Course Outlines

The Law of Criminal Procedure

I. Categories of Criminal procedure:

There are two categories of Criminal Procedure:

(i) Constitutional Criminal Procedure;

(ii) Legislative / Ordinary Criminal Procedure.

Constitutional Criminal Procedure:

(1) You are here studying the subject of criminal procedure. But whatever the subject of a legal
study, the starting print must be the Constitution namely the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan, 1973 (the Constitution), that being the supreme law of the country. The
reasons are:

i) it is the source from which all governmental forums, including the executive forum to
prosecute, investigate etc. criminal offences, the legislative power to create offences,
to provide for their punishment, and to establish the procedure for their trial, and the
judicial power to try the criminal offences and furnish the offences, emanate;
ii) it provides, particularly by guaranteeing some of the important human fundamental
rights, a constitutional model of a fair criminal procedure – a mini-code of criminal
procedure.

(2) Relevant provisions of the U.S. Constitution, relating to criminal procedure, particularly:-

i) the Fourth Amendment, ensuring the right to privacy, including the right against
unreasonable searches and seizure of persons and things;
ii) the Fifth Amendment, guaranteeing:-

(a) the right to a speedy and public trial;

(b) the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation;
(c) the right to be confronted with the witnesses against him;
(d) the right to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour; and
(e) the right to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

(3) Relevant provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan, relating to criminal procedure, as

contained in Part II, Chapter 1, of the Constitution.

(4) i) Relevance of the U.S. Constitution, its Bill of Rights, the Constitutional Law
developed in America rooted in the Rights and the compounding Rights relating to
criminal procedure granted by the Constitution of Pakistan.

ii) Effect of, so to say, the internationalization of the criminal procedure and the cases
decided in different jurisdictions on the law of Pakistan.

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(5) The significance of a written Constitution.

Reading Material:

1. Relevant provisions of the U. S. Constitution, and important cases on Constitutional

Criminal Procedure from U. S. Jurisdiction, namely:

i) Marbury v Martson – 5 US 1;
ii) Katz v US – 389 US 347;
iii) Johnson v US – 333 US 10;
iv) Illinois v Gates – 462 US 213;
v) US v Watson – 423 US 411;
vi) Welsh Case – 466 US 340;
vii) Terry v Ohio – 392 US;
viii) Chimel v California – 395 US 752;
ix) Wolf v Colorado – 338 US 25;
x) Mincey – 437 US 385;
xi) Schmerger v California – 384 US 757;
xii) Miranda v Arizona – 384 US 436;
xiii) Massiah v US – 377 US 201;
xiv) Powell v Albana – 287 US 45;
xv) Gideon v Wainwright – 372 US 335;
xvi) Escobedo v Illinois – 378 US 478;
xvii) Rhode Island v Innis – 446 US 291;
xviii) In Re-gault – 387 US 1, 21.

2. Relevant provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan, and cases under them:

i) Ziaur Rahman case – PLD 1973 SC 49;

ii) Muhammad Mubeen-us-Salam v Federation – PLD 2006 SC 602 (excepts four
pages 665-670 only)
iii) Abdul Malik v State – PLD 2006 SC 365;
iv) Ms. Rowshan Bijaya case – PLD 1957 Dacca 241;
v) Manzoor Elahi case – PLS 1975 SC 66;
vi) Christie - (1947) 1All ER 567.

3. Criminal Procedure as an element in Rule of Law:-

i) Articles 4 and 5 of the Constitution;

ii) Generally

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Reading Material:

i) Manzoor Elahi case;

ii) Bonnet – (1993) 3 All ER 138.

For the reading:

“Judicial Review of Public Actions” by Justice (R) Fazal Karim

(i) Part II, Chapter 1;

(ii) Part II, Chapter 4;
(iii) Part VIII,

(a) Section A, Chapters 4 & 5;

(b) Section B, Chapters 1 to 17;

Ordinary/Legislative Criminal Procedure:

1. Relationship between Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure.

2. Functions of Criminal Procedure.
3. Stages of Criminal procedure:

i) Investigation and Inquiry

ii) Prosecution.
iii) Trial

4. Participants in the Criminal Justice process:

i) Police
ii) Prosecutor
iii) Defense Counsel
iv) Courts

1. INVESTIGATION

Its definition – Section 4 (b) Cr.P.C;

