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Cellular Structure and Functions Self-directed Learning E-learning lesson on LMS Cellular structure online MCQ quiz on LMS Cells and Life Exhibition group assignment - Submit models to Bio Lab 1 (7:45-10:30 am OR 2-4 pm) and email Prezi link to respective tutors by this Thursday 28th March Cell And Nuclear Division E-learning to be done only on next Thursday ( AJ learning Day)

CELL MEMBRANE
Animal Cell
Cell surface membrane
Cell surface membrane

Plant Cell

CELL MEMBRANE

CONTENTS

1. 2. 3.

Basic Structure Functions Transport Across the Cell surface membrane (CSM do not use this short form in your answers.)

Buzz with your neighbour

Pg 1

Link from cellular structures.

1. nuclear membrane

Pg 1

2. Golgi apparatus

3. rough ER

4. smooth ER

5. mitochondria

Buzz with your neighbour

Pg 1

CONTENTS

1.
a) b) c) d)

Basic Structure
Phospholipids Proteins Cholesterol Carbohydrates

2. 3.

Functions Transport Across the CSM

BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE

Dynamic, self-aggregating structure.

Pg 1

Held together by non-covalent interactions.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer

Pg 2

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
How is the phospholipid bilayer formed?

Pg 2

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer

Pg 2

Phospholipid molecules are amphipathic.

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Hydrophilic head containing polar phosphate group.

Pg 2

Hydrophobic tail containing non-polar fatty acid chains.

BEHAVIOUR OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN WATER Pg 2

Hydrophilic phosphate head affinity for water Hence face aqueous environment on either side of CSM Hydrophobic hydrocarbon/FA tails point away from the aqueous environment, face inwards

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
How is the phospholipid bilayer formed? The phospholipids are assembled into a bilayer with all the hydrophobic tails sandwiched between the two layers of hydrophilic heads, forming a hydrophobic barrier.

Pg 2

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
There can also be other arrangements when the phospholipids gather together.

Pg 2

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Membranes are FLUID
Phospholipids are free to move Phospholipids move laterally Flip-flop (occasional)

Pg 2

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Pg 2

BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE

Pg 3

Proteins

PROTEINS
Two populations of membrane proteins can be found on the CSM.
Integral/ intrinsic proteins
Peripheral proteins

Pg 3

PROTEINS
Two populations of membrane proteins can be found on the CSM.
Membrane proteins

Pg 3

Integral/ intrinsic proteins

Peripheral proteins

Transmembrane proteins

Other integral proteins

PROTEINS
INTEGRAL/ INTRINSIC PROTEINS Penetrate the hydrophobic core.

Pg 3

PROTEINS
INTEGRAL/ INTRINSIC PROTEINS Penetrate the hydrophobic core a) Transmembrane protein: COMPLETELY span the entire bilayer. b) Other integral proteins extend partway

Pg 3

PROTEINS
INTEGRAL/ INTRINSIC PROTEINS Penetrate the hydrophobic core a) Transmembrane protein: COMPLETELY span the entire bilayer. b) Other integral proteins extend partway

Pg 3

Why are proteins able to stay in the membrane?

PROTEINS
INTEGRAL/ INTRINSIC PROTEINS

Pg 4

Hydrophobic regions of proteins: contains amino acids with hydrophobic R groups undergo hydrophobic interactions with the fatty acid tails of the bilayer

Phenylalanine Tryptophan

PROTEINS
INTEGRAL/ INTRINSIC PROTEINS

Pg 3

Hydrophobic regions of proteins: contains amino acids with hydrophobic R groups undergo hydrophobic interactions with the fatty acid tails of the bilayer

PROTEINS
INTEGRAL/ INTRINSIC PROTEINS

Pg 3

Hydrophilic regions of protein: Attach to microfilaments of cytoskeleton (inside the cell) Attach to fibres of extracellular matrix (outside the cell)

PROTEINS
PERIPHERAL/ EXTRINSIC PROTEINS Not embedded in the bilayer at all

Pg 3

Loosely bound/ float about

Peripheral protein

Peripheral protein

BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE

Pg 4

CHOLESTROL
Helps maintain membrane fluidity. HOW?
Low temperature:

Pg 4

fluidity by disrupting the regular packing of phospholipids hinders solidification

High/ moderate temperature: cholesterol movement. membrane fluidity by restraining phospholipid

BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE

Pg 4

CARBOHYDRATES
Some proteins and lipids have short branching carbohydrate chains

Pg 4

CARBOHYDRATES
Protein+ Carbohydrate GLYCOPROTEIN

Pg 4

Lipid + Carbohydrate GLYCOLIPID

CARBOHYDRATES

Pg 4

Protein+ Carbohydrate GLYCOPROTEIN

Lipid + Carbohydrate GLYCOLIPID

CARBOHYDRATES
This glycolipid is a sugar residue attached to a phospholipid. This glycolipid technically has glycerol component which is part of the phospholipid.

Pg 4

CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates also form the glycocalyx coat, the layer outside of the plasma membrane.

Pg 4

Functions of the glycocalyx: Protection: Cushions the plasma membrane and protects it from chemical injury Immunity to infection: Enables the immune system to recognise and selectively attack foreign organisms Transplant compatibility: Forms the basis for compatibility of blood transfusions, tissue grafts, and organ transplants Cell adhesion: Binds cells together so that tissues do not fall apart Fertilization: Enables sperm to recognize and bind to eggs Embryonic development: Guides embryonic cells to their destinations in the body

FLUID MOSIAC MODEL

Pg 4

The cell surface membrane is described as a FLUID MOSAIC MODEL by Singer and Nicolson in 1972.

