Designation: D 2882 90 (Reapproved 1996)e1

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428 Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM

An American National Standard

Standard Test Method for

Indicating the Wear Characteristics of Petroleum and Non-Petroleum Hydraulic Fluids in a Constant Volume Vane Pump1
This standard is issued under the xed designation D 2882; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. Users should be advised that procedural problems have been reported in regard to the text of 6.4.11. Work is underway to attempt to revise the section.

e1 NOTESection 9 was added editorially in April 1996.

1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers a constant volume highpressure vane pump test procedure for indicating the wear characteristics of petroleum and nonpetroleum hydraulic uids.
NOTE 1While this test method has been used to measure uid viscosity retention or shear stability of polymer-thickened uids, the suitability and precision of shear stability testing has not been determined. The sample size or pressure loading device, or both, can have a signicant effect on the severity of uid shearing and these parameters have not been standardized.

the total cam ring and vane (12) weight losses during the test. The total quantity of test oil required for a run is 18.9 L (5 gal).
NOTE 2This test method is written for a 11.4 L (3 gal) oil charge. However, a 56.8 L (15 gal) oil charge can be used. With a 56.8 L (15 gal) uid charge, approximately 94.6 L (25 gal) sample quantity is needed.

1.2 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specic hazard statements, see Note 7, Note 15, and Note 24. 2. Summary of Test Method 2.1 Eleven and four-tenths litres (3 gal) of a hydraulic uid are circulated through a rotary vane pump system for 100 h at a pump speed of 1200 6 60 r/min and a pump outlet pressure of 13.79 6 0.28 MPa (2000 6 40 psi). Fluid temperature at the pump inlet is 65.6 6 3C (150 6 5F) for all water glycols, emulsions, and other water containing uids and for petroleum and synthetic uids with 40C (104F) viscosities of 46 cSt (213 SUS) or less. A temperature of 79.4C (175F) is used for all other synthetic and petroleum uids. The result obtained is

3. Signicance and Use 3.1 This test method is an indicator of the wear characteristics of petroleum and non-petroleum hydraulic uids operating in a constant volume vane pump. Excessive wear in vane pumps could lead to malfunction of hydraulic systems in critical applications. 4. Apparatus 4.1 The basic system2 consists of the following: 4.1.1 Power System Capability, with 11 kw (15 hp) as suggested minimum requirement. 4.1.2 Vane Pump, rotary, replacement cartridge type3 (Vickers 104C or 105C rated at 28.4 L/min (7.5 gal/min) ow at 1200 r/min, 49C (120F), and 6.89 MPa (1000 psi)). 4.1.2.1 There are to be no modications to the pump housing such as plugging the drain hole in the pump body or drilling and tapping a hole in the head for an external drain. 4.1.3 Reservoir, 18.9 L (5 gal) or 56.7 L (15 gal) steel equipped with a removable 60 mesh stainless steel nger screen in its outlet.
NOTE 3A tight tting stainless steel lid and a 6-mm (14-in.) vent are recommended. If an acrylic lid is used, compatability problems with some non-petroleum uids can occur.

4.1.3.1 The reservoir can be square or rectangular (with a at bottom) or cylindrical (with a spherical or a cone-shaped bottom) and must be designed so as to avoid air entrainment in the uid. The use of stainless steel is required to avoid surface
A list of test equipment can be attained from ASTM. The individual cartridge parts can be purchased separately, if desired. The Vickers part numbers for these items are: Cam Ring No. 2013, Rotor No. 429446, Bronze Bushings No. 2015/2016 and Vane Kit (12 vanes) No. 912021.
3 2

1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.N on Hydraulic Fluids. Current edition approved April 27, 1990. Published June 1990. Originally published as D 288270 T. Last previous edition D 2882 83e1.

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rusting in the vapor space area. When using a stainless steel lid, it should not be fastened in place until the uid is visibly deaerated (4.4.5). The use of a lter on the vent is optional. For a 56.8 L (15 gal) uid charge a minimum 56.8 L reservoir is required.
NOTE 4A nger screen having a diameter of 76 mm (3 in.) and height of 64 mm (2.5 in.) has been found to be satisfactory.