Its object:
Cognizable and non-cognizable offences:
First Information Report (FIR), Section 154 Cr.P.C; its importance
Police Officers competent to Investigate: Officer Incharge of Police Station:-
Section 4 (p) and Section 551 Cr.P.C; Police Order 2002

Powers of Police Officers;

a) are derived from law; and

b) are subject to the Constitution and Law

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 Muhammad Bashir vs. SHO – PLD 2007 SC 539

Powers of Police Officers are great and caution is needed in their uses:

a) power to arrest and detain – Sections 46, 54-57 Cr.P.C;

b) power to require the attendance of any person – Section 160 Cr.P.C
c) power to enter and search – Section 47, 49, 165 Cr.P.C;
d) power to search person – Section 51 Cr.P.C;
e) power to seize property

Safeguard against misuse of Police powers;

a) Articles 9, 10, 13, 14 and 24 of the Constitution;

b) Sections 60, 61, 163 Cr.P.C;
c) Statements of witness recorded during Investigation their limited use – Sections
161, 162 Cr.P.C;
d) Maintaining a police diary and its use – Section 172 Cr.P.C;

Remand to custody during investigation:

a) When investigation cannot be completed within the prescribed time – Sections 61

and 167 Cr.P.C;
b) Magistrate’s power is –
i. To remand to police custody, or
ii. To remand to judicial custody;
c) Distinction between police and judicial custody – its importance;
d) Rules to be observed by Magistrate in granting police custody,

Effect of violation of Article 10 etc.

- Manzoor Elahi – PLD 1975 SC 66;

- Bennet – (1993) 3 All ER 138
- Alvarez – (1992) 112 SC 2188

Confessions by accused persons during investigation:

a) Section 162 Cr.P.C use of statements before police:

b) Judicial confessions and how to record them; Section 164 Cr.P.C; and High Court
Rules;
c) Use of Confessions at trial – the subject will be dealt with under the head “trial”

Culmination of Investigation;

a) Report under Section 173 Cr.P.C; commonly known as Challan

i. May recommend cancellation of case; or
ii. It is a charge sheet against the accused named in the Challan

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 Opinion of the police under Section 173 is not binding on Court;

b) So that the Magistrate may not cancel the case; and

c) May summon the accused for trial
Cancellation of a case is administrative phase of criminal procedure:
a) is not acquittal of the accused:
b) the Magistrate canceling may subsequently take cognizance of the case on
complaint

Investigation is administrative phase of criminal procedure

a) as distinguished from trial; and

b) entitles the suspect to fairness but not as much as during trial, e.g. cross
examination of witness and hearing before Challan.

A Magistrate during investigation may:

a) sometimes act in administrative capacity; and
b) sometimes in judicial capacity
For example, a Magistrate granting or refusing remand to police custody perform a
judicial function, while canceling a case, he performs and administrative function.

Control of investigation by Courts;

a) Relationship between Court and Police
b) Control of investigation by Court

i. Khawaja Nazir Ahmed – AIR 1945 PC 18;

ii. Shehnaz Begum – PLD 1971 SC 677
iii. Malik Shaukat Ali Dogar – PLD 1994 SC 281

Reading Material

1. The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, with special reference to the Sections
mentioned above
2. Norwest Holst (1978) 3 All ER 280
3. Brig Imtiaz Ahmed – 1994 SCMR 2142;
4. Miranda – 384 US 436;
5. Blackburn – 361 US 199;
6. Bazal Ahmed – PLD 1957 Lah. 388
7. Muhammad Siddiq – PLD 1992 Kar. 388
8. Nazir Ahmed – PLD 1978 SC 236
9. JC Shah – AIR 1969 SC 1014
10. Ghulam Sarwar – 1984 P.Cr. L.J 2588
11. Khan Asfand Yar Wali – PLD 2001 SC 601
12. Azmat Ali – PLD 1999 Pesh 39;
13. Bahadur – PLD 1985 SC 62;

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 14. Waqar-ul-Haq – PLD 1988 Lah. 336, 1988 SCMR 1428;
15. Ajaib Singh - AIR 1953 SC 10
16. Access to Justice in Pakistan by Justice (Retd) Fazal Karim, PP 176-189
17. Judicial Review of Public Actions by Justice (Retd) Fazal Karim, comments under
Article 9, 10, 13, 14 and 24 of the Constitution

