Abbreviation (IMC)Inventory monitoring and control (CIM)CORPORATE INVENTORY MANAGEMENT (FAR)Final audit report (DAR)Draft audit report (ATR)Action

taking report (SAP)System application & product (ERP)Enterprise resource planning (SCADA)Supervisory control & data acquisition system (DCS)distributed control system (WAN)Wide area network (OFC)OPTICAL FIBER CAF (CDA) competent disciplinary authority (CAG)Control audit general (PDCA)Plan do- check- act 9001-quality 14001-environment 18000-occupatinal health safety (WOC)weight on cementing (GTO)GEO TECHNICAL ORDER (ROP)rate of penetration (SPM)stroke per minute (RTU)remote terminal unit (WOB)weight on bid (RFT)Repeate formation test (IPR)Inflow performance relationship (TPR)Tube performance realtion ship

(PLC)Programmable logic controller (VDL) (CBL)cement bond log

(ARN)Aromatic rich naphtha

History Use of crude oil dates back to as early as 3500 b.c when Sumerian used asphalt as a sealant for watercraft Indus valley dweller used bitumen around 3000b.c as sealing agent in their bath Chinese were first to use oil and gave the world the first drilling machine, but they were not drilling for oil. they used to drill for brine, to make salt Bamboo drilling ,was known in China as early as 1637. The Romans used crude oil in warfare, the Egyptians used for preservation of Mummies and Indians used it in Ayurved as Shilajit for medical purpose in vedas Romans used Flaming containers of oil as weapons of war Egyptians used crude oil to preserve mummies Cure for Asthma, Skin Diseases and Arthritis- Chinese and Red Indians Olive oil, Beeswax, Whale oil, Sesame oil, Nut oil - fuel till late 18th century. Abraham Gesner invented the kerosene lamp in 1850 earlier whale oil was being used. George Bissell ,the father of modern oil Industry In 1859 engaged colonel Edwin drake and sent him to drill first well in Titusville,Pennsylvania,usa at 69 feet John D. Rockefeller who established the Standard Oil Company in 1870. he monopolized and controlled the entire oil business of the world. Marcus Samuel in 1892 broke the monopoly of Standard Oil in the world Oil market. He established the Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited 1903 : Wright Brothers motored and manned airplane Automolbile with ic engine invented in early 20th century 1908 : Henry Ford sells first Model T car 1911 : Winston Churchill decided to change Royal Navys Feedstock from Coal

to Oil. 1914-1919: World war-1, tanks invented, aerial fighting 1896 : Hungarian Scholar - Eotvos torsion balance measure gravity anomalies birth of Geophysics. 1912 : Conrad Schlumberger invents wireline resistivity logging.

1922 Mintrop - German Engineer - process for locating enemy artillery - birth of Seismic - a cap rock in North Germany discovered by seismic refraction Venezuelan oil boom-1922 By 1920s, Seven Sisters- Esso, Mobil, Chevron, Royal Dutch, Shell, Texaco, Gulf and British Petroleum - stranglehold on the oil business - beginning of the cartelisation of oil business. Oil companies - got together at Achnacherry Island in England to act in unison in all matters regarding oil. 1922-28-The Red line Agreement The entire Arab region was divided by the British oil companies among different oil company through an agreement called the Red Line Agreement which decided ,that who will produce,from where, how much quantities, ,and how it would be marketed. Oil started becoming more and more important for political decisions In 1959 Eisenhower administration imposed ration on foreign oil imports to United States which hit Venezuela and other middle-east Oil Exporting.The countries where the oil was actually available and was being produced were not getting their due share. So the Saudi Arabia and Venezuela oil ministers along with the other oil producing nations of the Middle East such as Iran ,Iraq and Kuwait got together and formed OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) in 1960. Today it is the OPEC which determines the oil prices and has the maximum influence on the global politics. The six days war- 1967 Arab-Israel war was fought in 1967 between Israel and Arab neigh-bours Egypt, Jordan and Syria. As a result of the war Suez canal was closed leading to world oil crisis On October 6,1973 Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, Egypt and Syria opened a coordinated surprise attack against Israel. Later in the war Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait also joined. During this period the Arab oil ministers agreed for a secret oil embargo, thus cutting oil production by 5% every month to the last month level, which led to a direct oil crisis of western countries, especially USA. This period saw the solidarity of the OPEC countries. the first oil shock. Yom Kippur war sent gasoline prices soaring and Americans into gas lines. The same happened in 1979 when Shah of Iran fell from power. The Gulf war- 1990-91 Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi strongman who triggered the first post-Cold war oil crisis. Iraqi army set 600 oil wells on fire Germany, Japan and Italy, the three Axis powers did not possess oil fields which was one of the reasons for the World War II. Most of the oil reserve is concentrated in middle-east region.

