DarcyWeisbachequation

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Influiddynamics,theDarcyWeisbachequationisaphenomenologicalequation,whichrelatesthehead lossorpressurelossduetofrictionalongagivenlengthofpipetotheaveragevelocityofthefluid flow.TheequationisnamedafterHenryDarcyandJuliusWeisbach. TheDarcyWeisbachequationcontainsadimensionlessfrictionfactor,knownastheDarcyfriction factor.ThisisalsocalledtheDarcyWeisbachfrictionfactororMoodyfrictionfactor.TheDarcy frictionfactorisfourtimestheFanningfrictionfactor,withwhichitshouldnotbeconfused.[1]

Contents
1Headlossform 2Pressurelossform 3Darcyfrictionfactor 3.1ConfusionwiththeFanningfrictionfactor 4History 5Derivation 6Practicalapplications 7Seealso 8References 9Furtherreading 10Externallinks

Headlossform
Headlosscanbecalculatedwith

where hfistheheadlossduetofriction(SIunits:m) Listhelengthofthepipe(m) Disthehydraulicdiameterofthepipe(forapipeofcircularsection,thisequalstheinternaldiameter ofthepipe)(m) Vistheaveragevelocityofthefluidflow,equaltothevolumetricflowrateperunitcrosssectional wettedarea(m/s) gisthelocalaccelerationduetogravity(m/s2) fDisadimensionlesscoefficientcalledtheDarcyfrictionfactor.[citationneeded]Itcanbefoundfrom aMoodydiagramormorepreciselybysolvingtheModifiedColebrookequation.Donotconfuse thiswiththeFanningFrictionfactor,f.

Pressurelossform
Giventhattheheadlosshfexpressesthepressurelosspastheheightofacolumnoffluid,

whereisthedensityofthefluid,theDarcyWeisbachequationcanalsobewrittenintermsofpressure loss:[2]

wherethepressurelossduetofrictionp(Pa)isafunctionof: theratioofthelengthtodiameterofthepipe,L/D thedensityofthefluid,(kg/m3) themeanvelocityoftheflow,V(m/s),asdefinedabove DarcyFrictionFactora(dimensionless)coefficientoflaminar,orturbulentflow,fD. Sincethepressurelossequationcanbederivedfromtheheadlossequationbymultiplyingeachsideby andg.

Darcyfrictionfactor
SeealsoDarcyfrictionfactorformulae ThefrictionfactorfDorflowcoefficientisnotaconstantanddependsontheparametersofthepipeand thevelocityofthefluidflow,butitisknowntohighaccuracywithincertainflowregimes.Itmaybe evaluatedforgivenconditionsbytheuseofvariousempiricalortheoreticalrelations,oritmaybeobtained frompublishedcharts.ThesechartsareoftenreferredtoasMoodydiagrams,afterL.F.Moody,andhence thefactoritselfissometimescalledtheMoodyfrictionfactor.ItisalsosometimescalledtheBlasiusfriction factor,aftertheapproximateformulaheproposed. Forlaminar(slow)flows,itisaconsequenceofPoiseuille'slawthat=64/Re,whereReistheReynolds numbercalculatedsubstitutingforthecharacteristiclengththehydraulicdiameterofthepipe,whichequals theinsidediameterforcircularpipegeometries. Forturbulentflow,methodsforfindingthefrictionfactorfincludeusingadiagramsuchastheMoody chartorsolvingequationssuchastheColebrookWhiteequation,ortheSwameeJainequation.While thediagramandColebrookWhiteequationareiterativemethods,theSwameeJainequationallowsfto befounddirectlyforfullflowinacircularpipe.