2. Inquiry

a) Its definition – Section 4 (k) Cr.P.C;

b) As distinguished from trial
c) May be in respect of a matter;

i. Which is an offence, e.g. under Section 159 Cr.P.C;

ii. Which is not an offence– e.g. under Sections 107, 108, 109, 111, 133, 145,
174 and 176 Cr.P.C;

Inquiry

a) Under Section 145 and orders under it are subject to decree or order of civil Court
b) Under Section 174 may result in inquest by Magistrate
c) Under Section 176 when a person dies while in the custody of police

Reading Material

1. Section of Cr.P.C; indicated above

2. Shah Muhammad Vs. Haq Nawaz – PLD 1970 SC 470
3. Mehr Muhammad Sarwar Vs State – PLJ 1985 SC 540

3. Prosecution

The role of the prosecution and his relations with public and court;
Recent 2006 Provincial legislations establishing criminal prosecuting service in each
Province;
Defence Counsel: His duties to client and Court

Reading Material

- Punjab Criminal Prosecution Service (Constitution, Functions and Powers) Act

2006
- Discretion to Prosecute:

o R V Inland Revenue (1993) 1 All ER 772

o Brig Imtiaz Ahmed – 1994 SCMR 2142
o R V Cornel (1884) Ir. LR 261, 312
o Berger – 295 US 78, 88

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4. TRIAL

Parties

The system of judicial procedure is, generally speaking, adversarial, Criminal law
is an aspect of public law, and the parties are the state, as the representative of
society, on the one side and the person accused, on the other.

The Islamization of the laws has assigned some role to private parties in some
cases.
- Gul Hassan – PLD 1989 SC 633
- Matlub Hussain – PLD 1951 FC 115

Courts which may try offences;

i. Classes of courts under Cr.P.C Section 6

ii. Their subordination, Section 17, Cr.P.C
iii. Their powers – Sections 31, 32 read with Section 30 and Section 35 Cr.P.C

- Bashir Vs State – PLD 1991 SC 1145;

- Javed Sheikh Vs. State – 1985 SCMR 153

iv. Application of Sections 35 and 397 Cr.P.C

- Bashir Vs State – PLD 1991 SC 1145;

Trial

Its meaning;
Its object
What is fairness

- Berger Vs. US – 295 US 78

- R V Sang – (1979) 2 All ER1222, 1230

Summary Trials

a) Under Chapter XXII Cr.P.C

b) Their object
c) Procedure applicable to them

Regular Trial

Necessary pre-trial steps:

a) Determination of place of trial Cr.P.C, chapter XV sub chapter A, Section 177-
189; Section 4 PPC and Section 531 Cr.P.C

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b) Cognizance of offence - Cr.P.C Chapter XV, sub chapter B, Sections 190-199B;

i. Cognizance of offence triable by Magistrate

ii. Cognizance of offence triable by Court of Sessions
iii. Meaning of “taking cognizance”
iv. In case of public servants

- Raja Khush Bakht-ur-Rehman – 1985 SCMR 1314

- Muhammad Nawaz – PLD 1967 Lah. 176
- Mehr Khan – 198 SCMR 267
- Federation Vs Zafar Awan – PLD 1992 SC 72
- Waqar-ul-Haq – PLD 1988 Lah. 336

c) Procuring the attendance of accused – Section 204, 205 read with Section 90
Cr.P.C
d) Other matters;
i. Supplying copes of statements etc. to accused

By the Magistrate – Section 241-A, Cr.P.C

By the High Court and Court of Session – Section 265-C Cr.P.C

Effect of non-supply of statement under Section 161 or 164

- Pulukuri – 74 IA 65
- Faiz Ahmed – PLD 1960 SC 8
- Taj Muhammad – PLD 1976 SC 234

e) Right to Counsel

- Article 10 of the Constitution

- Section 340 Cr.P.C
- Chapter 24-C High Court Rules and Orders

It is part of fairness

- Miranda – 384 US 436;

- Bazal Ahmed – PLD 1957 Lah. 388
- Moslemanddin Sikdar – PLD 1957 Dacca 101
- Muhammad Usman – PLD 1965 Lah. 293
- Mrs. Rowshan Byjaya – PLD 1965 Dacca 241

f) Procedure where there is a Challan and a private complaint for the same offence:

