KarlMarx,1867,CapitalVolumeOne,Chapters31,32and33

PartVIII:PrimitiveAccumulation

ChapterThirtyOne

GenesisoftheIndustrialCapitalist

Thegenesisoftheindustrial[1]capitalistdidnotproceedinsuchagradualwayasthatof thefarmer.Doubtlessmanysmallguildmasters,andyetmoreindependentsmall artisans,orevenwagelabourers,transformedthemselvesintosmallcapitalists,and(by graduallyextendingexploitationofwagelabourandcorrespondingaccumulation)into fullblowncapitalists.Intheinfancyofcapitalistproduction,thingsoftenhappenedasin theinfancyofmedievaltowns,wherethequestion,whichoftheescapedserfsshouldbe masterandwhichservant,wasingreatpartdecidedbytheearlierorlaterdateoftheir flight.Thesnail'spaceofthismethodcorrespondedinnowisewiththecommercial requirementsofthenewworldmarketthatthegreatdiscoveriesoftheendofthe15th centurycreated.Butthemiddleageshadhandeddowntwodistinctformsofcapital, whichmatureinthemostdifferenteconomicsocialformations,andwhichbeforetheera ofthecapitalistmodeofproduction,areconsideredascapitalquandmmeusurer's capitalandmerchant'scapital.

"Atpresent,allthewealthofsocietygoesfirstintothepossessionofthecapitalist...he paysthelandownerhisrent,thelabourerhiswages,thetaxandtithegatherertheir claims,andkeepsalarge,indeedthelargest,andacontinuallyaugmentingshare,ofthe annualproduceoflabourforhimself.Thecapitalistmaynowbesaidtobethefirstowner ofallthewealthofthecommunity,thoughnolawhasconferredonhimtherighttothis property...thischangehasbeeneffectedbythetakingofinterestoncapital...anditis notalittlecuriousthatallthelawgiversofEuropeendeavouredtopreventthisby statutes,viz.,statutesagainstusury....Thepowerofthecapitalistoverallthewealthof thecountryisacompletechangeintherightofproperty,andbywhatlaw,orseriesof laws,wasiteffected?"[2]Theauthorshouldhaverememberedthatrevolutionsarenot madebylaws.

Themoneycapitalformedbymeansofusuryandcommercewaspreventedfromturning intoindustrialcapital,inthecountrybythefeudalconstitution,inthetownsbytheguild organisation.[3]Thesefettersvanishedwiththedissolutionoffeudalsociety,withthe expropriationandpartialevictionofthecountrypopulation.Thenewmanufactureswere establishedatWeapons,oratinlandpointsbeyondthecontroloftheoldmunicipalities

1
15103/3

andtheirguilds.HenceinEnglandanembitteredstruggleofthecorporatetownsagainst thesenewindustrialnurseries.

ThediscoveryofgoldandsilverinAmerica,theextirpation,enslavementand entombmentinminesoftheaboriginalpopulation,thebeginningoftheconquestand lootingoftheEastIndies,theturningofAfricaintoawarrenforthecommercialhunting ofblackskins,signalisedtherosydawnoftheeraofcapitalistproduction.Theseidyllic proceedingsarethechiefmomentaofprimitiveaccumulation.Ontheirheelstreadsthe commercialwaroftheEuropeannations,withtheglobeforatheatre.Itbeginswiththe revoltoftheNetherlandsfromSpain,assumesgiantdimensionsinEngland'sAntiJacobin War,andisstillgoingonintheopiumwarsagainstChina,&c.

Thedifferentmomentaofprimitiveaccumulationdistributethemselvesnow,moreor lessinchronologicalorder,particularlyoverSpain,Portugal,Holland,France,and England.InEnglandattheendofthe17thcentury,theyarriveatasystematical combination,embracingthecolonies,thenationaldebt,themodernmodeoftaxation, andtheprotectionistsystem.Thesemethodsdependinpartonbruteforce,e.g.,the colonialsystem.But,theyallemploythepoweroftheState,theconcentratedand organisedforceofsociety,tohasten,hothousefashion,theprocessoftransformationof thefeudalmodeofproductionintothecapitalistmode,andtoshortenthetransition. Forceisthemidwifeofeveryoldsocietypregnantwithanewone.Itisitselfaneconomic power.

OftheChristiancolonialsystem,W.Howitt,amanwhomakesaspecialityofChristianity, says:"ThebarbaritiesanddesperateoutragesofthesocalledChristianrace,throughout everyregionoftheworld,anduponeverypeopletheyhavebeenabletosubdue,arenot tobeparalleledbythoseofanyotherrace,howeverfierce,howeveruntaught,and howeverrecklessofmercyandofshame,inanyageoftheearth."[4]Thehistoryofthe colonialadministrationofHollandandHollandwastheheadcapitalisticnationofthe 17thcentury"isoneofthemostextraordinaryrelationsoftreachery,bribery, massacre,andmeanness"[5]Nothingismorecharacteristicthantheirsystemofstealing men,togetslavesforJava.Themenstealersweretrainedforthispurpose.Thethief,the interpreter,andtheseller,werethechiefagentsinthistrade,nativeprincesthechief sellers.Theyoungpeoplestolen,werethrownintothesecretdungeonsofCelebes,until theywerereadyforsendingtotheslaveships.Anofficialreportsays:"Thisonetownof Macassar,e.g.,isfullofsecretprisons,onemorehorriblethantheother,crammedwith unfortunates,victimsofgreedandtyrannyfetteredinchains,forciblytornfromtheir families."TosecureMalacca,theDutchcorruptedthePortuguesegovernor.Heletthem intothetownin1641.Theyhurriedatoncetohishouseandassassinatedhim,to "abstain"fromthepaymentof21,875,thepriceofhistreason.Wherevertheysetfoot, devastationanddepopulationfollowed.Banjuwangi,aprovinceofJava,in1750 numberedover80,000inhabitants,in1811only18,000.Sweetcommerce!

