MTH 122

Integral Calculus

MTH 122:

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

COURSE GUIDE

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

NOUN

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

Acknowled e!en": I acknowledge previous writers on their field (so e of which are listed for further reading! whose ideas and works have ade it possi"le for e to present # point$ TA#LE OF CONTENT INT%O&UCTION 'H(T )OU 'I** *+(%N IN THI, COU%,+ COU%,+ (IM COU%,+ O-.+CTI/+, 'O%0IN1 TH%OU1H THI, COU%,+ COU%,+ M(T+%I(*, ,TU&) UNIT, T+2T-OO0, (,,+,,M+NT TUTO% M(%0+& (,,I1NM+NT COU%,+ O/+%/I+' INTRODUCTION This course is the second of the two calculus courses that #ou are re3uired to stud#$ In the introduction of calculus4 #ou were infor ed a"out the i portance of the course calculus to hu anit#$ (lso #ou were infor ed a"out those categories of students which need calculus as a working tool for their respective progra es in the National Open Universit# of Nigeria$ Therefore4 in this introduction4 #ou ight not "e told what #ou are alread# fa iliar with a"out the su"5ect calculus$ However4 for e phasis4 the second course of calculus deals with the "ranch of calculus known as 6Integral Calculus7 or 6anti8differential calculus7$ Interestingl#4 this second course in calculus happens to "e the first that was known to the earl# athe aticians in the sense that the stud# of co putation of areas under a curve is older than the stud# of differential calculus$ If #ou know the distance function of a oving o"5ect #ou can find the velocit# "# differentiating the distance functions$ In this place #ou will "e given the velocit# and will "e re3uired to find the distance a "od# travels within a specific interval of ti e$ In other words4 integral calculus deals with the inverse operation of differentiation$ It e9tends the concept of addition to ena"le #ou to find the su of a continuousl# changing 3uantities then integration continues where finding the su of changing 3uantities "# discrete ethod fails$ Thus integral calculus is widel# used in ost situation that re3uires finding the su of 3uantities like co puting the areas under curves4 volu es generated "# rotating certain solids along their a9is of s# etr#4 the length of arc4 work done "# oving a "od# along a straight line etc$

NOUN

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

In this course4 #ou will stud# one of the a5or applications of integral calculus4 learn the co putation of areas under one or ore curves$ In unit 1 #ou will "e introduced to the si ple nu erical ethod of co puting area under a curve$ Then in unit ; the use of integration will "e introduced in finding the areas "ounded "# curves$ The relationship "etween the area under a curve and the definition of definite integration was what lead to the s# "ol < of integration to "e an elongated ,4 where , stands for a su $ (s was done in calculus4 I e phasis has "een placed on the techni3ue of integration so that #ou can narrow #our guess work apprecia"l#$ The solved e9a ples provided throughout in the stud# units will ena"le #ou work through the course effortlessl#$ $HAT YOU $ILL LEARN IN THE COURSE% In this course4 #ou will learn how to co pute areas under a curve$ )ou learn theore (without proof! that connects integration and differentiation and called the inverse operations to each other i$e$ integration is the inverse operation of differentiation$ )ou will use this theore which is known as funda ental theore of integral calculus to develop techni3ues of indefinite integration$ )ou will learn how to use integration to co pute the areas "ounded "# two curves4 the volu e generated "# solid of revolution4 the distance covered "# a oving "od# with a known constant velocit# etc$ COURSE AIM This course ai at developing #our skills in the art of integration with a little effort on #our part$ This is easil# achieva"le "# recalling previous knowledge gained fro calculus I$ Thus in this course4 special techni3ues are introduced that will ake integration ore of a routine than a guess work$ COURSE O#&ECTIVES On successful co pletion of this course4 #ou should "e a"le to i$ ii$ iii$ iv$ v$ vi$ vii$ co pute nu ericall# the area under a curve evaluate definite integrals evaluate indefinite integrals evaluate integrals involving trigono etric functions such as sin94 cos94 tan 94 col9 cosec9 and sec9$ +valuate integrals involving rational functions involve a2=u24 a2=u2 etc$ evaluate integrals involving rational functions of sin94 cos94 tan9 etc$ evaluate integrals involving product functions such as >auCu2 "u4 >au ?18"u >92n etc$

NOUN

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

viii$ i9$ 9$ 9i$ 9ii$

o"tain reduction for ular for certain categories of functions$ co pute area "ounded "# two intersecting curves$ co pute the volu es of solid of revolution find the distance traveled "# a oving o"5ect with a constant velocit#$ co pute the work done "# co pressing or stretching a spring$

COURSE MATERIALS Herewith list of courseA : @ B C D aterials that #ou will need in order to successfull# co plete this

Course 1uide for MTH 111 ,tud# Units for MTH 111 %eco ended list of "ooks (ssign ent file &ates of tutorials4 (ssess ent and +9a ination

COURSE OVERVIE$ There are 2 Mod'le I: Unit 1A Co putation of (reas "# Calculus Unit 2A &efinite Calculus Unit :A Indefinite Integral Unit @A Integration of Transcendental functions Unit BA Integration of Eowers of Trigono etric functions Mod'le II: Unit CA Further Techni3ues of Integration I Unit DA Further Techni3ues of Integration II Unit GA Further Techni3ues of Integration III Unit ;A (pplication of Integration I Unit 1HA (pplication of Integration II SET TE(T#OO)S The following are reco 1$ ended te9t"ooks #ou could "orrow or purchase the A (dditional Mathe atics Eure and (pplied in ,$I$ *ong an odules in this course$ +ach containing B units$

1od an (4 Tal"ert .$F$

NOUN

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(viii!

Tho as 1$-$ and Finne# %$*$ (1;G2!

ICalculus and (nal#tic 1eo etr# Bth +d$ (ddison J 'esle# Eu"lishing Co$ 'orld student series +dition4 *ondon4 ,#dne#4 Tok#o4 Manila %eading$

(i9! @$

,atrino *, K +inar H$ Calculus 2nd +dition .ohn 'ile# K ,ons 1$ New )ork *ondon4 ,#dne#4 Toronto$ Osisiogu U$(4 NwoLu C$%$ et al (2HH1! Osisiogu U$($ (+d! (2HH1! +ssential Mathe atics for (pplied and Manage ent ,ciences$ -estsoft +ducational -ook4 Nigeria$ Funda ental of Mathe atical (nal#sis /ol$ I4 -estsoft +ducational -ooks4 Nigeria$

B$

Funda ental of Mathe atical (nal#sis /ol$ II 4 -estsoft +ducational -ooks4 Nigeria$ ASSIGNMENT FILE AND TUTOR MAR)ED ASSIGNMENT *TMA+ There are at lest : e9ercise at the end of each section of ever# unit$ These e9ercises are there as reinforce ent to each topic studied$ )ou are to do it all alone$ The answers are supplied for self evaluation$ There are two categories of assign ent given throughout this course$ The first are e9ercises given at the end of each section of ever# unit$ These e9ercises are given to reinforce #our understanding of the concept studied$ )ou are re3uired to do it all alone$ The answers to the e9ercises are given in the unit for self evaluation$ This will ake #ou onitor #our progress$ The second are e9ercises given at the end of each unit$ There are at least ten of the $ These are assign ent that #ou ust do and su" it to #our tutor at #our stud# centre$ These assign ents will "e supplied to #ou in #our assign ent files$ E(AMINATION ,nd MAR)ING The final e9a ination for the course M(T 12@ will "e for a duration of 2 hours$ STRATEGIES FOR STUDYING THE COURSE Integration involves finding a function whose denuative is the integrand$ (s such it involves certain level of guess work$ In view of this4 #ou are re3uired to spend uch ti e reviewing #our differential calculus and trigono etr# functions$ Thus

C$

Osisiogu U$($ (+d! (2HH1!

NOUN

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

differential calculus is a necessar# tool #ou need to develop #our skills in techni3ues of integration$ Therefore4 #ou are re3uired to spend @ hours or ore stud#ing each unit$ -ecause of the ti e re3uired to stud# a unit4 this course has "een designed to contain onl# 1H units instead of 2H units$ )ou are re3uired to spend a"out one hour or ore on the solved e9a ples of each unit$ -# doing this4 #ou would have developed enough skills that ost of #our guesses will "e accurate$ 'hile reading through this course4 ake sure that #ou check up an# topic #ou are referred to in an# previous unit #ou have studied$ SUMMARY In this course4 #ou have studied how toA 1$ 2$ :$ @$ B$ C$ D$ Co pute area under a curve as a su of areas of rectangles inscri"ed or circu scri"ed under a curve within a given interval$ (ppl# the funda ental theore of integral calculus in evaluating the definite an indefinite integrals$ To evaluate integrals using "oth standard notation an properties of indefinite integrals$ &erive standard integration for ulas such as ?sinuduM8Cosu=c4 ?1duMInlul=C etc$ +valuate integrals of odd and even powers of cos9 and sin9$ O"tain reduction for ula for ?>a9 Cu8"v d94 ?>99nd9 ?Cosn9 du etc$ +valuate integrals of this t#pe ? du a9=u24 G$ ? du a2=u2 etc ethods

Co pute integrals "# the following (1G! (1;! (2H! (21!

partial fractions co pleting the s3uare half angles for ula and ethod of integration "# parts$

;$

Use definite integration in finding (1! (2! (:! areas under two curves distance traveled "# an o"5ect with a constant velocit# volu es of solid of revolution etc$

NOUN

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

MTH 122: INTEGRAL CALCULUS

COURSE DEVELOPMENT

Course Developer
&r$ U$ ($ Osisiogu

+"on#i ,tate Universit# ("akaliki

Unit Writer
&r$ U$ ($ Osisiogu

+"on#i ,tate Universit# ("akaliki

Programme Leader Dr. Makanjuola Oki

Course Coordinator B. Abiola

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

NOUN

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

CALCULUS II UNIT 1 COMPUTAION OF AREAS #Y CALCULUS TA#LE OF CONTENT 1$H 2$H :$1 :$2 :$: @$H B$H C$H D$H 1%INT%O&UCTION O-.+CTI/+, (%+( UN&+% ( CU%/+ E(%TITION OF ( C*O,+& INT+%N(* COMEUT(TION OF (%+( (, *IMIT, CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%) +2+%CI,+, J TM(, FU%TH+% %+(&IN1 INTRODUCTION One of the earl# athe aticians that atte pted to find the area under a curve was a 1reek na ed (rchi edes$ He used ingenious ethods to co pute the area "ounded "# a para"ola and a chord$ ,ee Fig (1$1!$

In this unit4 #ou will stud# how to develop necessar# tools of calculus to co pute areas under curve as a ere routine e9ercise$ The area under a curve gave "irth to the second "ranch of calculus known as integration$ The tools that will "e developed here will naturall# lead to the definition of integration in the ne9t unit J unit 2$ %ecall that the word to integrate connotes Iwhole ofN which could "e interpreted to ean Ifind the whole area ofN$ This concept is what will "e introduced in this unit and this will "e full# developed in the ne9t unit$

NOUN

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

2%-

O#&ECTIVES (fter stud#ing this unit4 #ou should "e a"le to correctl# i$ ii$ iii$ iv$ appro9i ate area under a curve "# the su of areas of rectangles inscri"ed in the curve$ appro9i ate the area under a curve "# the su of the areas of rectangles circu scri"ed over the curve$ define a partition of a closed interval (a4 "! co pute the e9act value of the area under a curve "# the li iting process$

.%1

AREA UNDER A CURVE )ou are 3uite fa iliar with the co putation of the areas of plane figures such as triangles4 parallelogra trapeLiu 4 regular pol#gons etc$ Interestingl#4 #ou studied in ele entar# geo etr# that the area of a regular pol#gon can "e co puted "# cutting it into triangles and su up the areas of the triangles$ )ou are also aware t hat the area of a circle is r2$ This for ula was derived "# the ethod of li it$ )ou could recall that the li it of the areas of inscri"ed regular pol#gons as the nu "er of sides approaches infinit# is e3ual to the area of the circle$ ,ee Fig$ 1$2 a8c

Inscri"ed pol#gons of @ sides F/ % 1%2,

Inscri"ed pol#gons of C sides F/ % 1%20

Inscri"ed pol#gons of G sides F/ % 1%2c

*et # M f(9! "e a continuous function (see the first course on calculus i$e$ calculus I unit @ for definition of continuous function! of 9 on a closed interval Oa4 "P$ In this case for "etter understanding4 #ou assu e that the f(9! is positive in the closed interval i$e$ f(9! Q H$ for all 2+ Oa4 "P$ Then the pro"le to "e considered is to calculate the area "ounded "# the graph # M f(9! and the vertical lines # M f(a! and # M f("! and "elow "# the 9 J a9is as shown in Fig$ 1$:$

NOUN

1H

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

H a F/ % 1%. "

)ou can start "# dividing the area into n thin strips of unifor width R9 M ("8a! "# lines perpendicular to the 9 J a9is at the end points 9 M a and n 9 M " and an# inter ediate points which can "e nu "ered as 214 224 2n81 (see fig 1$@!$

f(91! f(92! f(9n81!

C F

( & + H a M 2H 21 22 F/ % 1%1

2n82 2n81 2n M"

The su of the areas of these n rectangular strips gives an appro9i ate value for the area under the curve$ To put the a"ove ore athe aticall#4 #ou can define the area of each strip in ter s of f(9! and 9$ 1iven that R9 M 9 1 J a M

NOUN

11

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

92891 M $$ M "89n81$ For e9a ple the area of the rectangular strip (-C& in Fig$ 1$@ a"ove is given asA (rea of (-C& M f(92! $ (9189H! M f(92! R9 E2,!3le: ,uppose f(9! M 928: in Fig 1$B with n M C were a M 24 " M G4 d9 M G82 M C ThereforeA d9 M 1 i$e$ #ou have C rectangular strips$

2 1 1 2 F/ % 1%4 (rea is given as su f(2! R9 f(:! R9 f(@! R9 f(B! R9 f(C! R9 f(D! R9 M M M M M M of 1$1 C$1 1:$1 22$1 ::$1 @C$1 M M M M M M 1 C 1: 22 :: @C : 2 @ : B @ B C D C G

In fig$ 1$@ a"ove the area under the curve is larger than the su of the areas of the inscri"ed rectangular strips nu "ered 1 to C i$e$ su of areas of strips M 1=C=1:=22=::=@C M 121 which is less than area under curve$ E2,!3le: Using the sa e e9a ple ) M 928: use circu scri"ed rectangular strips instead of inscri"ed ones to co pute the area under the curve$ ,ee Fig$ 1$C

NOUN

12

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

1 1 2 (rea is given as the su f(9! $ R9 f(9! $ R9 f(9! $ R9 f(9! $ R9 f(9! $ R9 f(9! $ R9 M M M M M M of M M M M M M C 1: 22 :: @C C1 : 2 @ : B @ C B D C 2 G

C$1 1:$1 22$1 ::$1 @C$1 C1$1

(rea M C=1:=22=::=@C=C1 M 1G1 (s should "e e9pected this area is greater than the area under the curve f(9! M 928:$ In the co putation with the circu scri"ed rectangular strips the sides of the rectangles are assu ed in this case to "e the points of the function in their respective su"intervals$ In the case of the inscri"ed rectangles4 the sides of the rectangles are the ini u values of the function in their respective su"intervals$ Therefore the area under the curve lies "etween the su of the areas of the inscri"ed rectangles and the su of the areas of the circu scri"e rectangles$ This takes to the issue of li it$ Therefore it will "e right to sa# as n S R9 H this i plies that the

NOUN

1:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

*i

(Ma9 (rea J Min (rea! M H as R9

H$

Fro the foregoing4 #ou can now define the area under curve as the li it of the su s of the areas of inscri"ed (circu scri"ed! rectangles as their co on "ase of length d9 approaches Lero and the nu "er of rectangles increases without "ound$ In s# "ols #ou can write the a"ove li it asA ( M li M li O% n81 n ( M li U f(9k! d9 M li U (f9k! d9 n 91 0M1H n 91 0M1 E2e5c/6e: %epeat the a"ove e9a ple using n M 1H$ Find the difference "etween the su of areas of the inscri"ed rectangle (i$e$ the ini u area! and the su of areas of the circu scri"ed rectangles (i$e$ the a9i u area!$ .%2 PARTITION OF A CLOSED INTERVAL *et Oa4 "P "e a "ounded closed interval of real nu "ers$ ( partition of a closed interval Oa4 "P is a finite set of points E M Va M 9H4 914 924 $$4 9n814 9n8"W where a M 9H X 91 X 92 X $$ X 9n814 9n M " E2,!3le: E M VH4 1YC4 1Y:4 Z4 2Y:4 BYC4 1W and [ M VH4 \4 Z4 ]4 1: are "oth partition of VH4 1:W EU[ M VH4 1YC4 \ 4 1Y:4 Z 4 2Y:4 ]4 BYC 1W is a partition of OH4 1P En[ M VH4 Z4 1W is a partition of OH41P ,ee fig$ 1H$C(a! to (c! Of(9H! R9 = f(9D! R9 =$$= f(9n81!P R9 n Of(91! R9 = f(92! f =$$= f(9n81!P R9 n T T

NOUN

1@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

E E H 1YC 1Y: Z 2Y: BYC 1H [ H \ Z ] 1 En[ 1YC \ 1Y: Z 2Y: DY@ BYC

( partition of E M V9H4 914 $$4 9nW of Oa4 "P divides Oa4 "P into n closed su" interval O9H4 91P4 O914 92P4 ^4 O9n814 2nP The closed interval O9r814 9rP is called the rth su"interval of the partition$ 1iven a partition of EOa M 9H4 924 ^4 9n M "P the length of the su"interval s are the sa e and it is denoted "# R9r M 9r8 9r81 This e3ual to the length of the interval Oa4 "P divided "# the nu "er of su"intervals n R9r M " J a n E2,!3le: R9 for p is 1 J H C i$e$

M 1YC

R9 for [ is 1 J H M \ @ Not in all case #ou will get su"intervals of the sa e length$ +9a ple is EU[ The length of 91 J 2H M 1YC J H M 1YC The length of 92 J 21 M \ 8 1YC M 1Y12

NOUN

1B

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

,uch partitions in which the su"intervals are not of the sa e length are called irregular partition$ E2e5c/6e: 'rite down a regular partition for (1! (2! An6: (i! (ii! .%. O24 BY24 CY24 DY24 GY24 ;Y24 1HY24 11Y24 12Y24 1:Y24 1@Y24 1BY2 1CY2P O14 24 :4 @4 B4 C4 D4 GP O24 GP4 n M 12 O14 GP4 n M D

COMPUTATION OF AREAS AS LIMITS In this section #ou will co "ine the results of section :$1 and :$2 to co pute the areas under curves using the li iting process$ E2,!3le ( good starting point is to consider the area under the curve ) M 2 (see Fig$ 1H$D! E E f("!

f(a! E

[ ( a M 91 92 Z 4 9n M "

F/ 1-%7 which the interval 2_ Oa4 "P let there "e n8regular partition of Oa4 "P i$e$ R9 M " J a n E Oa4 914 924 $$4 9n814 9n M "P 91 M a = 99

NOUN

1C

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

92 M a = 2R9 9: M a = :R9 9n81 M a = (n81! R9 (reas of inscri"ed rectangles are f(a! $ R9 f(91! $ R9 f(92! $ R9 $$ f(9n81! R9 ,u M M M M a$R9 (a=R9!$R9 (a=2R9!$ R9 (a=(n81!R9! $ R9

of the areas of the rectangles is given as

M (a $ R9 = (a = R9! = ^ = (a= (n81! R9!$R9 M Oa=((1=2=:=^(n81! d9

n81

M na = (U4 0! R9 ! R9
0M1 n81

(U 0 M (n81!n (The su of an arith etic 1 2 progression with different dM1! ,M O na = (n81!n d9 P d9 2 "ut d9 M " J a therefore n , M Ona = (n81!n " J c! P " J c 2 n n M Oa = " J a n J 1 P (" J a! 2 n Taking li it as n *i , M li n M M T #ou get !