4.2.3 The reservoir bottom must be mounted sufficiently higher than the pump inlet so a positive pressure is maintained at the pump inlet to prevent cavitation.
NOTE 6A distance of 610 mm (24 in.) from the centerline of the pump housing inlet to the top of the uid surface in the reservoir has been found to be satisfactory.

4.1.4 Outlet Pressure Control Valve.4 4.1.5 Temperature-Control Device. 4.1.6 Temperature Indicators with appropriate sensors for uid in and out temperatures. 4.1.7 Pressure Indicators for pump discharge and lter pressures. 4.1.8 Heat-Exchanger System (heating and cooling), suggested minimum size 1.4 m2(15 ft2). 4.1.9 Filter Unit,5 25-m, (nominal) replaceable paper element with housing. Two new lter elements are required for each test. 4.1.10 Flow-Measuring Device. 4.1.11 Low-Level or High-Temperature Safety System, or both. 4.2 The various components of the test system shall be placed in the system as indicated in Fig. 1. The test system must be arranged so that complete draining is possible with no uid trap areas. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are pump cartridge and total pump diagrams for the required pump. 4.2.1 A check should be made to ensure that the uid to be tested is not corrosive to any metals in the system.
NOTE 5The use of galvanized iron, aluminum, zinc, and cadmium should be avoided due to their high potential for corrosion in the presence of many non-petroleum hydraulic uids.

4.2.4 The inlet line (from the reservoir to the pump intake) should have an ID of at least 25 mm (1 in.). 4.2.5 Shut-off valves must be provided in the reservoir outlet line and in the line downstream of the pressure-control device. Care must be taken so that these valves do not allow air leakage and do not restrict ow of uid. 4.2.6 The high pressure discharge line (from the pump to the pressure control valve) should be 19 mm (34 in.) Schedule 160 steel or stainless steel pipe. 4.2.7 The uid return line and ttings (from the pressure control valve to the lter, ow counter, heat exchanger, and reservoir) should have an ID of at least 19 mm (34in.). 4.2.8 The uid return to the reservoir must be below the uid level and away from the reservoir outlet located in the bottom of the reservoir. 4.2.9 The test uid temperature must be measured within 102 mm (4 in.) of the pump inlet. The sensing probe must be inserted into the midpoint of ow. 4.2.10 The uid cooler should be located above the center line of the pump to allow for good drainage. 5. Sampling 5.1 The sample of uid shall be thoroughly representative of the material in question and the portion used for the test shall be thoroughly representative of the sample itself. 6. Procedure 6.1 Cleaning and Flushing of Test SystemProper cleaning and ushing of entire test system is extremely important in order to prevent cross-contamination of test uids. 6.1.1 Open all drain valves and the petcocks at all low areas to permit removal of the used test uid. 6.1.2 Remove the used pump cartridge, if not already done. 6.1.3 Clean the pump housing with an appropriate solvent (use Stoddard Solvent (Warningsee Note 7) for petroleum and synthetic uids; hot water for water glycol and other water based uids).
NOTE 7Warning: Combustible. Vapor harmful.

4.2.2 The test pump must have right hand rotation (clockwise rotation as viewed from pump drive end).

4 Vickers pressure relief valve (CT-06-C/500-2000 psi) has been found satisfactory for this purpose. 5 A Purolator P-92-03-0 housing and P-92 lter have been found satisfactory.

6.1.4 Visually examine the pump head and the interior of the pump body. Replace if evidence of deterioration is observed. 6.1.5 Replace the pump drive shaft and bearings after every 5 runs (or sooner if high weight loss, vibration, cavitation or visual deterioration are encountered). The seals6 must be changed after every run.

FIG. 1 Hydraulic Fluid Wear Test Schematic

6 The Vickers part numbers for the pump shaft and bearings are as follows: drive shaft188328, head bearing1700, and shaft bearing1704. Special seals are required for testing with synthetic uids. The different Vickers gasket kits that are available for the V-104C/105C pump are as follows: 919005for water-glycols, water-in-oil emulsions, and petroleum; 919298for water-in-oil emulsions, waterglycols, aryl phosphate esters, and phosphate ester-hydrocarbon blends; and 919038for alkyl and aryl phosphate esters.

