.

16. Label this diagram of the life cycle of Chlamydomonas with the following terms: fertilization, meiosis, zoospores, and zygote. Which portions of this life cycle are haploid? Which portion is diploid?
f. e.

_____________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
g. ____________________________________________________________________________

What type of life cycle is this?

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17. Label this diagram of the life cycle of Ulva with the following terms: fertilization, gametophyte, meiosis, and sporophyte.

18. Match the traits with the following algae (some numbers are used more than once): 1 brown algae 2 diatoms 3 euglenoids 4 dinoflagellates a. are numerous photosynthesizers in ocean b. have animal-like and plantlike characteristics c. have chlorophylls a and c, and carotenoid pigment d. have silica-impregnated valves e. are used as filtering agents and scouring powders f. cause red tide g. have a symbiotic relationship with corals h. are seaweeds 19. Label each of the following descriptions as identifying brown algae (B) or red algae (R): a. Fucus, a rockweed b. Laminaria, a kelp c. adapted to cold, rough water d. adapted to warm, gentle water e. economically important as source of agar Protozoans (p. 588) 20. Protozoans are typically
a. ____________________, b. ____________________, d. ____________________ and

and

c. ____________________ e. ______________________

organisms. Some protozoans

engulf their food; others are

and absorb nutrients; others are f. ____________________ and cause disease. 21. Complete the following table, classifying the protozoans by means of locomotion and giving an example organism of each:
Classes amoeboids ciliates zooflagellates sporozoa Organelle of Locomotion Example

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22. Label this diagram of Paramecium with the following terms: anal pore contractile vacuole food vacuole macronucleus micronucleus oral groove pellicle

23. Ciliates, such as Paramecium, have hundreds of a. ____________________ that extend through a pellicle. Beneath the pellicle are numerous oval capsules that contain b. ____________________, which are used for defense. Food is swept down a(n) have two nuclei: a large used during conjugation. 24. Concerning the life cycle of Plasmodium, Where does sexual reproduction occur? Where does asexual reproduction occur?
a. c. ____________________,

;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
b.

at the end of which food vacuoles form. Ciliates

d. ____________________ that

controls normal metabolism and one or more micronuclei

___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

What causes the cycle of recurring chills and fever? c. ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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25. Complete this table to describe slime molds and water molds.
Type of Mold plasmodial slime molds Body Organization Nutrition Reproduction

cellular slime molds

water molds

28.4

KINGDOM

FUNGI (P . 591)

Fungi are multicellular eukaryotes with a filamentous body. Fungi are the most complex organisms to rely on saprotrophic nutrition. 26. Indicate whether the following statements about fungi are true (T) or false (F): a. usually multicellular b. usually unicellular c. composed of hyphae d. saprotrophic e. can be parasitic f. can be photosynthetic g. cell wall contains cellulose h. cell wall contains chitin i. have flagella at some time in their life cycle j. do not have flagella at any time in their life cycle k. form spores only during asexual reproduction l. form spores during both asexual and sexual reproduction 27. Fungi are mostly called a(n)
a. ____________________ decomposers

that assist in the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.

b. ____________________,

The bodies of most fungi are made up of filaments called

c. ____________________.

a collection of which are cycle.

They reproduce in accordance with the

e. ____________________.

d. ____________________ life

Classification is largely based on the mode of

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28. Label this diagram of the life cycle of black bread mold with the following terms (some are used more than once): asexual reproduction gametangia fuse meiosis mycelium nuclear fusion sexual reproduction sporangiophore sporangium spores zygospore zygote
m. a. diploid (2n)

b. haploid (n)

l.

suspensor

sporangium

5 m

c.

cytoplasmic fusion
+ mycelium

i.

j.

k. germination of spores

suspensors mycelium

d.

f. e. g. h.

stolon rhizoid

mating type

+ mating type

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29. Label each of the following as describing a free-living sac fungi (F) or a parasitic sac fungi (P): a. powdery mildew that grows on leaves b. red mold that grows on bread c. cup fungi that grows on the forest floor d. chestnut blight that grows on chestnut trees e. ergot that grows on rye plants f. unicellular yeasts 30. Why are all these fungi classified as sac fungi? ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 31. Explain what is happening in each of the following sequential drawings of asci:

a.

b.

c.

d.