2
15103/3

TheEnglishEastIndiaCompany,asiswellknown,obtained,besidesthepoliticalrulein India,theexclusivemonopolyoftheteatrade,aswellasoftheChinesetradeingeneral, andofthetransportofgoodstoandfromEurope.ButthecoastingtradeofIndiaand betweentheislands,aswellastheinternaltradeofIndia,werethemonopolyofthe higheremploysofthecompany.Themonopoliesofsalt,opium,betelandother commodities,wereinexhaustibleminesofwealth.Theemploysthemselvesfixedthe priceandplunderedatwilltheunhappyHindus.TheGovernorGeneraltookpartinthis privatetraffic.Hisfavouritesreceivedcontractsunderconditionswherebythey,cleverer thanthealchemists,madegoldoutofnothing.Greatfortunesspranguplikemushrooms inaday;primitiveaccumulationwentonwithouttheadvanceofashilling.Thetrialof WarrenHastingsswarmswithsuchcases.Hereisaninstance.Acontractforopiumwas giventoacertainSullivanatthemomentofhisdepartureonanofficialmissiontoapart ofIndiafarremovedfromtheopiumdistrict.SullivansoldhiscontracttooneBinnfor 40,000;Binnsolditthesamedayfor60,000,andtheultimatepurchaserwhocarried outthecontractdeclaredthatafterallherealisedanenormousgain.Accordingtooneof thelistslaidbeforeParliament,theCompanyanditsemploysfrom17571766got 6,000,000fromtheIndiansasgifts.Between1769and1770,theEnglishmanufactured afaminebybuyingupallthericeandrefusingtosellitagain,exceptatfabulousprices. [6]

Thetreatmentoftheaborigineswas,naturally,mostfrightfulinplantationcolonies destinedforexporttradeonly,suchastheWestIndies,andinrichandwellpopulated countries,suchasMexicoandIndia,thatweregivenovertoplunder.Buteveninthe coloniesproperlysocalled,theChristiancharacterofprimitiveaccumulationdidnot belieitself.ThosesobervirtuosiofProtestantism,thePuritansofNewEngland,in1703, bydecreesoftheirassemblysetapremiumof40oneveryIndianscalpandevery capturedredskin:in1720apremiumof100oneveryscalp;in1744,after MassachusettsBayhadproclaimedacertaintribeasrebels,thefollowingprices:fora malescalpof12yearsandupwards100(newcurrency),foramaleprisoner105,for womenandchildrenprisoners50,forscalpsofwomenandchildren50.Somedecades later,thecolonialsystemtookitsrevengeonthedescendantsofthepiouspilgrim fathers,whohadgrownseditiousinthemeantime.AtEnglishinstigationandforEnglish paytheyweretomahawkedbyredskins.TheBritishParliamentproclaimedbloodhounds andscalpingas"meansthatGodandNaturehadgivenintoitshand."

Thecolonialsystemripened,likeahothouse,tradeandnavigation.The"societies Monopolia"ofLutherwerepowerfulleversforconcentrationofcapital.Thecolonies securedamarketforthebuddingmanufactures,and,throughthemonopolyofthe market,anincreasedaccumulation.ThetreasurescapturedoutsideEuropeby undisguisedlooting,enslavement,andmurder,floatedbacktothemothercountryand werethereturnedintocapital.Holland,whichfirstfullydevelopedthecolonialsystem,in 1648stoodalreadyintheacmeofitscommercialgreatness.Itwas"inalmostexclusive possessionoftheEastIndiantradeandthecommercebetweenthesoutheastand

3
15103/3

northwestofEurope.Itsfisheries,marine,manufactures,surpassedthoseofanyother country.ThetotalcapitaloftheRepublicwasprobablymoreimportantthanthatofall therestofEuropeputtogether."Glichforgetstoaddthatby1648,thepeopleof Hollandweremoreoverworked,poorerandmorebrutallyoppressedthanthoseofall therestofEuropeputtogether.

Todayindustrialsupremacyimpliescommercialsupremacy.Intheperiodof manufactureproperlysocalled,itis,ontheotherhand,thecommercialsupremacythat givesindustrialpredominance.Hencethepreponderantrlethatthecolonialsystem playsatthattime.Itwas"thestrangeGod"whoperchedhimselfonthealtarcheekby jowlwiththeoldGodsofEurope,andonefinedaywithashoveandakickchuckedthem allofaheap.Itproclaimedsurplusvaluemakingasthesoleendandaimofhumanity.

Thesystemofpubliccredit,i.e.,ofnationaldebts,whoseoriginwediscoverinGenoaand Veniceasearlyasthemiddleages,tookpossessionofEuropegenerallyduringthe manufacturingperiod.Thecolonialsystemwithitsmaritimetradeandcommercialwars servedasaforcinghouseforit.ThusitfirsttookrootinHolland.Nationaldebts,i.e.,the alienationofthestatewhetherdespotic,constitutionalorrepublicanmarkedwithits stampthecapitalisticera.Theonlypartofthesocallednationalwealththatactually entersintothecollectivepossessionsofmodernpeoplesistheirnationaldebt.[7]Hence, asanecessaryconsequence,themoderndoctrinethatanationbecomesthericherthe moredeeplyitisindebt.Publiccreditbecomesthecredoofcapital.Andwiththeriseof nationaldebtmaking,wantoffaithinthenationaldebttakestheplaceoftheblasphemy againsttheHolyGhost,whichmaynotbeforgiven.

Thepublicdebtbecomesoneofthemostpowerfulleversofprimitiveaccumulation.As withthestrokeofanenchanter'swand,itendowsbarrenmoneywiththepowerof breedingandthusturnsitintocapital,withoutthenecessityofitsexposingitselftothe troublesandrisksinseparablefromitsemploymentinindustryoreveninusury.The statecreditorsactuallygivenothingaway,forthesumlentistransformedintopublic bonds,easilynegotiable,whichgoonfunctioningintheirhandsjustassomuchhard cashwould.Butfurther,apartfromtheclassoflazyannuitantsthuscreated,andfrom theimprovisedwealthofthefinanciers,middlemenbetweenthegovernmentandthe nationasalsoapartfromthetaxfarmers,merchants,privatemanufacturers,towhoma goodpartofeverynationalloanrenderstheserviceofacapitalfallenfromheaventhe nationaldebthasgivenrisetojointstockcompanies,todealingsinnegotiableeffectsof allkinds,andtoagiotage,inawordtostockexchangegamblingandthemodern bankocracy.