(a = " J a $ n J 1 (" J a! T n T( 2 n (a = " J a! (" J a! li s n J 1 2 n T n (a = (" J a! (" J a ! $ 1

NOUN

1D

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

2 M a = " $ (" J a! 2

In fig$ 1H$G4 the area of trapeLiu ([E- is the sa e as the area under the curve and as #ou know the area of trapeLiu is given asA Z "ase 9 su of two parallel sides M Z (" J a ! 9 f(a! = f("! M Z (" J c! (" = a! E2,!3le Find the area under the graph ) M 9 = 1 H ` 9 ` C Sol'"/on: *et n "e a positive integer that there "e a partition of Oa4 "P into n regular partition$ Thereforea R9 M " n 91 M R9 92 M 2R9 9: M :R9 $$ 9n81 M (n81! R9 C

( O 1 2 91 92 F/ % 1-%8 (rea of (n81! rectangles is given as f(H!$R9 M 1$R9

n81

& 9n81 91 M C

NOUN

1G

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

f(91!$R9 M (R9 = $1! R9 su of areas of rectangles is

, M R9 = (R9=1!R9= (2R9=1! R9=(:Rr=1!R9 = ^ = (n81! R9 =1! R9 M (R9= (R9=1!=(2R9=1! = A (n81!(R9=! R9 M OR9 = n =! n81 kR9P R9 U
0M1

, M OR9 = (n= (n81!n R9P R9 let R9 M l 2 n then , M O"P = O(n = (n81! n "!P " nP O( 2 ! n!P n M " = (1 = " $ n 81! n 2!$" Taking li its as n *i n , M li T

" = " li (1 = " (n81! n 2 n T nJ1T n T

M H = " (1 = "Y2! li n , M " = "2 T 2

E2e5c/6e: ,how that the area of the trapeLiu 1%CONCLUSION In this unit4 #ou have studied how to find an appro9i ate value of the area under a curve "# co puting the su s of areas of rectangles inscri"ed under the cure and circu scri"ed over if #ou have defined a partition of a closed interval$ )ou have studied that as the nu "er of partitions of a closed interval Oa4 "P is increased without "ound the value of the su of the areas of the rectangles (inscri"ed or circu scri"ed! approaches the e9act value of the
NOUN

(-C& in Fig$ 1H$G is e3ual to "("=2! 2

1;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

area under the curve in the given interval Oa4 "P that is the li it of the su of areas of the rectangles is e3ual to the e9act area under the given curve as the nu "er n of partition tends to infinit# or the length d9 of the su"interval of the partition tends to Lero$ 4%SUMMARY In this unit #ou studied how to co pute the ini u value of area under a curve i$e$ su of area of rectangles inscri"ed under a curve within an interval co pute the a9i u value of the area under a curve i$e$ the su of areas of rectangles circu scri"ed over the curve$ define a partition of a closed interval Oa4 "P i$e$ aM 91 X 92 X ^ X 92 M " M EOa4 "P co pute the e9act area under a curve in a given interval Oa4 "P "# taking the li it of the su of the areas of the rectangles (inscri"ed or circu scri"ed! as the nu "er n of partition of Oa4 "P is increased without "ound i$e$ ( M li ?n where d9 M " J a n T n

9%-

E(ERCISE 1$ ,how that the sets VH4 1W VH4 Z4 1W4 VH4 \4 Z4 1W and VH4 1Y@ 4 1Y:4 Z4 BYG4 1W are partition of VH4 1W 2$ :$ 2$ :$ @$ 'hich of the partition of OH4 1P in e9ercise (1! a"ove are regularb Find the ini u and a9i u values of the area under the curve f(9! M 29 for 9cOH4 1P and E(H4 \4 Z4 1! Find the ini u value of the area under the curve f(9!M 18 9 9e OH42P E(H11Y:4 ]4 14 2!$ Find the area under the curve ) M 92 2cOH4 "P "# taking appropriate li its$ Find the area under the curve ) M li its$ 9 a ` 9 ` " "# taking appropriate

NOUN

2H

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

B$ C$ D$ G$

,ketch the graph of ) M 2 = 1$ &ivide the internal into n M C su"intervals with d9 M (" J a!YC$ ,ketch the inscri"ed rectangles$ %epeat U 9 D "ut this ti e sketch the circu scri"ed rectangle$ Co pute the su s of areas in c 9 D and c 9 G a"ove$ Find the area under the curve ) M 9 = 1 a ` " "# taking appropriate li its of results of e9ercise ; a"ove$

NOUN

21

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

UNIT 2 DEFINITE INTEGRAL TA#LE OF CONTENT 1$H 2$H :$H :$1 :$2 @$H B$H C$H D$H 1%INT%O&UCTION O-.+CTI/+, &+FINITION OF TH+ &+FINIT+ INT+1%(* TH+ FUN&N(M+NT(* TH+O%+M OF INT+1%(* C(*CU*U, +/(*U(ION OF &+FINIT+ INT+1%(* CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%) TUTO% M(%0+& (,,I1NM+NT FU%TH+% %+(&IN1 INTRODUCTION In unit 14 #ou studied how to co pute the area under a curve and showed how #ou could esti ate it "# co puting su s of area of rectangles$ Using the a"ove esti ate #ou applied the concept of li it to get the e9act value of the area under a curve$ These ethods were applied to functions or graphs that could easil# "e sketched i$e$ not too co plicated functions$ In this unit4 #ou will "e introduced to the fa ous path taken "# *ei"niL and Newton in showing how e9act areas can "e co puted easil# "# using integral calculus$ It is necessar# #ou refer once ore to unit 1 of this course "efore e "arking on this one$ It will help #ou have a proper grasp of this unit if #ou do so$ 2%O#&ECTIVES (fter stud#ing this unit #ou should "e a"le toA &efine the definite integral of a function within an interval Oa4 "P$ +valuate definite integrals of function$ ,tate the funda ental theore of integral calculus$ .%DEFINITION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL In unit 14 #ou studied that the su of the areas of inscri"ed rectangles gives a lower ( ini u ! appro9i ation of the area under the curve of the function f(9!$ If #ou list all the values of the function f(9! in a given interval Oa4 "P and take the least a ong these value #ou will have what is known as the infi u of f(9! for all 9c Oa4 "P

NOUN

22

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

i$e$ Inf f(9! 2cOa4 "P$ let Inf f(9! M Mr and 2c EOa4 "P when d9r M 9r89r81$ then the area is Mr$ d9r$ The su of such area is (* M U Mr (9r J 9r81! is called the *ower ,u of the function f(9!$ If #ou take the a9i u value of f(9! within Oa4 "P and find their areas i$e$ Mr M ?up f(9! 2c O9r81 9rP then the Upper su for the areas is given as (u M U Mr(9r J 9r81!
rM1

No known concept has "een introduced$ )ou are rewriting su of areas of a rectangles inscri"ed under the curve f(9! as (* M U Mr (9r J 9r81! and the su of areas of rectangles circu scri"ed over f(9! as (u M UMr 9r J 9r81! Once #ou keep the fact #ou will not run into an# difficult# understanding what follow ne9t$ &efinitionA The uni3ue nu "er I which satisfies the ine3ualit# (*(E!` I ` (u(E! for all partitions E of Oa4 "P is called the definite integral (or ore si pl# the integral of f on Oa4 "P and is written asA I M ?"f(9!d9
a

This s# "ol < dates "ack to *ei"niL and it is called he integral sign$ It is an elongated ,4 which represents su $ The nu "ers in this case are called the li its of integration$ The e9pression ?a" f(9! d9 (read integrating fro " to a with respect to 9! In the a"ove definition4 it has "een assu ed that f(9! is continuous in the closed Oa4 "P$ This condition guarantee the e9istence of a nu "er I such that (*(p! ` I ` (*(p! The prove of the a"ove theore could "e found in the te9t suggested for further reading given at the end of this course$ If f(9! d H

I M ?"f(9!d9 M (rea under the curve f(9!

NOUN

2 cOa4 "P then

2:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

E2,!3le 1iven that f(9! M 0

Sol'"/on: *et E M Vu4 9o4 914 924 $$4 9n M "W "e an# partition of Oa4 "P ,ince f(9! M 0 2c Oa4 "P the f(9H! M f(91! M ^ M f(9n! *et (* (E! M U e2r M 0e21 = 0 = e22=$$0e2n M 0(e21 =$$$=e2n! M 0("8a! (lso (u(E! M UMre2r M 0("8a! -ut (*(E! ` ?"f(9!d9 ` (u(E!
a

then 0("8a! ` ?"f(9!d9 ` 0("8a!

a

?"f(9!d9 M 0("8a! E2,!3le 1iven that f(9! M 9 show that ?"9d9 M Z ("28a2!
a

Sol'"/on: *et EVa9o4 914 $$ 4 9n4 M "W "e an ar"itrar# partition of Oa4 "P$ f(9! M 9 for 2c O2r4 2r24P for all such su"intervals$ ,o Mr ` f(9! r 2c O9r4 9rt1P such r and r e9ist for each su"interval$ *et Mr M 9r and r M 9r81 then n n (u(E! M U re9r M U 9re9r
rM1 rM1

M 91(9189o!=92(92891!=^= 9n(9n89r81! and n (*(E! M U re9r M U9r81e9r

r81 r81

M 9o(9189o! = 91(92891! = $$ 9281(989n81! For each inde94 9r81 ` Z (9r = 9r81! ` 9r Therefore

NOUN

2cOa4 "P show that ?"f(9!d9 M 0(" J a!

a

2@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(*(E! ` Z (91=9o! (9189o! = Z (92=91! (92891! = ^= Z (9n=9n81! (9n89r81! ` (u(E! "ut Z (91=9o! (9189o! = Z (92=91! (92891! = $$ = Z (9n=9n81! (2n=2n81! M Z (92 J 92 = 92 J 92 = ^ = 92 J 92n81! M Z (92n J 92o !
1 H 2 2 1 2

(* (E! ` Z (9n J 9o! ` (u(E! (* (E! ` Z ("28a2! ?"9 d9 M Z ("2 8 a2!

a

The following properties of definite integral are here"# stated without their proofs are "e#ond the scope this courseA 1$ 2$ :$ If a X c X " then ?cf(9!d9 = ?"f(9!d9 M ?"f(9!d9
a c a

If a X " then J?"f(9!d9 M ?af(9!d9

a "

? f(9! d9 M H
a

E2,!3le: 1iven that ?1f(9!d9 M C4 ?:f(9!d9 M B

H D 1

? f(9!d9 M 2
:

Find (i! ?Df(9!d9 (ii! ?:f(9!d9

H 1

(iii! ?1f(9!d9 (iv! ?1f(9!d9

1 D

Sol'"/on: (i! ?Df(9!d9

H

?Df(9!d9 M ?tf(9!d9 = ?Df(9!d9

H H 9

let t M : i$e$ ?Df(9!d9 M ?:f(9!d9 = ?7f(9!d9 M B = 2 M D

H H :

NOUN

2B

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(ii! ?:f(9!d9 M ?tf(9!d9 = ?:(9!d9

1 1 H t

let t M H ? f(9!d9 ? f(9!d9 = ?:f(9!d9 M 8C = B M 1

1 1 H

(iii! ?1f(9!d9 M H
1

(iv! ?1f(9!d9 M 8?Df(9!d9 M O?:f(9!d9 = ?Df(9!d9 M 8O81=2P

D 1 1 :

E2e5c/6e: 1iven that ?2f(9!d9 M 24 ?:f(9!d9 M @ and ?@f(9!d9 M D

H H 2

Find (i! ?@f(9!d9 (ii! ?:f(9!d9

H @

(iii! ?2f(9!d9
:

(iv! ?:f(9!d9
2

An6we5: (i! ; .%2

(ii! 8B

(iii! 82

(iv! 2

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS To find the value of the function F(9! M ?"f(9!dt for so e si ple function it
a

could easil# "e evaluated$ +ither "# the li iting process discussed in unit or "# direct evaluation as was done in the previous section$ ,uch process ight prove ver# la"orious for certain classes of functions$ In this section #ou will e9a ine the direct connection "etween differential calculus and integral calculus$ This connection was ade possi"le "# looking at the su ation process of finding areas and volu es and the differentiation process of finding the scope of a target to a curve$ It is 3uite interesting that the process of carr#ing out inverse differentiation #ields an eas# tool of solving the su ation pro"le $ ,o #ou will now discuss the proof of the funda ental theore concept "ehind the theore is that "efore #ou can evaluate a definite integral !"f(9!d9 #ou will first of all find a function Fl(9! whose derivative is f(9!$ i$e$ a F1(9! M f(9! 2c ((4 -!$ )ou will now as first step stud# the proof of the following theore A

NOUN

2C

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

T:eo5e! 1: If f(9! is a continuous function on Oa4 "P4 the function F(9! defined on Oa4 "P "# setting F(9! M ?9f(t! dt
a

is a(i! continuous function on Oa4 "P and (ii! satisfies F1(9! M f(9! for all 9 in (a4 "!$ P5oo;: )ou will "egin with 9c Oa4 "P and show that L/! F(9=h! < F(9! M f(9! 8 h O h In figure 2$1 F(9 =h! M area fro a to 9 = h

f(9! F(9! H a 9 h

f(9=h!

9=h

"

F(9! M area fro a to 9 F(9 = h! 8 F(9! M area fro 9 to 9 = h ((rea M "ase 9 height! F(9 = h! J F(9! M area fro 9 to 9 = h h h

f(9! if h

(note f(9! M height of the area under curve in Fig$ 2$1 If 9 X 9 = h ` " then F(9=h! J F(9! M ?9=hf(t!dt J ?9f(t!dt
a a

(since fro

state ent of theore

F(9! M ?"f(t!dt!
a

It follows therefore that F(9=h! J F(9! M ?9=h(f(t!dt = ?af(t!dt

a 9

M ?9=h(f(t!dt
9

*et Mh M and h M

a9i u value of f(9! on O94 9=hP ini u value of f(9! on O94 9=h P

NOUN

2D

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

since Mh (9=h J 9! M Mh$h and

h

(9=h J 9! M

$h

therefore4 Mh M upper su (see UNIT 1! and h M lower su (see UNIT 1! therefore 9=h f(t!dt ` Mh$h h$h ` ?
9

$h ` F(9=h J F(9! ` Mh$h h

since f(9! is a continuous function on O94 9 = hP therefore *i

h

h thus li h

$h M f(9! M li Mh$h H8 h H8 F(9=h! J F(9! M f(9! $ H h

In a si ilar anner #ou can show that if 2 c (a4 "!4 then *i F(9=h! J F(9! M f(9! I = h H h Now if 9c (a4 "! then e3uation (I! and (II! hold Thus *i H H and li h H therefore F(9=h! J F(9! M f(9! h F(9=h! J F(9! M F1 (9! h F1(9! M f(9!

since F1(9! e9ists then F(9! ust "e continuous on (a4 "!$ -efore #ou prove the funda ental theore of calculus$ *ook at this definition$ De;/n/"/on: ( function F(9! is called an anti8derivative for f(9! on (a$ "! if and onl# if (i! (ii! F(9! is continuous on (a4 "! and F1(9! M f(9! for all 2c (a4 "! 1 as

Using the a"ove definition #ou can rewrite theore

NOUN

2G

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

If f is continuous on (a4 "! then F(9! M ?9f(t!dt The a"ove now sa#s to #ou that #ou can construct or find an anti8derivative for f(9! "# integration f(9!$ The ne9t theore #ou are going to stud# will tell #ou that #ou can evaluate the definite integral ?hf(9!d9 "# finding an a anti8derivative for f(9!$ The Funda ental Theore of Integral CalculusA *et f(9! "e continuous for all 9c (a4 "! If E(9! is an anti8derivative of f(9! for all 9c (a4 "! then ?af(9!d9 M E("! J E(a!
a

P5oo;: In theore

14 the function F(9! M ?9f(t!dt

a

is an anti8derivative for f(9! for all 2c (a4 "!$ If E(9! is another anti8derivative for f(9! for all 9c (a4 "!4 then it i plies that "oth E(9! and F(9! are continuous for all 2c (a4 "! and also will satisf# that E1(9! M F1(9! for all 2c (a4 "!$ There e9ist a constant C such that F(9! J E(9! M C ,ince F1(9! M E1(9! and derivative of a constant is Lero i$e$ F(9! J E(9! M C F1(9! J E1(9! M H ,ince F(a! M H then E(a! = C M H and C M 8E(a! This i plies that F(9! M E(9! J E(a! for all 2c (a4 "! Thus F(h! M E(" J E(a! (9 M "!
a

,ince F("! M ?"f(t!dt M E("!8E(a! which is the re3uired result$ .%. EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL )ou are now set to seek or construct anti8derivates F(9! which will evaluate the definite integral given as ?"f(9!d9

NOUN

2;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

E2,!3le: Find ?"9d9

,

Sol'"/on *et F(9! M Z92 as an anti8derivative Then ?"9d9 M Z ("2 J a2!

a

Find the ?"9nd9 when n is a positive integral the anti8derivative to use is

a

F(9!M

1 9n=1 n=1 ?"9n M F("! J F(a!

a

F1(9! M 9n

M 1 ("n=1 J aa=1! n=1 No","/on: ?"f(9!d9 M OF(9!P" M F("! J F(a!

a " @ @=1 " a

thus ? 9 d9 O 1 9 P M 1YB ("B J aB! a @=1 a E2,!3le: ?2(C9B829:89!d9 *et F(9! M 9C J 29@ J 92 @ 2 then ?2(C9B J 29: J 9!d9 M O9C J 19@ J 92P@ 1 2 2 1 M :;CH$ E2,!3le: +valuate the following integrals "# appl#ing the funda ental theore $ (i! ?H(981! (982!d9

NOUN

:H

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(ii! (iii! (iv! (v! (vi! (vii! (viii! (i9! (9!

?D d9 : (982!2 ?1(9:Y@ = Z 9 Z ! d9
o

?;(a2 9 J 9@ !d9
a

? # $ 9d9 1 9: G ? (t J 1!dt 1 t2 : ? C J tdt

1

?292(981!d9
1

?%9=1d9
1

?1(981!1Dd9
H

Sol'"/on: To evaluate ?H(981! (981!d9

8:

#ou e9pand the function (9 8 1! (9 81! M 92 J 29 = 1 (i! ?:(981! (981!d9 M ?:(92829=1! d9

H H

let F(9! M 1Y: 9: 8 92 = 9 serve as anti8derivative therefore ?: (92829=1! M O1Y:9: J 92 = 9P: M :

H H

(ii!

?D d9 : (982! construct a function with derivative as 1 it is not difficult to see that (982!2 d 8 d9 1 982! 1 (982!2

NOUN

:1

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

thereforeA ?Dd9 M O8 1 PD M G8 : (982! O 982P: 1H (iii! ?1(9:Y@ = Z 9 Z !d9

H

let F(9! M @YD9:Y@ = Z 9 Z ! M @YD 9 DY@ = 1Y: 9 :Y2 therefore ?1(9:Y@ = Z 9 Z ! M O @YD 9DY@ = 1Y: 9:Y@!1 M 1;
H H

(iv!

?;(a292 J 9@!d9
H

let F(9! M (a29:8 9B! : B a 2 2 @ 2 : ? (a 9 89 !d9 M Oa 9 J 9B Pa : B PH : : B Ma9 8a : B (v! ?: 2 J 9 d9 M ?:(2 J 1!d9 1 9: *et F(9! M 1 8 1 9 92 then ?:2 J 9 M O1 J 1 P: M ; 1 9: O9 92P1 2 (vi! ?G(+ J 1Yt2!dt *et F(t! M 2t:Y2 = 1 : t G 2 :Y2 ? t J 1Yt M O2t = 1 PG M :22 J :D 1 O: t P1 : 2@ (vii! ?:(C J t !dt M ?:(C J 1!dt 1 @ 1 @ t t t: F(t! M 1 J 2 ?:(C J 1!dt M O1 J 2P: M @H 1 @ t t: 2t2 t:P1 2D

NOUN

:2

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(9!

?2(9 J 1! 92 d9 M ?2(9: J 92!d9

1 1 @J :

F(9! M 9 9 @ : ?2(9: J 9!d9 M O9@ J 9:P2 M 1D O@ :P 1 12 (9i! ?@9 = 1d9

1

F(9! M 2Y:(9 = 1!:Y2 then ?@9 = 1 M O2Y:(9 = 1!:Y2P@ M 1HB 8@2 1 1 : : (9ii! ?1(9 J 1!Dd9 F(9! 1(9 J 1!G G thereforeA ?1(9 J 1!D M O1(9 J 1!GP1 M H OG PH 1%-

81 G

CONCLUSION: In this unit4 #ou have studied how to define a definite integral$ )ou have seen the connection "etween the su ation process of finding the area under a curve and the differentiation of the function representing the area under the curve$ )ou have studied that the funda ental theore of integral calculus is the "ridge "etween the su ation process and the differentiation process i$e$ #ou can find the area under a curve "# finding an anti8derivative for the curve$ )ou have applied the theore in evaluation of definite integrals$ SUMMARY: )ou have studied the following in this unitA 1$ 2$ How to define a definite integral How to evaluate definite4 integral using the following propertiesA (i!
a

4%-

?af M H4 (ii! ?"f = ?c M ?c and (iii! ?"f M 8?a f

a " a a "

:$ 9%-

How to appl# the funda ental theore of integral calculus in evaluating the definite integral of rational functions$

TUTOR MAR)ED ASSIGNMENTS

NOUN

::

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

+valuate the following integrals "# appl#ing the funda ental theore integral calculus$ (1! (2! (:! (@! (B! (C! (D! (G! (;! (1H! ?1(@9 J :!d9
H

of

(11! ?2(9 J 1!d9 1 9 (12! ?2(:t = @t2!dt

1

?HB9 J :d9
1

?1(:9 = 2!d9
H

(1:! ?:(92 = 1!d9 1 92 (1@! ?192(9 J 1!d9

H

fB9 ?a(9 J a!2d9

8c

(1B! ?@(t: J t!dt

1

?2(B = t9!d9
1

(1C! ?1(9 = 1! (9 J 2!d9

82

?2(1 J 9!d9
H

(1D! ?2981Y2d9
1

?8t(1 = 9! d9 8@ 92 ?811 82 @ 9 ?2(: = 29 J 92!d9

82

(1G! ?22(9 = :!d9 1 9: (1;! ?:(9 = 1!2 1 9 (2H! ?:(2v 8 :v!dv

2

UNIT .: 1$H 2$H :$H

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

INT%O&UCTION O-.+CTI/+, IN&+FINIT+ INT+1%(TION

NOUN

:@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

:$1 :$2 @$H B$H C$H D$H 1%-

E%OE+%TI+, OF IN&+FINIT+ INT+1%(TION (EE*IC(TION OF IN&+FINIT+ INT+1%(TION CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%) TUTO% M(%0+& (,,I1NM+NT FU%TH+% %+(&IN1 INTRODUCTION )ou have studied rules for differentiation of various functions such as pol#no ids functions4 rational functions4 trigono etric function of sines4 cosines4 tangent etc$ h#per"olic functions and then inverses4 e9ponent and logarith functions$ (ll these #ou studied in the first course in calculus$ However4 the reverse process i$e$ anti8differentiation is so e how not as straight forward process as the differentiation$ The reasons "eing that there are no s#ste atic rules or procedures for anti8differentiation$ %ather success on techni3ues of anti8differentiation depends uch ore on #our fa iliarit# with differentiation itself$ ,o "efore e "arking on the stud# of this unit4 it ight "e worth the ti e to practice so e of the differentiation in calculus I$ &o not "e discouraged when #ou co e across functions whose derivatives are not ver# co on$ In this unit and su"se3uent ones #ou will stud# so e "asic ethods of anti8differentiation$

2%-

O#&ECTIVES (fter stud#ing this unit4 #ou should "e a"le toA (i! (ii! (iii! (iv! (v! evaluate indefinite integral as anti8differentiation$ %ecall notations for integration and %ecall properties of indefinite integration +valuate indefinite integrals using the properties of indefinite integration$ Integrate differential e3uations that are separa"le$

