FIGURE 6-1 Pulse modulation: (a) analog signal; (b) sample pulse; (c) PWM; (d) PPM; (e)

PAM; (f) PCM

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FIGURE 6-2 Simplified block diagram of a single-channel, simplex PCM transmission system

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FIGURE 6-3 Natural sampling: (a) input analog signal; (b) sample pulse; (c) sampled output

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FIGURE 6-4 Flat-top sampling: (a) input analog signal; (b) sample pulse: (c) sampled output

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FIGURE 6-5 (a) Sample-and-hold circuit; (b) input and output waveforms

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FIGURE 6-6 Output spectrum for a sample-and-hold circuit: (a) no aliasing; (b) aliasing distortion

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FIGURE 6-7 Output spectrum for Example 15-2

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TABLE 6-1

Three-Bit PCM Code

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TABLE 6-2

Three-Bit PCM Code

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FIGURE 6-8 (a) Analog input signal; (b) sample pulse; (c) PAM signal; (d) PCM code

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FIGURE 6-9 PAM: (a) input signal; (b) sample pulse; (c) PAM signal

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FIGURE 6-10 Linear input-versus-output transfer curve: (a) linear transfer function; (b) quantization; (c) Qe

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TABLE 6-3

Dynamic Range versus Number of PCM Magnitude Bits

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FIGURE 6-11 (a) Linear versus (b) nonlinear encoding

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FIGURE 6-12 Idle channel noise

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FIGURE 6-13 Basic companding process

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FIGURE 6-14 PCM system with analog companding

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FIGURE 6-15 -law compression characteristics

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FIGURE 6-16 Digitally companded PCM system

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FIGURE 6-17 255 compression characteristics (positive values only)

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FIGURE 6-18 12-bit-to-8-bit digital companding: (a) 8-bit 255 compressed code format; (b) 255 encoding table; (c) 255 decoding table

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FIGURE 6-19 12-bit segments divided into subsegments: (a) segment 7; (Continued)

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FIGURE 6-19 (Continued) (b) segment 5

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FIGURE 6-19 (Continued) (c) segment 2

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FIGURE 6-20 Delta modulation transmitter

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FIGURE 6-21 Ideal operation of a delta modulation encoder

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FIGURE 6-22 Delta modulation receiver

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FIGURE 6-23 Slope overload distortion

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FIGURE 6-24 Granular noise

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FIGURE 6-25 Adaptive delta modulation

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FIGURE 6-26 DPCM transmitter

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FIGURE 6-27 DPCM receiver

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FIGURE 6-28 Pulse response: (a) typical pulse response of a bandlimited filter; (b) spectrum of square pulse with duration 1/T

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FIGURE 6-29 Pulse response: (a) NRZ input signal; (b) output from a perfect filter; (c) output from an imperfect filter

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FIGURE 6-30 Eye diagram measurement setup

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FIGURE 6-31 Eye diagram

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FIGURE 6-32 Binary digital signals: (a) /T < 0.5; (b) /T = 0.5

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