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FIG. 2 Cartridge Parts

TABLE 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Head screw Head Head gasket Head bearing Cartridge (includes items 6 thru 11) Bushing PinLocating Ring 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Vane Rotor Bushing Shaft key Bracket screw Bracket (foot/ange) Flange gasket Drive shaft 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Snap ring Shaft bearing Shaft seal Spacer O ring (Spacer) Body

FIG. 3 Pump Assembly

6.1.6 Insert a good used pump cartridge into the pump housing to circulate the ushing uid. 6.1.7 Check pump alignment. 6.1.8 Remove the used lter element, clean the lter housing, and install a new lter element. 6.1.9 Remove, clean, and re-install the 60 mesh screen in the reservoir outlet. 6.1.10 Close the reservoir outlet valve and pour 5.7 to 7.6 L (1.5 to 2 gal) of the appropriate cleaning solvent (4.1.3) into the reservoir.
3

6.1.11 Close all drain valves and petcocks and open the reservoir outlet valve to allow the ushing uid to ll the pump and the lower lines of the system.
NOTE 8If a 56.8 L (15 gal) system is used, system ushing is conducted with 18.9 to 28.4 L (5 to 7.5 gal) of the appropriate cleaning solvent.

6.1.12 Reduce the setting of the pressure control valve if not already done. 6.1.13 Jog the pump drive motor ON and OFF switches to

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possibility of rotor segment breakage. To do this, each hole is lapped for several minutes using a 332 in. (2.38 mm) diameter drill rod with lapping compound or with a slurry of carborundum powder and oil. NOTE 13While not required, some laboratories polish both sides of the rotor. To do this, the rotor is installed on a used pump shaft, and the small end of the shaft is placed in a drill press. Both sides of the rotor are polished with 400 wet paper and oil and then nish polished with 600 wet paper and oil. Vigorous lapping might have a detrimental effect on the rotor strength. Depending on how the lapping is done, this could cause an imbalance in the compressive residual stresses on the surface of the metal. These stresses are induced by the carburizing and hardening process and are a major factor in developing the rotor fatigue strength. NOTE 14While not required, some laboratories polish the bushings in an attempt to minimize internal pump leakage at elevated pressures and temperatures. This polishing is done on a piece of crocus cloth or 400 wet paper with plate glass or a surface plate under it. The polishing (circular motion) is continued until the outer 6 mm (14 in.) of the bushing is at with all tool marks removed. The bushings are then nish polished in the same manner using 600 wet paper or polishing paper. Coating the outer 6 mm (14 in.) of the inner surface of the bushing with Prussian blue dye before polishing will aid in determining whether that portion of the bushing is at.

FIG. 4 Test Precision Relationships

remove the air from the test system. Continue until the uid returning to the reservoir is visually free of air.
NOTE 9If uid cannot be visually observed in the reservoir, the lack of pump noise is an acceptable indication that the uid is suitably deaerated.

6.1.14 Circulate the ushing uid through the system for 12 h at 1200 r/min (use a pressure of 1.38 MPa (200 psi) when using water or 6.89 MPa (1000 psi) when using Stoddard Solvent). Maintain a temperature between 37.8 and 48.9C (100 and 120F).
NOTE 10One ush of this petroleum solvent is usually sufficient to clean a system in which an oil was run. Other solvents can be used when oxidized oil has coated the reservoir and lines. Repeat the ush if the rst ush is cloudy or opaque. In some cases, hot water can be suitable for ushing the system.

6.2.4 Clean the cartridge parts in Stoddard Solvent, rinse with precipitation naphtha (Warningsee Note 15) and air dry.
NOTE 15Warning: Extremely ammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors can cause ash re.

6.1.15 Drain the ushing uid. 6.1.16 Remove the lter element, clean the lter housing, and re-install the same lter element. 6.1.17 Repeat 6.1.10 through 6.1.13 using 5.7 to 7.6 L (1.5 to 2 gal) of new test uid with the pressure increased to 6.89 MPa (1000 psi).
NOTE 11If a 56.8 L (15 gal) system is used, this ush is conducted with 18.9 to 28.4 L (5 to 7.5 gal) of new test uid.