32. What do mushrooms, puffballs, birds nest fungi, stinkhorn fungi, and bracket fungi have in common? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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33. Label this diagram of the life cycle of a mushroom with the following terms: basidiospores gill (portion of) basidium meiosis cap monokaryotic cytoplasmic fusion nuclear fusion dikaryotic (n+n) nuclei dikaryotic mycelium spore germination diploid (2n) spore release fruiting body stalk gill zygote

r. ___________

q. ____________ a. ________________ p. ____________ b. ___________ o. ____________ n. _________

m. __________ c. __________ l. ____________ d. __________

e.

k. _____________

f. ________ g. ________

i. __________ __________

j. ______________ h. _____________ _____________ ______________

34. Complete the following table concerning imperfect fungi.

Fungus Penicillium Aspergillus Candida albicans Significance Associated Disease

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35. Like sac fungi, imperfect fungi reproduce asexually by producing spores called sac and club fungi, however, sexual reproduction
b. ____________________ in

a. ____________________.

Unlike

imperfect fungi.

36. Label this diagram of a lichen with the following terms: algal cells and hyphae of fungus.

37. Match the type of lichen with the following descriptions: 1 compact 2 leaflike 3 shrublike a. crustose b. fruticose c. foliose 38.
a. ____________________ (fungus

roots), which are

b. ____________________ relationships

between

a(n)

c. ____________________ and d. ____________________ roots,

help plants acquire

e. ____________________

nutrients.

CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test. 1. In the lytic cycle, the term maturation refers to the a. translation of RNA. b. integration of cDNA. c. assembly of parts into new viruses. d. All of these are correct. 2. Which of the following is NOT a form of genetic recombination in bacteria? a. binary fission b. conjugation c. transduction d. transformation 3. The function of the bacterial endospore is to a. increase the rate of anaerobic respiration. b. promote asexual reproduction. c. protect against attack from immune systems. d. withstand harsh environmental conditions. 4. A bacterium that can exist in the presence or absence of oxygen is a(n) a. autotroph. b. facultative anaerobe. c. obligate anaerobe. d. saprotroph. 5. Viruses are not in the classification system because a. they are obligate parasites. b. they are noncellular. c. they can integrate into the host genome. d. All of these are correct. 6. Chemosynthetic bacteria a. give off oxygen just like plants do. b. are exemplified by the nitrifying bacteria that oxidize ammonia (NH 3 ) to nitrites (NO 2 - ). c. are decomposers like all bacteria. d. Both b and c are correct.

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7. Why cant cyanobacteria be classified with the eukaryotic algae? a. They fix atmospheric nitrogen. b. They form a symbiotic relationship with fungi. c. They cause disease. d. They do not have a nucleus. 8. Classification of algae according to color a. can no longer be justified. b. is based on the type of pigments they contain. c. suggests that they do not have chlorophyll. d. means that some algae are colorless. 9. Volvox is a colonial alga that a. does not reproduce. b. produces heterogametes. c. produces daughter colonies. d. Both b and c are correct. 10. Diatoms a. reproduce sexually. b. have a cell wall impregnated with cellulose. c. are flagellated. d. resemble a pill box. 11. Which is (are) true of euglenoids? a. They have flagella. b. Some have chloroplasts. c. They reproduce asexually. d. All of these are correct. 12. Both red algae and brown algae a. have the same pigments. b. are delicate in appearance. c. are seaweeds. d. are economically unimportant. 13. Amoebas a. have pseudopods. b. never have a shell. c. always live in fresh water. d. All of these are correct. 14. Ciliates a. have a macronucleus and a micronucleus. b. do not move. c. are parasitic. d. are usually saprotrophic. 15. A trypanosome causes a. malaria. b. trichinosis. c. an intestinal infection. d. African sleeping sickness.