.%-

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION In this section an infor al definition of what is anti8differentiation will "e given$ ,uppose that the derivative of the function is given asA d# M f(9! d9 and #ou were asked to find the function # M F(9!$ For e9a ple #ou are given the differential e3uation$ d# M 29$

NOUN

:B

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

d9 Fro #our e9perience with differentiation #ou can easil# know that # M 92 since d# M 29 d9 Interestingl#4 it is not onl# # M 92 that can "e differentiated to give d# M 29$ d9 Other function like # M 928 14 # M 92 = 24 # M 92 = a4 # M 92 = @ can "e differentiated to #ield d# M 29 d9 In general an# function of this for # M 92 = c4 where C is an# constant will #ield a differential e3uation of this t#pe d# M 29 d9 )ou are now read# to take this definition$ De;/n/"/on 1: (n e3uation such as d# M f(9! which specifies the derivative as d9 a function of 9 (or as a function of 9 and #! is called a differential e3uation$ For e9a ple d# M sine d9 is differential e3uation De;/n/"/on 2: ( function # M F(9! is called a solution of the differential e3uation d# M f(9! if over do ain aX9c" F(9! is differentia"le and d9 d F(9! M F1(9! M f(9! d9 in this case F(9! is called an integral of f(9! with respect to 9$ De;/n/"/on .: If F(9! is an integral of the function f(9! with respect to 9 so is the function F(9! = C an integral of f(9! with respect to 94 where c is an ar"itrar# constant$ If d F(9! M f(9! so also is F(9! = C i$e$ d OF(9! = CP M d9 d9 1 d F(9! = C dc M df(9! = H M F (9! M f(9! d9 d9 d9 Fro the a"ove if # M F(9! is an# solution of d# M f(9! then all other solutions are contained in the for ula #M F(9!=C d9 where C is an ar"itrar# constant this gives rise to the s# "ol$ ?f(9! d9 M F(9! = C J (1! where the s# "ol ! is called an integral sign (see unit 2!$ +3uation 1 is read the integral of f(9!d9 is e3ual to F(9! plus C since d# M 29 and a t#pical d9 solution is F(9! M 92 = C$ then d F(9! M 29 M d(92=C! d9 d9 M # M 92 = C

NOUN

:C

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

and d# M d (92 = C! M 29 d9 d9 E2,!3le: If # M 9 d# M 1 d9 M ?d#d9 M ?1d9 M 9 = C d9 In other words4 when #ou integrate the differential of a function #ou get that function plus an ar"itrar# constant$ E2,!3le: ,olve the differential e3uation d# M @9: d9 Sol'"/on: let d# M @9: d9 then d# M @9:d9 integrate "oth side #ou get ?d# M ?@9:d9 "ut d(92!M@9:d9$ d9 : @ @ therefore # M ?@9 d9 M ?d(9 ! M 9 C$ E2,!3le: ,olve the differential e3uation d# M 29 = 1 d9 M d# M (29 = 1! d9 "ut d(92 = 9! M 29 = 1 d9 therefore ?d# M ? (29 = 1!d9 "eco es # M ? d92 = 9! M 92 = 9 = C$ co pare ?d(F(9! ! M F(9! with the result of UNIT 2$ E2,!3le: ,olve the following differential e3uationA (1! (:! (B! (D! (;! d# M 92 J 1 d9 d# M 9 d9 # d# M (92 = 9!d9 d9 ds M :t282t8C dt d9 M G9 (2! (@! (C! (G! (1H! d# M 1 = 9 d9 92 d# M 29 = : d9 d# M :92829=: d9 dv M Bu@8:9u281 du d# M (2928 1!

NOUN

:D

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

dt Sol'"/on: d# M 928 1 d9 M d# (92 J 1!d9 ?d# M !(9281!d9 "ut d(9: J 9! M (9281!d9 : thereforeA # M ?d(9:89! M 9: J 9 = C : : (2! d# M 1 = 9 d9 92 ?d# M ,(1 = 9!d9 92 d(81 = 92! M (1 = 9! d9 9 2 92 # M ?d(92 J 1! M 92 8 1 = c 2 9 2 9 (:! d# d9 M 9 #

d9

92

?#d# M ?9 d9 d(#2! M #d# and d(92! M 9d9 2 2 thereforeA ?#d# M ?d(#2! 2 ?d(#2! M ?d(92! 2 2 M #2 M 92 = C1 2 2 #2 M 92 = 2C1 #2 M 92 = C

NOUN

:G

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(@!

d# M 29 = : d9 ?d# M ? (2 = :! d9 # M ?d(92 = :9! M 92 = :9 = C

(B!

d# M (92 = 9! d9 d# M (92 = 9! d9 ?d# M ? (92 = 9!d9 # M ?d(9: = 29:Y2! M 9: = 29:Y2 = C : : : :

(C!

d# M :92 J 29 J B d9 d# M :92 J 29 J B ?d# M ? (:9:8928B9! M 9:8928B9=C

(D!

ds M :t2 J 2t 8 C dt ?ds M ? (:t2 J 2t J C!dt ? M ?d(t:8t28Ct! M t:8 t2 J Ct = C

(G!

dv M Bu@ J :u2 8 1 du ?dv M ? (Bu@ J :u28 1!du / M ?d(uB8 U: J U! M UB J U: J U = C

(;!

d9 M G9 dt dt d9 M G9 dt M ?d9 M ?G dt 9 ?d(29! M ?d(Gt! 29 = C9 M Gt = Ct 29 M Gt = C9 = Ct

NOUN

:;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

29 M Gt = C4 where C M C9 = Ct (1H! d# M (@92 J 1! d9 92 ?d# M ? (@92 J 1!d9 9 # M ?d(@9: J 1! M @9: J 1 = C : 9 : 9 E2e5c/6e: +valuate the followingA (1! (:! (B! (D! (;! An6: (1! (:! (B! (D! (;! 7%1 81 @9@=C 1Y:a9: = "9 = C Z (9: = 2! 9 2Y: 9:Y2 J :Y2 92Y: = C 29 = 1 = C (2! (@! (C! (G! (1H! \ (9 = :!@ = C 81 B9: = 2 = C 1H 9B 1tB= 1("8a!t: J a"t = C B : 12B = C :91B 1Y:(9 J 1!: J 1 = C (9=1! ?d9 9B ? (a92 = "!d9 ? (9: J 1!d9 92 ? (9 J 1!d9 91Y: ?d9 1=9 (2! (@! (C! (G! (1H! ? (9 = 1!:d9 ? (9: = 1! d9 9C ? (t2 J a! (t2 J "!dt ? (B9!@d9 9B ? (9 J 1!2 = 1 !d9 (9=2!2

P5o3e5"/e6 o; Inde;/n/"e In"e 5,l

NOUN

@H

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

,o far4 #ou would have "een doing uch of guess work to find an appropriate anti8derivative that will fit the answers a"ove #ou will now "e given so e properties of indefinite integral$ It would help reduce the a ount of guesswork when evaluating integrals$ (1! (2! (:! (@! (B! The integral of the differential of a function U is U plus an ar"itrar# constant$ ?du M u = c ( constant a# "e oved across the integral sign !adu1 M a!du of their

The integral of the su of two differentials is the su integrals ? (du = dv! M ?du = ?dv

The integral of difference of two differential is the difference of their integrals ? (du 8 dv! M ?du 8 ?dv (s a conse3uent of 24 : and @ a"ove4 #ou have that ?a(du f dv! M a?du f a ?dv ?du1f du2f du:^duh M ?du1f ?du2f $$ f ?duh If n is not e3ual to inus 14 the integral of Undu is o"tained "# adding one to the e9ponent dwindling "# the new e9ponent and adding an ar"itrar# constant ?undu M Un=1 M C n=1

(D!

Find the following E2,!3le *1+ ? (B91H J 9G = 29!d9 M ?B91Hd9 J ?9Gd9t ?29d9 M B91H=1 J 9G=1 = 291=1 1H=1 G=1 1=1 M B911 J 9; = 92 = C 11 ; (2! ?9:Y2d9 M 9:Y2=1 M 9BY2 : =1 B Y2 Y2 M 2YB 9BY2

(:! ? :9 = 1d9 *et u M :9=1

NOUN

@1

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

then du M : M du M :d9 d9 Therefore ?:9=1d9 M ?u1Y2 du : here d9 M du : therefore 1Y:!u1Y2 du M 1Y: u1Y2=1 Z=1 M 1 2u:Y2 M 2U:Y2 :: ; M 2(:9=1! ; (@! ?8 1 d9 *et U M @9 J 1 du M @ M d9 M du d9 @ then ?@981d9 M ?u1Y2 du @ \ ?u1Y2 du M U1Y2=1 M 2(@981!:Y2 = C Z=1 12

E2,!3le6: +valuate the following integrals (i! ?1M@9 (ii! ?: 1 = 9 d9 (iii! (v! ? B 29=1 (iv! ? @ @9 8 2

? C C9 = @

Sol'"/on: (i! ? 18@9d9 let U M 18 @9 then du M @4 d9 M 8du d9 @ therefore ?18@9 d9 M ?u1Y2(8du! M 8 \ ?u1Y2du M 8 1 O2u:Y2P M 8 1(18@9!:Y2 = C @ O: P C

NOUN

@2

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(ii!

? : 1 = 9 d9 then du M 1 du M d9 d9 therefore ? : 1 = 9 d9 M ? u1Y:du M :u@Y: M :(1 = 9!@Y: = C @ @ ? B 29 1 d9 let U M 29 = 1 then duYd9 M 2 therefore M d9 M duY2

(iii!

? B 29 =1 d9 M ? U1YB du M Z OBUCYBP M B(29=1!CYBC 2 C CYB M B(29 = 1! = C 12 (iv! ? @ @982 d9 let U M @9 8 2 then du M @d9 d9 M duY@

? @ @9 82d9 M \ ?U1Y@ du M \ O@YB(@982!BY@P M 1YB (@982!BY@ (v! ? C C9=@ d9 let U M C9 = @ then d9 M duYC ? C C9=@ d9 M 1YC ?U1YC du M 1YC$CYD (C9=@!DYC=C M 1YD (C9 = @!DYC = C E2e5c/6e: +valuate the integrals (1! (2! (:! (@! (B! An6: ? (G9D J C9B J 9@ = :9: = 2! d9 ? (C9 = 1!1YCd9 ? (1 J @9!1Y@d9 ? (@ J 1H9!1Y1Hd9 ? (9 J 1!1Y:d9

NOUN

@:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(1! (2! (:! (@! (B! .%2

9G J 9C J 9B = :9@ = 29 = C B @ DYC 1 (C9=1! = C D 81(1 J @9!BY@ = C B 81(@ J 1H9!11Y1H = C 11 :(9 J 1!@Y: = C @

A33l/c,"/on o; Inde;/n/"e In"e 5,"/on Most ele entar# differential e3uation could "e solved "# integrating the E2,!3le: ,olve the differential e3uation given as d# M f(9! d9 d# M f(9! d9 ?d# M !f(9! d9 # M !f(9! d9
$

,uch class of differential e3uation is used to solve various t#pes of pro"le s arising fro -iolog#4 all "ranches of engineering4 ph#sics4 che istr# and econo ics$ In application of indefinite integral the value of the ar"itrar# constant ust "e found "# appl#ing the initial conditions of the pro"le that is "eing solved$ Therefore "efore continuing it is i portant that #ou know ore a"out this ar"itrar# constant C$ E2,!3le: *et d# M 29 d9 then # M 92 = C The graph of # M 92 for C M H is given in Fig$ :$1

NOUN

@@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

Y
2 +C x = Y 2
1

Y =x 2 +C

2 x Y= 2 C 3 + =x Y 4 2 +C x = Y

F/ % .%1

(n# other integral curve #2 = C can "e o"tained "# shifting this curve # M 92 through a vertical displace ent C$ In Fig$:$1 such vertical displace ents give rise to a fa il# of parallel curves$ The# are parallel since the slope of each curve is e3ual to 29$ This fa il# of curves has the propert# that for an# given part (9o4 #o! where 9o1& (i$e$ & is the do ain of definition! there is onl# one and onl# one curve fro the fa il# of curves that passes through the part (9o4 #o!$ Hence the part (9o4 #o! ust satisf# the e3uation

)o M 9o2 = C i$e$ C M #o J 9o2 so for an# particular point (9o #o! C can "e uni3uel# "e deter ined$ This condition that # M #o and 9 M 9o i posed on the differential e3uation duYd9 M 29 is referred to as initial condition$ )ou will use this ethod to solve pro"le s on application of integration$ E2,!3le: Total profit E(9! fro selling 2 units of a product can "e deter ined "# integrating the differential e3uation of the arginal profit dpYdt and using so e initial conditions "ased on the arket forces to o"tain the constant of integration$ 1iven that dpYdt M 2 = : (2981!: Find E(9! for H x C if E(1! M 1$ Sol'"/on:
NOUN

@B

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

dp M ? (2 = 2!d9 M (2981!: ?dp M ? (2 = 2 ! d9 (2981!: E M 29 8 81 = C 2(2981!2 ,ince Eo M 1 2o M 1 1 M 2$1 8 1 = C 2(281!2 C M 81Y2

? 2=2 (29 J 1!:

d9

Therefore E(9! M 29 J 1 8 1Y2 2(2981! E2,!3le: 1iven that d#Yd9 M G9D Find # when # M 81 and 9 M 1

Sol'"/on: ?d# # 81 C E2e5c/6e6: ,olve the following e3uations su"5ect to the prescri"ed initial conditionsA (1! (2! (:! d#Yd9 M @92 J 29 J B d#Yd9 M @(98B!: d#Yd9 M 92=1 d9 9@ 9 M 814 # M H 9 M H4 # M 2 9 M 14 # M 1 M M M M ?G9D d9 9G = C 1=C 9G J 2

NOUN

@C

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(@! (B!

d#Yd9 M 9 1=92 d#Yd9 M 91Y2 = 91YB

9 M H4 # M H 9 M H4 # M 2

)ou will stud# the course$ An6:

ore on application of indefinite integration in the last unit in (ii! # M (98B!@8C2: (iv! # M 1Y:(92=1!:Y281Y:

(1! # M @Y:9:892=B9=22Y: (iii! # M 81Y9 J 1Y:9:=DY:

1%-

(v! # M 2Y:9:Y2 In this unit e phasis has "een on techni3ues of finding anti8derivative$ Therefore4 #ou have studied nu erous solved e9a ples on ethod of finding anti8derivatives of functions$ )ou have known the notation for indefinite integration as ?f(9!d9 M f(9! = C$ )ou have studied properties of indefinite integration and how to use the to evaluate integrals$ )ou have studied how to integrate si ple differential e3uations$ S'!!,5> )ou have studiedA (1! (2! (:! (@! the definition of indefinite integral Eroperties and notation of indefinite integration To evaluate integrals using "oth the notation and properties of indefinite integration$ To integrate differential e3uation that are separa"le$

4%-

9%-

T'"o5 M,5ked A66/ n!en"6 +valuate the following integralsA (1! (:! (B! (D! ?d9 ? (D9C8@9: = @9C J 29! (@! ? 9@ J 1 d9 2C ? (B9 J 1!2 d9 9: (2! ? @9 1

? d9Y9D d9 (C! (G! ?( 9 = 1 ! d9 1= 9

?@9: J 1 d9 9C

NOUN

@D

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(;!

? &@9 = 1 8 :9! d9

(1H!

? 92 = 92 = 29 d9 92

(11! ? (1 J G9!1YGd9 (12! ? (B9 J 2!1YBd9 ,olved the differential e3uation at the specified pointsA (1:! (1@! (1B! (1C! (1D! d#Yd9 M 92 J 1 9@ d#Yd9 M 1 1=D9 d#Yd9 M (1 J @9!1Y@ d#Yd9 M Cc1 J 92!d9 #MH9M1 # M 24 9 M 1 # M 14 9 M 8: # M H4 9 M 1 arginal profit is given as

Find the total profit of a product if the dpYd9 M 9@= 92 (189:! where E(H! M H ,olve d#Yd9 M 21=#2 if 9 M 14 # M 1 # ,olve d#Yd9 M 92Y#: if 9 M H4 # M 1 ,olve dsYdt M (t2=1!2 when , M H4 t M H

(22! (1;! (2H!

UNIT 1 INTEGRATION OF TRANSCEDENTAL FUNCTIONS 1$H 2$H

NOUN

INT%O&UCTION O-.+CTI/+, @G

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

:$H :$1 :$2 @$H B$H

INT+1%(TION OF %(TION(* (N& +2E+%IM+NT(* INT+1%(TION OF T%I1ONOM+T%IC FUNCTION, INT+1%(TION -) IN/+%,+ T%I1ONOM+T%IC FUNCTION, CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%)

1%-

INTRODUCTION: In the previous unit4 #ou studied the integration of pol#no ial function and si ple rational function$ However4 there are so e functions whose derivatives are not ver# co on$ Integration of such functions unco on derivatives can onl# "e possi"le "# using derivatives of known functions to do the evaluation$ In this unit integration of transcendental and rational function are discussed$ These integration will for part of the "asic tools that will "e needed in appl#ing techni3ues of integration that will "e studied in the ne9t unit$

2%-

O#&ECTIVES (fter stud#ing this unit #ou should "e a"le to correctl# (i! (ii! (iii! derive the for ula for integrating rational functions4 e9ponential function and trigono etric functions evaluate definite and indefinite integrals of sin94 cos 94 e9 and an# co "ination of the to evaluate integrals "# using the derivatives of inverse trigono etric functions of sin9 and tan 9$

.%.%-%1

INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL AND E(PONENTAL FUNCTION The integral ?duYu M4 u H %ecall that dYd9 1nu M duYu 8 I (see unit G of calculus I! then the integral counterpart of e3uation I a"ove is that ?duYu M ln1u1=C

NOUN

@;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

In the a"ove u is a differentia"le function of 9 and u >H for all values of 9 in the specified do ain$ E2,!3le: Find ?G9 d9 2981 Sol'"/onA let u M 92814 du M 29 d9 then du M 9 d9 2 therefore ? G9 d9 M G ? du 281 9 2 M @?du 9 M @YuYu?=C

E2,!3le: Find ?92 8 d9 1=:9: let u M 1=:9:4 du M ;92d9 92d9 M duY; ?92d9 M ?du M 1 ?du 1:9: ; ; u u M 1lnYuY = C M 1lnY1=:9:Y=C ; ; E2,!3le: Find ?G9: J 2 d9 9@89=1 let u M 9@ J 9 = 14 du M (@9: J 1! dv "ut (G9: J 2!d9 M 2(@9:81! d9 thereforeA ? (G9: J 2!d9 M ?2(@9:81!d9 M ?2du 9@89=1 9@89=1 u M 2lnYuY=C M 2lnY9@ J 9 = 1Y = C E2,!3le: Find ? (1 J 1 ! d9 (9=1 9=2!
NOUN

BH

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

let u M 9 = 1 and v M 9 = 2 du M d9 du M d9 ? (1 J 1 ! d9 M ?d9 J ?d9 M ?du J ?dv (9=1 9=2! 9=1 9=2 u v M lnYuY 8 lnYvY = C M lnY9=1Y 8 lnY9=2Y = C E2,!3le: Find ?log(9=1!d9 9=1 let u M log (9=1! du M 1 d9 9=1 thereforeA (9=1! du M d9 ?log(9=1!d9 M ?u$ $(9=1!du 9=1 9=1 2 M ?udu M Z u = C

M Z log (9=1!2 = C E2e5c/6e: +valuate the following integrals (1! (:! &'( An6: ?d9 :8@9 ?9 d9 9282 ?@9 J 2 d9 92 J 9=1 (1! (:! (B! 81 lnY(:8@9! Y=C @ Z lnY9282Y = C 2lnY92 J 9 = 1Y (2! (@! :lnY(98B! = C Z log92 = C (2! (@! ?: d9 98B ?log9 du 9

The ethod adopted a"ove is to differentiate the deno inator and check if it is a factor of the nu eratora if so with appropriate alge"raic anipulation4 the derivative of the deno inator will "e ade to look like the nu erator$ This ethod was used in UNIT :$

NOUN

B1

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

i$e$

?g(9!d9 let u M E(9! E(9!

and du M E1(9!d9 M g(9!d9 then ?g(9! M ?du M lnYuY = C E(v! u *nYE(9! = C .%-%2 THE INTEGRAL ? e2d' %ecall that deu M deu $ du M eu du d9 du d9 d9 then deu M eudu d9 d9 deu M eudu then ?deu M ?eudu therefore ?eudu M eu = C E2,!3le: Find !e89d9$ *et u M 894 du M 1d9 d9 8du therefore ?e89d9 M ?e(8du! M 8?eudu M 8eu = C M e89 C$ E2,!3le: Find ?e29d9$ *et u M 29 d9 M du 2 therefore ?e29d9 M ?eu(du! M Z ?eudu 2 M Z e29 = C E2,!3le: Find ?e9Y:d9 let u M 94 du M d9 du M 2d9

NOUN

B2

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

d9 M :du4 !e

9Y:

: : u$ ?e du M ?e (:du!
9Y:

?e9Y:d9 M :!eudu M :eu C M :e9Y: = C E2,!3le: ?@e29d9 *et U M e29 du M 2e29d9$ ?@e29du M 2?2e29d9 M 2?du M 2u = C M 2e29 = C E2,!3le: ? (e9 9!2 (e9 1!d9 *et u M e9 = 9 M du M (e9 1!d9 ? (e9 = 9!2 (e9 = 1! d9 M ?u2du M U: = C M (e9 = 9!: = C : : E2,!3leA ?9e92d9 *et u M 92 du M 29 d9 du M 9 d9 2 then ?9e92 d9 M Z !eu du M Z eu = C M Z e92 = C

E2e5c/6e: +valuate the following integrals (1! (:! (B! An6: ?e:9d9 ?Ge@9 d9 ?:92 e9: (1! (B! 1Y:e:9 = C e9: = C (2! 2eB9 = C B 2 (:! 2e@9 = C (2!
2

?es9 ? (e9 J 9!2 (e9 J 1! d9

(@!