Attheirbirththegreatbanks,decoratedwithnationaltitles,wereonlyassociationsof privatespeculators,whoplacedthemselvesbythesideofgovernments,and,thanksto theprivilegestheyreceived,wereinapositiontoadvancemoneytotheState.Hencethe accumulationofthenationaldebthasnomoreinfalliblemeasurethanthesuccessiverise inthestockofthesebanks,whosefulldevelopmentdatesfromthefoundingoftheBank

4
15103/3

ofEnglandin1694.TheBankofEnglandbeganwithlendingitsmoneytothe Governmentat8%;atthesametimeitwasempoweredbyParliamenttocoinmoneyout ofthesamecapital,bylendingitagaintothepublicintheformofbanknotes.Itwas allowedtousethesenotesfordiscountingbills,makingadvancesoncommodities,and forbuyingthepreciousmetals.Itwasnotlongerethiscreditmoney,madebythebank itself,became.thecoininwhichtheBankofEnglandmadeitsloanstotheState,and paid,onaccountoftheState,theinterestonthepublicdebt.Itwasnotenoughthatthe bankgavewithonehandandtookbackmorewiththeother;itremained,evenwhilst receiving,theeternalcreditorofthenationdowntothelastshillingadvanced.Gradually itbecameinevitablythereceptacleofthemetallichoardofthecountry,andthecentre ofgravityofallcommercialcredit.Whateffectwasproducedontheircontemporariesby thesuddenuprisingofthisbroodofbankocrats,financiers,rentiers,brokers,stock jobbers,&c.,isprovedbythewritingsofthattime,e.g.,byBolingbroke's.[8]

Withthenationaldebtaroseaninternationalcreditsystem,whichoftenconcealsoneof thesourcesofprimitiveaccumulationinthisorthatpeople.Thusthevillainiesofthe VenetianthievingsystemformedoneofthesecretbasesofthecapitalwealthofHolland towhomVeniceinherdecadencelentlargesumsofmoney.SoalsowasitwithHolland andEngland.Bythebeginningofthe18thcenturytheDutchmanufactureswerefar outstripped.Hollandhadceasedtobethenationpreponderantincommerceand industry.Oneofitsmainlinesofbusiness,therefore,from17011776,isthelendingout ofenormousamountsofcapital,especiallytoitsgreatrivalEngland.Thesamethingis goingontodaybetweenEnglandandtheUnitedStates.Agreatdealofcapital,which appearstodayintheUnitedStateswithoutanycertificateofbirth,wasyesterday,in England,thecapitalisedbloodofchildren.

Asthenationaldebtfindsitssupportinthepublicrevenue,whichmustcovertheyearly paymentsforinterest,&c.,themodernsystemoftaxationwasthenecessary complementofthesystemofnationalloans.Theloansenablethegovernmenttomeet extraordinaryexpenses,withoutthetaxpayersfeelingitimmediately,butthey necessitate,as.aconsequence,increasedtaxes.Ontheotherhand,theraisingof taxationcausedbytheaccumulationofdebtscontractedoneafteranother,compelsthe governmentalwaystohaverecoursetonewloansfornewextraordinaryexpenses. Modernfiscality,whosepivotisformedbytaxesonthemostnecessarymeansof subsistence(therebyincreasingtheirprice),thuscontainswithinitselfthegermof automaticprogression.Overtaxationisnotanincident,butratheraprinciple.InHolland, therefore,wherethissystemwasfirstinaugurated,thegreatpatriot,DeWitt,hasinhis "Maxims"extolleditasthebestsystemformakingthewagelabourersubmissive,frugal, industrious,andoverburdenedwithlabour.Thedestructiveinfluencethatitexerciseson theconditionofthewagelabourerconcernsuslesshowever,here,thantheforcible expropriation,resultingfromit,ofpeasants,artisans,andinaword,allelementsofthe lowermiddleclass.Onthistherearenottwoopinions,evenamongthebourgeois

5
15103/3

economists.Itsexpropriatingefficacyisstillfurtherheightenedbythesystemof protection,whichformsoneofitsintegralparts.

Thegreatpartthatthepublicdebt,andthefiscalsystemcorrespondingwithit,has playedinthecapitalisationofwealthandtheexpropriationofthemasses,hasledmany writers,likeCobbett,Doubledayandothers,toseekinthis,incorrectly,thefundamental causeofthemiseryofthemodernpeoples.

Thesystemofprotectionwasanartificialmeansofmanufacturingmanufacturers,of expropriatingindependentlabourers,ofcapitalisingthenationalmeansofproduction andsubsistence,offorciblyabbreviatingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodern modeofproduction.TheEuropeanstatestoreoneanothertopiecesaboutthepatentof thisinvention,and,onceenteredintotheserviceofthesurplusvaluemakers,didnot merelylayundercontributioninthepursuitofthispurposetheirownpeople,indirectly throughprotectiveduties,directlythroughexportpremiums.Theyalsoforciblyrooted out,intheirdependentcountries,allindustry,as,e.g.,Englanddid.withtheIrishwoollen manufacture.OnthecontinentofEurope,afterColbert'sexample,theprocesswasmuch simplified.Theprimitiveindustrialcapital,here,cameinpartdirectlyoutofthestate treasury."Why,"criesMirabeau,"whygosofartoseekthecauseofthemanufacturing gloryofSaxonybeforethewar?180,000,000ofdebtscontractedbythesovereigns!"[9]

Colonialsystem,publicdebts,heavytaxes,protection,commercialwars,&c.,these childrenofthetruemanufacturingperiod,increasegiganticallyduringtheinfancyof ModemIndustry.Thebirthofthelatterisheraldedbyagreatslaughteroftheinnocents. Liketheroyalnavy,thefactorieswererecruitedbymeansofthepressgang.BlasasSir F.M.Edenisastothehorrorsoftheexpropriationoftheagriculturalpopulationfrom thesoil,fromthelastthirdofthe15thcenturytohisowntime;withalltheself satisfactionwithwhichherejoicesinthisprocess,"essential"forestablishingcapitalistic agricultureand"thedueproportionbetweenarableandpastureland"hedoesnot show,however,thesameeconomicinsightinrespecttothenecessityofchildstealing andchildslaveryforthetransformationofmanufacturingexploitationintofactory exploitation,andtheestablishmentofthe"truerelation"betweencapitalandlabour power.Hesays:"Itmay,perhaps,beworthytheattentionofthepublictoconsider, whetheranymanufacture,which,inordertobecarriedonsuccessfully,requiresthat cottagesandworkhousesshouldberansackedforpoorchildren;thattheyshouldbe employedbyturnsduringthegreaterpartofthenightandrobbedofthatrestwhich, thoughindispensabletoall,ismostrequiredbytheyoung;andthatnumbersofboth sexes,ofdifferentagesanddispositions,shouldbecollectedtogetherinsuchamanner thatthecontagionofexamplecannotbutleadtoprofligacyanddebauchery;willaddto thesumofindividualornationalfelicity?"[10]