ConfusionwiththeFanningfrictionfactor
TheDarcyWeisbachfrictionfactor,fDis4timeslargerthantheFanningfrictionfactor,f,soattention mustbepaidtonotewhichoneoftheseismeantinany"frictionfactor"chartorequationbeingused.Of thetwo,theDarcyWeisbachfactor,fDismorecommonlyusedbycivilandmechanicalengineers,and theFanningfactor,f,bychemicalengineers,butcareshouldbetakentoidentifythecorrectfactor regardlessofthesourceofthechartorformula.

Notethat

Mostchartsortablesindicatethetypeoffrictionfactor,oratleastprovidetheformulaforthefrictionfactor withlaminarflow.Iftheformulaforlaminarflowisf=16/Re,it'stheFanningfactor,f,andiftheformula forlaminarflowisfD=64/Re,it'stheDarcyWeisbachfactor,fD. WhichfrictionfactorisplottedinaMoodydiagrammaybedeterminedbyinspectionifthepublisherdid notincludetheformuladescribedabove: 1. ObservethevalueofthefrictionfactorforlaminarflowataReynoldsnumberof1000. 2. Ifthevalueofthefrictionfactoris0.064,thentheDarcyfrictionfactorisplottedintheMoody diagram.Notethatthenonzerodigitsin0.064arethenumeratorintheformulaforthelaminar Darcyfrictionfactor:fD=64/Re. 3. Ifthevalueofthefrictionfactoris0.016,thentheFanningfrictionfactorisplottedintheMoody diagram.Notethatthenonzerodigitsin0.016arethenumeratorintheformulaforthelaminar Fanningfrictionfactor:f=16/Re. TheprocedureaboveissimilarforanyavailableReynoldsnumberthatisanintegralpoweroften.Itisnot necessarytorememberthevalue1000forthisprocedureonlythatanintegralpoweroftenisofinterest forthispurpose.

History
HistoricallythisequationaroseasavariantonthePronyequationthisvariantwasdevelopedbyHenry DarcyofFrance,andfurtherrefinedintotheformusedtodaybyJuliusWeisbachofSaxonyin1845. Initially,dataonthevariationoffwithvelocitywaslacking,sotheDarcyWeisbachequationwas outperformedatfirstbytheempiricalPronyequationinmanycases.Inlateryearsitwaseschewedin manyspecialcasesituationsinfavorofavarietyofempiricalequationsvalidonlyforcertainflowregimes, notablytheHazenWilliamsequationortheManningequation,mostofwhichweresignificantlyeasierto useincalculations.However,sincetheadventofthecalculator,easeofcalculationisnolongeramajor issue,andsotheDarcyWeisbachequation'sgeneralityhasmadeitthepreferredone.

Derivation
TheDarcyWeisbachequationisaphenomenologicalformulaobtainablebydimensionalanalysis. Awayfromtheendsofthepipe,thecharacteristicsoftheflowareindependentofthepositionalongthe pipe.Thekeyquantitiesarethenthepressuredropalongthepipeperunitlength,p/L,andthevolumetric flowrate.TheflowratecanbeconvertedtoanaveragevelocityVbydividingbythewettedareaofthe flow(whichequalsthecrosssectionalareaofthepipeifthepipeisfulloffluid). Pressurehasdimensionsofenergyperunitvolume.Therefore,thepressuredropbetweentwopointsmust beproportionalto(1/2)V2,whichhasthesamedimensionsasitresembles(seebelow)theexpressionfor thekineticenergyperunitvolume.Wealsoknowthatpressuremustbeproportionaltothelengthofthe pipebetweenthetwopointsLasthepressuredropperunitlengthisaconstant.Toturntherelationship intoaproportionalitycoefficientofdimensionlessquantitywecandividebythehydraulicdiameterofthe pipe,D,whichisalsoconstantalongthepipe.Therefore,