.%1

INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS %ecall fro UNIT G of the first course on calculus that for an# differentia"le function U of 2 that

NOUN

B:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

d (sinu! M cosudu d9 d9 d (cosu! M sin2U du d9 d9 d (tanu! M 8cosec2udu d9 d9 d(cotu! M 8cosec2udu d9 d9 d(secu! M secu tan u du d9 d9 d (asecu! M 8wsecucotudu d9 d9 Using the a"ove #ou will integrate the following trigono etric function as (1! ?sinudu M 8?8sinudu M 8?d(cosu! d9 M 8 cosu C ?sinu du M 8 Cosu = C therefore ?Cosu du M ?dsinu! M sinu C therefore ?cosudu M sinu =C

(ii!

1iven that ?1 $ d Of(9!P d9 M logYf(9! = C f(9! d9 then (iii! ?tanudu M ?sinu du M 8?1$d cosu! cosu cosu M 8?dv M lnv = C4 where v M cosu v M 8lnkosul = C M ln(1 ! M lnYsecUY=C cosu therefore ?tan u du M lnYsecuY = C ?secudu M ?secu(sec u = tan u !du (sec u = tan u!

(iv!

NOUN

B@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

M ?sec2 = sec u tan u du sec u = tan u *et / M tan u = sec u4 dv M sec2 u = tan u sec u du thereforeA ?sec2u = tan u secu du M ?dv tan u = tan u v (v! !cotudu M ?cosu du M ?1 d(sin u! sin u sin u M lnYsinuY = C ? cosec u du M ?cosec u cosec u J cot u cosecU J cotU M ?cosec2 u J cot ucosec u du cosec u J cot u M ?dv 4 v M cosec u J cot u v dv M cosec2 u J cot cosec u du lnYvY = C M lnYcosec u J cot uY = C$ E2,!3leA Find ?sec2 u du M ?d(tan u! C M tan u = C E2,!3le: Find ?cosec2 u du M 8?8cosec2 u du 8? (d(cot u! M 8cotu = C E2,!3le: Find ?sec u tan u du ?sec u tan u M ?d(sec u! M sec u = C E2,!3le: Find ? cos 9 sin 9 d9 *et u M sin9 du M cos 9 d9 therefore ? sin 9 cos 9 d9 M ? u du M u2 = C M sin2 9 = C 2 2 E2,!3le: Find ?sec:9 tan 9 d9 *et u M sec 9 du M sec 9 tan 9 d9 therefore ?sec:9 tan 9 d9 M ?sec29 sec 9 tan 9 d9 M ?u2du M u: = C : : M sec 9 = C : E2,!3le: Find ?cosec: 9 cot 9 d9$ *et u M cosec 9 du M 8cosec 9 cot 9 d9 Therefore ?cosec:9 cot 9 d9 M ?cosec2 9 cosec 9 cot 9 d9

(vi!

NOUN

BB

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

M 8?u2du M 8u: = C : M 8cosec: 9 = C : E2,!3le: Find ? 9cosa92 d9 *et U M a92 du M 2a9d9 ? 9cosa92d9 M ? Z a (cos a92! (2a9! d9 M Z a ?cos U$du M Z a (sinU = C! M Z a sin a92 = C E2,!3le: Find ?sec29 d9 1=tan9 let U M 1 = tan9 du M sec29 d9 therefore ?sec29d9 M ?du M lnYuY=C 1=tan9 u M lnY1= tan91 = C E2e5c/6e6: Find the following integrals (i! (iii! (v! (vii! (i9! An6: ?sin(2981! d9 ?2cos29 sin9 d9 ?9tan 92 d9 ?sin9 d9 1 = cos9 ?cosCa9 sin a9 d9 (i! (ii! (iii! (iv! (v! (vi! (ii! (iv! (vi! (viii! (9! ?sin Z a9 d9 ?sin@9 cos9 d9 ?d9 cos29 ?cota9 d9 ? (1=tan9! sec29 d9

8 Z cos (29 J 1! = C 82 cos Z a9 = C a 82cos:9 = C : 1sinB 9 = C B Z lnYsec92Y=C$ tan 9 = C

NOUN

BC

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(vii! (viii! (i9! (9! .%2

8ln(cos9 = 1! lnYsin a9Y = C 81 cosDa9 D a ( = tan 9!2 = C

INTEGRATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION %ecall that d (arc sin u! M 1 d9 1892 d9 du

to evaluate ?arc sin u du #ou have to know how to integrate "# part which is one of the techni3ues of integration that #ou will stud# ne9t unit$ For now ?arc sin u du M u arc sin u = 1 J u2 = C and ?arc tan u du M u ar tan u M 8 Z lnY1=u2Y=C )ou can proceed to integrals$ ake use of the derivative of arc tan 9 to evaluate special

%ecall d (arc tan u! M 1 du 1=u2 u2 M a2v2 thereforeA ?du M ?adv M ? adv a28u2 a28a2v2 a18v2 M ?dv M arc sin v = C 18v2 M arc sin u = C a E2,!3le: Find ?du @8u2 Sol'"/on: ?du M ?du M arc sin u = C @8u2 M ?du M arc sin u = C 2 (2!28 u2 E2,!3le: Find ?d9 a2=(9=2!2 ,olution let u M (9 = 2!4 du M d9 (1!

therefore d9 M ?du a2 = (9 = 2!2 a 2 = u2

NOUN

BD

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

M 1arc tan u = C a a M 1 arc tan (9 = 2! = C a a E2,!3le: Find ?d9 a2 = (981!2 *et u M 981 du M d9 therefore ?d9 M arc sin u = C a2=u2 a M arc sin 9 J 1 = C a E2e5c/6e6: Find the following integralsA (i! (iii! (v! An6: ? d9 1C = @92 ? d9 @; = (9=2!2 ?B d9 H 2B=92 (i! (iii! (v! 1%\ arc tan 9 G 1YD art tan 9=2 D gY2H (ii! (iv! arc sin G9 : arc sin :9 B (ii! (iv! ? d9 ; J C@92 ? d9 2B J ;92

CONCLUSION In this unit #ou have derived the for ula for co on rational functions and how to find their integrals$ )ou studied how to derive the integration for ula of trigono etric functions$ +valuation and trigono etric functions were treated$ )ou also find the integrals of special functions using the inverse functions of sin 9 and tan 9$ The for ulas derived in this unit will "e used to stud# ethods and techni3ues of integration which will "e studied in the ne9t unit of this course$

4%-

SUMMARY:

NOUN

BG

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

In this unit #ou have studied how toa 1$ derive for ula such asA (i! (ii! (iii! (iv! (v! (vi! (vii! (viii! 2$ ?1 du M lnYuY=C u ?sin u du M 8cos u = C ?cos du M sin u = C ?tan u du M lnYsec uY= C ?cot u du M lnYsin uY=C ? secu du MlnYtan u = sec uY ?cosec u du M lnYcosec u J cot uY = C ?eu du M eu = C ?du M arc sin u = C a28u2 a a

evaluate integral of this for and ?du M 1 arc tan u = C a2=u 2 a

:$ 9%-

how to use the for ula in (i! a"ove to evaluate integrals$

TUTOR MAR)ED ASSIGNMENT Find the following integrals (1! (@! (D! (1H! (1:! (1B! (1G! ? d9 B J D9 ? 1H9 = B d9 B92=B9=1 ? sinc 9 cov9 du ? 9 cot(9!2d9 ?@9:e9@ d9 ? cos 29 sin 29 d9 ? 9e92d9 (2! (B! (G! (11! (1@! (1C! (1;! ?1 d9 9JC ?e@ d9 ? du sin29 ? du 1C = 92 (:! (C! (;! ? 9 d9 92 J @ ? sin(@981! d9 ? sin@a9 cos a9 d9

(12! ?d9 ;H2 J @92

? (e9 = 9!2 (e9 = 1! d9 ? d9 :C8(9=:!2 (1D! ?:tan (9=1!2 d9 (2H! ? :92 d9 : 9 JG

? cosG9 sin 9 d9

NOUN

B;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

UNIT 4 INTEGRATION OF PO$ERS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TA#LE OF CONTENTS 1$H 2$H :$H :$1 :$2 :$: @$H B$H C$H D$H INT%O&UCTION O-.+CTI/+, -(,IC FO%MU*(, EO'+%, OF T%I1ONOM+T%IC FUNCTION +/+N EO'+%, OF ,IN+, (N& CO,IN+, EO'+%, (N& E%O&UCT, OF OTH+% FUNCTION, CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%) TUTO% M(%0+& (,,I1NM+NT FU%TH+% %+(&IN1

T%I1ONOM+T%IC

1%-

INTRODUCTION ,o far what #ou have studied in the last two units is to find the function whose derivative gives #ou the integral of another function$ This process is su ed up in the funda ental theore of integral calculus$ For a review4 consider evaluating the integral ?f(9!d9 what #ou have studied in unit 2 and : is to find a function F(9! such that dYd9F(9! M f(9! J 1 then F(9!=C M ?f(9!d9$ The process of finding F(9! that satisfies e3uation 1 a"ove is the difficult aspect and that is wh# differentiation is taught "efore integration$ ,o far4 all #ou have "een doing is aking a good guess for the function F(9! which is dependent on how fa iliar #ou are with differentials of functions$ In this unit #ou will stud# how to ake the guesswork a lot easier$ This will "e done "# introducing firstl# the use of differentiation for ulas along side their integration for ulas4 second4 "# appl#ing so e techni3ues that will "e developed here "ased on the knowledge of function as well as t heir respective derivative$ ,ince it is the anti8derivative that gives the solution to the integral it is necessar# once again #ou review "asic rules and for ulas for derivatives of function in the course calculus I$ The e phasis in this unit would "e on developing skills rather than finding specific answer to an# given pro"le $ Therefore as was done in the previous units a particular e9a ple ight "e solved several ti es with different

NOUN

CH

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

ethods$ Therefore the e9a ples in this unit have "een kept fairl# si ple so that #ou would "e a"le to develop the necessar# skills e9pected of #our$ 2%O#&ECTIVES (fter stud#ing this unit #ou should "e a"le to correctl# 1$ 2$ :$ @$ .%%ecall differential for ulas and their corresponding integrals +valuate integrals involving powers of trigono etric functions +valuate integrals involving products of even powers of sines and cosines to develop techni3ues and ethods for evaluating integrals of an# function for ed "# functions of the trigono etric functions$

#ASIC FORMULA The first re3uire ent for skill in integration is a thorough aster# of the for ulas for differentiation$ Therefore4 a good starting point for #ou to develop the skill re3uired of #ou in this course is for #ou to "uild #our own ta"le of integral$ )ou a# ake #our own note in which the various sections are headed "# standard for like !Undu and then under each heading include several e9a ples to illustrate the range of application of the particular for ula$ Therefore4 what will "e done in this unit is to list for ulas for differentiation together with their integration counterparts$ S'!!,5> o; D/;;e5en"/,l Fo5!'l,6 ,nd Co55e63ond/n In"e 5,l6 1$ 2$ :$ @$$ B$ C$ du M du d9 d(au! M a du d(u = v! M du = dv d(un! M nun81du d(ln u! M du a! d(eu! M eu du "! d(au! M au ln a du D$ G$ ;$ d(sin u! M 8sin u du d(cos u! M 8sin u du d(tan u! M sec u tan u du D$ G$ ;$ C$ 1 2 :$ @$ B$ ?du M u C ? a du M a ? du ? (du = dv! M ? du = ? dv ? un du M un=1 = C4 n 8 1 n=1 ? du M ln YuY = Ch

a! ? eu du M eu = C "! ? au du M au = C ln a ? cos u du M sin u = C ? sin u du M tan u = C ? sec: u du M tan u = C

NOUN

C1

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

1H$ 11$ 12$ 1:$ 1@$ 1B$ 1C$ 1D$

d(cot u! M 8csc2 u du d(sec u! M sec u tan u du d(csc u! M 8csc u cot u du d(sin81 u! M du 1 J u2 d(cos81 u! M du 1 J u2 d(tan81 u! M du 1 = u2 d(cot81 u! M 8du 1= u2 d(sec81 u! M du YuY u28 1 8du YuY u2 8 1

1H$ 11$ 12$ 1:$ and 1@$ 1B$ and 1C$ 1D$ and 1G$

? csc2 u du M 8cot u = C ? sec u tan u du M sec u = C ? csc u cot u du M 8csc u = C ? du M Vsin81 u = C ? 1 J u2 V8cos81 u = C

? du M Vtan81 u = C ? 1 = u2 V8cot81 u = C

? du M Vsec81YuY = C ? uu2 J 1 V 8csc81YuY = C

1G$ .%1

d(csc81 u! M

INTEGRATION INVOLVING PO$ERS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Fro (1! the a"ove "asic for ula #ou have thatA ?un du M un=1 = C for n 1 n=1 and ?un du M lnYuY=C n M 1

(2!

This could "e used to evaluate integrals involving powers of trigono etric functions$ E2,!3le: Find ? sinn a9 cos a9 d9 *et u M sin a9 du M acos a9 d9 then du M cos a9 d94 un M sinn a9 a thereforeA ? sinn a9 cos a9 d9 M ? un du a M nn = 1 = C
NOUN

C2

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

a(n = 1! using e3uation (1! a"ove #ou get (:! ? sinn a9 cos a9 d9 M sinn=1a9 = C a(n = 1! with e3uation (2! #ou get n = 1 ? cos a9 d9 M sin a9 1 ln Ysin a9Y=C a

(@!

Interestingl# this is the sa e result arrive at when #ou derive the for ula for ? cot u du M ? cos a9 d9 M lnYsin uY = C sin a9 In a si ilar anner #ou can find ?cosn a9 sin a9 d9 *et u M cos a9 du M 8a sin a9 Un M cosn a9 then ? cosn a9 sin a9 d9 M ? uu(8du! M 8Un=1C n=1 for n 1 therefore ?cosn a9 sin a9 d9 M 8cosn=1a9 C (n = 1!a for n M 1 ? sin a9 d9 81lnYcosa9Y = C cos a9 a this is the sa e as ? tan a9 d9 i$e$ ? tan a9 d9 M 81$ lnYcos a9Y = C M 1 lnYsec a9Y = C a (see :$2 of Unit @! E2,!3le: Tr# finding ? sin: 9 d9 #ou find out that the a"ove ethod does not work "ecause there is cos 9 side of it to give d (sin 9!Y therefore4 another ethod has to "e tried$ %ecall that sin:9 M sin29 sin 9 M (1 J cos29! sin 9 sin:9 M sin 9 J cos29 sin 9 then let u M cos 9 du M 8sin 9 ? sin: d9 M ? sin 9 d9 8 ?cos29 sin 9 d9 M 8cos 9 = cos:9 = C :

NOUN

C:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

The a"ove give rise to a for ula or techni3ue for integrating odd powers of sin 9 or cos 9 i$e$ cos2n=1 9 M cos2n 9 cos 9 "ut cos2n 9 M (cos2 9!n M (1 J sin2 9! therefore cos2n=1 9 M (18sin2 9!n$ cos 9 let u M sin 9 du M cos 9 d9 therefore ? cos2n=1 9 d9 M ? (1 J sin2 9!n cos 9 d9 M ? (1 J u2! du$ 'hat follows ne9t is to e9pand the e9pression (18u2! du where u M cos 9 s f ? cos2n=19 d9 M 8?(18u2!n du where u M sin 9 E2,!3le: Find (1! ?cos: 9 d9 ii ? sinB 9 d9 Sol'"/on: ? cos2n=1 9 d9 M ?(1 J u2!n du 2n = 1 M : thereforeA ? cos: 9 d9 M 8? (1 J u2! du M u J u: : M sin 9 J sin: 9 = C : (opti al! M sin 9 J sin 9 = sin2 9 cos 9 : : M sin2 9 cos 9 8 2 sin 9 : : (ii! ? sinB 9 d9 2n = 1 M B n 24 u M cos 9 n M 14 u M sin 9

therefore ? sinB 9 d9 M ? (1 J u2!2 du M ? (1 J 2u2 = u@! du M u J 2u: = uB = C : B therefore ? sinB 9 d9 M cos 9 J 2 cos: = 1 cosB 9 = C : B (opti al! M 1 cos@ 9 sin 9 = @ cos2 9 sin 9 = G sin 9 = C B 1B 1B E2,!3le: Find ? sec9 tan 9 d9 Sol'"/on: ? sec 9 tan 9 d9 M ? 1 sin 9 M ? sin 9 Cos 9 cos 9 cos2 9

NOUN

C@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

then ? sec 9 tan 9 d9 M ? cos82 9 sin 9 d9 therefore ? cos82 9 sin 9 M 8cos82=1 = C 82 = 1 M cos81 9 = C 81 M 81 = C cos 9 M sec 9 = C E2,!3le: Find ? tan@ 9 d9 recall that sin2 = cos2 9 M 1 therefore tan2 9 M sec2 9 J 1 then ? tan@ 9 d9 M ? tan2 9$ tan2 9 d9 M ? tan2 9 (sec2 9 J 1! d9 M ? (tan2 9 sec2 9 J tan2 9! d9 M ? tan2 9 sec2 9 8 ? (sec2 9 J 1! d9 M ? (tan2 9 sec2 9! d9 8 ? sec2 9 d9 = ? d9 let u M tan 9 du M sec2 9 d9 therefore ? tan@ 9 d9 M ? u2 du 8 ? du 8 ? d9 M u: 8 u J 9 : M 1 tan: 9 J tan 9 = 9 = C : Therefore4 for n M even #ou can derive the for ula using the techni3ue a"ove$ ? tann 9 d9 M ? tann81 9 (sec2 9 J 1! d9 M ? tann82 9 sec2 9! d9 8 ? tann82 9 d9 M ? (tann82 9 sec2 9! d9 8 ? (secn82 9 J 1! d9 M ? (tann82 9 sec2 9 ! d9 8 ? secn82 = d9 M ? tann81 8 ? tann82 9 d9 nJ1 E2,!3le: Find ? tan2 9 d9 nM 24 therefore n J 1 2J1M1 therefore ? tan2 9 d9 M tan 9 8 ? tanH 9 d9 1 M tan 9 J 9 The a"ove for ula also works for the case n is odd$ *et n M 2 = 1 then after steps it will "e reduced "# 2 leaving ? tan 9 M 8lnYcos 9Y = C$
NOUN

CB

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

Fro the two e9a ples a"ove4 #ou can see the usefulness of the two trigono etric identities$ sin2 9 = cos2 9 M 1 and tan2 9 = 1 M sec2 9 in evaluating integrals involving powers of trigono etric functions such as (a! ("! (c! odd powers of sin 9 or cos 9 an# integral powers of tan 9 (or cot 9 ! and even powers of sec 9 (cos 9 u!

To get the integral C of even powers of sec 9 all #ou need do is to e9press sec2 9 in ter s of tan2 9 and then use the reduction process a"ove to get the integral$ E2,!3le: Find ? sec@ 9 d9 M ? sec2 d9 sec2 9 M ? sec2 9 (1 = tan2 9! d9 M ? sec2 d9 = ? tan2 9 sec2 9 d9 M ? Y= tan2 9 d9 = ? u2 du where u M tan 9 and du M sec2 9 d9$ ? u2 du M u: = C : 2 "ut ? tan 9 d9 M tan 9 J 9 ? secu 9 d9 M ? d9 = ? tan2 9 d9 = tan:9 = C : )ou can now derive the integral for an# even powers of sec 9 E2,!3le: Find ? secn 9 d9 Sol'"/onA let ? sec2 9 d9 M ? (sec2n82 9! (sec2 9! M ?(sec 9 !2(n81! sec2 9 d9 M ? (sec2 9 !n81 sec2 9 d9 M ? (1 = tan2 9!n81 sec2 9 d9 M ? (1 = u2!n81 du (where u M tan 9 and du M sec2 9 d9! where (1 = u ! can "e e9panded "# the "ino ial theore and then the result will "e integrated ter "# ter asa
2 n81

E2e5c/6e6: (i!
NOUN

? sin: 9 d9

(ii!

? tan2 @9 d9

(iii!

? cosB 9 d9 CC

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(iv! (vii! (9! An6: (i! (iii! (v! (vii! (i9!

? cot: 9 d9 ? d9 sin 9 ? cos 9@ :9 d9

(v! (viii!

? cos: 9 sin2 9 d9 ? cosn 9 sin 9 d9

(vi! (i9!

