Error Control

Error detection technique (for error correction retransmission)

Parity check code Check sum code CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Code) Etc.

Error correction technique (Forward error correction/ out of scope of this course)
Repetition code (low channel efficiency) Hamming codes Linear block code Convolution code Turbo code Etc. OPM

Parity check code

odd Parity check code (total no. of bits in a code word must be odd including a parity bit)
Even Parity check code (total no. of bits in a code word must be even including a parity bit) Parity check code can detect only odd number of error in a code. Parity check code cant detect even number of error in a code.
OPM 2

Check sum code

Sum of complement of codes words is determined Complement of the sum code is transmitted along with the code words At receiver the sum code is again determined using the received code words and cross checked with received complemented sum code If the sum codes match means no error in received code words If the sum codes dont match means error in received code words

OPM

CRC code
Code polynomial (formed using data bit stream) generator polynomial is shared between transmitter and receiver Code polynomial is shifted by maximum rank of generator polynomial The shifted code polynomial is divided by generator polynomial and remainder is calculated The remainder is subtracted from the shifted code polynomial, thus the resultant code is divisible by generator polynomial Example: generate CRC code of given information as Frame: 11010110110000, Generator: 10011

OPM

CRC Algorithm

For division and subtraction modulo 2 subtraction (EX-OR operation) is used

OPM

Error correction codes

Error correction codes are having capability to correct error without retransmission of the frame. Thus its also known as forward error correction codes.
Detailed study of these codes is out of scope of this course

OPM

Error Control/ reliable data transmission

Error in data transmission can be controlled by
forward error correction codes Frame retransmission

For frame retransmission its necessary to add sequence number in the frame
Acknowledgement (ACK) and Time-out are reliable data transmission
ACK is a short control frame (header without data) Time-out: sender doesnt receive ACK and after certain time interval retransmits ACK also sent using piggyback to a data frame Some time ACK contains sequence number of expected frame
OPM 7