Theproportionalitycoefficientisthedimensionless"Darcyfrictionfactor"or"flowcoefficient".This dimensionlesscoefficientwillbeacombinationofgeometricfactorssuchas,theReynoldsnumberand (outsidethelaminarregime)therelativeroughnessofthepipe(theratiooftheroughnessheighttothe hydraulicdiameter). Notethat(1/2)V2isnotthekineticenergyofthefluidperunitvolume,forthefollowingreasons.Evenin thecaseoflaminarflow,wherealltheflowlinesareparalleltothelengthofthepipe,thevelocityofthe fluidontheinnersurfaceofthepipeiszeroduetoviscosity,andthevelocityinthecenterofthepipemust thereforebelargerthantheaveragevelocityobtainedbydividingthevolumetricflowratebythewetarea. Theaveragekineticenergytheninvolvesthemeansquarevelocity,whichalwaysexceedsthesquareof themeanvelocity.Inthecaseofturbulentflow,thefluidacquiresrandomvelocitycomponentsinall directions,includingperpendiculartothelengthofthepipe,andthusturbulencecontributestothekinetic energyperunitvolumebutnottotheaveragelengthwisevelocityofthefluid.

Practicalapplications
Inhydraulicengineeringapplications,itisoftendesirabletoexpresstheheadlossintermsofvolumetric flowrateinthepipe.Forthis,itisnecessarytosubstitutethefollowingintotheoriginalheadlossformof theDarcyWeisbachequation

where Vis,asabove,theaveragevelocityofthefluidflow,equaltothevolumetricflowrateperunitcross sectionalwettedarea(m/s) Qisthevolumetricflowrate(m3/s) Awisthecrosssectionalwettedarea(m2). Forthegeneralcaseofanarbitrarilyfullpipe,thevalueofAwwillnotbeimmediatelyknown,beingan implicitfunctionofpipeslope,crosssectionalshape,flowrateandothervariables.If,however,thepipeis assumedtobefullflowingandofcircularcrosssection,asiscommoninpracticalscenarios,then

whereDisthediameterofthepipe Substitutingtheseresultsintotheoriginalformulationyieldsthefinalequationforheadlossintermsof volumetricflowrateinafullflowingcircularpipe

whereallsymbolsaredefinedasabove.

Seealso
Waterpipe HagenPoiseuilleequation

References
1. ^Manning,FrancisS.Thompson,RichardE.(1991),OilfieldProcessingofPetroleum.Vol.1:Natural Gas,PennWellBooks,ISBN0878143432,420pages.Seepage293. 2. ^TheDarcyWeisbachEquation(http://biosystems.okstate.edu/darcy/DarcyWeisbach/Darcy WeisbachEq.htm)byGlennBrown,OklahomaStateUniversity

Furtherreading
DeNevers(1970),FluidMechanics,AddisonWesley,ISBN0201014971 Shah,R.K.London,A.L.(1978),"LaminarFlowForcedConvectioninDucts",Supplement1to AdvancesinHeatTransfer,NewYork:Academic Rohsenhow,W.M.Hartnett,J.P.Gani,E.N.(1985),HandbookofHeatTransferFundamentals (2nded.),McGrawHillBookCompany,ISBN007053554X

Externallinks
TheHistoryoftheDarcyWeisbachEquation (http://biosystems.okstate.edu/darcy/DarcyWeisbach/DarcyWeisbachHistory.htm) Pipepressuredropcalculator(http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/welcometoenggcyclopedia/fluid dynamics/linesizingcalculator)forsinglephaseflows. Pipepressuredropcalculatorfortwophaseflows.(http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/welcometo enggcyclopedia/fluiddynamics/pipepressuredropcalculatorphase) Opensourcepipepressuredropcalculator.(http://pfcalc.sourceforge.net) Webapplicationwithpressuredropcalculationsforpipesandducts(http://www.sizepipe.com) Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DarcyWeisbach_equation&oldid=583684311" Categories: Dimensionlessnumbersoffluidmechanics Equationsoffluiddynamics Hydraulicengineering Hydrogeology Piping Thispagewaslastmodifiedon28November2013at17:09. TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy. WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.