"InthecountiesofDerbyshire,Nottinghamshire,andmoreparticularlyinLancashire," saysFielden,"thenewlyinventedmachinerywasusedinlargefactoriesbuiltonthesides ofstreamscapableofturningthewaterwheel.Thousandsofhandsweresuddenly

6
15103/3

requiredintheseplaces,remotefromtowns;andLancashire,inparticular,being,till then,comparativelythinlypopulatedandbarren,apopulationwasallthatshenow wanted.Thesmallandnimblefingersoflittlechildrenbeingbyveryfarthemostin request,thecustominstantlysprangupofprocuringapprenticesfromthedifferent parishworkhousesofLondon,Birmingham,andelsewhere.Many,manythousandsof theselittle,haplesscreaturesweresentdownintothenorth,beingfromtheageof7to theageof13or14yearsold.Thecustomwasforthemastertoclothehisapprentices andtofeedandlodgetheminan"apprenticehouse"nearthefactory;overseerswere appointedtoseetotheworks,whoseinterestitwastoworkthechildrentotheutmost, becausetheirpaywasinproportiontothequantityofworkthattheycouldexact. Crueltywas,ofcourse,theconsequence....Inmanyofthemanufacturingdistricts,but particularly,Iamafraid,intheguiltycountytowhichIbelong[Lancashire],crueltiesthe mostheartrendingwerepractisedupontheunoffendingandfriendlesscreatureswho werethusconsignedtothechargeofmastermanufacturers;theywereharassedtothe brinkofdeathbyexcessoflabour...wereflogged,fetteredandtorturedinthemost exquisiterefinementofcruelty;...theywereinmanycasesstarvedtothebonewhile floggedtotheirworkand...eveninsomeinstances...weredriventocommitsuicide.... ThebeautifulandromanticvalleysofDerbyshire,NottinghamshireandLancashire, secludedfromthepubliceye,becamethedismalsolitudesoftorture,andofmanya murder.Theprofitsofmanufacturerswereenormous;butthisonlywhettedtheappetite thatitshouldhavesatisfied,andthereforethemanufacturershadrecoursetoan expedientthatseemedtosecuretothemthoseprofitswithoutanypossibilityoflimit; theybeganthepracticeofwhatistermed"nightworking,"thatis,havingtiredonesetof hands,byworkingthemthroughouttheday,theyhadanothersetreadytogoon workingthroughoutthenight;thedaysetgettingintothebedsthatthenightsethad justquilted,andintheirturnagain,thenightsetgettingintothebedsthatthedayset quiltedinthemorning.ItisacommontraditioninLancashire,thatthebedsneverget cold."

Withthedevelopmentofcapitalistproductionduringthemanufacturingperiod,the publicopinionofEuropehadlostthelastremnantofshameandconscience.Thenations braggedcynicallyofeveryinfamythatservedthemasameanstocapitalistic accumulation.Read,e.g.,thenaveAnnalsofCommerceoftheworthyA.Anderson.Here itistrumpetedforthasatriumphofEnglishstatecraftthatatthePeaceofUtrecht, EnglandextortedfromtheSpaniardsbytheAsientoTreatytheprivilegeofbeingallowed toplythenegrotrade,untilthenonlycarriedonbetweenAfricaandtheEnglishWest Indies,betweenAfricaandSpanishAmericaaswell.Englandtherebyacquiredtheright ofsupplyingSpanishAmericauntil1743with4,800negroesyearly.Thisthrew,atthe sametime,anofficialcloakoverBritishsmuggling.Liverpoolwaxedfatontheslave trade.Thiswasitsmethodofprimitiveaccumulation.And,eventothepresentday, Liverpool"respectability"isthePindaroftheslavetradewhichcomparetheworkof Aikin[1795]alreadyquoted"hascoincidedwiththatspiritofboldadventurewhich

7
15103/3

hascharacterisedthetradeofLiverpoolandrapidlycarriedittoitspresentstateof prosperity;hasoccasionedvastemploymentforshippingandsailors,andgreatly augmentedthedemandforthemanufacturesofthecountry"(p.339).Liverpool employedintheslavetrade,in1730,15ships;in1751,53;in1760,74;in1770,96;and in1792,132.[12]

WhilstthecottonindustryintroducedchildslaveryinEngland,itgaveintheUnited Statesastimulustothetransformationoftheearlier,moreorlesspatriarchalslavery, intoasystemofcommercialexploitation.Infact,theveiledslaveryofthewageworkers inEuropeneeded,foritspedestal,slaverypureandsimpleinthenewworld.

Tantaemoliserat,toestablishthe"eternallawsofNature"ofthecapitalistmodeof production,tocompletetheprocessofseparationbetweenlabourersandconditionsof labour,totransform,atonepole,thesocialmeansofproductionandsubsistenceinto capital,attheoppositepole,themassofthepopulationintowagelabourers,into"free labouringpoor,"thatartificialproductofmodernsociety.[13]Ifmoney,Accordingto Augier,[14]"comesintotheworldwithacongenitalbloodstainononecheek,"capital comesdrippingfromheadtofoot,fromeverypore,withbloodanddirt.[15]

ChapterThirtyTwo

HistoricalTendencyofCapitalistAccumulation
Whatdoestheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital,i.e.,itshistoricalgenesis,resolveitself into?Insofarasitisnotimmediatetransformationofslavesandserfsintowage labourers,andthereforeamerechangeofform,itonlymeanstheexpropriationofthe immediateproducers,i.e.,thedissolutionofprivatepropertybasedonthelabourofits owner.Privateproperty,astheantithesistosocial,collectiveproperty,existsonlywhere themeansoflabourandtheexternalconditionsoflabourbelongtoprivateindividuals. Butaccordingastheseprivateindividualsarelabourersornotlabourers,privateproperty hasadifferentcharacter.Thenumberlessshades,thatitatfirstsightpresents, correspondtotheintermediatestageslyingbetweenthesetwoextremes.Theprivate propertyofthelabourerinhismeansofproductionisthefoundationofpettyindustry, whetheragricultural,manufacturing,orboth;pettyindustry,again,isanessential conditionforthedevelopmentofsocialproductionandofthefreeindividualityofthe labourerhimself.Ofcourse,thispettymodeofproductionexistsalsounderslavery, serfdom,andotherstatesofdependence.Butitflourishes,itletslooseitswholeenergy, itattainsitsadequateclassicalform,onlywherethelaboureristheprivateownerofhis ownmeansoflaborsetinactionbyhimself:thepeasantofthelandwhichhecultivates, theartisanofthetoolwhichhehandlesasavirtuoso.Thismodeofproductionpre