6.1.18 Completely drain the test system of all uid. 6.1.19 Remove, clean, and re-install the 60 mesh screen in the reservoir outlet. 6.1.20 Remove the lter element, clean the lter housing, and install a new lter element. 6.1.21 Remove the ushing cartridge from the pump housing. 6.1.22 Close the reservoir outlet valve. 6.1.23 Put 11.4 L (3 gal) of new test uid into reservoir. 6.2 Preparation of New Test Cartridge: 6.2.1 Inspect all cartridge components for manufacturing or material irregularities. A completely new pump cartridge must be used for each test. Do not re-use any cartridge components. 6.2.2 Remove the sharp edges and burrs from all steel cartridge parts with an oil stone. 6.2.3 Inspect the rotor for cracks and make sure the rotation arrows on it and the bushings are correct.
NOTE 12While not required, some laboratories lap the terminal holes at the base of the vane slots in the rotor in an attempt to minimize the

6.2.5 Measure the rotor width between each vane slot and the ring width at twelve places equally spaced around the ring. Measure the width of each vane at top and bottom. Record all measurements. Both the top and bottom vane widths must be 2.5 to 15.2 m (0.001 to 0.0006 in.) less than the average rotor width, and the average rotor width must be 17.8 to 35.6 m (0.0007 to 0.0014 in.) less than the average ring width. 6.2.6 Weigh (separately) the cam ring and the complete set of twelve vanes. Determine these two weights to the nearest milligram and record these values. The vanes should be checked to see if they have been magnetized. They must not be magnetized when weighing before or after test. Vanes may be demagnetized with a degausser. 6.2.7 Assemble the test cartridge, wetting all parts with a lm of test uid and making certain of proper vane insertion into the rotor and correct rotor and inner and outer bushing direction and alignment (see Fig. 2). The vanes should be checked for free movement in rotor slots when assembling.
NOTE 16Tight vanes will often t freely in another slot.

6.2.8 Insert and bottom the assembly alignment pin, only about 3 mm (18 in.) of the large end should be visible above the outer bushing surface. 6.3 Installation of Test Cartridge: 6.3.1 Insert a properly prepared pump test cartridge into the pump housing, being careful to completely seat it using the guide pin hole for right hand rotation (small hole near inlet of pump housing). 6.3.2 Install pump housing head and gasket.
NOTE 17The following torque sequence has been found satisfactory. Use a torque wrench to tighten the eight head bolts, 1100 N-mm (10 in.-lb) at a time, using the following sequence: Top (1), Bottom (5), Right Side (3), Left Side (7), then bolts (2), (6), (4), and (8). Slowly rotate the pump

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shaft by hand while tightening the bolts. Tighten bolts until binding is felt. Then, loosen the head bolts until the shaft is completely free and re-torque 1100 N-mm (10 in.-lb) at a time, to 1100 N-mm (10 in.-lb) less than the above binding point. Record the nal level of torque (usually about 11300 to 17000 N-mm (100 to 140 in.-lb). The pump should rotate with a slight drag on the shaft but there should be no binding. NOTE 18While not required, some laboratories disconnect the pump to motor shaft coupling during torquing to eliminate the drag of the motor while rotating the pump shaft. NOTE 19Bind is characterized by: (a) a catch or tight spot in an otherwise smooth shaft rotation; (b) a smooth revolving pump shaft with immediate stoppage after turning effort is stopped; or (c) complete seizure or stoppage requiring abnormal hand effort to turn the shaft, or all of these. NOTE 20If binding occurs at less than 5600 N-mm (50 in.-lb) there probably is a misalignment within the pump and it should be disassembled.
Fluid temperature (at pump inlet) Water-glycols, emulsions and other water containing uids Petroleum and synthetic uids with 40C (104F) viscosities of 46 cSt (213 SUS) or less All other petroleum and synthetic uids 65.6 6 3C (150 6 5F) 65.6 6 3C (150 6 5F) 79.4 6 3C (175 6 5F)

6.4.12 It is not acceptable to replace any pump cartridge components during test. The test should be terminated in the event of low ow, low pressure, or excessive noise or leaking.
NOTE 24Precaution: The test pump is rated at 6.89 MPa (1000 psi) but is being operated at 13.79 MPa (2000 psi). A protective shield around the pump is therefore recommended.