Subhir raha oil museum

aka patiyala house ongc jubilee museum was rechristened Subhir raha oil museum in march 2010 initially leased and later acquired in 1957 from rani yadunandan kumara w/0 colonel raj surendra singh of nalagarh and d/0 raja bupendra singh of patiyala martyrs memorial for supreme sacrifice of ongc employ who laid down their lives in the line of duty ,inaugurated by dr a.p.j abdul kalam foucalt pendulum(foo-ko) shows earth rotates anticlockwise ,exhibited by the clockwise rotation of the plane of oscillation of pendulaum fractional distillation gives gas,naphtha,petrol,kerosene,diesel,lubricating oil,heavy oil,residumm crude oil category parafins(cnh2n+2),naphthenes(cnh2n),aromatic(c6h6-y) and refined hydrocarbon from which petroleum product forms are alkenes(cnh2n),alkyne(cnh2n-2) price of crude oil depend on higher api gravity,lower viscosity,pour point formation of oil 300 million years back,in marine environment.1-the cooking of hydrocarbon to crude oil,the migration and entrapment movement of tectonic plates million of year back leads to formation of continent from single mass. Dinosaur fossil of sauropod from kutch area ofgujrat,bones of mammoth elephant discovered in himachal Pradesh,fossil tree from rajasthan, flexible rock from jhajjar area near delhi Heavy gas oil (44 h.c long chain) by cracking produce petrol diesel kerosene. Ice(information consolidation for efficiency) system under which entire system of ongc are automated.all the operational data .pay slip,financial dat,payment to vendors etc is integrated by one computer access by employee from any part of country. Ongc social obligation-corporate social responsibility ,pura(provide urban amenities to rular area) in Tripura,cer project saraswati to find out the deep underground water resources.

history of ongc Earliest recorded reference of oil in assam is in 1825 when bubbles of gases and green petroleum were seen in namchik river 1866 ,first well drilled in makum-namdang area of assam.but didnt bear oil.saga of oil in india started with the success of the historic well no.1 in digboi in 1889 struck oil at 172feet ,drilled by assam railway and trading co (ARTC). ARTC set up digboi refinery in the year 1902 now taken over by ioc 1935 - Naharkotiya- the first oil field discovered by Geo-physical methods by oil(50% jv of gov of india and Burma oil company)