8
15103/3

supposesparcellingofthesoilandscatteringoftheothermeansofproduction.Asit excludestheconcentrationofthesemeansofproduction,soalsoitexcludesco operation,divisionoflaborwithineachseparateprocessofproduction,thecontrolover, andtheproductiveapplicationoftheforcesofNaturebysociety,andthefree developmentofthesocialproductivepowers.Itiscompatibleonlywithasystemof production,andasociety,movingwithinnarrowandmoreorlessprimitivebounds.To perpetuateitwouldbe,asPecqueurrightlysays,"todecreeuniversalmediocrity".Ata certainstageofdevelopment,itbringsforththematerialagenciesforitsowndissolution. Fromthatmomentnewforcesandnewpassionsspringupinthebosomofsociety;but theoldsocialorganizationfettersthemandkeepsthemdown.Itmustbeannihilated;it isannihilated.Itsannihilation,thetransformationoftheindividualizedandscattered meansofproductionintosociallyconcentratedones,ofthepigmypropertyofthemany intothehugepropertyofthefew,theexpropriationofthegreatmassofthepeoplefrom thesoil,fromthemeansofsubsistence,andfromthemeansoflabour,thisfearfuland painfulexpropriationofthemassofthepeopleformsthepreludetothehistoryof capital.Itcomprisesaseriesofforciblemethods,ofwhichwehavepassedinreviewonly thosethathavebeenepochmakingasmethodsoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital. Theexpropriationoftheimmediateproducerswasaccomplishedwithmerciless Vandalism,andunderthestimulusofpassionsthemostinfamous,themostsordid,the pettiest,themostmeanlyodious.Selfearnedprivateproperty,thatisbased,sotosay, onthefusingtogetheroftheisolated,independentlabouringindividualwiththe conditionsofhislabour,issupplantedbycapitalisticprivateproperty,whichrestson exploitationofthenominallyfreelabourofothers,i.e.,onwagelabour.[1] Assoonasthisprocessoftransformationhassufficientlydecomposedtheoldsociety fromtoptobottom,assoonasthelaborersareturnedintoproletarians,theirmeansof laborintocapital,assoonasthecapitalistmodeofproductionstandsonitsownfeet, thenthefurthersocializationoflabourandfurthertransformationofthelandandother meansofproductionintosociallyexploitedand,therefore,commonmeansof production,aswellasthefurtherexpropriationofprivateproprietors,takesanewform. Thatwhichisnowtobeexpropriatedisnolongerthelaborerworkingforhimself,butthe capitalistexploitingmanylabourers.Thisexpropriationisaccomplishedbytheactionof theimmanentlawsofcapitalisticproductionitself,bythecentralizationofcapital.One capitalistalwayskillsmany.Handinhandwiththiscentralization,orthisexpropriationof manycapitalistsbyfew,develop,onaneverextendingscale,thecooperativeformof thelaborprocess,theconscioustechnicalapplicationofscience,themethodical cultivationofthesoil,thetransformationoftheinstrumentsoflaborintoinstrumentsof laboronlyusableincommon,theeconomizingofallmeansofproductionbytheiruseas meansofproductionofcombined,socializedlabor,theentanglementofallpeoplesin thenetoftheworldmarket,andwiththis,theinternationalcharacterofthecapitalistic regime.Alongwiththeconstantlydiminishingnumberofthemagnatesofcapital,who usurpandmonopolisealladvantagesofthisprocessoftransformation,growsthemass

9
15103/3

ofmisery,oppression,slavery,degradation,exploitation;butwiththistoogrowsthe revoltoftheworkingclass,aclassalwaysincreasinginnumbers,anddisciplined,united, organizedbytheverymechanismoftheprocessofcapitalistproductionitself.The monopolyofcapitalbecomesafetteruponthemodeofproduction,whichhassprungup andflourishedalongwith,andunderit.Centralisationofthemeansofproductionand socialisationoflabouratlastreachapointwheretheybecomeincompatiblewiththeir capitalistintegument.Thusintegumentisburstasunder.Theknellofcapitalistprivate propertysounds.Theexpropriatorsareexpropriated. Thecapitalistmodeofappropriation,theresultofthecapitalistmodeofproduction, producescapitalistprivateproperty.Thisisthefirstnegationofindividualprivate property,asfoundedonthelaboroftheproprietor.Butcapitalistproductionbegets, withtheinexorabilityofalawofNature,itsownnegation.Itisthenegationofnegation. Thisdoesnotreestablishprivatepropertyfortheproducer,butgiveshimindividual propertybasedontheacquisitionofthecapitalistera:i.e.,oncooperationandthe possessionincommonofthelandandofthemeansofproduction. Thetransformationofscatteredprivateproperty,arisingfromindividuallabour,into capitalistprivatepropertyis,naturally,aprocess,incomparablymoreprotracted,violent, anddifficult,thanthetransformationofcapitalisticprivateproperty,alreadypractically restingonsocialisedproduction,intosocialisedproperty.Intheformercase,wehadthe expropriationofthemassofthepeoplebyafewusurpers;inthelatter,wehavethe expropriationofafewusurpersbythemassofthepeople.[2]

ChapterThirtyThree

TheModernTheoryofColonisation
Politicaleconomyconfusesonprincipletwoverydifferentkindsofprivateproperty,of whichonerestsontheproducers'ownlabor,theotherontheemploymentofthelabor ofothers.Itforgetsthatthelatternotonlyisthedirectantithesisoftheformer,but absolutelygrowsonitstombonly.InWesternEurope,thehomeofPoliticalEconomy, theprocessofprimitiveaccumulationismoreoflessaccomplished.Herethecapitalist regimehaseitherdirectlyconqueredthewholedomainofnationalproduction,or,where economicconditionsarelessdeveloped,it,atleast,indirectlycontrolsthosestrataof societywhich,thoughbelongingtotheantiquatedmodeofproduction,continuetoexist sidebysidewithitingradualdecay.Tothisreadymadeworldofcapital,thepolitical economistappliesthenotionsoflawandofpropertyinheritedfromaprecapitalistic worldwithallthemoreanxiouszealandallthegreaterunction,themoreloudlythefacts