6.4 Test Start-up and Operation: 6.4.1 Close all drain valves and petcocks and open the reservoir valve to allow the test uid to ll the pump housing and test systems lower lines. 6.4.2 Reduce the setting of the pressure control valve and turn off cooling water if not already done. 6.4.3 Jog the pump drive motor ON and OFF switches until uid is returned to the reservoir. 6.4.4 Start the pump and adjust the speed to 1200 r/min. 6.4.5 Observe the uid in the reservoir to make sure that it is clear and does not contain noticeable amounts of entrained air before increasing pressure.
NOTE 21If uid cannot be visually observed in the reservoir, the lack of pump noise can be an acceptable indication that the uid is suitably deaerated.

6.5 Test Shut-Down and Final Parts Inspection: 6.5.1 After completion of the 100-h test, reduce the pressure control valve setting and stop pump operation. 6.5.2 Stop the ow of the cooling water. 6.5.3 Observe and record the condition of the test uid noting any unusual appearance or odor. 6.5.4 Open all drain valves and drain the test system. 6.5.5 Remove the pump head and carefully remove the test cartridge.
NOTE 25The use of a bent piano wire inserted through an inlet or outlet port to catch and hold the inner bushing or the use of needle nose pliers to grasp the outer bushing and the rotor hub, or both, facilitates removal of the cartridge.

6.4.6 Adjust pump outlet pressure to 2.07 MPa (300 psi). 6.4.7 Warm up for 1 h in six 10-min steps, at increased pressure levels. The pressure levels are 2.07, 4.14, 6.21, 6.89, 10.34, and 12.41 MPa (300, 600, 900, 1000, 1500, and 1800 psi). During this warm-up period, pump inlet temperature will be rising. When this temperature is within 3C (5F) of the control level, start to apply cooling through the heat exchanger system to minimize temperature override on the test uid.
NOTE 22If pump vane noise (chatter) is heard during the warm up, the pump can be shut down and the pump head bolts tightened in 0.560 Nm (5-in. lb) increments, using the same tightening sequence as described in 4.3.2, in an effort to eliminate the noise.

6.5.6 Observe and record the condition of the reservoir surfaces noting any deposits. System preparation for additional testing as in 6.1 can now proceed. 6.5.7 Carefully disassemble the test cartridge and inspect the individual pump cartridge parts for signs of wear, deposit formation or discoloration. Record any observations. 6.5.8 Remove all deposits from the test cartridge cam ring and vanes by thorough cleaning. Rinse in precipitation naphtha and air dry. 6.5.9 Weigh (separately) the used cam ring and the set of twelve used vanes to the nearest milligram. Record these two weights and their total. 6.5.10 Subtract the after test total weight (cam ring plus twelve vanes) from the unused weight total to determine the weight loss sustained during the run. 7. Report 7.1 Report weight loss of the ring and vanes in milligrams. Also, report any unusual observations on wear, scuffing, deposits, deterioration of seals and the like. 8. Precision and Bias 8.1 The precision and bias of this test method are being determined. See Fig. 4. 9. Keywords 9.1 cam ring; emulsion uid; hydraulic uid; pump cartridge; synthetic uid; vane pump; vanes; water glycol uid; wear

6.4.8 Make certain that pump speed and pump inlet temperature are at test conditions, and adjust pump outlet pressure to 13.79 MPa (2000 psi).
NOTE 23Do not start test if pressure gage shows evidence of unusual relief valve uctuation or pulsations.

6.4.9 Measure and record uid ow rate. 6.4.10 Record clock time or adjust test system timer to zero and consider this the start of test. 6.4.11 Operate system at the following conditions uninterrupted for 100 h or until operating difficulties dictate test termination.
Pump outlet pressure Pump speed 13.79 6 28 MPa (2000 6 40 psi) 1200 6 60 r/min

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