16. In the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, a cause of malaria, a. sexual reproduction occurs in a mosquito. b. red blood cells burst causing chills and fever. c. spores and gametes form. d. All of these are correct. 17. Slime molds a. are exactly like fungi. b. have a body composed of hyphae. c. produce spores. d. All of these are correct. 18. Club fungi a. include the mushrooms. b. have a basidiocarp that looks like a cup. c. include more parasites than all the other types of fungi. d. All of these are correct. 19. In fungi, the gametes are a. heterogametes. b. flagellated. c. the ends of hyphae. d. produced by meiosis. 20. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of lichens? a. soil formers b. algal cells and fungal hyphae c. form a type of moss d. can live in extreme conditions 21. A fruiting body is a. a special type of vacuole found in fungi. b. a symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria. c. a reproductive structure found in fungi. d. always the same shape. 22. Sexual reproduction in a bread mold involves the production of a. a sperm and an egg. b. flagellated zoospores. c. zygospores. d. fruiting bodies. 23. In a mushroom, the _______ is (are) analogous to the asci of a sac fungus. a. stalk b. cap c. basidia d. spores

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THOUGHT QUESTIONS
Answer in complete sentences. 24. Algae and protozoa are in the same kingdom. Do they seem closely related? Why or why not?

25. How do you think the earth would change ecologically if fungi were not present?

Test Results: ______ Number right 25 = ______ 100 = ______ %

ANSWER KEY
STUDY EXERCISES
1.
Viruses capsid plus nucleic acid core in host cell always colonial unicellular filamentous multicellular heterogametes, daughter colonies isogametes, zoospores conjugation isogametes, alternation of generations, zoospores

15.
I. II.

2. a. See Figure 28.2, page 575, in text. b. lytic c. lysogenic d. lytic 3. a. cDNA b. viral genome c. envelope d. transcriptase e. capsid, viral genome 4. a. Viral components are synthesized. b. assembly of viral components c. Budding gives virus an envelope 5. a. F b. T c. F d. T 6. a. cytoplasm b. ribosome c. nucleoid d. plasmid e. flagellum f. capsule g. cell wall h. plasma membrane i. fimbriae 7. b, d, f 8. a. plasmid, accessory ring of DNA b. fimbriae, attachment to a substratum c. capsule, protection 9. a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 10. a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 11. a. spirillum b. coccus c. bacillus 12. b, d, e, f 13. a. 3 b. 5 c. 1 d. 2 e. 4 14. a. cellulose b. a c. b d. starch 25.
Body Organization 2n plasmodium Nutrition phagocytosis

16. a. fertilization b. zygote c. meiosis d. zoospores e. zoospores, adult, gametes f. zygote g. haplontic 17. a. meiosis b. gametophyte c. fertilization d. sporophyte 18. a. 2, 4 b. 3 c. 1, 2 d. 2 e. 2 f. 4 g. 4 h. 1 19. a. B b. B c. B d. R e. R 20. a. heterotrophic b. unicellular c. motile d. capture e. saprotrophic f. parasitic 21. See page 588 in text. 22. See Figure 28.19 , page 589, in text. 23. a. cilia b. trichocysts c. gullet d. macronucleus 24. a. in the mosquito b. in the human c. Toxins, or poisons, enter the blood when red blood cells release spores.

Reproduction sporangium produces spores by meiosis, which produce flagellated haploid cells that fuse sporangium produces spores meiosis produces haploid gametes; otherwise asexual by zoospores

individual amoeboid cells 2n filamentous, cell walls are cellulose

phagocytosis parasitism

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26. a. T b. F c. T d. T e. T f. F g. F h. T i. F j. T k. F l. T 27. a. saprotrophic b. hyphae c. mycelium d. haplontic e. sexual reproduction 28. See Figure 28.23, page 592, in text. 29. a. P b. F c. F d. P e. P f. F 30. because they form asci during sexual reproduction 31. a. Ascus with two nuclei is forming. b. Nuclei have fused, and zygote has formed. c. Meiosis has occurred. d. A mitotic division has resulted in eight ascospores 32. They are all basidiomycetes. 33. See Figure 28.25, page 594, in text. 34.
Significance makes penicillin makes various chemicals yeastlike Associated Disease none none vaginal infections

35. a. conidiospores b. has never been observed 36. a. algal cells b. hyphae of fungus 37. a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 38. a. Mycorrhizae b. symbiotic c. fungus d. plant e. mineral

CHAPTER TEST
1. c 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. d 11. d 12. c 13. a 14. a 15. d 16. d 17. c 18. a 19. c 20. c 21. c 22. c 23. c 24. They do not seem related in that algae are photosynthetic and protozoa are heterotrophic. They do seem related in that some of the algae are motile in the same way protozoa are. 25. Recycling would be reduced and organic waste would accumulate. Without efficient recycling, the carrying capacities of ecosystems would diminish.

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