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Parts of Bridge
Superstructure
Abutment
Pier
Spread Foundation
Abutment
Pier
BridgeLength
PileFoundation
Span Span Span
Flow Chart of Bridge Planning and Design
Primary Survey ------- Topographical survey , Soil survey,
Meteorological survey
Preliminary Design -- Decision of bridge length and span,
(General Planning) Decision of bridge type
Secondary Survey --- Soil condition,
Condition of construction site
Basic Design ---------- Decision of detail structure,
Cost Estimate
Detail Design --------- Design of structural detail, construction
(Actual Design) progress, plan of construction
Construction
Topographical Survey ----- Topographical map
for topography of construction site,
condition of crossroad, railway
Soil Survey ----------------- Boring, standard penetration test,
soil test, groundwater level
measurement, soil profile
for coefficient of soil reaction
Concrete Survey ------------ Cement, water, aggregate,
admixture, concrete plant,
for design and construction of
concrete
Earthquake Survey --------- Earthquake record, earthquake
disaster record for seismic design
Meteorological Survey ---- Observatory record of temperature,
and wind for
temperature change of materials,
wind load
Environmental Survey ----- Flying salinity, pH, past corrosion
condition for durability design
Bridge Planning
Listing of Conditions
Geographical features, the nature of soil,crossing objects,
condition of construction works
Assumption of Bridge Type
Bridge length, span arrangement, types of superstructure
and substructure
Decision of Bridge Type
Overall decision considering safety, construction
convenience, economy, endurance, driving convenience,
maintenance, appearance
Decision of Bridge Length and Span
Decision of Bridge Type ---- Superstructure, Substructure,
Foundation
General drawing
Structural details
Calculation of alignment
Design Procedures
2
Design of Superstructure
Design of Substructure
Structural drawing Structural drawing
Calculation of quantities Calculation of quantities
Design checking
Design Procedures
Set up Design Criteria ---- Structural type, Bridge length,
Span length, Road width,
Design load,
Allowable stress of materials
Design of Deck slab
Design of Girder
Design of Cross Beam
Design of Bearing support
Design Procedures of Superstructure
Selection of Superstructure Types
50 100 150 m
Span
Type
I-shaped girder
Box girder
Truss
Arch
Hollow slab
T-shaped girder
I-shaped girder
Box girder
(Cantilever erection)
Box girder
(with scaffolding)
Hollow slab
Arch
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Selection of Abutment Types
When earth
pressure is reduced
Profiles
Including Follow-
Wall type
Profiles
Selection of Pier Types Selection of Foundation Types
3
Overview of Erection Methods Summary of Erection Method
Overview of Erection Methods Overview of Erection Methods
Overview of Erection Methods Overview of Erection Methods
4
Overview of Erection Methods Overview of Erection Methods
Overview of Erection Methods Overview of Erection Methods
SUBSTRUCTURE
It consist of all elements iequiieu to suppoit the supeistiuctuie anu
oveipass ioauway
Incluues all founuation elements such as columns, wall pieis, footings, pile
caps, piecast oi augei-cast conciete piles, uiilleu shafts, etc.
The substiuctuie can be geneializeu as an abutment oi piei, which can be
maue of conciete, masoniy, stone, steel anuoi timbei.

Components of a Substiuctuie
1. Abutments
2. Pieis
3. Beaiings
4. Peuestals
5. Stem
. Wing wall
7. Footing
8. Piles
9. Sheeting

ABUTMENTS
Aie eaith-ietaining stiuctuies
which suppoit the supeistiuctuie
anu oveipass ioauway at the
beginning anu enu of a biiuge.
Like a ietaining wall the abutments
iesist the longituuinal foices of the
eaith unueineath t he oveipass
ioauway.
It comes in many sizes anu shapes.

PIERS
Stiuctuies which suppoit the
supeistiuctuie at inteimeuiate points
between the enu suppoits.
PIERS, like abutments, come in a vaiiety of
shapes anu sizes which uepenu on the
specific application.