1955,petroleum devision formed with in geological survey of india by minister of natural resources and scientific research keshva deva malviya. End 1955,formation of oil and natural gas directorate at Dehradun On 14 aug,1956 ong commission.got Russian expertise to set up the infrastructure of ongc.rigs and other equipment were initially arranged by Romania and Russia. After that first drilled near jwalamukhi,sapri village ,himanchal pradesh in 1957 but tasted first success with oil discovery at cambey in gujrat in 1958 ,followed by rudrasagar in assam. Real success struck when good quality of oil found of 2 cp at ankleshwar in 1960.followed by rudrasagar in asssam. 1961: ONGC acquires SS Mahindra, the seismic survey vessel ONGC goes International in 1965: Hydrocarbons India Ltd starts only exploration operations in iran,Iraq ,yemen,srilanka,tanzaniyaetc.but overseas acquisition and exploration started from late 1990.major breakthrough in Vietnam by discovery of two major gas field.ovl is working in 15 country. 1973: ONGC acquires Sagar Samrat. Bombey high in 1974 ,having oil cp of 4 : Hydrocarbons India Ltd rechristened as ovl in 1989 Ongc became corporation in 1994 1984 Gail In 2003 , Sagar samridhi , project to drilled in deep water ,floaters like bell ford dolphin(1800mtr) are used for drilling 2003 ONGC acquires MRPL from a v birla group - an integrated oil company Hall mark of ongc is to its self-reliance and development of core competence in exploration,drilling and production activities ata globally competitive level.. Ongc refinery magalore refinery and tatipaka refinery .two more refinery coming up at Kakinada(andhra), and barmar (rajasthan) Mrpl is the first to produce euro-4 compatible fuel in india and other one of the best environment friendly fuels in the country. Ovl-started its overseas operation as early as 1965 in iran, Joint venture Otpc-ongc Tripura power corporation ltd(gov of tripura) Opal-ongc petro additional ltd(gujrat state petroleum corporation 5%)

Msez-maglore special economic zone ltd(26% ongc,petrochemical) Ompl_ongc mangalore petrochemical ltd(will produce paraxylene,benzene) Dsl-dahej sez ltd(gujrat industrial development corporation 26%,c2-c3 plant provide feed to opal) Others ongc nile ganga bv(100% incorporated in netherland ,has 25% participating interest in greater nile oil project in sudan) ongc mittal energy ltd(49.98%,to source equity oil and gas from abroad for securing indias energy independence) ongc mittal energy services ltd(traiding of oil and gas (including lng) sourced by omel from abroad) Kakinada refinery & petrochemical ltd(coastal a.p ) Kakinada sez ltd Rajasthan refinery ltd(waxy oil in magla by cairn energy ltd and its public sector corporation partner will be sold to mrpl and cairn jv rrl ) Asset mh neelam,heera b&s eastern Ahmedabad Ankleshwar Mehsana Rajamundary Karaikal Assam Tripura Basin Western offshore basin,Mumbai Western onshore basin,Mumbai Kg basin,rajamundary

Cauvery basin,Chennai Assam & assam-arakan basin,jorhat Cbm-bpm basin,Kolkata Frontier basin,dehradun India has lots of coal reserve but problem of high depth and low grade coal is found.so underground coal gasification is adopted by which coal is gasssified in situ in the ground and gas is produced is used as energy source.we have to drill more than 100 mtr for this gasification . First UCG pilot

site at Vastan,Gujarat finalized in Collaboration with Skochinsky Institute of Mining (SIM), Russia 50 MW Wind Power Plant Commissioned on 6 Sep08 - in Gujarat Power is being wheeled to ONGC installations in Gujarat. Plan approved for another 100 MW Wind Farm in Rajasthan with an investment of 400 crores to be completed by 2014 Shale Gas Pilot project on shale gas exploration launched on 23rd April 2010 in Damodar Basin in association with M/s Schlumberger. Shale gas integrated Pilot project Damodar valley First well RNSG-1 flowed gas on 25th January. 2011 from Barren measures on hydro-fracturing of shales. CBM: Coal Bed Methane XI Plan (2007-12) production target: 1.24 BCM Operating in 5 CBM blocks CBM production from Parbatpur, Jharia (Pilot project) commenced from Jan2010. Pilot project
Gas hydrates- when gas seeps from sea bottom forms gas hydrates(crystalline structure) after coming contact with cold water these h.c entrapped in between water molecule form ice like crystal. The advantage of this is that small quanity of hydrate when degasified becomes large vol of gas.and have potential to provide energy for another 400 years to the world . 1.89tcm in gas hydrate in deep eastern western offshore.