Nur Elahi - PLD 1966 SC 708

Zulifqar Ali Bhutto – PLD 1976 SC 38
Muhammad Bohra – PLD 1989 Lah. 18

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Commencement of Trial

Open Court – Section 352, Cr.P.C

Speedy trial and adjournments – Section 344 Cr.P.C

Adjournment is discretionary
Adjournment for an indefinite period

- Shadi Khan – PLD 1978 SC 38

- Muhammad Hussain – PLD 1959 Lah. 322, 329

Duty of Court to prevent abuse or delay

- Muhammad Hussain – PLD 1959 Lah. 322, 329

- Goldsmith – (1977) 2 All ER 566, 574
- Sh. Muhammad Shafiq – 1992 P.Cr.L.J 229
- Sang – (1979) 2 All ER 1222, 1230

Adjournment may be on payment of costs

- Bishmabar – AIR 1926, Lah. 407;

- Sh. Abdul Haq – PLD 1955 FC 401;
- Dr. Manzoor Hussain – (1969) P.Cr. LJ 336

Charge

What is a charge, form and language etc. of charge – Sections 221 to 240
Cr.P.C

- Chittarajan – AIR 1963 SC 1696

- M.Younas Habib Vs. State – PLD 2006 SC 155

Illegality and irregularity – in charge; effect, Sections 225,, 535, 537 Cr.P.C

- M. Younas Habib Vs. State – PLD 2006 SC 155

When the charge is admitted – Section 243 and 265 Cr.P.C plea of double jeopardy
goes to jurisdiction and charge is the stage to raise it – Article 13 of the Constitution;
Section 403 Cr.P.C and Section 26 of the General Clauses Act

- Akhtar Ali – PLD 1963 Lah. 390

Trial before Magistrate – chapter XX Cr.P.C

Trials before High Court and Court of Session – Chapter XXII-A Cr.P.C – General
provision as to trials inquiries – Chapter XXIV Cr.P.C

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Compounding Offences:

- Section 345 Cr.P.C

- Sections 309, 310 etc PPC

Mode of taking and Recording

Evidence – Chapter XXV Cr.P.C.

Right of accused to be present – Section 205, 353 and 540-A Cr.P.C

i) Presence can be dispensed with, Section 265 Cr.P.C

ii) The right can be waived
iii) When the accused has absconded, Section 87 and 88 Cr.P.C
iv) Trial in Absentia

- R V Jones – (2002) 2 All ER 113;

- Mehram Ali – PLD 1998 SC 1445, 1488
- US vs. Gagnon – 470 US 522
- Allen – 397 US 337
- Zulifqar Ali Bhutto Case PLD 1979 SC 39

FIR, its nature and value as evidence in different circumstances;

- Muhammad Ashif – PLD 1957 SC (P) 293;

- Liaqat Ali – 1981 SCMR 1130;
- Nasim Akhtar – PLD 1968 Lah. 841;
- Muhammad Hanif – PLD 1977 Lah.1253;
- Lakhmir – PLD 1968 Q 7;
- Ghulam Qadir – PLD 1967 Pesh. 269

Its use:

- A. Nagesia – AIR 1966 SC 119

- Khalil Ahmed – 1975 SCMR 442; Ismail – 1976 SCMR 135
- Hamid Khan – PLJ 1980 SC 519

By Culprit:
- If it contains confession of guilt against the culprit himself
- Muhammad Saleh – PLD 1965 SC 366
- A. Nagesia – AIR 1966 SC 119
- Against others – Ghandal – PLD 1960 SC 137; Salman Shah PLD 1971 SC 751

Other police statements e.g.

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- One made under Section 161 Cr.P.C can be used for contradicting witness,
Section 162 Cr.P.C
- Police diaries cannot be used as evidence at all; but can be used by the Court,
Section 172, Cr.P.C

Statement by witnesses before Magistrate during investigation:

- Section 164 Cr.P.C read with Section 244-A and 265 J Cr.P.C

Dying declaration before Magistrate, Article 46 of 1984 Order-

- Muhammad Aslam – PLD 1978 SC 298

It is evidence and can form basis of conviction – Reg V Osman (1881) 15 Cox CC 1,
3:
Zarif – PLD 1977 SC 612, 617

Its reliability:

- Bakhsheesh Singh – AIR 1925 Lah.549

- Abdul Razik – PLD 1965 SC 151
- Tawab Khan – PLD 1970 SC 13
- Muhammad Aslam – PLD 1978 SC 298
- Rattan – (1971) All ER 801

Recovery evidence, Section 103 Cr.P.C

Police officials as recovery witnesses:

