PCB3053

1

TEST1
SEPTEMBER 2013 SEMESTER
RMS-PAB3053
1

Answer ALL questions from the Question Booklet
[TOTAL: 25 MARKS]
1. a. For the steady state flow in a linear horizontal heterogeneous system show
that the average permeability is given by the following equation:
( )
}
=
L
x K
dx
K
L
0

[4 marks]
b. If the permeability distribution is given by K(x) = a + b x, derive the
expression for the average permeability of the system
[4 marks]
c. For the permeability distribution of (part b), determine the permeabilities
at the inlet and outlet of the system.
[5 marks]
d. Having known that the two end permeabilities K1 and K2 find the average
permeabilities using the following methods:
i. Arithmetic average
ii. Geometric average
iii. Harmonic average
iv. Log-mean average
[4 marks]
e. Which one of the averages of (part d) matches the correct average
permeability of the system.
[2 marks]
f. If K1 = 800 md. and K2 = 320 md and L =5 cm, find the average
permeability and the permeability at distances of 1, 2, and 3 cm from the
inlet of the system
[6 marks]
PCB3053

2

2. For the permeability distribution in Q. 1 with K1 = 800 md and K2 = 320 md and
L=4 cm. If we represent the system by 2 blocks as shown in FIGURE Q2 and if P1 = 2
atm. And P2 = 1 atm.

a. Write the finite difference equation for the middle point of the system.
[5 marks]


b. Use the boundary conditions at the end points to solve for the pressure at
the middle point.

[5 marks]

c. If the analytical pressure distribution for the system with the given linear
permeability distribution is
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
x K
K
K
K
P P
P x P
1
2
1
2 1
1
ln
ln

Calculate the pressure at the middle point of the system

[5 marks]


d. Compare the results of the pressure at the middle point of the system from
numerical and analytical solutions.

[2 marks]


e. How can you improve the numerical solution so it can better approximate
the exact numerical solution

[3 marks]


P = 2atm p= 1atm
FIGURE Q2
[TOTAL: 20 MARKS]
PCB3053

3

3. a. For the linear system shown in FIGURE Q3 with 4 (FOUR) blocks each
having a length of 500 ft and area of 6000 ft
2
, the viscosity, o is 3.0 cp. The
initial pressure is 3200 psia in all blocks. There are two wells in block 1 and
4 and are producing at a constant rate of 700 STB/day. The outer
boundaries of the reservoir are both closed no-flow boundaries. The
porosity is 27.5% for all blocks. Compressibility of the oil and format are
9x10
-6
and 1x10
-6
psia
-1
, respectively. Using a block centered grid and a time
step of 7 days.

i.
Write the finite difference equation for all blocks of the system
[15 marks]

ii.
Arrange the solution in a matrix form AP=b
[5 marks]

iii.
Solve for the pressure at all blocks after 7 (SEVEN) days using
Thomas algorithm (provided in APPENDIX).
[15 marks]




FIGURE Q3


[TOTAL: 35 MARKS]





2500 md 1500 md 1000 md 2000 md
PCB3053

4

4.
The data given in Table Q4 contains the properties of the fluids and rocks of two
reservoirs A and B. Several questions have to be answered in order to run the
simulations
Table Q4




















a.

Rock properties Reservoir A Reservoir B
0.18 0.32
K
x
md 50-55 60-120
K
y
md 58-60 40-120
K
z
md 80-280 30-35
Fault direction N-S No fault
Wells Horizontal, vertical ,
hydraulically fractured
Horizontal and vertical,
very little skin
S
wc
0.15 0.18
Aquifer Medium (R
e
/R
w
=7) Small (R
e
/R
w
<10)
Rock type Sandstone with 5%
shale
Sandstone, no shale
Depth, ft 6000 6000
Area, ac.ft 3500 4200
Thickness, ft 85 256
Fluid Properties

o
, cp 10.5 0.4

w
, cp 0.9 0.9
API 30 55
Initial GOR
SCF/STB
800 4800
Type of oil Medium light oil Volatile oil

Analyze the rock properties and suggest a configuration and the gridding
system for the two reservoirs.

[6 marks]




PCB3053

5

b.
Consider the fluid properties of the reservoirs and decide the type of
simulator for the two reservoirs.

[6 marks]


c.
Compare the two reservoirs and suggest an approach which will allow
you to write one simulator for both reservoirs. Note that the cost of
running simulation must be kept low.


[8 marks]

[TOTAL: 20 MARKS]
- END OF PAPER
PCB3053

6

APPENDIX

In field units
t
P V c
q x
x
P KA
x
b t x
c
c
= + A
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
62 . 5
127 . 1 |

Thomas Algorithm
For a tri-diagonal matrix with diagonals a, b. and c and constant vector d with dimension
N (a
1
= 0 , c
N
= 0)
Eliminate the lower diagonal a, the main diagonal b becomes , the constant vector d
becomes S, and the upper diagonal c remains unchanged as follows

1
= b
1
S
1
= d
1

i
= b
i
c
i-1
. a
i
/
i-1 ;
S
i
= d
i
- S
i-1
.a
i
/
i-1

The resulting matrix will be upper diagonal with diagonals and c and constant vector S.
The last equation is
N
x
N
= S
N
is solved for x
N
Going backward to solve for xi i= N-1, N-2, , 2, 1 using the equation

i
x
i
+ c
i
x
i+1
= S
i

averaging laws:




|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
=
n
n
n
a a a a n H
Averaging Harmonic
a a a a G
Averaging Geometric
1
...
1 1 1 1 1
:
. ...
:
3 2 1
3 2 1







lm
L
L
av
k
k k
k k
k
ging: mean Avera
=

=
0
0
ln ln
log

=
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
=
n
i
i
n n
n
w
a w a w a w a w
W
Averaging Weighted
n
a a a a
A
: Averaging Arithmetic
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
...
:
...