? secu 9 tan u du ? cos2 9 sin 29 d9

1Y: cos: 9 Jcos 9 = C sin 9 J 2 sin: 9 = 1YB sinB 9 = C : : sin 9 8 sinB 9 = C : B ln(cosec 9 J cot 9! = C
2

(ii! (iv! (vi! (viii!

tan@ 9 J @9 = C 8cot2 9 J lnYsin 9 Y = C 2 ln(cosec 9 J cot 9! = C 8 cosn=1 9 = C n=1

8cos: 29 = C C

(9! 81cosec2 :9 cot :9 82 cot:9 ; ;

7%2

INTEGRATION OF EVEN PO$ERS OF SINES AND COSINES In the previous section #ou have studied how to integrate odd powers of sin 9 and cos 9$ )ou will atte pt to evaluate integrals of even powers of sines and cosines "# appl#ing the sa e techni3ue used a"ove for odd powers i$e$ ? sinn 9 cos 9 d9 where or n is an even nu "ers$

that ? cos Z 9 sin: d9 evaluate the integral$ %ecall that : is odd as such sin: 9 M sin2 9 sin 9 M (1 J cos2 9! sin 9$ thereforeA ? cos Z 9 sin: 9 d9 M ? cos Z 9 ;1 J cos2 9! sin 9 d9 for u M cos 9 du M sin 9 d9$ thereforeA ? cos Z 9 (1 J cos12 9! sin d9 M ? u Z (1 J u2! du M ? (u Z 8 u! du M 2 u:Y2 8 u2 : 2 :Y2 2 M 2cos 9 M cos 9 = C

NOUN

CD

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

If in the a"ove #ou have sin@ 9 instead of sin: 9 then #ou have to evaluate ? cos Z 9 sin@ 9 d9 Then using the a"ove give ethod will fail "ecause sin@ 9 M(1 J cos2 9!2 which

? cos Z 9 sin@ 9 d9 M ? cos Z 9 (18cos2 9!2 d9 issing a"ove is Jsin 9 d9 M du that goes with the cos 9$ Therefore4 there is a need to use another trigono etric identit#$ The one that will "e used is given as sin2 9 M Z (1 J cos 29! and cos2 9 M Z (1 = cos 29!$ No"e: The a"ove identities are derived "# adding or su"tracting the e3uations cos2 9 = sin2 9 M 1 and cos2 9 J sin2 9 M cos 29 %ecall ? sin@ 9 d9 M ? (sin2 9!2 d9 M ? O Z (1 J cos 29P2 d9 M ? \ (1 J 2 cos 29 = cos2 29! d9 M \ ? (1 J 2 cos 2 9 = Z (1 J cos @9! d9 M \ O9 J sin 29 = 9 J 1 sin@ 9P 2 G M : 9 J \ sin 29 M 1 sin @9 = C G :2 E2,!3leA Find ? sin2 9 cos2 9 d9 Here "oth powers are even$ *et sin2 9 M (1 J cos2 9! Therefore sin2 9 cos2 9 M (1 J cos2 9! cos2 9 ? sin2 9 cos2 9 d9 M ? (cos1 9 J cos@ 9! d9 2 ? cos 9 d9 8 ? cos@ 9 d9 ? cos2 9 d9 M ? Z (1 = cos 29! d9 M 9 = sin 29 2 @ ? cos@ 9 d9 M ? (cos2 9!2 d9 M ? O Z (1 = cos 29!P2 d9 M ? \ O1 = 2 cos 29 = cos2 29P d9 M \ O1 = 2cos 29 = Z (1 = cos @9!P d9

NOUN

CG

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

M :9 = \ sin 2 9 = 1 sin @9 G :2 ? sin2 9 cos2 9 d9 M 9 = sin 29 = :9 = \ sin 29 = 1 sin @9 2 @ G :2 M D 9 Z sin 29 = 1 sin @9 = C G :2 E2,!3le: Find ? cosC 9 d9 ? cosC 9 d9 M ?(cos2 9!: d9 M ? 1 (1 = cos 29!: d9 G M 1 ? (1 = : cos 29 = :cos2 29 = cos: 29! d9 G M B 9 = \ sin 29 = : sin @9 81 sin: 29 = C$ 1C C@ @G E2e5c/6e6: Find the following integralsA (i! (iii! (vi! An6: (i! (iii! (iv! (v! .%. 9 J sin@9 = sin: 29 = C 1C C@ @G (ii! 9 J sin G9 = C 2 1C ? sin2 9 cos@ 9 d9 ? cos2 C9 d9 ? cos@ a9 d9 (ii! (iv! ? sin2 @t dt ? sinC 9 d9

B 9 = \ sin 29 = : sin @9 8 1 sin: 29 = C 1C C@ @G B 9 J \ sin 29 8 : sin @9 = 1 sin: 29 = C 1C C@ @G

: 9 = \ sin 2a9 = 1 sin @a9 = C G :2 PO$ERS AND PRODUCTS OF FUNCTIONS

OTHER

TRIGONOMETRIC

NOUN

C;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

In this section4 #ou shall evaluate two t#pes of integrals (1! (2! ? tan 9 secn 9 d9 and ? cot 9 cose9n d9

E2,!3le: 'hen n is even #ou write tan 9 secn 9 M tan 9 secn82 9 sec2 9 and then e9press secn82 in ter s of tan2 9 using sec2 9 = 1 M tan2 9$ E2,!3le: ? tan: 9 sec2 9 d9 let u M tan 9 du M sec2 9 d9$ then ? tan: 9 sec2 9 d9 M ? u: du M u@ = C M tan@ 9 = C @ @ 'hen n and are "oth odd #ou write
81

tan 9 secn 9 M tan and e9press tan

81

9 secn81 sec 9 1an u

9 in ter s of sec2 9 using tan2 9 M sec2 9 J 1

E2,!3le: ? tan: 9 sec: 9 d9 tan: 9 sec: 9 M tan2 9 sec2 9 tan 9 sec 9 and tan2 9 M (sec2 9 J 1! thereforeA ? tan: 9 sec: 9 d9 M ? (sec :9 J 1! sec2 9 sec 9 tan 9 d9 M ? (sec@ 9 J sec2 9! sec 9 tan 9 d9 ("ut u M sec 94 du M se 9 1 an 9 du! therefore ? tan: 9 sec: 9 d9 M ? (u@ J u2! du M uB J u: = C B : M sec: 9 J sec: 9 = C B : #ou can do the sa e for cot 9 cosecn 9 in a si ilar anner$ That is for ? cot 9 cosecn 9 d9 when n is even #ou write out cot 9 cosecn 9 M cot 9 cosecn82 cosec 9 and e9press cosecn82 in ter s of cot2 9 using

NOUN

DH

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

cosec2 9 M cot2 9 = 1 E2,!3le: ? cotB 9 cosec@ 9 d9 M ?cotB 9 cosec2 9 cosec2 9 d9 M ? cotB 9 (cot2 9 = 1! cosec2 9 d9 M ? cotD cosec2 9 d9 = ? cotB 9 cosec2 9 d9 (u M cot 9 du M 8cosec2 9 d9!$ M 8cotG 9 8 8cotC 9 = C G C In si ilar anner when and n are "oth odd #ou have cot 9 cose9n 9 M cot 81 9 cosecn81 9 cosec 9 cot 9 and then e9press cot 81 9 in ter s of cosec2 9 using cot2 9 M cosec2 9 J 1 E2,!3le: ? cotB 9 cosec: 9 d9 M ? cot@ 9 cosec2 9 cosec 9 cot 9 d9 M ? (cosec2 9 J 1!2 cosec2 9 cosec 9 cot 9 d9 M ? (cosecC 9 J 2 cosec@ 9 = cosec2 9! cosec 9 cot 9 d9 u M cosec 9 du M 8 cosec 9 cot 9 d9 M M M ? (uC J 2u@ = u2! (8du! 8uD = 2uB J u: = C D B : D 8cosec 9 = 2cosecB 9 J cosec: 9 = C D B :

E2e5c/6e6 Find 1$ 2$ :$ An6: 8cosecB 9 = cosec: 9 = C B : 2$ 8cot@ 9 = C @ :$ tanC 9 = C C CONCLUSION 1$ ? cot: 9 cosec: 9 d9 ? cot: 9 cosec2 9 d9 ? tanB 9 sec2 9 d9

1%-

NOUN

D1

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

In this unit4 #ou have reviewed differential for ulas and their corresponding integrals$ These "asic for ulas will "e used throughout the re aining part of the course$ )ou have developed techni3ues of finding integrals of powers of trigono etric functions "# using the trigono etric identitiesa (i! (ii! cos2 9 = sin2 9 M 1 and 1 = tan2 9 M sec2 9 etc$

)ou have also studied how to evaluate the products of even powers of sines and cosines functions$ These integrals will "e used when developing other techni3ues of integration in the ne9t unit of this course$ 4%SUMMARYA )ou have studied in the unit how to (i! (ii! (iii! (iv! (v! (vi! recall "asic differential for ulas and corresponding integrals use these "asic for ulas to develop techni3ues of integration of powers of trigono etric function evaluate the integrals of odd powers of trigono etric function such as ? sinn 9 d94 ? cosn 9 d9 evaluate the integrals of trigono etric function such as ? tann 9 d94 ? cotn 9 d9 where n is odd or even evaluate the integrals of even powers of sec 9 and cosec 9 evaluate the integrals of products of even powers of sin 9 and cos 9 such as ? cosn 9 d94 ? sinn 9 d94 ? cosn 9 d9 sin 9 d9 where n or is even or "oth are even$

9%-

TUTOR MAR)ED ASSIGNMENT (1! (2! (:! (@! (B! (C! (D! (G! (;! (1H! Find ? sin2 9 cos2 9 d9 ,how that ? tan a9 d9 M 1 lnYcosa9Y=C a : Find ? sin @9 d9 Find ? tanB 9 sec: 9 d9 ,how that ? sec2n 9 d9 M ?(1=u2!n81 du where u M tan 9 Find ? cos2Y: 9 sinB 9 d9 Find ? sin2 9 cosB 9 d9 Find ? sin @9 cos2 9 d9 Find ? tanC 9 d9 Find ? tanB 9 sec@ 9 d9

UNIT 9

NOUN

D2

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

FURTHER TECHNI?UES OF INTEGRATION I TA#LE OF CONTENTS 1$H 2$H :$H :$1 @$H B$H C$H D$H 1%INT%O&UCTION O-.+CTI/+, INT+1%(*, IN/O*/IN1 a2u24 and u2a2 INT+1%(*, -) COMEUTIN1 TH+ ,[U(%+ OF a92 = "9 = C CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%) TUTO% M(%0+& (,,I1NM+NT, FU%TH+% %+(&IN1, INTRODUCTION In continuation of develop ent of skills in techni3ues for finding integrals of special functions4 #ou will stud# in the unit how to evaluate integrals involving rational function with a28u24 a2 = u24 u28 a2 and a2 J u2 as deno inators$ The use of inverse trigono etric functions or trigono etric identifies will "e needed$ In this unit the ethod or process used in deriving for ulas for integrals of functions in the previous unit will "e adopted$ 2%O#&ECTIVES In this unit #ou should "e a"le to correctl#a (i! (ii! (iii! .%recall "asic differential for ulas and corresponding integrals as stated in UNIT B$ Use these "asic for ulas to evaluate integrals involving a28u24 a2 = u24 u24 8 a24 and a2 J u2 evaluate integrals of rational functions with a92 = " 9 = C as deno inator$

INTEGRALS INVOLVING ,2 '2 ,nd ,2 '2 %ecall that d (arc tan u! M 1 du d9 1 = u2 d9

therefore ? d (arc tan u! M ? 1 du d 1=u2 therefore arc tan u = C M 1 J (I! 1=u2

NOUN

D:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

E2,!3leA Find the integral of 1 i$e$ ? du a 2 = u2 a2 = u2 To evaluate the a"ove #ou factor out a2 fro i$e$ a2 = u2 M a2 (1 = (u!2! a let L M u4 adL M du a then a2 = u2 M a2(1 = L2! thereforeA ? du M 1 ? adL M 1 ? dL a2=u2 a2 1=L2 a 1=L2 M thus 1 tan81 L a a2 = u2

? du M 1 arc tan u = C J II a2=u2 a a

E2,!3le: Find ? du ; = u2 Sol'"/on ? du M ? du M 1 arc tan u = C a=u (:!2=u2 : : )ou have to review so e trigono etric identities #ou studied in M(TH 111$ E2,!3le: (i! (ii! (iii! 1 J sin2 9 M cos2 9 1 = tan2 9 M sec2 9 and sec2 9 J 1 M tan2 9$

let u M a sin 9 then u2 M a2 sin2 9 Multipl#ing identit# (1! through "# a2 #ou getA a2(18sin2n! M a2 cos2 9$ J (i! a2 J a2 sin2 9 M a2 cos2 9$ J (ii!

NOUN

D@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

"ut u2 M a2 sin2 9 therefore e3uation (II! "eco es a2 J u2 M a2 cos2 9 In si ilar anner4 if a2 = a2 tan2 9 M a2 sec2 9 and u2 M a2 = a92 9 then a2 = a2 tan2 9 M a2 = u2 M a2 sec2 9$ If a2 sec2 9 J a2 M a2 tan2 9 and u2 M a2 sec2 9 then u2 J a2 M a2 tan2 9$ thusA (1! (2! (:! a2 J u2 M a2 cos2 94a u M a sin 9 (see fig$ C$1! a2 = u2 M a2 sec2 9 a u M a tan 9 (see fig$ C$2! u2 J a2 M a2 tan2 9 a u M a sec 9 (see fig$ C$:!

The a"ove trigono etric identities #ou were given in e3uations (1! to (:! are e3uivalent e9pressions of the E#thagorean Theore $ ,ee fig$ C$1 to C$: ((! a u 9 a 2 8 u2 F/ % 9%1 a2=u2 u 9 a F/ % 9%2 u 9 a F/ % 9%. E2,!3le Find ? du YaY>u a28u2 u M sec 9 a u2 J a2 M tan 9 a u2 J a2 M a2 tan2 9 and u a M tan 9 u M sin 9 a and a28u2 M a cos 9 a2 J u2 M a2 cos 9

u M cos 9 a2=u2 M a sec 9 M a2 sec2 9

u a

28 2

NOUN

DB

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

Sol'"/on: let u M a sin 9 du M a cos 9 d9 2 2 2 2 then a J u M a cos 9 ? du a2 J u2 if u M a sin 9 and 9 M arc sin u a therefore (-! ? du a28u2 M arc sin u = C 8 III a M ? a cos 9 d9 M ? d9 M 9 = C a2 cos2 9 u M sin 9 a

The usefulness of trigono etric identities in evaluating special t#pes of integrals is nu erous$ Functions not involving trigono etric function can "e integrated "# e9pressing the in ter s of trigono etric identities and then using standard integration for ulas to evaluate the $ In integration "# ethod of co pleting the s3uare is introduced in this unit$

E2,!3le: Find ? du 2B8u2 here a2 M 2B Fro

aMB du M B cos 9 d9

a"ove u M B sin 9

? du M ? B cos 9 d9 M ? d9 M 9 = C 2B J u2 2B cos2 9 therefore 9 M arc sin u = C B E2,!3le: Find ? du a2=u2 a >H

*et u M a tan du M a sec2 9 d9 2 "ut a = u2 M a2 = a2 tan2 9 M a2 (1 = tan2 9 ! M a2 sec2 9 then ? du M ? a sec2 9 d9 M ? sec 9 d9 2 2 a =u a2 sec2 9 %ecall that ? sec 9 d9 M lnYsec 9 = tan 9Y = C1

NOUN

DC

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

i$e$ ? sec 9 (tan 9 = sec 9! d9 M lnYssec 9 = tan 9Y = C1 tan 9 = sec 9 Hence ? sec 9 d9 M lnYsec = tan 9Y = C1 If #ou let 9 M arc tan u 9(8Y24 Y2! then sec 9 will "e positive and ? du M ? sec 9 d9 a2 = u2 M lnYsec 9 = tan 9Y = C recall that #ou let a2 = u2 M a2 sec2 9 sec 9 M a2=u2 a

and tan 9 M u a Then ? du a2=u2

lnYa2=u2 = uY = C1 a a

let C M C1 J ln a #ou then have that ? du M lnYa2=u2 = uY = C$ii I/

E2,!3le: Find ? du 1C = u2 Sol'"/on: let a2 1C aM@ then "# direct su"stitution into I/ #ou get ? du M ln Y1C = u2 = uY = C 2 1C=u E2,!3le: Find ? du u2 J a2 luY>a>H

Sol'"/on: )ou can start "# tr#ing the su"stitution u M a sec 9 then du M a sec 9 tan 9 d9 "ut u2 J a2 M a2 sec2 9 J a M a2 (sec2 9 J 1! M a2 tan2 9 )ou will then have that ? du u28a2 M ? a sec 9 tan 9 d9 M ? a sec 9 tan 9 d9 a2 tan2 9 a tan 9

NOUN

DD

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

M ? sec 9 d9 therefore 9 M arc sec u H < 9 < a "ut tan 9 >H whenever H < 9 < Y2$ and tan 9 <H whenever Y2 <9 < Fro the previous e9a ple4 #ou know that ?sec 9 d9 M lnYsec 9= tan 9Y= C1

%ecall tha sec 9 M u and tan 9 M u28a2 a a If tan 9 >H #ou get =lnYu = u2 J a2Y = C1 a a 2 and tan 9 <H #ou get JlnYu 8 u J a2 Y C1 a a 2 2 However4 8lnYu 8 u J a YMlnYu = a2=u2 a a a therefore ? du u2 Ja2 (where C M C1 J ln a$! E2,!3le Find ? du u2 8C@ Sol'"/on: let a2 M C@ aMG M lnYu = u2 Ja2Y = C J (/!

Thus "# direct su"stitution into e3uation (/! #ou get that ? du u28C@ M lnYu = u2 J C@Y = C

E2,!3le: Find ? ; J u2 du Sol'"/on: let u M : sin 94 du M : cos 9 d9$ then ; J u2 M (; J ; sin2 9! M ;(1 J sin2 9! M ; cos2 9 thereforeA ? ; J u2 du M ? ; cos2 9 : cos 9 d9 M ?; cos2 9 d9

NOUN

DG

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

Fro

Unit B sec :$: #ou have that

? ; cos2 9 d9 M ;Y2 ?(1 = cos 29! d9 M ;Y2(9 = sin 29! = C 2 M ;Y2 9 = ; sin 29 = C @ thereforeA ? ; J u2 du M ; arc sin u i u ; J u2 = C 2 : 2 E2,!3le: Find ? u2 du @ J u2 Sol'"/on: let u M 2 sin 9 and J <H < 2 2 du M 2 cos 9 d9 @ J u2 M @ J @ sin2 9 M @ cos2 9 therefore ? u2 du M ? @ sin2 9 2 cos 9 d9 M ? @ sin2 9 d9 @8u2 @ cos2 9 Fro unit B sec :$: #ou have that @

? sin2 9 d9 M @ ? (1 J cos 29! d9 2 M 29 J 2 sin 9 cos 9 = C M 2(arc sin u J (@ J u2! = C 2 @ E2,!3le: Find ? d9 1 J @92 Sol'"/on: let 29 M sin u4 @92 M sin2 u 2 d9 M cos u du 1 J @92 M 1 J sin2 u M cos2 u thereforeA 18@92 M cos2 u M cos u hence ? d9 M Z ? cos u du M Z ? du 2 18@9 cos u M Z u = C "ut u M arc sin 29

NOUN

D;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

M Z arc sin 29 = C E2,!3le: Find ? 9d9 @ = 92 Sol'"/on: let 9 M 2 tan u d9 M 2 sec2 u du @ = 92 M @ = 2 tan2 u M @ (1 = tan2 u! M @ sec2 u ? 9 d9 M ? 2tan u$2 sec2 u du M ? 2 tan u sec u du @=92 @ sec2 u M 2 sec u = C M @ = 92 = C E2,!3le: Find ? d9 (981!2 = @ Sol'"/on: let L M 9 J 1 4 2dL M d9 2 @ = (9 81!2 M @(1 = j2! ? d9 M \ ? 2 dL M Z ? dL 2 2 (981! = @ 1=j 1 = j2 M Z arc tan L M Z arc tan (9 J 1! = C 2 E2e5c/6e6A Find the following integrals (i! (iii! (v! (vii! (i9! An6: (i!
NOUN

? d9 (; J 92!:Y2 ? d9 9;92=@ ? 92 d9 ; J @92 ? cos 9 d9 28sin2 9 ? d9 9a2=92

(ii! (iv! (vi! (viii! (9!

? 1C = 92 d9 ? 2B J @92 ? d9 181C92 d9 ? 1 J 92 1C ? 9 d9 2B8@92

=C

(ii!