10
15103/3

cryoutinthefaceofhisideology.Itisotherwiseinthecolonies.Therethecapitalist regimeeverywherecomesintocollisionwiththeresistanceoftheproducer,who,as ownerofhisownconditionsoflabor,employsthatlabortoenrichhimself,insteadofthe capitalist.Thecontradictionofthesetwodiametricallyopposedeconomicsystems, manifestitselfherepracticallyinastrugglebetweenthem.Wherethecapitalisthasathis backthepowerofthemothercountry,hetriestoclearoutofhiswaybyforcethe modesofproductionandappropriationbasedontheindependentlaboroftheproducer. Thesameinterest,whichcompelsthesycophantofcapital,thepoliticaleconomist,inthe mothercountry,toproclaimthetheoreticalidentityofthecapitalistmodeofproduction withitscontrary,thatsameinterestcompelshiminthecoloniestomakeacleanbreast ofit,andtoproclaimaloudtheantagonismofthetwomodesofproduction.Tothisend, heproveshowthedevelopmentofthesocialproductivepoweroflabor,cooperation, divisionoflabor,useofmachineryonalargescale,&c.,areimpossiblewithoutthe expropriationofthelabourers,andthecorrespondingtransformationoftheirmeansof productionintocapital.Intheinterestofthesocallednationalwealth,heseeksfor artificialmeanstoensurethepovertyofthepeople.Herehisapologeticarmourcrumbles off,bitbybit,likerottentouchwood.ItisthegreatmeritofE.G.Wakefieldtohave discovered,notanythingnewabouttheColonies[2],buttohavediscoveredinthe Coloniesthetruthastotheconditionsofcapitalistproductioninthemothercountry.As thesystemofprotectionatitsorigin[3]attemptedtomanufacturecapitalistsartificially inthemothercountry,soWakefield'scolonisationtheory,whichEnglandtriedforatime toenforcebyActsofParliament,attemptedtoeffectthemanufactureofwageworkers intheColonies.Thishecalls"systematiccolonisation".

Firstofall,WakefielddiscoveredthatintheColonies,propermeansofsubsistence, machines,andothermeansofproduction,doesnotasyetstampamanasacapitalistif therebewantingthecorrelativethewageworker,theothermanwhoiscompelledto sellhimselfofhisownfreewill.Hediscoveredthatcapitalisnotathing,butasocial relationbetweenpersons,establishedbytheinstrumentalityofthings.[4]Mr.Peel,he moans,tookhimfromEnglandtoSwanRiver,WestAustralia,meansofsubsistenceand ofproductiontotheamountof50,000.Mr.Peelhadtheforesighttobringwithhim, besides,3,000personsoftheworkingclass,men,women,andchildren.Oncearrivedat hisdestination,"Mr.Peelwasleftwithoutaservanttomakehisbedorfetchhimwater fromtheriver."[5]UnhappyMr.Peelwhoprovidedforeverythingexcepttheexportof EnglishmodesofproductiontoSwanRiver!

FortheunderstandingofthefollowingdiscoveriesofWakefield,twopreliminary remarks:Weknowthatthemeansofproductionandsubsistence,whiletheyremainthe propertyoftheimmediateproducer,arenotcapital.Theybecomecapitalonlyunder circumstancesinwhichtheyserveatthesametimeasmeansofexploitationand subjectionofthelabourer.Butthiscapitalistsouloftheirsissointimatelywedded,inthe headofthepoliticaleconomist,totheirmaterialsubstance,thathechristensthem capitalunderallcircumstances,evenwhentheyareitsexactopposite.Thusisitwith

11
15103/3

Wakefield.Further:thesplittingupofthemeansofproductionintotheindividual propertyofmanyindependentlabourers,workingontheirownaccount,hecallsequal divisionofcapital.Itiswiththepoliticaleconomistaswiththefeudaljurist.Thelatter stuckontopuremonetaryrelationsthelabelssuppliedbyfeudallaw.

"If,"saysWakefield,"allmembersofthesocietyaresupposedtopossessequalportions ofcapital...nomanwouldhaveamotiveforaccumulatingmorecapitalthanhecoulduse withhisownhands.ThisistosomeextentthecaseinnewAmericansettlements,where apassionforowninglandpreventstheexistenceofaclassoflabourersforhire."[6]So long,therefore,asthelabourercanaccumulateforhimselfandthishecandosolong asheremainspossessorofhismeansofproductioncapitalistaccumulationandthe capitalisticmodeofproductionareimpossible.Theclassofwagelabourers,essentialto these,iswanting.How,then,inoldEurope,wastheexpropriationofthelabourerfrom hisconditionsoflabour,i.e.,thecoexistenceofcapitalandwagelabour,broughtabout? Byasocialcontractofaquiteoriginalkind."Mankindhaveadopteda...simple contrivanceforpromotingtheaccumulationofcapital,"which,ofcourse,sincethetime ofAdam,floatedintheirimagination,floatedintheirimaginationasthesoleandfinal endoftheirexistence:"theyhavedividedthemselvesintoownersofcapitalandowners oflabour....Thedivisionwastheresultofconcertandcombination."[7]Inoneword:the massofmankindexpropriateditselfinhonourofthe"accumulationofcapital".Now,one wouldthinkthatthisinstinctofselfdenyingfanaticismwouldgiveitselffullfling especiallyintheColonies,wherealoneexistthemenandconditionsthatcouldturna socialcontractfromadreamtoareality.Butwhy,then,should"systematiccolonisation" becalledintoreplaceitsopposite,spontaneous,unregulatedcolonisation?Butbut"In theNorthernStatesoftheAmericanUnion;itmaybedoubtedwhethersomanyasa tenthofthepeoplewouldfallunderthedescriptionofhiredlabourers....InEngland... thelabouringclasscomposethebulkofthepeople."[8]Nay,theimpulsetoself expropriationonthepartoflabouringhumanityforthegloryofcapital,existssolittle thatslavery,accordingtoWakefieldhimself,isthesolenaturalbasisofColonialwealth. Hissystematiccolonisationisamerepisaller,sinceheunfortunatelyhastodowithfree men,notwithslaves."ThefirstSpanishsettlersinSaintDomingodidnotobtainlabourers fromSpain.But,withoutlabourers,theircapitalmusthaveperished,oratleast,must soonhavebeendiminishedtothatsmallamountwhicheachindividualcouldemploy withhisownhands.ThishasactuallyoccurredinthelastColonyfoundedbyEngland theSwanRiverSettlementwhereagreatmassofcapital,ofseeds,implements,and cattle,hasperishedforwantoflabourerstouseit,andwherenosettlerhaspreserved muchmorecapitalthanhecanemploywithhisownhands."[9]