FLUID MOSIAC MODEL

The cell surface membrane is described as a

Pg 4

FLUID MOSAIC model

Phospholipid bilayer is a dynamic structure where phospholipids and proteins are in continuous motion.

Fluid:
Phospholipids & proteins are free to move laterally within the membrane & phospholipids are able to move transversely within a layer.

FLUID MOSIAC MODEL

The cell surface membrane is described as a

Pg 4

FLUID MOSAIC model

Phospholipid bilayer is a dynamic structure where phospholipids and proteins are in continuous motion.

Mosaic:
Different proteins are randomly embedded and scattered in the phospholipid bilayer

Fluid:
Phospholipids & proteins are free to move laterally within the membrane & phospholipids are able to move transversely within a layer.

CONTENTS

Basic Structure Functions Transport Across the CSM

FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE

Pg 5

PROTEINS

Transport Enzymatic Signal transduction (as cell surface receptors) Cell-to-cell recognition Intracellular joining Attachment to cytoskeleton
Forms a hydrophobic barrier Compartmentalise the cell.

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER (pg 1)

separate the contents of the cell from the external environment. maintenance of a constant internal environment within the cell.

GLYCOLIPIDS/ GLYCOPROTEINS
(bottom of pg 6)

Signal transduction (as cell surface

receptors)

Cell-to-cell recognition

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: TRANSPORT PROTEINS

Pg 5

Channel proteins are

transmembrane proteins that provide hydrophilic channels for selective passage of small ions & polar molecules (hydrophilic).

Carrier proteins
Shuttle substances by changing shape - May be passive - May be active (requires energy, ATP)

Enable regulation of passage of substances in / out of cell

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: ENZYMATIC PROTEINS

Pg 5

Enzymatic proteins
Embedded in membrane Active site exposed to adjacent solution to bind substrate Can be organised together to carry out sequential steps of a metabolic pathway.

Involvement in a certain metabolic pathway

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: RECEPTOR PROTEINS Signal transduction

Pg 5

Receptor protein embedded in membrane has a: Binding site o exposed to outside of cell o has a specific complementary shape that fits the shape of a ligand (chemical messenger e.g. hormone, growth factor, neurotransmitter)

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: RECEPTOR PROTEINS

Pg 5

Signal transduction
Binding of the ligand: o causes conformational change in receptor protein o relays the signal to the inside of the cell (by binding to cytoplasmic proteins)

Allow cells to sense changes in the external environment and respond to them

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: RECEPTOR PROTEINS

Pg 5

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: RECEPTOR PROTEINS

Pg 5

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: RECEPTOR PROTEINS

Pg 5

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: RECEPTOR PROTEINS

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FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: RECEPTOR PROTEINS

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FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: RECEPTOR PROTEINS

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FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: RECEPTOR PROTEINS

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An example of signal transduction

An example of signal transduction

http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter17/animation__membranebound_receptors_that_activate_g_proteins.html

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: CELL-TO-CELL RECOGNITION

Pg 6

Cell-to-cell recognition
Glycoproteins:

Serve as cell identity markers. Each cell has its own unique specific markers that can be recognised by membrane proteins of other cells. This type of cell-cell binding is usually short-lived as compared to that for intercellular joining.

Enables cell-to-cell recognition (cells to recognize other cells)

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: CELL-TO-CELL ADHESION

Pg 6

Cell-to-cell adhesion
Membrane proteins of adjacent cells attached together forming intercellular junctions. This type of cell-cell binding is usually more long-lasting than that for cell-to-cell recognition.

Enables cell-to-cell adhesion

Why need intercellular joining?

Pg 6 Fig.6e

To organise cells into tissues, organs and organ system

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: ATTACHMENT TO CYTOSKELETON

Pg 6 Fig. 6f

What is cytoskeleton?

Pg 6 Fig. 6f

A network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm Composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments (made up of protein subunits) Functions: Give mechanical support to cell, maintain shape of cell, motility (e.g. microtubules helps direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division, movement of vesicles)

What is the cytoskeleton?

Pg 6 Fig. 6f

FUNCTIONS OF THE CSM: ATTACHMENT TO CYTOSKELETON

Pg 6 Fig. 6f

Attachment to cytoskeleton Membrane proteins may be bonded to components (microfilaments) of the cytoskeleton. Some proteins may also adhere to the extracellular matrix.

Helps maintain cell shape

What is extracellular matrix?Pg 6 Fig. 6f

What is extracellular matrix?Pg 6 Fig. 6f

Substance produced by cells and excreted to the extracellular space within the tissues, serving as a scaffolding to hold tissues together. Composed of proteins and polysaccharides.

What is extracellular matrix?Pg 6 Fig. 6f

ECM

FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE

Pg 5

PROTEINS

Transport Enzymatic Signal transduction (as cell surface receptors) Cell-to-cell recognition Intracellular joining Attachment to cytoskeleton
Forms a hydrophobic barrier Compartmentalise the cell.

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER (pg 1)

separate the contents of the cell from the external environment. maintenance of a constant internal environment within the cell.

GLYCOLIPIDS/ GLYCOPROTEINS
(bottom of pg 6)

Signal transduction (as cell surface

receptors)

Cell-to-cell recognition

CONTENTS

Basic Structure Functions Transport Across the CSM

Transport Across the CSM