Z 9 1C = 92 = GlnY9=1C=92Y=C GH

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(iii! (iv! (v! (vi! (viii! (i9! (9! .%1

Z lnY;92 = @ J 2Y = C :9 9 2B J @92 = 2B arc sin 29 = C 2 @ B 89 ; J @92 = ; arc sin 29 = C G 1C : \ arc sin @9 = C (vii! arc sin (2 sin 9! = C 2

9 1C J 92 = 2 arc sin 9 = C G @ 81 lnYa = a2 = 92Y = C a 9 8 \ 2B J @92

INTEGRAION #Y COMPLETING THE S?UARE OF ,22 = 02 = C 1iven a 3uadratic function of this for f(9! M a92 = "9 = C "# co pleting the s3uare it can "e reduced to the for a(u2 = (! i$e$ a92 = "9 = C M a(92 = "9! = C a 2 2 M a(9 = "9 = " ! = C J "2 a @ @a M a(9 = "!2 = @ac J "2 2a @a if #ou let u M 9t " and ( M @98"2 2a @a2 then a92 = "9 = C M a(u2 = (!$ 'hen the integral involves the s3uare root of a92 = "9 = C then #ou have to consider onl# the case for which a(u2=(! will have onl# real roots$ E2,!3le: Find ? d9 2 x =29

NOUN

G1

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

Sol'"/on: 92=29 M ?(9 =1!2 81 M u2 J 14 u M 9 = 1a du M d9 then ? d9 92=29 M ? du u2 J 1

M lnYu = u281Y = C M lnY(9=1! = 92 = 29Y = C E2,!3le: ? d9 k92 J G9 92 J G9 M (9 J @!2 8 1C

let u M 9 J @ and du M d9 then 92 M G9 M u2 J 1C thereforeA ? d9 M lnYu u2 J 1CY M lnY9 J @ = 928G9Y = C E2,!3le: Find ? d9 9281H9=2; Sol'"/on: 92 J 1H9 = 2; M 92 J 1H9 = 2B = @ M (9 8B!2 = 22 thereforeA ? d9 M ? d9 M ? du 9281H9 = 2; 22 = (98B!2 22 = u2 where u M 9 J B4 du M d9 M Z arc tan u = C M Z arc tan (9 8B! = C 2 E2,!3le: Find ? d9 :J92=29
C

thus ? d9 M ? du 92J1H9=2; 22= u2

Sol'"/on: k:892=29 M 8(92 J 29! = : M 8(92829=1!=1=: M 8(981!2 = @ M @ J u2 where u M 9 J 1 du M d9 then

NOUN

G2

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

? d9 M ? du M arc sin u = C :892=29 @ J u2 M arc sin 9 J 1 = C 2 E2,!3le: Sol'"/on: Find ? d9 @92=@9=1H

@92 = @9 = 1H M @(92 = 9! = 1H M @(92 = 9 = \ ! = 1H J @Y@ M @(9 = Z !2 = ; let u M 9 = Z du M d9 then ? d9 M ? du @92=@9=1H @u2 = ; M 1YC arc tan 2u = C : M 1YC arc tan 29 = 1 = C :

1%-

CONCLUSION In this unit4 #ou have studied techni3ues used in evaluating integrals involving a2=u24 a2 J u24 u2 J a24 a2 = u24 a92 = "9 = C4 and a92="9=C$ )ou have used the trigono etric identities and for ulas studied in unit B to develop the techni3ues for solving integrals involving the e9pressions entioned a"ove$ In the ne9t unit #ou will stud# other techni3ues of integration$ In this unit #ou have reviewed i portant trigono etric identities such as (i! 1 = tan2 9 M sec2 94 (ii! 1 J cos2 9 M sin2 9 and (iii! sec2 9 J 1 M tan2 9$ )ou have used the a"ove identities to develop techni3ues for evaluating integrals involving a2 = u24 a2 J u24 u2 J a2 and a2 = u2$ )ou have also recall the ethod of co pleting the s3uare of a 3uadratic function such as f(9! M a92="9=C$ )ou have used the ethod of co pleting the s3uare to evaluate the integrals involving a92 = "9 = C and a92 = "9 = C$ )ou used the for ulas studied in unit B to evaluate the a"ove entioned integrals$ In the ne9t unit #ou will stud# other techni3ues for evaluating integrals$

4%-

SUMMARY: In this unit #ou have studieda

NOUN

G:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(1!

how to evaluate the following t#pes of integrals (i! (iii! ? du a2=u2 ? du a28u2 (ii! (iv! ? du a2=v2 ? du u2 J a2

(2!

how to evaluate integrals such asA (i! ? d9 a92="9=C (ii! ? d9 a92="9=C

using the 9%-

ethod of co pleting the s3uare$

TUTOR MAR)ED ASSIGNMENT +valuate the following integralsA 1$ :$ B$ C$ G$ 1H$ ? d9 29892=: ? @ J 92 d9 ? du ? du u;u2=@ ? d9 928G9=:2 ? :9 = 1H 92=29=B YaY>YuY 2$ @$ ? 92 d9 2B892 ? du u2 J a2

YuY>Y1Y>H D$ ;$ ? d9 92=29=B d9 :928@9=1

UNIT 7 FURTHER TECHNI?UES OF INTEGRATION II

NOUN

G@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

TA#LE OF CONTENTS 1$H 2$H :$H :$1 :$1$1 @$H B$H C$H D$H INT%O&UCTION O-.+CTI/+, INT+1%(TION -) M+THO& OF E(%TI(* F%(CTION INT+1%(TION -) E(%T, %+E+(T+& INT+1%(TION -) E(%T, CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%) +2+%CI,+ J TUTO% M(%0+& (,,I1NM+NT, FU%TH+% %+(&IN1

1%-

INTRODUCTION (s have "een entioned in previous section4 integration is a process that involves anti8differentiation$ )ou start "# aking a guess and deter ine whether the differentiation of #our guess can give #ou the function #ou want to integrate$ The techni3ues #ou have studied so far are all tr#ing to narrow #our guess to the e9act solution$ Therefore in this unit #ou will stud# rational functions can "e integrated "# first resolving the rational function into partial fractions$ The ethod of resolving rational fraction into partial fraction "efore integration is called integration "# ethod of partial fractions$ (lso there are functions that are for ed as a product of e9ponential functions and trigono etric function$ Finding4 integrals of such product functions can onl# "e possi"le "# aking use of the product rule studied in the first course in calculus i$e$ calculus I$ This t#pe of integration "# which the product rule is applied is known as integration "# parts$ (ll these techni3ues are studied in order to ake it easier for #ou to evaluate integrals of function without aking a wide guess$ ,o endeavour to practice the e9a ples given here and in the previous units$

2%-

O#&ECTIVES (fter stud#ing this unit #ou should "e a"le toA i$ ii$ integrate certain t#pes of rational functions "# fractions$ evaluate integrals of product functions "# parts$ ethod of partial

ethod of integration "#

.%-

INTEGRATOINS #Y PARTIAL

NOUN

GB

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

In the course in alge"ra MTH 111 #ou studied how to split a rational function into a su of fractions with si pler deno ination$ )ou were told that the process of doing this is called the ethod of partial fractions$ It is advisa"le that #ou review this ethod of partial fraction in the aterials given to #ou for the course in alge"ra$ )ou could recall that 9=D M 9JD M 2 C = 9 J9 (:89!(2=9! 2 = 1 :89 2=9

therefore if #ou want to integrate a rational function of this t#pe4 ? f(9! d9 g(9! There are two things #ou will check "efore #ou decide to use the ethod of partial fractions$ These are as followsA 1$ The degree of f(9! should "e less than the degree of g(9!$ If this is not the case4 #ou ust perfor a long division4 then resolve the re ainder into partial fraction$ The factors of g;9! should "e known "# #ou$

2$

E2,!3le: Find ? 9 = D d9 C=2@92 Sol'"/on: The degree of 9 = D is lower than that of C=9 J 92$ The factors of C=9 J 92 are (:89!(2=9! Therefore4 ? 9 = D d9 M ? 2 d9 = ? d9 C =9892 :89 2=9 M 82lnY:89Y=lnY2=9Y=C$ E2,!3le: +valuate ? @92 J 2@9 = 11 (9=2!(9 J :!2 Sol'"/on: The degree of @92 J 2@9 = 11 is less than that of (9=2!(9 J :!2 @92 J 2@9 = 11 M ( = - = C (9 = 2!(9 J :!2 9=2 98: (98:!2 i$e$ @92 J 2@9 = 11 M (( = -! 92 = (C J C( J -!9 = ;( J C- = 2C +3uating coefficient and solving the resolutions si ultaneous e3uations #ields

NOUN

GC

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

@92 J 2@9 = 11 M : = 1 8 B (9=2B 9 J :!2 9=2 :8: (98:!2 therefore ? @92 J 2@9 = 11 d9 M ? : du = ? d9 8 ? Bd9 (9=2!(98:!2 9=2 98: (98:!2 M :lnY9=2Y=lnY98:Y= B = C (982! E2,!3le: Find ? C9 = 1 :9:=12928298:

Sol'"/on: :9: = 1292 J 29 J : M (@92 81!(29 = :!$ Then C9 = 1 M ( = - = C (@9 81!(29=:! 29 81 29=1 29=:$ C9 = 9 M ( (29=1!(29=:! = -(2981!(29 =:! = C(2981!(29=1!
2

-# e3uations coefficients and solving the resulting si ultaneous e3uation #ou get C9 = 1 M 1 8 1 2 (@9 81!;29=:! 2(2981! 2(29=1! thereforeA ? 8 1 29 = :

C9 = 1 d9 M Z ? d9 = Z ? d9 8 ? d9 :9:=12928298: 2981 29=1 29=: M \ lnY2981Y=1Y \ lnY29=1Y8 Z lnY29=:Y = C$ :92 1 = 9: d9

E2,!3le: Find ? Sol'"/on:

:92 M ( = -9 = C 1 = 9: 1 = 9 1 J 9 = 92

Therefore :92 M ((1 J 9 = 92! = (-9 = C! (1 = 9! +3uations coefficient solving the resulting si ultaneous e3uations #ields :92 M 1 = 29 J 1 1=9: 1=9 189=92 thereforeA ? :92 E2,!3le: d9 M ? 1 d9 = ? 29 J 1 d9 1=9: 1=9 189=92

Find ? 9 = :

NOUN

GD

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

@9:=@928D9=2 Sol'"/on: @9:=@92 J D9 = 2 M (29 J 1!(29 81!(9 = 2! then 9=: M (= = C (2981!2(9 =2! 2981 (2981!2 9=2

hence 9 = : M ( (2981!(9=2! = -(9=2! = C(29 J 1!2 +3uating coefficients and solving the resulting si ultaneous e3uations #ields 9=: (2981!2(9=D! M 82 = D 2B(29 J 1! B(29 8 1! = 1 2B(9 = 2!

thereforeA ? 9 = : d9 M 82 ? d9 = D ? d9 = 1 ? d9 @9:=@928D9=2 2B 2981 B (2981!2 2B 9=2 M 81 lnY2981Y 8 D = 1 lnY9=2Y=C 2B 1H(2981! 2B E2e5c/6e6: Find the following integrals (1! (:! (B! (D! ? d9 c (9=1!(9=2! ? 9 J B d9 (981!(9=@! ? 9 J : d9 92=29JG ? 92 292 J :9 J 2 d9 (2! (@! (C! (G! ? :9 J 1 d9 (2=9!(98:! ? 292 = 9 = C d9 @92 J @9 J : ? B d9 1=:9= 292

? 9: = 9 = 1 d9 92 J 1 ? 9: d9 (92=9=@! (92=1!

(;! An6: (1! (2! (:!

NOUN

? 2 J 92 d9 (29=1!: (981!

(1H!

ln(9=1! J lnY9 =2Y = C DYB lnY9=2Y = GYB lnY981Y = C ;YB lnY9=@Y 8 @YBlnY9 J 1Y = C GG

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(@! (B! (C! (D! (G! (;! (1H!

9 J : lnY29 = 1Y = : ln29 J :Y = C 2 @ 2 D lnY9 = @Y 8 1 lnY9 J 2Y = C C C Bln (29 = 1! J BlnY9 = 1Y = C 9 8 1 ln (29 = 1! = @ lnY9 82Y = C 2 2H B Z 92 = : lnY981Y= Z lnY9 = 1Y = C D = 1: 8 1 lnY29 = 1Y= 1 lnY9 J 1Y = C 2@(29=1!2 :C(29=1! 2D 2D 1: lnY92 = 9 = @Y 8 1B arc tan (29i= 1! 8: lnY92 =1Y 2H :H 1B 2H 8 1 arc tan 9 1H

.%1

INTEGRATION #Y PARTS The ethod of integration "# parts owns its origin to the differential of a product$ That is d(uv! M u dv = v du J (i! or udv M u dv J v du 8 (ii! integrating e3uation (ii! #ou get ? u dv M ? d (uv! 8 ? vdu ? u dv M uv 8 ? v du$ = C J III +3uation III a"ove e9presses one integral ? u dv4 in ter s of a second integral ? u dv$ The idea "ehind this ethod is that4 if "# appropriate choice U and dv4 the second integral is si pler than the first4 #ou a# "e a"le to evaluate it 3uite si pl# and as such arrive at the solution$ E2,!3le: Find ? 9 sin 9 d9 Sol'"/on: let ? 9 sin 9 d9 M 8? 9 d (cos 9! then using the for ula for integration "# part given in e3uation III a"ove #ou have that v M cos 9 therefore ? 9 sin 9 d9 M ? u dv M uv 8 ? v du M 8cos 9 (9! = ? cos 9 d9 M 89 cos 9 = sin 9 = C

NOUN

G;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

E2,!3le: ? 9e89 d9$ Sol'"/on: Use integration "# parts with u M 94 du M d94 dv M e89 d94 v M8e89 Therefore ? 9c89 d9 M 89e89 8 ?8e89 d9 M 89e89 J c89 = c In a"ove e9a ple4 it is possi"le to choose u and v differentl# i$e$ ?9e89 d9 M ?udv u M e894 du M 8e89 d9 dv M 9 d9 v M 92 2 then integration "# parts #ou get ? 9e89 d9 M 92e89 8 ? 8 89 92 d9 2 2 The a"ove is true "ut the resulting integral on the right is harder than the given one on the left$ Therefore4 #ou should "e cautious when factoring the integrand into u and dv$ 'ith ore e9a ples4 #ou get use to this techni3ue of integration "# parts$ E2,!3le6: Find ? ln 9 d9 Sol'"/on: u M ln94 dv M d94 du M 1 d9 9 therefore ? ln d9 M 9ln9 8 ? 9$ 1 d9 $ 9 M 9ln9 J 9$ = c$ E2,!3le: Find ? arc cos 9 d9 Sol'"/on: u M arc cos 9 du M 8 d9 1892 dv M d94 v M 9$ therefore ? arc cos 9 d9 M uv 8?vdu M 9 arc cos 9 8? 89 d9 1892 "ut ? 9 d9 1892 M 8? u du # where #2 M 1 J 92

8? d# M 8# = c M 8#du M = 9 d9 1892 = C

NOUN

;H

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

thereforeA ? arc cos 9 d9 M 9 arc cos 9 8 1892 = C E2,!3le: Find ? 9e9 d9 (9 = 1!2 Sol'"/on: (fter several atte pts it is found that the following factors for the integrand will work$ *et u M 9e9 du M 1 d9 (9 = 1!2 du M (9e9 = e9! d9 M e9 (9 = 1! d9 vM 8 1 9=1 thereforeA ? 9e9 (9 = 1!2 d9 M uv 8 ? vdu M 9e9 8 ? e9(9 = 1! (9=1! 8(9 = 1! M 89e89 = ? e9 d9 9=1 M 8 9e9 = e9 = C 9=1 M e9 = C 9=1

.%1%1

REPEATED INTEGRATION #Y PARTS ,o e integration a# re3uire that #ou appl# the parts two or ore ti es$ E2,!3le: Find ? 92e9 d9$ Sol'"/on: (ppl#ing integration "# parts #ou getA u M 924 dv M e9 d9 du M 29 d94 v M e9 therefore ? 92 e9 d9 M ?udv M uv 8 ? v du M 92e9 8 ?29e9d9 To find ? 29 e9 d94 #ou appl# integration "# parts again$ -# letting ethod of integration "#

NOUN

;1

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

u M 29 dv M e9 d9 du M 2 d9 v M e9 then ?29 e9 M ? udv M uv 8 ? v du M 29 e9 8 ? 2e9 d9 M 29 e9 J 2e9 = C hence ? 92 e9 d9 M 92 e9 J 29 e9 = 2e9 = C E2,!3le: ? 9(ln9!2 d9 Sol'"/on: let u M (ln9!2 du M 2ln 9 d9 2 2 dv M 9 d9 v M 9 2 thus ? 9(ln9!2 d9 M ? udv M vu 8 ? vdu M 92 (ln9!2 8 ? 92$ 2ln9 d9 2 2 9 M (9ln 9!2 8 ? 9ln 9 d9 2 To evaluate ? 9 ln9 d94 #ou appl# integration "# parts the second ti e$ i$e$ u M ln9 du M d9 9 dv M 9 d9 v M 92 2

therefore ? 9ln 9 M 92 $ ln9 8 ? d9 $ 92 2 9 2 2 M 9 ln9 8 ? 9 d9 M 92 ln9 8 92 = C 2 2 2 @ thus ? 9(ln9!2 M (9ln 9!2 8 92ln9 = 92 = C 2 2 @ E2,!3le: Find ? 9: e9 d9 Sol'"/on: )ou will appl# integration "# parts three ti es to get the solution$ ? 9: e89 d9

NOUN

;2

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

dv M e89 d94 u M 9: du M :92dv v M e9$ ? 9:e89d9 M uv 8 ? vdu M 89:e898 ? 8e89 :92 d9 :?e89 92 d9 M :Ouv 8 ?vduP u M 92 dv M e89 d94 du M 29 d94 v M 8e89 :? e89 92 d9 M : J92 e89 8: ?8e89 29 d9$ = C?e89 9 d9 M COuv 8 ? vduP u M 94 du M d94 dv M e89 d94 v M 8e89 C?e89 9 d9 M8C9 e89 8C ? 8e89 d9 M C9e89 = Ce89 = C thereforeA ? 9:e89 d9 M 89: e89 J :92 e89 J C9 e89 J C e89 = C M e89 (89: 8:92 J C9 8C! = C E2,!3le: Find ? e9 sin 9 d9 Sol'"/onA let u M e94 du M e9 d9 du M sin9 d9 v M cos 9 *et I M ? e9 sin 9 d9 therefore I M uv 8 ? v du M 8e9 cos 9 8 ? 8 cos9 e9 d9$ 9 ? cos 9 e d9 integrate "# parts again "# letting u M e9 du M e9 d94 dvMcos9 d9$ v M sin 9 then ? cos 9 e9 d9 M e9 sin 9 8 ? sin 9 e9 d9$ Therefore I M 8e9 cos 9 = e9 sin 9 J I (since I M ? sin9 e2 d9! 2I M 8e9 cos 9 = e9 sin 9$ therefore I M e9(sin 9 J cos 9! 2 ? sin9 e9 d9 M e9(sin 9 J cos 9 ! = C 2 E2e5c/6e: +valuate the following integrals (1! (:! (B! ? 9e9 d9 ? 92 e29 d9 ? 9e29 d9 (2! (@! (C! ? 9 cos 9 d9 ? 92 e89 d9 ? ln (92 = 1! d9

NOUN

;:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(D! (;! (11! An6 (1! (2! (:! (@! (B! (C! (D! (G! (;! (1H! (11! (12! 1%-

? 9 sec2 9 d9 ? 92 cos 9 d9 ? 9 tan2 9 d9

(G! (1H! (12!

? 9: e92 d9 ? e29 sin 9 d9 ? e29 cos 9 d9

9e9 J e9 = C cos 9 = 9 sin 9 = C 1 29 e (92 J 9 = \ ! = C 2 2 8e89 (892 = 29 J 2! = C e29 (9 J \ ! = C 2 9ln (92 = 1! J 29 = 2 arc tan 9 = C 9 tan 9 = ln (cos 9! = C J9: cos 9 = :92 sin 9 J C sin 9 = C9 cos 9 = C 92 sin 9 J 2 sin 9 = 29 cos 9 = C e29 (8 cos 9 = 2 sin 9! = C B B 9 tan 9 J 92 8 ln (1 = tan2 9! = C 2 2 e29 ( 2 cos 9 = 1 sin 9! = C B B

CONCLUSION )ou have studied two techni3ues of integration$ The ethod of partial fraction re3uires that #ou factoriLe the deno inator so that #ou could have si pler factors which in turn will "e easier to integrate$ (lso #ou used the techni3ue of integration to integrate product of functions that are so ehow difficult to integrate$ -reaking up the integration into parts "# appl#ing the product rule for differentiation #ields si pler integrands that #ou are alread# fa iliar with in previous units of this course$ In the ne9t unit #ou will stud# a techni3ue which is ver# si ilar to the techni3ue of integration "# parts$ In this unit various solved e9a ples have "een provided for #ou$ This is "ecause understanding the e9a ples will ena"le #ou to know at glance if a particular integration should "e carried out "# an# of the techni3ues studie in this unit$ &oing all the e9ercises provided in this unit will also sharpen #our skills in the use of the techni3ues studied in the unit$

4%-

SUMMARY

NOUN

;@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

In this unit #ou have studied (i! the techni3ue of integration "# partial fraction$ i$e$ ? f(9! d9 M ? (1 d9 = ? (2 d9 = ? (n d9 g(9! g1(9! g2(9! gn(9! where g(9! M g1(9! g2(9! ^ gn(9! and the integrals on the left and are si pler than the given integral on the left$ (ii! how to integrate product of function such as 9e 94 e9 sin 9 9 ln9 etc "# the techni3ue of integration "# parts$ i$e$ ? u dv M uv 8 ? v du where the integral on the left is si pler than the given integral on the left$ (iii! 9%how to appl# the ethod of integration "# parts two or ore ti es$

TUTOR MAR)ED ASSIGNMENT Find the following integrals$ 1$ :$ (B! (D! (;! ? 1 d9 92 J @ ? 829=@ (92=1!(981!2 ? 92 = 1 d9 9:J@92=9=C ? 9:e9 d9 ? sin (ln9! d9 (2! (@! (C! (G! (1H! ? B9 J : d9 (9=1! (98:!