Wehaveseenthattheexpropriationofthemassofthepeoplefromthesoilformsthe basisofthecapitalistmodeofproduction.Theessenceofafreecolony,onthecontrary, consistsinthisthatthebulkofthesoilisstillpublicproperty,andeverysettleronit thereforecanturnpartofitintohisprivatepropertyandindividualmeansofproduction, withouthinderingthelatersettlersinthesameoperation.[10]Thisisthesecretbothof

12
15103/3

theprosperityofthecoloniesandoftheirinveterateviceoppositiontothe establishmentofcapital."Wherelandisverycheapandallmenarefree,whereevery onewhosopleasescaneasilyobtainapieceoflandforhimself,notonlyislabourvery dear,asrespectsthelabourersshareoftheproduce,butthedifficultyistoobtain combinedlabouratanyprice."[11]

Asinthecoloniestheseparationofthelaborerfromtheconditionsoflaborandtheir root,thesoil,doesnotexist,oronlysporadically,orontoolimitedascale,soneither doestheseparationofagriculturefromindustryexist,notthedestructionofthe householdindustryofthepeasantry.Whencethenistocometheinternalmarketfor capital?"NopartofthepopulationofAmericaisexclusivelyagricultural,exceptingslaves andtheiremployerswhocombinecapitalandlaborinparticularworks.FreeAmericans, whocultivatethesoil,followmanyotheroccupations.Someportionofthefurnitureand toolswhichtheyuseiscommonlymadebythemselves.Theyfrequentlybuildtheirown houses,andcarrytomarket,atwhateverdistance,theproduceoftheirownindustry. Theyarespinnersandweavers;theymakesoapandcandles,aswellas,inmanycases, shoesandclothesfortheirownuse.InAmericathecultivationoflandisoftenthe secondarypursuitofablacksmith,amillerorashopkeeper."[12]Withsuchqueer peopleasthese,whereisthe"fieldofabstinence"forthecapitalists?

Thegreatbeautyofcapitalistproductionconsistsinthisthatitnotonlyconstantly reproducesthewageworkeraswageworker,butproducesalways,inproductiontothe accumulationofcapital,arelativesurpluspopulationofwageworkers.Thusthelawof supplyanddemandoflaboriskeptintherightrut,theoscillationofwagesispenned withinlimitssatisfactorytocapitalistexploitation,andlastly,thesocialdependenceof thelaboreronthecapitalist,thatindispensablerequisite,issecured;anunmistakable relationofdependence,whichthesmugpoliticaleconomist,athome,inthemother country,cantransmogrifyintooneoffreecontractbetweenbuyerandseller,between equallyindependentownersofcommodities,theownerofthecommoditycapitaland theownerofthecommoditylabour.Butinthecolonies,thisprettyfancyistornasunder. Theabsolutepopulationhereincreasesmuchmorequicklythaninthemothercountry, becausemanylabourersenterthisworldasreadymadeadults,andyetthelabour marketisalwaysunderstocked.Thelawofsupplyanddemandoflabourfallstopieces. Ontheonehand,theoldworldconstantlythrowsincapital,thirstingafterexploitation and"abstinence";ontheother,theregularreproductionofthewagelaboureraswage labourercomesintocollisionwithimpedimentsthemostimpertinentandinpart invincible.Whatbecomesoftheproductionofwagelabourersintoindependent producers,whoworkforthemselvesinsteadofforcapital,andenrichthemselvesinstead ofthecapitalistgentry,reactsinitsturnveryperverselyontheconditionsofthelabour market.Notonlydoesthedegreeofexploitationofthewagelabourerremainindecently low.Thewagelabourerlosesintothebargain,alongwiththerelationofdependence, alsothesentimentofdependenceontheabstemiouscapitalist.Henceallthe inconveniencesthatourE.G.Wakefieldpicturessodoughtily,soeloquently,so

13
15103/3

pathetically.Thesupplyofwagelabour,hecomplains,isneitherconstant,norregular, norsufficient."Thesupplyoflabourisalwaysnotonlysmallbutuncertain."[13]"Though theproducedividedbetweenthecapitalistandthelabourerbelarge,thelabourertakes sogreatasharethathesoonbecomesacapitalist....Few,eventhosewhoselivesare unusuallylong,canaccumulategreatmassesofwealth."[14]Thelabourersmost distinctlydeclinetoallowthecapitalisttoabstainfromthepaymentofthegreaterpart oftheirlabour.Itavailshimnothing,isheissocunningastoimportfromEurope,with hisowncapital,hisownwageworkers.Theysoon"cease...tobelabourersforhire; they...becomeindependentlandowners,ifnotcompetitorswiththeirformermastersin thelabourmarket."[15]Thinkofthehorror!Theexcellentcapitalisthasimportedbodily fromEurope,withhisowngoodmoney,hisowncompetitors!Theendoftheworldhas come!NowonderWakefieldlamentstheabsenceofalldependenceandofallsentiment ofdependenceonthepartofthewageworkersinthecolonies.Onaccountofthehigh wages,sayshisdisciple,Merivale,thereisinthecolonies"theurgentdesireforcheaper andmoresubservientlabourersforaclasstowhomthecapitalistmightdictateterms, insteadofbeingdictatedtobythem....Inancientcivilisedcountriesthelabourer,though free,isbyalawofNaturedependentoncapitalists;incoloniesthisdependencemustbe createdbyartificialmeans."[16]

Whatisnow,accordingtoWakefield,theconsequenceofthisunfortunatestateofthings inthecolonies?A"barbarisingtendencyofdispersion"ofproducersandnational wealth.[17]Theparcellingoutofthemeansofproductionamonginnumerableowners, workingontheirownaccount,annihilates,alongwiththecentralisationofcapital,allthe foundationofcombinedlabor.Everylongwindedundertaking,extendingoverseveral yearsanddemandingoutlayoffixedcapital,ispreventedfrombeingcarriedout.In Europe,capitalinvestswithouthesitatingamoment,fortheworkingclassconstitutesits livingappurtenance,alwaysinexcess,alwaysatdisposal.Butinthecolonies!Wakefield tellsandextremelydolefulanecdote.HewastalkingwithsomecapitalistsofCanadaand thestateofNewYork,wheretheimmigrantwaveoftenbecomesstagnantanddepositsa sedimentof"supernumerary"labourers."Ourcapital,"saysoneofthecharactersinthe melodrama,"wasreadyformanyoperationswhichrequireaconsiderableperiodoftime fortheircompletion;butwecouldnotbeginsuchoperationswithlaborwhich,weknew, wouldsoonleaveus.Ifwehadbeensureofretrainingthelaborofsuchemigrants,we shouldhavebeengladtohaveengageditatonce,andforahighprice:andweshould haveengagedit,eventhoughwehadbeensureitwouldleaveus,providedwehadbeen sureofafreshsupplywheneverwemightneedit."[18]