Energy Projects under focus by ONGC Energy Centre, N.Delhi: Hydrogen Generation through Thermochemical Processes LED Project Exploration for Uranium Solar Thermal Project Solar Photo-Voltaic Project Bioconversion of coal/oil to methane Three Solar Thermal Engines installed at Solar Energy Centre (SEC), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) campus at Gurgaon started operating from 11th Sept 2010 World Overview 37% of world energy need is supplied by crude oil, 27% by coal and 24% by gas. Most of the reserve is concentrated in the Middle-east region. World Primary Energy Sector growing at 2% per annum India Overview India is the 4th largest energy consumer India has vast potential in the Exploration Sector. 54% Coal, 32% Oil, 8% Natural Gas Indian Primary Energy Sector growing at 5% per annumIndia has 16% of global population.. But has only 0.45% of Worlds prognosticated reserves Vision To be a global leader in integrated energy business through sustainable growth,

knowledge excellence and exemplary governance practices. Integrated in Energy Business. Focus on domestic and international Oil & Gas exploration and production business opportunities

Reserve replacemement ratio Metric used by investors to judge the operating perfoamance of an oil and gas exploration and production company.it measures the amount of proved reserves added to a companys reserve base during the year related to the amount of oil and gas produced.during stable demand condition environment a companys reserve replacement ratio must be at least 100% for the company to stay in business long- term. Oil reserve accretion Addition or growth in oil reserve during a year is called accretion. History of oil Oil present in sedimentary rocks ,only 5% of earths crust,of which 3 to 5% are source rock,of these rocks .5 kg per cubic meter contain h.c ,of which only .05 kg per cubic metres gets entrapped.even if one find only 30% can be recovered, Types of survey dne by geoscientist Geological exploration-principle is surface is the key ,scientist use hammer,magnifying glass and compass. Geophysical exploration-measurement of earths magnetic field, gravitational field, seismic properties. Seismic exploration-method by which picture of earth strata is obtained. explosion in earth send down waves. after reflecting from different layers of the earth are picked up by geophones, recorded, analysed through computers and finally a picture of sub surface image.for this purpose extensive data analysis carried out through state of art computers. Geochemical exploration Data generated by above method is fed in to computers processed and integrated with other data to conclude a location for drilling. Logging Determine the nature of formation and the presence of oil and gas under the surface of earth after the oil well has been drilled by logging tool lowered in well with the help of cable and logs recorded which measure the formation porosity, resistivity etc indicate the presence of hydrocarbons in sub surface. drillinng

may be drilled 3000 to 4000mtr with drilling bits,attached to long string of pipe connected to rotatory table ,which is at derrick floor and rotate electrically.cutting of which are brought up to the surface by drilling fluid pumped through drill string.to secure the well from collapsing ,casing pipes are cemented at specific intervals. Sea bed rigs Jack-up rig,floaters Sagar jyoti type of jack up rig acquired by ongc in 1983 from japan ,drilled into water up to 75 to 80 mtr ,3legs with the length of 120mtr .pushed down to bed by preloading of water only after the legs are stable the hull of the rig then raised from the sea bed creating a air gap of 17 mtr.direct liver is pushed out through cantilever and drilled commences. Rig parts are dog house,cat walk,monkey board,rat hole,etc Production Hydrocarbon bearing zone identified ,casing lowered and cemented and then perforated.production tubing lowered and cristmas tree are placed at the top of the tree. After depletion of press,srp and water and gas injection may also be used . Coiled tubing unit Doctor for sick wells,compact,versatile,mobile. Recent development in ctu include using coiled tubing with downhole mud motor to turn the bit to deepen a well bore. Christmas tree Assembly of control valve ,pressure gauge,and choke at the top of well to control the flow of oil and gas. An excessive production rate creates a large pressure drop between the reservoir and well bore,causing gas to bubble out of the oil and block the reservoir pores adjacent to well bore. Bits Bits are connected at the base of long string which is attached to hexagonal steel pipe called Kelley.kelley attached to rotary table.classified according to their size .material,the nature of formation ..such as roller cone,diamond and drag bits

