National Symposium on Affordable Housing, New Delhi 22 July 2013

Affordable Rapid Mass Housing

Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras, Chennai

As of 2012:

Urban Housing Shortage : 18.78 Mi Units Rural Housing Shortage : 40 Mi Units

80 m2 MIG+ : 0.82
Mi Units

LIG: 7.41 Mi Units 50 m2

EWS: 10.55 Mi Units

Affordable?
Annual Income: EWS: Rs 90,000 LIG: Rs 120,000 MIG: Rs 300,000

25 m2 Carpet area

Distribution of 2012 Housing shortage among Economic categories (in Millions)

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OPPORTUNITIES

Earlier Mass Housing was mostly a Government activity

Archaic laws restricted availability of Urban Land for Large Housing Projects
Emphasis on labor orientated Technologies led to lower productivity There were No Incentives for Standardization of Designs & Use of Prefabricated Building Elements High Cost of Capital

Need for Applied Research for Infrastructure Development of India

Affordable housing: design & construction method optimization Technology relevant to India Experience of other countries not directly usable due to high costs Social relevance and acceptability Comprehensive solution to make private & public sectors deliver with reasonable profit

Issues of Concern
Affordability: target clientele Scalability: mass housing, prefabrication, modular construction Sustainability: embodied energy, CO2 emission, recycling

Local availability / scarcity of materials (river sand)

Rapidity in construction Structural stability and strength (earthquake resistance)

Functionality: space utility, lighting, ventilation

Aesthetics Constructability: quality, planning, skill and safety issues Durability: maintenance issues, life of structure Government policies, subsidies
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Recent methods in Housing construction

Precast construction Tunnel form construction Large area formwork construction Lightweight concrete construction Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) housing system GFRG building system

GFRG wall panel (Rapidwall)

an alternative building material, introduced in 1990
3m

Largest light weight wall panel

44 kg/m2

Gypsum plaster, reinforced with chopped glass fibres, 300 350 mm long (0.8 kg/m2)
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Advantages of GFRG Building Systems

reduction in structural weight of building saving of cement, steel, sand, water more carpet area saving of construction time reduction in emission of CO2 effective use of industrial waste product suited for affordable mass housing

Applications

As lightweight load bearing walls As partition infill walls in framed buildings As shear walls* As floor slabs / roof slabs: with reinforced concrete micro beams*.
* Design and construction methodology developed at IIT Madras
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Outcome of R&D work at Structural Engg Lab, IIT Madras, since 2004:

To enable IIT Madras to complete R&D efforts and promote technology transfer, Dept of Science & Technology, Govt of India has recently awarded a project with funding of 11 Rs 13.2 million; additional support from industry.

Axial Loading with Out-of-plane Bending

Recommendation for minimum eccentricity causing out of plane bending: 0.05wall thickness t (6.2 mm for t = 124 mm)
P e

2850 mm

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Design options : positioning of rebars

Presence of rebars in the concrete does not add to the axial strength
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Hysteretic Behaviour

1.02 m Wide panel Subjected to only reverse cyclic load

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 2.02 m wide panels having door opening and subjected to constant axial load & in-plane lateral reversed cyclic loading.

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GFRG Building System ------ G+7 at Mumbai

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With 2-3 GFRG panels a small house can be built which is strong and durable, with living comfort.

By cutting into required sizes, 4 for four walls, 2 pieces as roofing panels for sloped roof, a small house can be built within days
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Mass Housing Using GFRG Panels single storey

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GFRG demo building at IIT Madras (1981 sq ft)

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GFRG demo building at IIT Madras (1981 sq ft) kindly check youtube link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUQEUcB7cMM

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GFRG Demo Building at IIT Madras

Typical floor plan

Built area =1981.3 sq.ft.

PRECAST HOUSING
Ground + 4-floor structure 45 flats each of built-up area 28 square metre Total precast concept

Precast components used

Footings Columns Floor / Roof beams Floor / Roof planks

Wall panels
Stair flights Cup boards Kitchen platforms Water tanks

Precast Technology in Housing

Precast Integral Wall System

Project: Slum rehabilitation housing at Bhoiwada, Mumbai for M/s Omkar Realtors.

Ground Floor: Cast-in-Place construction (H=4.15m) Typical Floors (1-23): Precast Bearing Wall system (H=2.85m)

Tallest Precast Building in India

70 m tall with plan 45.8m 19.69m

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(Photo Courtesy: L&T, Mumbai)

Tallest Precast Building in India

Side Elevation

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Front Elevation

Ground Floor Plan (Cast-in-Situ)

Ground Floor Plan ( 250 and 200 mm thick Walls ; Built-up Area 745 m2)
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Typical Floor Plan (Precast)

Typical Floor Plan (160 mm thick Walls and 150 mm27 thick slabs; Built-up Area 875 m2)

Typical Floor Elements (Precast)

Types of Precast Elements used for construction

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(Courtesy: L&T )

Typical Floor Elements (Precast)

Assembling of one unit with common area (Courtesy: L&T ) 29

Precast Construction Sequence

Sequence of Execution of Precast Portion (Courtesy: L&T )

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Precast Construction

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(Photo Courtesy: L&T, Mumbai )

MECHANIZED FORMWORK SYSTEM

TUNNEL FORM
RCC floor slab & walls cast in one pour Quick stripping & form removal One / two flats in one-day cycle
TISCO Jamshedpur

ALUMINIUM FORMWORK
Light weight Simple connection arrangement Easy to handle More than 100 repetitions

Eliminates use of P & M

Improves Labour productivity

L&T FLEX TABLE SYSTEM

TENEMENTS FOR SLUM REHABILITATION

AT MUMBAI NO. OF HOUSES 5,900

CIDCO MASS HOUSING

KHARGAR, MUMBAI
NO. OF HOUSES 1456

Aluminium Formwork -MIVAN

Cold Form Steel

G+3 CFS House at Raigarh, Chattisgarh, --- J B Infra Pvt Ltd