AfterWakefieldhasconstructedtheEnglishcapitalistagricultureandits"combined" labourwiththescatteredcultivationofAmericanpeasants,heunwittinglygivesusa glimpseatthereverseofthemedal.HedepictsthemassoftheAmericanpeopleaswell todo,independent,enterprising,andcomparativelycultured,whilst"theEnglish agriculturallabourerismiserablewretch,apauper....Inwhatcountry,exceptNorth Americaandsomenewcolonies,dothewagesoffreelabouremployedinagriculture

14
15103/3

muchexceedabaresubsistenceforthelabourer?...Undoubtedly,farmhorsesin England,beingavaluableproperty,arebetterfedthanEnglishpeasants."[19]But,never mind,nationalwealthis,onceagain,byitsverynature,identicalwithmiseryofthe people.

How,then,tohealtheanticapitalisticcancerofthecolonies?Ifmenwerewilling,ata blow,toturnallthesoilfrompublicintoprivateproperty,theywoulddestroycertainly therootoftheevil,butalsothecolonies.Thetrickishowtokilltwobirdswithone stone.LettheGovernmentputuponthevirginsoilanartificialprice,independentofthe lawofsupplyanddemand,apricethatcompelstheimmigranttoworkalongtimefor wagesbeforehecanearnenoughmoneytobuyland,andturnhimselfintoan independentpeasant.[20]Thefundresultingfromthesaleoflandatapricerelatively prohibitoryforthewageworkers,thisfundofmoneyextortedfromthewagesoflabour byviolationofthesacredlawofsupplyanddemand,theGovernmentistoemploy,on theotherhand,inproportionasitgrows;toimporthavenothingsfromEuropeintothe colonies,andthuskeepthewagelabourmarketfullforthecapitalists.Underthese circumstances,toutserapourlemieuxdanslemeilleurdesmondespossibles.Thisisthe greatsecretof"systematiccolonisation".Bythisplan,Wakefieldcriesintriumph,"the supplyoflabormustbeconstantandregular,because,first,asnolaborerwouldbeable toprocurelanduntilhehadworkedformoney,allimmigrantlaborers,workingfora timeforwagesandincombination,wouldproducecapitalfortheemploymentofmore laborers;secondly,becauseeverylabourerwholeftoffworkingforwagesandbecamea landownerwould,bypurchasingland,provideafundforbringingfreshlabourtothe colony."[21]ThepriceofthesoilimposedbytheStatemust,ofcourse,bea"sufficient price"i.e.,sohigh"astopreventthelabourersfrombecomingindependent landownersuntilothershadfollowedtotaketheirplace."[22]This"sufficientpricefor theland"isnothingbutaeuphemisticcircumlocutionfortheransomwhichthelabourer paystothecapitalistforleavetoretirefromthewagelabourmarkettotheland.First,he mustcreateforthecapitalist"capital",withwhichthelattermaybeabletoexploitmore labourers;thenhemustplace,athisownexpense,alocumtenensonthelabourmarket, whomtheGovernmentforwardsacrosstheseaforthebenefitofhisoldmaster,the capitalist.

ItisverycharacteristicthattheEnglishGovernmentforyearspractisedthismethodof "primitiveaccumulation"prescribedbyMr.Wakefieldexpresslyfortheuseofthe colonies.Thefiascowas,ofcourse,ascompleteasthatofSirRobertPeel'sBankAct.The streamofemigrationwasonlydivertedfromtheEnglishcoloniestotheUnitedStates. Meanwhile,theadvanceofcapitalisticproductioninEurope,accompaniedbyincreasing Governmentpressure,hasrenderedWakefield'srecipesuperfluous.Ontheonehand, theenormousandceaselessstreamofmen,yearafteryeardrivenuponAmerica,leaves behindastationarysedimentintheeastoftheUnitedStates,thewaveofimmigration fromEuropethrowingmenonthelabormarkettheremorerapidlythanthewaveof emigrationwestwardscanwashthemaway.Ontheotherhand,theAmericanCivilWar

15
15103/3

broughtinitstrainacolossalnationaldebt,and,withit,pressureoftaxes,theriseofthe vilestfinancialaristocracy,thesquanderingofahugepartofthepubliclandon speculativecompaniesfortheexploitationofrailways,mines,&c.,inbrief,themost rapidcentralizationofcapital.Thegreatrepublichas,therefore,ceasedtobethe promisedlandforemigrantlabourers.Capitalisticproductionadvancestherewithgiant strides,eventhoughtheloweringofwagesandthedependenceofthewageworkerare yetfarfrombeingbroughtdowntothenormalEuropeanlevel.Theshamelesslavishing ofuncultivatedcoloniallandonaristocratsandcapitalistsbytheGovernment,soloudly denouncedevenbyWakefield,hasproduced,especiallyinAustralia[23],inconjunction withthestreamofmenthatthegolddiggingsattract,andwiththecompetitionthatthe importationofEnglishcommoditiescauseseventothesmallestartisan,anample "relativesurpluslabouringpopulation",sothatalmosteverymailbringstheJob'snewsof a"glutoftheAustralialabourmarket",andtheprostitutioninsomeplacesflourishesas wantonlyasintheLondonHaymarket.

However,wearenotconcernedherewiththeconditionsofthecolonies.Theonlything thatinterestsusisthesecretdiscoveredinthenewworldbythePoliticalEconomyofthe oldworld,andproclaimedonthehousetops:thatthecapitalistmodeofproductionand accumulation,andthereforecapitalistprivateproperty,havefortheirfundamental conditiontheannihilationofselfearnedprivateproperty;inotherwords,the expropriationofthelaborer.

TranscribedbyZodiac

From:http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867c1/ch31.htm

And:http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867c1/ch32.htm

And:http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867c1/ch33.htm

Course:MarxsCapital,Volume1

15103,Marx,CapitalV1,1867,C31,32,33,Capitalist,Accumulation,Colonialism

8290words

16
15103/3