? 292 = : d9 9(981!2 ? arc tan 9 d9 ? 92 cos a9 d9 ?2 9 sin a9 d9

1

UNIT 8 FURTHER TECHNI?UES OF INTEGRATION III TA#LE OF CONTENTS

NOUN

;B

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

1$H 2$H :$H :$1 :$2 @$H B$H C$H D$H 1%-

INT%O&UCTION O-.+CTI/+, %+&UCTION FO%MU*(, %(TION(* +2E%+,,ION, IN ,IN 2 (N& CO, 2 OTH+% %(TION(*IjIN1 ,U-,TITUTION, CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%) TUTO% M(%0+& (,,I1NM+NT, FU%TH+% %+(&IN1, INTRODUCTION In this unit #ou shall stud# two additional techni3ues for integration$ The previous unit ended with the techni3ue of integration "# parts$ In this unit #ou shall e9tend the ethod of integration "# parts to derive what is known as reduction for ulas for certain categories of product functions$ The reduction is derived "# appl#ing the ethod of integration "# parts repeatedl# until the power of one of the product functions is reduced to 1 or H$ the second techni3ue that will "e studied in this unit involves using an appropriate su"stitution which akes it possi"le to integrate all rational e9pression of sin 9 and cos 94 then the su"stitution 2 arc tan u M 9 transfor s the integral ? f(9! into the integral of a rational function of u4 which can "e evaluated "# techni3ues studied in previous units$ The third techni3ue that will "e studied in this unit involves using appropriate su"stitution for rational e9pression containing so e radicals such as 94 9:Y@4 18e9 etc$

2%-

O#&ECTIVES (fter stud#ing this unit #ou should "e a"le to correctl# (1! (2! (:! (@! derive reduction for ulas for integrals such as (i! ? cosn 9 d94 (ii! ? sinn 9 d94 (iii! ? ea9 cos "9 d94 etc evaluate integrals of rational functions of sin 9 and cos 9 using the su"stitution u M tan 9Y2$ evaluate integrals rational functions involving radicals and fractional powers of 9$ evaluate integrals of product function of trigono etric ratios involving cos "u cos a9 sin su" u cos a9 and au "us u a9$

NOUN

;C

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

.%-

REDUCTION FORMULAS %epeated application of integration "# parts could reduce the power of a function fro n4 sa# = 1 or H$ Thus a for ula could e erge fro the a"ove application that can "e used for evaluating integrals which are si ilar$ 1iven the integral ? 92 e9 d9 which #ou are 3uite fa iliar with in unit D$ The integral a"ove re3uires two integration "# parts$ +ach integration lowers the power of 9 "# one until 9 disappears$ In a si ilar wa# the integral ? 9:e9 d9 re3uires three integration "# parts and the integral ?? 9 @ e9 d9 re3uire four integration "# parts$ This process can continue for an# power of 9 sa# n$ Thus to evaluate the integral ? 9n e9 d9 re3uires n integration "# parts$ E2,!3le: O"tain a reduction for ula for the integral .n M ? 9n e9 d9$ Sol'"/on: Integrate "# parts setting u M 9n4 du M n9n81 d94 dv M e9 v M e9$ Then .n M ? 9n e9 d9 M uv 8 ? v du therefore .n M 9ne9 8 ? n9n81 e9 d9 M 9n e9 J n ?n81 Thus the reduction for ula is given as .n M 9n e9 8 n?n81 8888 ((! E2,!3le: Find ? 9C9 e9 d9 Sol'"/on: Use the reduction for ula of e3uation ((! to evaluate .@$ -# the reduction for ula in e3uation ((! n M C4 that is .C M 9C e9 8 C?B -# the reduction for ula with n M B .B M 9B e9 J B .@ -# the reduction for ula with n M @ .@ M 9@ e9 J @ .: Thus .C M 9C e9 J C (9B e9 J B .@! M 9C e9 J C9B e9 = :H ?@ -ut "# repeated use of the reduction for ula .@ M M M M M thus .@ M 9@ e9 8 @?: 9@ e9 J @(9: e9 8 :?2! 9@ e9 J @9: e9 = 12(92 e9 8 2?1! 9@ e9 J @9: e9 = 1292 e9 J 2@ (9e9 8 ?o! 9@ e9 J @9: e9 = 1292 e9 J 2@9e9 = 2@e9 = C e9 (9@ J @9n = 1292 J 2@9 = 2@! = C

therefore .C M e9 (9C J C9B = :H (9@ J @9: = 1292 J 2@9 = 2@! = C

NOUN

;D

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

M e9 (9C J C9B = :H9@ J 12H9: = :CH92 J D2H9 = D2H! = C E2,!3le: O"tain a reduction for ula for ? sinn 9 d9$ Sol'"/on: )ou can write .n M ? sinn 9 d9 M ? (sinn819!(sin 9! d9 and integrate "# parts with u M (sin 9!n81 du M (n81!(sin 9!n82 cos 9 d9 dv M sin 9 d9 v M 8cos 9 therefore ? sinn 9 d9 M (sin 9!n81 (8cos 9! = ? (n81! sin 9n82 cos2 d9 therefore M .n sinn 9 d9 M (sin 9!n81 cos 9 = (n81! ? sinn82 9 (18 sin2 9! d9 .n M (sin 9!n81 cos 9 = (n81! ? sinn82 9 d9 8 ? sinn 9 d9 M (sin 9!n81 cos 9 = (n81! ?n82 J (n81! .n

collecting like ter s #ou get (n81! ?n = ?n M (sin 9!n81 cos 9 = (n81! ?n82 n ?n M (sin 9!n81 cos 9 = (n81! ?n82 dividing through "# n #ou o"tain .n M (sin 9 !n81 cos 9 = n81 ?n82 n n In the a"ove the reduction for ula lowers the power of sin 9 "# two$ Therefore4 repeated application will reduce ?n to ?o or ?1 accordingl# as n is even or odd i$e$ .n M ? sin 9 d9 M cos 9 = C .o M ? d9 M 9 = C E2,!3le: ?Y2(sin 9!C d9
H

Sol'"/on: set .n M ?IIY2(sin 9!C d9 Using the reduction for ula of the last e9a ple4 #ou get *et .C M (sin 9!B cos 9 = B .@ C C for "revit# #ou write

NOUN

;G

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

.C M I4 = B Osin: 9 cos 9 = : .2P @ @ M I = B OI2 = : OI: = Z .oP C @ I1 M (sin 9!B cos 9 YIIY2 M (sin IIY2!B cos IIY2 J (sin o!B cos o M H H C C C I2 M H4 I: M H hence .C M B (!(1Y2 .o! M B (!( Z !(9!YIIY2 H C C

M B $ : $ Z $ II $ M BII C @ 2 :2 B E2e5c/6e6: Find (1! ? sin 9 d94 (2! ?II sinD 9 d9

H

(:! ? 9 e d9 (B! ? cos 9 d9 An6: (1! (1! (2! (:! (@! (B!
:

B 9

( @! ?1 9De9 d9
H

e9 (9B J B9@ = 2H 9: J CH 9@ = 12H 9 J 12H! 8 1 cos 9 (: sin@ 9 = @ sin2 9 = G! = C 1B :2 :B e9 (9B J B9@ = 2H9: J CH9@ = 12H9 J 12H! = C

BH@H J 1GB@e1 1 sin 9 (cos2 9 = 2! = C : E2,!3le: O"tain a reduction for ula for ? ea9 cos "9 d9$ Sol'"/on: *et U M ea9 and dv M cos "9 d9 Then du M aea9 d9 and v M 1 sin "9 Hence ?ea9 cos "9 d9 M ea9 sin "9 8 ? 1 sin "9$aea9 d9

NOUN

;;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

"

((! therefore ?ea9 cos "9 d9 M ea9 sin "9 8 a ? sin "9 ea9 d9 " " The integral on the right is like the first one e9cept that it has sin "9 instead of cos "9$ )ou will appl# integration "# part again "# letting u M ea9 and dv M sin "9 d9$ then du M aea9 d9 and v M 8 1 cos "9 " hence (-! ? sin "9 ea9 d9 M 8 ea9 cos "9 8 ? 8 a ea9 cos "9 d9 " " M 8ea9 cos "9 = a ?ea9 cos "9 d9 thereforeA su"stituting e3uation (-! into e3uation ((! #ou get ? ea9 cos "9 d9 M ea9 sin "9 8 a (8ea9 cos "9 = a ? ea9 cos "9 d9! " " " " M ea9 sin "9 = a ea9 cos "9 8 a2 ?ea9 cos "9 d9 " "2 "2 collecting like ter s #ou get ? ea9 cos "9 d9 (1 = a2! M ea9 (sin "9 = a cos "9! "2 " " therefore ? ea9 cos "9 d9 M ea9 ( sin "9 = a cos "9! ( "2! " " a2="2 M ea9 ( sin "9 = a cps "9! = C a 2 = "2 E2,!3le: Find ?e29 cos :9 d9 Sol'"/on: Using the a"ove reduction for ula #ou have that a M 2 and " M : then ? e29 cos : 9 d9 M e29(: sin :9 = 2 cos :9! = C @=; 29 M e (: sin : 9 = 2 cos : 9! = C 1: E2,!3le: Find ?e9Y2 cos 2Y: 9 d9$

NOUN

1HH

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

Sol'"/on: let a M Z " M 2Y: then "# the reduction for ula ?ea9 cos "9 d9 M ea9 (" sin "9 = a cos "9! = C a 2 = "2 #ou have that ? e9Y2 cos 2Y: 9 d9 M e9Y2 (2Y: 9 = Z cos 2Y: 9! \ = @Y; M :C e9Y2 (2Y: sin 2Y:9 = Z cos 2Y:9! = C 2B

.%1

RATIONAL E(PRESSIONS IN SIN ( AND COS ( There are certain class of trigono etric functions that techni3ues studied in the previous ight not "e a"le to "e used to integrate the specificall#4 rational functions of sin9 and cos 9$ (n appropriate su"stitution of u M tan 9Y 2 ight reduce the pro"le of integrating such class of rational functions of sin9 and co9 to a pro"le of integrating a rational function of u$ This in turn can "e integrated "# the ethod of partial fraction studied in unit D$ E2,!3le: If f(9! is a rational e9pression in sin9 and cos94 then the su"stitution u M tan 9Y2 transfor s the integral ? f(9! d9 into the integral of a rational function of u$ Sol'"/on: ( t#pical wa# to e9plain the a"ove is to start "# e9pressing cos9 and sin9 in ter s of u$ i$e$ cos 9 M 2 cos2 9 8 1 M 2 8 2 sec2(9! 2 M 2 81 M 2 8 1 = tan2(9! 1=u 2 1 8 u2 1 = u2

thereforeA cos 9 M 1 8 u24 u M tan 9 1 = u2 2 and

NOUN

sin 9 M 2 sin 9 cos 9 M 2 sin 9Y2 $ cos2 9 1H1

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

cos(9Y2! M 2 tan (9Y2! $

1 8 2 sec 9 2 M 2 tan (9Y2! $ 1 = tan2 (9Y2! 2u $ 1=u2

therefore sin9 M 2u 4 u M tan 9Y2 1=u2 9 M 2 ac tan u d9 M 2 du $ 1=u2 Use the a"ove tools to evaluate (1! ? sec 9 d9 ? sec 9 d9 M ? d9 cos 9

Sol'"/on: fro

a"ove cos 9 M 1 J u2 d9 M 2 du 1 = u2 1 = u22

thereforeA ? d9 M ? 2 du $ 1 = u2 M 2? du cos9 1=u2 1 J u2 18u2 "# partial fractions #ou arrive at 2 ? du M ? ( du = ? - du 18 u2 18 u 1=u M ? du = ? du 1Ju 1=u M ln Y18uY=lnY1=uY=C M lnY1=uY = C 18 u "ut u M tan 9Y2 thus ? d9 M lnY 1 = tan 9Y2 Y = C 1 J ta9 9Y2

NOUN

1H2

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

E2,!3le: ? d9 $ 1 = 2cos 9 Sol'"/on: let cos 9 M 1 8 u2 1 = u2 then 1 = 2 cos 9 M 1 = 2 (1 J u2! M 1 = u2 = 2 J 2u2 1 = u2 1 = u2 M : J u2 1 = u2 d9 M 2 du $ 1 = u2 thereforeA ? d9 M ? 2 du $ 1 = u2 M ? 2 du 1 = 2cos9 1 = u2 : J u2 :8u2$ thereforeA ? 2dv M 2? du M 1 (? du 8 ? du ! : J u2 u2 J : : u = : ? u 8 : M 1 (lnYu = :Y 8 lnYu 8 :Y! = C :lnYtan2Y2 = :Y = C tan2Y2 8 :

E2,!3leA Find ?

d9 $ Bsec9 J :

Sol'"/on: set cos 9 M 1 J u2 4 d9 M du 1 = u2 1 = u2 where u M tan 9Y2 B sec 9 J : M B 8 : M B (1 J u u2! 8 : cos 9 1 = u2 M B(1 J u2! J :(1 = u2! M 2 J Gu2 1 = u2 1 = u2 therefore ? d 9 M ? 2du M ? du Bsec J : 28Gu2 1 J @u2 M \ O? du = ? du P 182u 1=2u M \ O8lnY(2u 81! = ln (2u = 1!Y

NOUN

1H:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

M \ lnY2u = 1Y = C 2u J 1 M \ lnY2(tan9Y2! = 1Y = C 2(tan9Y2! J 1 E2,!3le: Find ? 1 d9 B = @ cos 9 Sol'"/on: set cos 9 M 1 J u2 d9 M 2 d9 1 = u2 1=u2 therefore B = @ cos 9 M B = @(1 J u2! 1 = u2 M B (1 = u2! = @(1 J u2! 1 = u2 M ; = u2 1 = u2 ? d9 M ? 2 du $ 1 = u2 B = @ cos 9 1 = u2 ; = u2 M ? 2 du M 2? du ; = u2 ; = u2 M 2 ? du M M 2 arc tan u :2 = u2 : : therefore ? d9 M 2 arc tan u M 2 arc tan 1 (tan 9 ! B=@ cos9 : : : : 2 E2e5c/6e6: +valuate the following integrals (1! (:! (B! ?IIY2 d9 H @= cos 9 ? 1 = sin 9 d9 1 = cos 9 ? 1 = sin 9 d9 1 = cos 9 (2! (@! ? sin 9 d9 : J sin 9 ? 1 J sin9 d9 1 = cos 9

NOUN

1H@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

An6: (1! (2! (:! (@! (B! 2 1B arc tan ( 1 tan ( 9 ! 1B! = C 1B B 2 1 ln (: = :(tan2 9 ! J 2 tan 9 ! = 2 arc tan (2 (C tan 9 J 2! : 2 2 C G 2 2 D arc tan ( D tan 9 ! D D 2 tan 9 8 ln (1 = tan2 9 ! 2 2 tan 9 = ln ( 1 = tan2 9! 2 2

.%2

FURTHER SU#STITUTIONS )ou are 3uite fa iliar with the following trigono etric identitiesa (1! (2! (:! sin p9 sin t9 M Z Ocos (p 8 t! 9 8 cos (p = t! 9P sin p9 cos t 9 M Z Osin (p J t! 9 = sin (p = t! 9P cos p9 cos t 9 M Z Ocos (p J t! 9 = cos (p = n! 9P

using the a"ove evaluate (i! ? sin :9 cos D9 d9 M M M M M M Z ?sin (: J D!9 = sin(: = D!9 d9 Z ?(sin 1H9 J sin @9! d9 8 cos 1H9 = cos @9 = C 2H G Z ?cos(: J 2!9 = cos(2 = :!9 d9 Z ?(cos9 = cos B9! d9 sin 9 = sin B9 = C 2 B

(ii!

? cos 29 cos :9 d9

(iv!

? sin D9 sin 9 d9 M Z ? cos (D J 1! u J cos (t = 1! 9 M Z ? (cos C9 J cos G9! Z Osin C9 8 sin G9P M sin C9 8 sin 1C9 = C

NOUN

1HB

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

12

E2e5c/6e6: +valuate the following integralsA (i! (iii! .%. ?II sin 29 sin B9 d9
II

(ii!

? cos B9 cos C9 d9

?II cos B9 sin C9 d9

o

OTHER RATIONALISING SU#STITUTIONS )ou will stud# how to integrate rational functions f(9! involving fractional powers of 9$ This #ou will carr# out "# using the su"stitution 9 M un$ E2,!3le: Find ? d9 1 = A9 Sol'"/on: set u2 M 9 2u du M d9 where u M 9 then ? d9 M ? 2 u du 8 2? u du 1 = 9 1=u 1=u M M M M 2 ?(1 8 1 ! du 1=u 2(u J ln 11 = uY = C 2u J 2lnY1 = uY = C 29 J 2lnY1 = 9Y = C

E2,!3le: Find ? d 9 1 = @x Sol'"/on: ,et u@ M 9 @u: du M d9 Then ? d9 M ? @u: du 1 = @k9 1=u M @ ? u: du 1=u

M @ u: J 2u2 = @u J @lnY1 = uY = C : M @ 9:Y@ J 291Y2 = @91Y@ J @Y1 = 91Y@Y = C

NOUN

1HC

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

E2,!3le: ? 9: 92 = @ Sol'"/on: set u2 M 92 = @ 92 M u2 J @ 29 d9 M 2u du therefore ? 9: 92 = @ d9 M ? 92 92 = @ $9 d9 M ? (u2 J @! u$ u dv M ? (u2 J @! u2 du M ? (u@ J @ u2! du M ? uB 8 @ u: = C B : M (92 = @!BY2 8 @ (92 = @!:Y2 = C B : M 1 (92 = @!:Y2 (:92 J G! = C 1%CONCLUSION In this unit #ou have studied how to o"tain reduction for ula of certain product functions$ (lso #ou have studied how to use appropriate su"stitution to integrate rational function involving e9pressions such as sin94 cos94 tan9 etc$ )ou have used trigono etric ideitities to integrate product function involving e9pression like sin"9 cosu94 sin"94 sinc9 and cos"9 cosa9$ )ou have also studied how to integrate rational functions involving fractional powers of the varia"le 9$ This unit deals ainl# with integration of functions e anating fro pro"le s of alternating correct theor#4 heat transfer4 "ending of "ea s4 ca"le stress anal#sis in suspension "ridges4 and an# other places where trigono etric series is involved$

4%-

SUMMARY: In this unit #ou have studied how toA (1! o"tain reduction for ula of special integrals such as (i! ?cosn 9 d9 (ii! ?sinn 9 d9

NOUN

1HD

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

(iii! (2! (:! (@! 9%-

?ea9cos "9 d9 (iv!

?e9 9n d9

integrate rational functions involving e9pressions such as sin94 cos94 sec9 tan9 and cosec9$ integrate product functions of trigono etric functions such as ? cos"9 cosa9 d94 ? cos"9 sina9 d9 and ?sina9 sin"9 d9 evaluate integrals of rational functions involving fractional powers of the varia"le 9$

TUTOR MAR)ED ASSIGNMENTS 1$ :$ B$ ?1 9@ e9 d9

H

2 @

? sin 9 d9 ? e: cos 29 d9

? cosB 9 d9 ? e9Y2 cos 9 d9

o"tain a reduction for ula for C$ G$ 1H$ 12$ 1@$ ? cosn 9 d9 ? d9 1 = cos 9 ? sec 9 d9 2 tan n = sec 281 ? cos :9 sin 29 du ? cos @9 cos D9 d9 D ; 11$ 1:$ 1B$ ? ea9 sin "9 d9 ? 9 d9 1 = 91Y@ ? 9 d9 B @(1 = 9:Y@! ? cosB 9 cos :9 d9$ ? sin Dn sin 29 d

UNIT B APPLIATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRATION I TA#LE OF CONTENTS 1$H INT%O&UCTION

NOUN

1HG

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

2$H :$H :$1 @$H B$H C$H 1%-

O-.+CTI/+, (%+( -+T'++N T'O CU%/+, &I,T(NC+ CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%) TUTO% M(%0+& (,,I1NM+NT, INTRODUCTION In unit 14 #ou studied the connection "etween su s of thin rectangles of area f(9!$ 9r and the integration of f(9!$ )ou discovered that when f(9! is continuous on a 9 " then the li it li Uf(9! 9 M F("! as 9 H$ In unit 1 #ou applied the a"ove when finding the area under the curve of f(9! within the interval Oa4"P$ In this unit #ou shall e9tend the concept of area under a curve to the following4 area "etween two curves$ &istance traveled can "e calculated "# integrating the velocit# v1 M f(t! of the "od#$ Here v M f(t! H and continuous function of t within a specified interval of ti e t$ In the ne9t unit calculation of volu es of a solid of revolution will "e treated as wellas co puting the work done "# a "od#$

2%-

O#&ECTIVES (fter stud#ing this unit #ou should "e a"le to correctl# (i! (ii! (iii! evaluate area "etween two curves calculate the distance traveled "# a "od# oving with a velocit# v M f(t! calculate volu es of an# solid of revolution

.%-

AREA #ET$EEN T$O CURVES ,uppose #ou consider two continuu functions f(9! and f(9! in a closed interval Oa4 "P$ ,uppose that f1(9! f2(9! for all 2c Oa4 "P$ Then the curve of f1(9! is alwa#s a"ove the curve of f2(9!$ (see fig$ ;41!$ f1(9! ) #1 f2(9! #2

NOUN

1H;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

a F/ % B%1

9 = 9

"

To calculate the area "etween the two curves #ou will consider the area under curve f(9! and the vertical lines 9 M a and 9 M " then the area a"ove curve f2(9! and the vertical lines 9 M a and 9 M "$ To understand this cut out a rectangular ,T%IE OF 'I&TH 2$ )ou will not find it difficult to know that the length of the rectangular strip is #1 J #2$ Therefore4 the area of rectangular strip is (#1 J #2! $ M Of1(9! J f2(9!P$9$ Using the concept studied in unit 14 the area under the two curves will "e given "# the su of the areas of the rectangular strip i$e$ ( U Of1(9! J f2(9!P 9 M ? (f1(9! J f2(9! d9
a "

If #ou allow 9
" a

H then #ou can o"tain the e9act area as

( M li 9

U Of1(9! J f2(9!P 9 M ? (f1(9! J f2(9! ! d9 H

E2,!3le: Find the area "ounded "# the para"ole # M 829$ Sol'"/on: The first step is to know which curve is the upper "oundar# and which is the lower "oundar#$ This can "e achieved "# plotting the curves on the sa e rectangular a9es$ ,ee fig$ ;$2!$

) ( @

NOUN

11H

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

2 81H 81 2 @ -C # M 8 :2 # M @ J 92 F/ B%2 ,econd step is to know where the curves intersect$ This #ou can do "# finding points that satisf# "oth e3uations si ultaneousl#$ That is #ou solve @ J 92 M 8:9 92 J :9 J @ M H (9 J @ 29 = 1! M H 9 M @ or 81 Thus the curves intersect at ((814 :! and -(@4 8 12!$ For values of 2c O 814 @P the curve # M @ J92 is a"ove the line # M 8:9 "# an a ount (@ J 92! J (8:9! M @ = :9 J 92 therefore the area "etween the two curves is given as
81

1H

?@ (@ = :9 J 92! d9 M @9 = :92 8 9: Y@ 2 : 81 M 12B C s3 units E2,!3le: Find the area "ounded the para"ola # M 92 J 2 and the strainght line # M 29 = 1$ ,tep1$Elotting the curves on the sa e graph gives #ou what #ou find in Fig$ : #

NOUN

111

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

81 : 82

F/ B%. ,tep 2A Eoint of intersection is given as 92 J 2 M 29 = 1 (9 J :!(9 = 1! M H 9 M : or J 1 ,tep :A The line # M 29 =1 is a"ove the para"ola # M 92 J 2 "# an a ount 29 = 1 J (92 J 2! M 29 = : J 92 Therefore the area is given as ?:(29 = : J 92! d9 M :2 s3 units 81 : )ou will now e9tend the a"ove to finding areas "etween curves that are crossed$ Consider two f(9! and g(9! shown in Fig ;$@ # 92 J 29 J : M H

f(9! " 9 a 91 92 g(9! F/ B%1 In fig ;$@ neither f(9! or g(9! re ains positive4 i$e$ f(9! > g(9! 2c Oa1 91P and 2c O924 "P while g(9! > f(9! for 2c O914 92P$ Then the area is given as ?91(f(9! J
a

g(9!! d9 = ?92(g(9! J f(9!! d9 = ?"(f(9! J g(9! d9 M ?9Yf(9! J g(9!Yd9 = ?92Yf(9!8 g(9!Yd9