Basic Types of Pieis
1. Bammeiheau
2. Soliu Wall oi uiavity
S. Column Bent
4. Pile Bent

BEARINCS
Aie mechanical systems that tiansmit
the veitical anu hoiizontal loaus of the
supeistiuctuie to the substiuctuie, anu
accommouate movements between the
supeistiuctuie anu the substiuctuie.
Is a component of a biiuge which
typically connects the biiuge pieis to
the biiuge ueck
The use anu functionality of beaiings
vaiy gieatly uepenuing on the size anu
configuiation of the biiuge.




Type of Beaiings
1. Expansion Beaiing
Beaiings allowing both iotation anu longituuinal tianslation
1. Fixeu Beaiing
Those that allow iotation only

PEDESTALS
A peuestal is a shoit column on an abutment oi piei unuei a beaiing that
uiiectly suppoits a supeistiuctuie piimaiy membei.
Noimally peuestals aie uesigneu with uiffeient heights to obtain the
iequiieu beaiing seat eleva-tions.
The teim biiuge seat is also useu to iefei to the elevation at the top
suiface of the peuestal

STEM
A stem is a piimaiy component of the
abutment suppoiting peuestals on top
of a footing.
Its main function is to tiansfei loaus
fiom supeistiuctuie to the founuation.

WINC WALL
A wing wall is a smallei wall attacheu
oi next to a laigei wall oi stiuctuie.
In a biiuge, the wing walls aie aujacent
to the abutments anu act as ietaining
walls. They aie geneially constiucteu
of the same mateiial as those of
abutments.

The wing walls can eithei be attacheu to
the abutment oi be inuepenuent of it.
Wing walls aie pioviueu at both enus of
the abutments to ietain the eaith filling
of the appioaches.

Classifications of Wing Wall
Wing walls can be classifieu
accoiuing to theii position in plan with iespect to banks anu
abutments.
1. Stiaight Wing Walls
They aie useu foi small biiuges, on uiains with low
banks anu foi iailway biiuges in cities (weep holes aie
pioviueu).
2. Splayeu Wing Walls
These aie useu foi biiuges acioss iiveis. They pioviue
smooth entiy anu exit to the watei. The splay is usually 4S.
Theii top wiuth is u.S m, face battei 1 in 12 anu back battei 1
in 6, weep holes aie pioviueu.
S. Retuin Wing Walls
They aie useu wheie banks aie high anu haiu oi fiim.
Theii top wiuth is 1.S m anu face is veitical anu back batteieu
1 in 4. Scoui can be a pioblem foi wing walls anu abutments
both, as the watei in the stieam eioues the suppoiting soil.








FUUTINC
As beaiing tianslate the supeistiuctuies
loau anu the substiuctuie, so in tuin to the
abutment anu the piei footing tiansfei loaus
fiom the substiuctuie to the subsoil
suppoiteu by the soil without piles is calleu
a spreoJ footinq.
The lowest anu suppoiting layei of a
stiuctuie.

Common Founuation Types
1. Spieau Footing
A spieau footing founuation, has a wiuei bottom poition than
the loau-beaiing founuation walls it suppoits. This wiuei pait
"spieaus" the weight of the stiuctuie ovei moie aiea foi gieatei
stability.
2. Piling
When the soil unuei a footing cannot pioviue auequate
suppoit foi the substiuctuie, suppoit is obtaineu thiough the use of
piles, which extenu uown fiom the footing to a stiongei soil layei oi
to beuiock.
S. Biilleu Shaft
Biilleu shafts, also known as caissons, aie typically high-
capacity cast-in-place ueep founuation elements constiucteu using an
augei.
The finisheu founuation element iesists compiessive, uplift
anu lateial loaus. The technique has been useu to suppoit builuings,
tanks, toweis anu biiuges.


PILES
When the soil unuei a footing cannot pioviue auequate suppoit foi the
substiuctuie, suppoit is obtaineu thiough the use of pllex.

SHEETINC
The veitical planks which aie uiiven into the giounu to act as tempoiaiy
ietaining walls peimitting excavation aie known as xheetlng.