- Mushtaq Ahmed – PLD 1996 SC 574
- Mir Ahmed – 1995 SCMR 614
- Javed Masih – PLD 1994 SC 314, 324

When Section 103 does not apply

- Mir Ahmed – 1995 SCMR 614

- Kalka – PLD 1958 SC (Ind) 347
- Muhammad Aslam – 1970 SCMR 450
- Sardar Khan – 1998 SCMR 1823

Opinion of investigating officer as to guilt or innocence is inadmissible

Muhammad Iqbal – 1996 SCMR 918

Examination of Accused

Examination of accused without Oath:

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 Under Section 342 Cr.P.C Section 5 Oaths Act, 1873;
At any stage
After prosecution evidence is closed;

Its use Section 342 (3)

Examination under Section 342 is without Oath
Its Object

Amin-ul-Haq – PLD 1952 FC 63, 70;

Abdul Wahab – PLD 1955 FC 88;
Jamal – PLD 1960, Lah. 1192, 1195

Must be read as a whole

Shabbir Ahmed – PLD 1995 SC 343

Examination of accused on Oath, Section 340 (2) Cr.P.C

The accused “shall” give evidence on Oath – Section 340 (2) Cr.P.C to be read with
Article 13 of the Constitution

Their effect is:-

i) the accused cannot be compelled to make statement on Oath; and

ii) no adverse inference can be drawn against him

Mst. Amir Khatoon – PLD 1991 SC 787;

Also see Shah Wali – PLD 1993 SC 32;
And Muhammad Ishaq – PLD 1992 P.Cr.LJ of 2059, 2075

Defence Evidence

The accused has a right to have witnesses and documents summoned in his defense e.g.
Section 265F, and Section 540 Cr.P.C

Power of Court to summon evidence

Section 540 empowers the Court at any stage:

i) to examine any witness at the application of a party; or
ii) even suo motto
But when evidence is essential to the just decision of the case, the Court must summon
the witness
- Muhammad Azam – PLD 1984 SC 95, 118;
- Maulvi Muhammad Jamil – PLD 1965 SC 681
- Rashid Ahmed – PLD 1971 SC 709

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Arguments

Arguments in cases triable by Session Court or High Court, Section 265-G;

Argument in cases tried by Magistrate, no express provision yet the practice is to

hear arguments;

Final Order/Judgment

During trial at any stage:

i) Section 247 Cr.P.C – when the complainant does not appear on the date of
hearing;
ii) Section 248 Cr.P.C when the complainant withdraws the case;
iii) Section 249-A, 2650K Cr.P.C when the Court consider that the charge is
groundless or no probability of conviction
iv) Section 345 Cr.P.C when an offence mentioned in that section has been
compounded

This section, it should be noted, is the result of Islamization. Even murder

cases can now be compounded even in appeal and revision.

At the conclusion of trail:

The Court is to pronounce judgment of conviction; or acquittal, Section 366 to

373 Cr.P.C

The judgment is a written judgment with reasons, Section 366 to 369 Cr.P.C

Copy of judgment of conviction to be supplied, Section 371 Cr.P.C

Judgment of acquittal

And power to award compensation Section 250 Cr.P.C

Judgment of conviction;

And the power to award compensation, Section 544-A Cr.P.C

Conviction and sentencing – difference

Conviction is followed by sentence; no sentence without-conviction –

Abdul Kadir – 1990 PSC 1081

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 Sentencing

General objects are nowhere mentioned; but well-known- Spaziono – 82 LED 2d

340, 353;
As recognized in Islam

Muhammad Bashir – PLD 1982 SC 139, 144

Proportionality; sentence to be proportionate to the offender’s culpability;

South Carolina – 104 L Ed 2d 876

Cuningham (1993) 2 All ER 15, 18
Zafar – 1999 SCMR 2028

On sentence generally

See Access to Justice in Pakistan by Justice (Retd) Fazal Karim, pp 305-314

Disposal of property subject matter of offence at the conclusion of trial Section

517, 522

Appeals

An appeal
i) must be expressly provided; Section 404 Cr.P.C
ii) is a continuation of the original proceeding where a cause is re-heard

- Jamal Shah – PLD 1966 SC 1 50;