9 1 9 2 a 9 1

NOUN

112

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

Under each integral sign4 the upper curve is written first$ If #ou co pute 5ust ?" (f(9! J g(9! d9 the areas will "e counted with opposite signs and value$ a# cancel out to give #ou a Lero

E2,!3le: Find the area "etween # M sin9 and # M cos9 9 O 4 2 P Sol'"/on: The region covered "# the area is given in Fig ;$B$ The area is given "# the integral ?2IIYsin9 J cos9Y d9
H

# cos9 B @ H @ sin9 F/ B%4 'e solve for 9 si ultaneousl# i$e$ sin9 M cos9 here fro the g raph a"ove4 sin9 J cos9 M H$ 2 9

sin9 J cos9 H 9 OH1 P @ sin9 J cos9 H 9 O 4 B P @ @ sin9 J cos9 H 9 O B4 2P @ thus area ? IIY@Ysin9 J cos9 Yd9 = ? BIIY@Ysin9 J cos9Yd9
H IIY@

= ? Ysin9 J cos9Yd9
BII @ BII

2II

NOUN

11:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

? IIY@ (cos9 J sin9! d9 = ? @ (sin9 J cos9! d9

H 2II IIY@

= ? (cos9 J sin9! d9
BIIY@ IIY@ H 2II BIIY@ IIY@

M sin9 = cos9Y = 8 cos9 J sin9Y = sin9 = cos9 Y

BIIY@

M 2 J 1 = 22 = (1 = 2! M @ 2 s3 units )ou could also co pute areas in which the "oundar# curves are not functions of 9 "ut functions of # (see Fig ;$C!$ In such cases the area is given "# the integral$
"

?Yf(#! J g(#!Y d# # " f(#! g(#! a 9 F/ % B%9 E2,!3le: Find the area "etween the para"ola 9 M 8:#2 = @ and 9 M #2$ Sol'"/on: The region covered "# area is displa#ed in Fig$ ;$D$ The two para"olas intersect at # M 81 and # M 1 i$e$ 8:#2 = @ M #2 8@#2 M 8@ #M=1

NOUN

11@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

81

F/ B%7
1

The area is given "# the definite integral ( M ? (8:#2 = @ J #2! d#

81 1

? (@ J @#2! d# M 1C 81 :

E2,!3le: Find the area "etween 9 M \ #: #c O 824 1P and 9 M Z #: = \ #2 J Z # #c O824 1P Sol'"/on: The region "ounded "# the two curves is disploa#ed in Fig$ ;$G$

# 2 1 #M1 #MH 82 H 1 2 @ 9 M \ #2

NOUN

11B

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

9 M Z #: = \ #2 8 Z # 82 # M 82 F/ B%8 The two curves eet at where \ #: M Z #: = \ #2 J Z # 9 @

#: M 2#: = #2 8 2# #: = #2 J 2# M H 2 # (# = # J 2! M H # (# J 1!(# = 2! M H # M H4 # M 14 # M 82 therefore area is given as

1

? Y Z #: = \ #2 J Z # J (1Y@ #:!Y d9
2 H

M ? Y Z #: = \ #2 J Z # J (1Y@ #:!Y d9
82 1

= ? Y Z #: = \ #2 J Z 8 ( \ #:!Y d9
H H

M ?( \ #: J \ # #2 = Z #! d9
82 1

= ? (8 \ #: J \ #2 = Z #! d9
1

M 2 = B M :D : @G @G E2e5c/6e6: ,ketch the region that is "ounded "# the following curves and find the area$ 1$ 2$ :$ # M 92 4 # M @9 8 : Z #2 M 94 9 M @ = # 9 = #2 J @ M H4 9 J 2# M H

NOUN

11C

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

An6: .%1

(1!

@4 :

(2!

:C

(:!

@; C

DISTANCE *et the distance traveled "# a "od# oving with velocit# v M f(t! "e denoted "# the letter ,$ If f(t! H and continuous in a closed interval tcOa4 "P$ Then the distance traveled is given asA
" a " a "

?ds M ? f(t! dt , M ? f(t! dt

a

,o if #ou integrate the velocit# function #ou can get the distance traveled "# a "od#$ E2,!3le: ( "o# enters a car at ti e t M H$ (fter tsecs4 the velocit# of the car is 1Ht: Ys$ How far does the car ove during the first 1 secb Sol'"/on: Think of the ti e t M H and t M 1 sec$ The integral
1

? 1Ht: dt
H 1 1

M ? 1Ht: dt M 1Ht@:Y M B H @ H 2 E2,!3le: Find the total distance traveled "# a ti e$ If f(t! M 2t = 1 H 2$
2 H 2 H 2

oving "od# as a function of

Sol'"/on: ? f(t! dt M ? ;2t = 1! dt M t2 = t Y

H

MC E2,!3le: ( "all is thrown up fro the ground at t M H$ (t ti e t its velocit# is :H J 2Ht Ys$ (fter :secs4 the "all hhits the ground$ How far has it traveledb Sol'"/on: In this e9a ple4 #ou will encounter a negative velocit# which will result to negative distance$ This is si pl# "ecause of the fact that at the
NOUN

11D

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

a9i u height attained the "all falls "ack towards the ground$ The ove ent "ackwards is easured as negative velocit# and negative distance (see Fig ;$1H!$

tY2 F/ % 1-

v M f(t! H tcOH4 tY2P v M f(t! H tcO tY24 tP

t H tYB H t tY2

Therefore , M ?Yf(t!Y dt M ? Yf(t!Y dt = ? Yf(t!Y dt (ppl# the a"ove to the pro"le

D H :Y2 H :Y2 H : :Y2

#ou set t M :4 v M :H J 2Ht

: :Y2

then ? Y:H J 2HtY dt M ? (:H J 2H! dt = ? (2Ht J :H! dt M :Ht J 1Ht2Y = 1Ht2 J :HtY M @B = @B M @B 2 2
:

In the a"ove e9a ple4 ? (:H J 2Ht!dt M H$ This is "ecause the "all
H

oves

@BY2 with positive velocit# (upwards! and @BY2 with negative velocit# (downwards!$ The integral4 however4 counts these distances with opposite signs so the# cancel out$ E2e5c/6e6: ( "od# has velocit# v M f(t!$ Find the distance covered "etween t M a and t M "$ 1$ f(t! M (:t 81! Ys a M H4 " M :

NOUN

11G

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

2$ :$

f(t! M (:t Jt2! Ys a M H4 " M 2 f(t! M (@t2 = :t = 1! Ys a M H " M : 21 2 (2! ; 2 (:! 1HB 2

An6: (1! 1%-

CONCLUSION )ou have studied how to use integration to find the areas "etween two curves$ )ou o"served that when the curves crossed one another4 the su of the areas cancel out$ (s such caution is applied when finding areas "ounded "# two crossing curves$ That is the curve that is a"ove within a given region is ued first in the integral$ )ou have studied how distance traveled "# a "od# with a constant$ /elocit# can "e calculated "# integrating the velocit# function within a given interval of ti e$ In the ne9t unit4 #ou will appl# the sa e ethod to finding the work done when an o"5ect is oved along a straight line$ (lso the volu es of a solid of revolution$

4%-

SUMMARYA In this unit #ou have studied how toA (i! (ii! (iii! find the area "ounded "# two curves find the area "ounded "# two crossing curves find the distance traveled "# an o"5ect with a velocit# v M f(t!

9%-

TUTOR MAR)ED ASSIGNMENT ,ketch the area of the region "ounded "# the following curves and find the area 1$ 2$ :$ @$ B$ C$ D$ G$ # M 92 J 2 and # M 29 = 1 # M @ J 92 and # M Z 9 = 1 # M cos9 and # M sin9 2c OH4 :g and t M " f(t! M 2t J 1 and a M H4 " M : f(t! M t2 = 1 and a M H4 " M 2 f(t! M t2 = 2 4 a M H " M @ :t = 1 f(t! M 2t J t2 a M H4 " M 2G f(t! M 1 J t: a M H4 " M 1 Find the area "etween 9 M 1 #: = 1 #2 8 1 # #c O814 1P G 1C G

NOUN

11;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

and 9 M 1 #: #c O 824 1P 1C ;$ ( particle is put inside an accelerator at ti e t M H$ (fter t sec its velocit# is 1HB t2 Ys$ How far does the particle ove during the first 1H82 secb

UNIT 1APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION II TA#LE OF CONTENTS 1$H 2$H :$H :$1 INT%O&UCTION O-.+CTI/+, 'O%0 /O*UM+,

NOUN

12H

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

:$2 @$H B$H C$H D$H 1%-

(/+%(1+ /(*U+ OF ( FUNCTION CONC*U,ION ,UMM(%) TUTO% M(%0+& (,,I1NM+NT, FU%TH+% %+(&IN& INTRODUCTION In continuation the application of definite integration to specific pro"le s or situation4 will in this unit consider further application na el#A (1! co puting the work done "# a force applied along a line$ (nd (ii! volu e of a solid$ The ethod that will "e adopted in finding the volu e of a solid "# integration is to slice the solid into nu erous thin pieces4 each of which is appro9i atel# a fa iliar shape of a known volu e$ The a"ove could "e e9ecuted in four steps (1! choose a ethod of slicing the solid (2! choose a varia"le 9 which locates the t#pical slice and find the range of values of 9 that applies to the pro"le $ (:! co pute the volu e f(9! d9 of a t#pical slice and finall# (@! find anti8derivative (integration! of f(9! and co pute ? "f(9!d9 a where 9cOa4 "P$ The four steps enu erated a"ove will "e useful in finding volu es of an# solid "# integration$

2%-

O#&ECTIVES: (fter stud#ing this unit4 #ou should "e a"le toA (i! (ii! co pute the work done "# appl#ing a force on an o"5ect alng a line$ Co pute the volu e of a solid$

.%-

$OR) 'hen a constant force F(N! is applied along a distances in the work done4 (N ! is the product of force and distance$ i$e$ 'ork M ' M F$s suppose an o"5ect is oved along a straight line fro 9 M a to 9 M " "# a force of agnitude f(9!$ &ividing the interval Oa4 "P into su"8intervals of length 9 then the work done oving the o"5ect fro 9ei81 to 9i is appro9i atel# f(9l!$9i since 9H this force is constant$ The total work done will then "e the su of work done in each su"interval$ This is given asA
"

Total 'ork M ? f(9! d9

a

E2,!3le: ,uppose at each point of the 9 J a9is there is a force of (:92 J 9 = 1!N pulling an o"5ect$ Find the work done in oving it fro 9 M 1 to 9 M :$

NOUN

121

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

: 1

Sol'"/on: 'ork M ?(:92 J 9 = 1! d9 M 9: J U 9 U = 9Y M 2@ (n interesting e9a ple of this can "e derived fro 1ravitation$ Newton7s *aw of

E2,!3le: 1iven that two "odies pull at each other with a force F M k M where M and afd their asses respectivel# and 9 is distance "etween 92 The $ If one of the "odies is fi9ed at origin4 how uch work is done in oving the other "od# fro 9 M 1 to 9 M :b ((ssu e k4 M4 and are known!b Sol'"/on:
:

' M ? f(9! d9 M ? kMn d9 1 92

: :

M kM ? 1 d9 M 8kM 1 2 9

1 Y M 2 kMn$ 9 1 :

For ost springs4 there is a law governing their functions$ (ccording to the law known as Hooke7s law when a spring is stretched a short distance there is a co pressing or restoring force proportional to the a ount of stretching$ This force is given as F M c9 where 9 is the a ont the spring has "een displaced fro its natural or unstressed length and c is a spring constant$ -e#ond this range4 the spring will "eco e unrelia"le and unpredicta"le$ E2,!3le: ( spring has a natural length of * M H$2H $ ( force of 1N streches the spring to a length of H$21 $ Find the spring constant$ Find the a ount of work re3uired to stretch the spring fro its natural length to a length of H$22 $ Calculate the a ount of work done in stretching the spring fro H$21 to H$22 $ Sol'"/on: F M 14 e9tra length M $2H J 21 M H$1 then F M c9 1 M c(H$1! c M 1YH$1 M 1H$ To calculate the work done in stretching the spring H$H2 length4 #ou have ' M ?H$H2 1H9 d9 M 92Y$H2 M 2 = 1H8:N
H H

"e#ond it natural

NOUN

122

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

To find the work done in stretching the spring fro length of H$22 #ou co pute ' M ?H$H2 1H9 d9 M 1$B 9 1H8:N$
H$H1

a length of H$21

to a

E2,!3le: Find the work done "# a force f(9! M 29 = : N in o"5ect fro 9 M 1 to 9 M B $
B B 1

oving an

Sol'"/on:
1

' M ? f(9! d9 M ? (29 = :!d9 M :C

E2e5c/6e6: 1$ The force in Newton7s re3uired to stretch a certain spring 9 is given as F M B9$ How uch work is re3uired to stretch the spring (1! H$1 (ii! H$1B and (iii! H$H2B b Find the work done "# a force f;9! M D9 = B Newton in pushing an o"5ect fro 9 M 1 to 9 M 2 $

2$ .%1

VOLUMES In this section #ou will stud# how to find the volu es of solids "# integration$ -efore doing this4 #ou will co pute the area of circle and then e9tend the sa e ethd to that of co puting the volu es of solids$ E2,!3le6: Find the area of a circle of radius r$ 'here the circu ference is given as C M 2lr$ Sol'"/on: ,tep 1$ Cut the circle into this concentric rings (Fig 1H$H!

dx

F/ % 1-%-

NOUN

12:

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

,tep 2A *et 9 denote the distance of a ring fro 1H$1 here H 9 r$

the centre as shown in Fig

,tep :A The length of an# ring is given as 2l9 and the width is d9$ Thus the area of a t#pical ring is given as 2m9 d9$ The area of the circle is therefore given as the su of areas of the concentric rings$
r

i$e$ ( M ? 2m9 d9$

H

M l9 Y M lr2 which is the area of a circle with radius r$ Vol'!e o; ReCol'"/on: The volu es of an# solids can "e found "# the ethod of slicing descri"d a"ove$ -efore #ou continue it is necessar# to define what is eant "# solid of revolution ( solid which has a central a9is of s# etric is called a solid of revolution$ Most solid that will "e consider in this unit are solid of revolution$ For e9a ple4 a cone4 a c#linder4 a "ucket etc$ To find the volu e of such solid displa#ed in fig$ 1H$1 #ou irst consider the area under the region (- of the curve # M f(9! revolved a"out the 9 8 a9is
y

2 r

A
0
a

y= f ( x)

dv
F/ 1-%1 through :CHH$ +ach point on the curve represents a circle with centre on the 98a9is$ ( solid of revolution as displa#ed in Fig 1H$1 hs two circular plane ends cutting the 98a9is at 9 M a at 9 M "$ (s ws done in the e9a ple of the area of a circle$ *et v "e the volu e of the solid of revolution fro 9 M a up to an# value 2c (a4 "! see Fig 1H$2 # # = d#

NOUN

12@

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

9 a d9

9 = d9

F/ 1-%2 ,:ow/n , c5o66 6ec"/on o; 6ol/d o; 5eCol'"/on ,uppose thee is an incre ent in 9 i$e$ d9 with a corresponding incre ent in #4 d# and incre ent in /4 dv$ In fig 1H$2 he volu e of the slice with thickness d9 is given "# dv and is enclosed "etween two c#linders of outer radius # M d# and inner radius #$ Thus l#2 s9 M sv l (# = s#!2 d9 l#2 sv l(# = s#!2 iii ((! s9 hence as s9 H 4 s9 H and sv s9 dv d9

thus ((! "eco es #2 dv l#2 d9 dv M l#2 integrating "oth sides #ou have / M ? l#2 d9 where # M f(9! a continuous function and / is the volu e of solid generated when the curve # M f(9! is rotated through :CHH around the 98a9i9 "etween the li its 9 M a and 9 M "$ E2,!3le: The region in the 98# plane "ounded "# the curve # M 924 the line 9 M H and 9 M : and the 9 M a9is is revolved a"out 9 J a9is$ 'hat is the resulting volu eb Sol'"/on: ,ee Fig (1H$:! / M ?: l#2 d9
H

# M 92

NOUN

12B

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

/ M ?:l 9@d9
H

M l9B Y: M 2@:l B H B

F/ 1-%. E2,!3le: *et the region "e revolved around the # Ja9is fro 'hat is its volu eb 9 M H to 9 M 2$

# Sol'"/on: ,ee Fig 1H$@

2

# M 92

/ M ? l92 d# 2 F/ % 1-%1 ,ince # M 92 thus i plies that for 9 M H4 # M H and 9 M 24 # M @ then

@ @

/ M ? l# d# M l #2Y M G l H 2H E2,!3le: The portion of the curve # M 9 "etween 9 M H and 9 M @ is rotated co pletel# round the 98a9is$ Find the volu e of the solid generated$ Sol'"/on: ,ee Fig$ 1H$B #
@

# M 9

/ M ? l#2 d9
H @

M ? l9 d9
H @

M l 92Y M Gm 2H E2,!3le: Find the volu e of a cone with "ase radius r and height h$

NOUN

12C

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

Sol'"/on: The a9is of the cone is a line that passes through the verte9 of the cone and the centre of the "ase$ ) E # H 9 t # N 9 [

F/ % 1-%4
h

/ M ? l #2 d9
H

To get #2 #ou consider Fig$ 1H$B where a cross section gives #ou a picture of two si ilar triangles eH[N and OET$ Thus # M r 9 h
h

# M r9 h
h

#2 M r2 92 h2

therefore / M l ? r2 92 d9 M lr2 O 9:P M 1 lr2h H H h2 h2 : which is te volu e a circular cone$ E2,!3le: Find the volu e of a sphere "# rotating the circle 9 2 t#2 M r2 a"out the 98a9is$ Sol'"/on: Using the for ula
"

/ M ? m#2 d9 $ )
H

since the centre of the circle is at origin # M r2 J 92 then a M r 4 " M r

r

8r 9 r

/ M ? l(r2 J 92! d9 M l Or292 8 9: Pr M @ lr: 8r : 8r : E2e5c/6e6: ,ketch the graph and find the volu e generated "# revolving the region "elow it a"out he 98a9is$
NOUN

12D

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

1$ # M :92 2c (H4 1! 2$ # M e89 2c (H4 2! : :$ # M @9 2c (H4 1! @$ # M 1Y9 2c (14 2! B$ ,ketch the graphs and find the volu e generated "# revolving the region "etween the a"out the 98a9is # M @892 # M Z 9 = 1 An6: 1$ @$ ; Bl l 2 (2! (B! l(1 J e8@! 2 2@H1 GH (:! 1Cl D

.%2

AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION )ou are 3uite fa iliar with how to find average value of a finite nu "er of data$ For e9a ple4 if #14 #24^4 #n are scores o"tained in a class test "# n nu "er of students4 then the class average score will "e given as #av M #14 = #2 = #n J 1 n 'hen the nu "er is infinite then it will not "e possi"le to use the a"ove for ula (1!$ The a"ove is also possi"le for a discrete case$ If data is continuousl# used in a given interval4 for ula 1 will "e difficult or eaningless$ In such situation another ethod is needed to "e a"le to calculate the average value of the data #$ *et # M f(9! a 2c " then )av M 1 ? f(9! d9 "8a a E2,!3le: Find the average value of O H1 aP if f(9! M 9: Sol'"/on:
" "

)av M 1 ? f(9! d94 a M H4 " M a "8a a

a a

1 ? 9: d9 M 1 O 9@P a H a @ H

NOUN

12G

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

M 1 a

a@ M a: @ @

E2,!3le: Find the average value of f(9! M r2 J 92 2c O8r4 rP Sol'"/on: a M r4 " M r4 f(9! M r2 J 92
r

ThereforeA (verage M 1 ? (r2 J 92! Z d9 M Z r O Z 9 r2 J 92 = Z r2 arc sin 9 P r M Z r O Z r2 lP M rl @ 1%CONCLUSION In this unit #ou have studied how to find the work done when a force is applied on an o"5ect along a straight line$ )ou have studied how to co pute the work done when a spring is co pressed or stretched$ )ou have studied how to co pute volu es of a solid generated "# revolving a region along the a9is of s# etr# of the solid$ )ou have also studied how to find the average value of a set of continuous data in a gien interval$ 4%SUMMARY: In this unit #ou have studied how toA (i! co pute the work done when a spring is co pressed or stretched
" r

i$e$ ' M ? f(9! d9

a

(ii!

co pute the volu es of solid of revolution

9M" #M"

i$e$ / M ? l #2 d9
9Ma

or / M ? l92 d#
#Ma

(iii!

co pute the average value of a function f(2! i$e$ (verage f(2! M 1 ? f(9! d9 a 9" "Jaa
"

9%-

TUTOR MAR)ED ASSIGNMENT

NOUN

12;

MTH 122

Integral Calculus

1$

( certain spring e9erts a force of H$BN when stretched $:: "e#ond its natural length$ 'hat is the work done in stretching the spring H$1 "e#ond its natural lengthb 'hat is the work done in stretching it an additional H$1 b ( he ispherical oil tank of radius 1H is "eing pu ped out$ Find the work done in lowering the oil level fro 2 "elow the top of the tank to @ "elow the top of the tank$ 1iven that the pu p is placed right on top of the tank$ Take the weight of water wkg$ The "ase of a solid is the region "etween the curves 9 = # M 1 and # M 1 J 9$ ,ketch the graphs and find the volu e of the solid generated "# revolving the region a"out the 98a9is$ Find the volu e generated when the plane figure "ounded "# # M B sin 294 the 98a9is and the ordinates 9 M H and 9 M mY@ rotates a"out the 98a9is through a co plete revolution$ ,uppose a super arket receives a consign ent of 1@HH satchets of pure water ever# :H da#s$ The pure water is sold to retailers at a stead# ratea and 9 da#s after the consign ent arrives4 the inventor# I(9! of satchets still on hand is I(9! M 1@HH J 1@ 9$ Find the average dail# inventor#$

2$

:$

@$

B$

NOUN

1:H