Sedimentary basin may be defined as a large depression in which sediments accumulate rapidly during a particular span of time; it has significantly great thickness of sediments. . sedimentary basins gets folded and faulted and these folded and faulted strata forms trap for hydrocarbon and other economically important minerals.
Coal formation- about 300 million year ago, big plants and trees remains deposited in swampy(wet) area ,and eventually after decay process in absence of oxygen form soggy,dense material called peat(high moisture content). Deposition keep on occurring and sandstone and sedimentary rock

formed.and by their press peat got water squeeze . then methane and other gas form and impurities removed and peat become more carbon rich .in this way first product from peat is Lignite-soft,high moisture,neyveli(tamilnadu) ,generation of electricity,25 to 35 %,4000 to 8300btu/lb sub-bituminous coal- 35 to 45% c,8300 to 13000btu/lb, bituminous coal-most popular commercially use coal,c-45 to 86%,metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has special value for smelting iron in blast furnace,calorific value-10500 to 15500 btu/lb anthracite coal-very hard ,found in j&k,86 to 98% c, calorific value-15000btu/pound,home heating finally graphite(pure carbon mineral)and its is a continuous process..some of the new coal is mere 1 million year old. Oil formationalgae,phytoplankton,zooplankton(tiny plant,and marine animal) buried and initial lithification(rock) take place diagenesis- it is a process of compaction under mild temp(60*),press biogenic reaction(bacteria take oxygen from trapped organic matter and dismantle the bioploymer of lignin,carbohydrate,protein,lipids) and then biogenic reaction(condensation and polymerization,chemical reaction and formed geopolymer(fulvic acid,humic acid,humins) ) take place and eventually waxy material kerogen (non soluble in organic solvent ) and a black tar like substance bitumen(soluble) formed.methane,co2,h2o is also the product..but as temp increases gas production begins to decline because it is bacteria that form gas.and at high temp bacteria die .little gas is produced in this phase..most of the gas produced in next two phases.. final lithification( overburden press squeeze clay in hard shale) catagenesis-,thermal degradation of kerogen takes place by which small and medium H.C and bitumen(heavy H.C) formed ,mineral work as a catalyst, at 60(found at .25 to 3.5km)-175(3.5 to 6km)*C main product wet gas and oil .on increase in temp above 200*C catagenesis is destructive and H.C converted in CH4 and graphite. KEROGEN=>BITUMEN+H.C Metagenesis- more than 225*C(obtanined at depth 5 to 8km), the last H.C released from kerogen is generally only methane,H/C ration decline until residue remains is comprised mostly of carbon in the form of graphite..main product is dry gas. OIL WINDOW-temp range critical temp 60 ( begin with .25 to 3.5 km)*C to 175*C(end with 3.5 to 6 km generally) .The first oil generated is heavy rich in aromatic (low T & P) ,as temp increases oil become lighter and more paraffinic.. Petroleum system-

Source rock-fine grained sedimentary rock (Shale) rich in organic matter. It contain

sufficient amount of organic Matter. Good source rocks have TOC (total organic content) ranging from 3 to 10%. Migration-the overburden pressure compacts the source rock, the hydrocarbons generated in the source rock is squeezed out through micro facture generated during H.C production. Ways of migrationSolution with water- solubility of H.C in water <50ppm, methane, benzene and toulene which may have solubilities of 500 to 2000 ppm at reservoir conditions
Micelles-are molecules that behave like soap,attach hydrocarbon molecule on one

end and an OH- at the other end. These could increase the amount of hydrocarbons transported by water. Gas Phase Migration: Compressed gas can dissolve liquid hydrocarbons. For example at 5000 psi (conditions found at about 10,000 feet) methane and decane (C1 and G10) form a single gas phase. Oil Phase Migration:The expulsion of the oil out of the source rock is a dynamic process driven by the oil generation itself. Primary Migration is the process by which hydrocarbons are expelled from the source rock into an adjacent permeable carrier bed. Secondary Migration is the movement of hydrocarbons along a "carrier bed" from the source to trap. Driving ForcesBuoyancy Hydrodynamic flow - water potential deflect the direction of oil migration, the effect is usually minor except in over pressured zones (primary migration). Resisting Forces: Capillary pressure opposes movement of fluid from coarse grain to fine-grain rock; also the capillary pressure of the water in the reservoir resists the movement of oil. Entrapment-