- Sabir Shah – PLD 1995 SC 66, 143, 212;
- Rab Nawaz-PLD 1994 SC 858, 866

Re-hearing, its meaning

Calvin – (1979) 2 All ER 440

Appeals

Under Section 408, 410, 411-A Cr.P.C

Against acquittal

By the public prosecutor, Section 417 (1) and Section 411-A Cr.P.C
By the complainant, Section 417 (2) Cr.P.C
By any person aggrieved, Section 417 (2A) Cr.P.C

Powers of appellate Court:

i) It may dismiss an appeal summarily, Section 421, Cr.P.C

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ii) When not so dismissed, record to be summoned and notices be issued – Section
423 (1) and 428
iii) No power to dismiss an admitted appeal for non – appearance;
iv) May suspend operation of order, Section 426 Cr.P.C
v) May dismiss the appeal; Section 423 Cr.P.C
vi) Reverse etc. the order under appeal, Section 423 Cr.P.C

Death of accused, its effect is that appeal abates, Section 431, Cr.P.C

Revision

A revision under Section 435, 439, 439-A Cr.P.C

i) its incidents – Adnan Afal – PLD 1969 SC 187

ii) Scope, Section 438 – Abdul Rehman Bajwa – PLD 1969 SC 187
iii) Is subject to restriction enacted by Section 439 (3); 439 (4), 439 (5)
iv) No second revision lies – Section 439-A and 439 (4)(b) Cr.P.C

Bail

In the context of Articles and 9 of the Constitution

Its meaning and concept; sections 499, 500 Cr.P.C

- Khushi Muhammad – PLD 153 FC 170

- Khurshid Ali Kasuri-PLD 1996 SC 589
- Hakim Ali Zardari-PLD 1998 SC 1, 27

Surety – Chapter XLII Cr.P.C

In bailable cases is a right, Section 496 Cr.P.C

In non-bailable cases is discretionary, Section 497, 498;
Accused persons, Section 407, 498 are confined to them;

- Muhammad Ayub – PLD 1966 SC 1003, 1012

Not to be withheld as punishment-
- Abdul Malik – PLD 1968 SC 349;
- Sikander – 1995 SCMR 387;
“Reasonable Ground”, what is –

- Abdul Malik – PLD 1968 SC 349;

- Nisar Ahmed – PLD 1971 SC 174
“Further Inquiry”, what is –

- Arbab Ali – 1985 SCMR 195;

- Ibrahim – 1985 SCMR 382;
Bail to women, minors, sick persons, Section 497 (1), Proviso;

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 Pre-Arrest Bail

Section 497, 498 and 498-A Cr.P.C;

“Admitted to bail”, meaning –

- Muhammad Ayub – PLD 1966 SC 1003

- Khusi Muhammad – PLD 1953 FC 170;

It is an extraordinary power-

- Hidayatullah – PLD 1949 Lah. 1

- Sadiq Ali – PLD 1966 SC 589;
- Muhammad Khan – PLD 1983 SC 82;
- Zia ul Hassan – PLD 1984 SC 192

Can a bail order be conditional –

e.g. subject to cash security or
that the accused will not make political speeches –

- Mahmood Ali Kasuri – PLD 1963 SC 478;

- Faiz-ur-Rehman Sarkar – 1970 SCMR 175;
- Abdur Rehman – 1985 SCMR 542;

Can the Court refusing pre-arrest bail order arrest –

- Sadiq Ali – PLD 1966 SC 589;

Cancellation of bail, Section 497 (5)

- Tariq Bashir – PLD 1995 SC 34;

- Mushtaq Ahmed – PLD 1966 SC 126

Bail after conviction, Section 426 Cr.P.C

Section 426 is a complete code in itself

- Lal Jarain Das – 72 1A 121;

- Muhammad Ayub – PLD 1966 SC 1003

Relevance of Sections 497, 498;

- Bihar Khan – 1969 SCMR 81;

Habeas Corpus

Under Section 100 Cr.P.C by Magistrate;

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Under Section 552 Cr.P.C power of the Session Judge;
Under Section 491 Cr.P.C power of the High Court;
To be read with Article 199 (1) (b) (i) of the Constitution.

“Judicial Review of Public Actions”

Comments under Article 199 (1)(b)(i) of the Constitution

Double Jeopardy

Section 403 Cr.P.C Article 13 of the Constitution;

The principle – no one shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offence-

- Connely – (1964) 2 All ER 401;

- Alamdar Hussain – PLD 1978 SC 121;

Reading Material

“Judicial Review of Public Actions”

By

Justice (Retd) Fazal Karim,

Comments under Article 13, pp 640-644

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