UNIT I Introduction: HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is used to display the document in the web browsers.

. HTML pages can be developed to be simple text or to be complex multimedia program containing sound, moving images and ava applets. HTML is considered to be the global publishing format for Internet. It is not a programming language. HTML was developed by Tim !erners"Lee. HTML standards are created by a group of interested organi#ations called $%& 'world wide web consortium(. In HTML formatting is specified by using tags. ) tag is a format name surrounded by angle brackets. *nd tags which switch a format off also contain a forward slash. +oints to be remembered for HTML tags, Tags are delimited by angled brackets. They are not case sensitive i.e., -head., -H*)/. and -Head. is e0uivalent. If a browser not understand a tag it will usually ignore it. 1ome characters have to be replaced in the text by escape se0uences. $hite spaces, tabs and newlines are ignored by the browser.

Structure of an HTML document: )ll HTML documents follow the same basic structure. They have the root tag as -html., which contains -head. tag and -body. tag. The head tag is used for control information by the browser and the body tag contains the actual user information that is to be displayed on the screen. The basic document is shown below. -html. -head. -title. !asic HTML document -2title. -2head. -body. -h3. $elcome to the world of $eb Technologies-2h3. -p. ) sample HTML program written by )mer -2p. -2body. -2html.

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!esides head and body tag, there are some other tags like title, which is a sub tag of head, that displays the information in the title bar of the browser. -h3. is used to display the line in its own format i.e., bold with some big font si#e. -p. is used to write the content in the form of paragraph. &omments in HTML documents start with -4 and end with .. *ach comment can contain as many lines of text as you like. If comment is having more lines, then each line must start and end with "" and must not contain "" within its body. -4 "" this is a comment line " " "" which can have more lines " ".

Basic HTML tags 3. !ody tag , !ody tag contain some attributes such as bgcolor, background etc. bgcolor is used for background color, which takes background color name or hexadecimal number and 5666666 and background attribute will take the path of the image which you can place as the background image in the browser. -body bgcolor785696%6:8 background7 ;c,<amer<imag3.gif8. 9. +aragraph tag, Most text is part of a paragraph of information. *ach paragraph is aligned to the left, right or center of the page by using an attribute called as align. -p align78left8 = ;right8 = ;center8. %. Heading tag, HTML is having six levels of heading that are commonly used. The largest heading tag is -h3. . The different levels of heading tag besides -h3. are -h9., -h%., -h:., -h>. and -h?.. These heading tags also contain attribute called as align. -h3 align78left8 = ;right8 = ;center8. . . . . -h9. :. hr tag, This tag places a hori#ontal line across the system. These lines are used to break the page. This tag also contains attribute i.e., width which draws the hori#ontal line with the screen si#e of the browser. This tag does not re0uire an end tag. -hr width78>@A8.. >. base font, This specify format for the basic text but not the headings. -basefont si#e783@8. ?. font tag, This sets font si#e, color and relative values for a particular text. -font si#e783@8 color785f3f9f%8. B. bold tag, This tag is used for implement bold effect on the text -b. CC. -2b. D. Italic tag, This implements italic effects on the text. -i.CC.-2i. E. strong tag, This tag is used to always emphasi#ed the text -strong.CCC.-2strong.

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3@. tt tag, This tag is used to give typewriting effect on the text -tt.CC..-2tt. 33. sub and sup tag, These tags are used for subscript and superscript effects on the text. -sub. CCC.-2sub. -sup.CCC..-2sup. 39. !reak tag, This tag is used to the break the line and start from the next line. -br. 3%. Famp Flt Fgt Fnbsp F0uot These are character escape se0uence which are re0uired if you want to display characters that HTML uses as control se0uences. *xample, - can be represented as Flt.

3:. )nchor tag, This tag is used to link two HTML pages, this is represented by -a. -a href78 path of the file8. some text -2a. href is an attribute which is used for giving the path of a file which you want to link. Example 1: m page!"tml -html. HTML code to implement common tags.

-head. -4 "" This page implements common html tags "". -title. My Home page -2title. -2head. -body .

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-h3 align7GcenterG. HI**J 6KIT *JHIJ**IIJH &KLL*H*-2h3. -h9 align7GcenterG. !andlaguda, Hyderabad-2h9. -basefont si#e7:. -p. This college runs under the -tt.management-2tt. of -font si#e7>. -b.-i.F0uot 1yed Hashim *ducation 1ocietyF0uot Famp it is-2i.-2b.-2font.-br. affiliated to -strong. LJTM-2strong. -hr si#e7> width7D@A. -h%. -u.Flt1ome common tagsFgt-2u. -2h%.-br.

-a href7G6,<fero#<wtlab<prog3<list.htmlG. List -2a.-br. -a href7G6,<fero#<wtlab<prog3<table.htmlG. Table -2a.-br. -2body. -2html. Lists: Kne of the most effective ways of structuring a web site is to use lists. Lists provides straight forward index in the web site. HTML provides three types of list i.e., bulleted list, numbered list and a definition list. Lists can be easily embedded easily in another list to provide a complex but readable structures. The different tags used in lists are explained below. -li. C..-2li. The ordered'numbered( and unordered'bulleted( lists are each made up of sets of list items. This tag is used to write list items

-ul type78disc8 = ;s0uare8 = 8circle8 . C..-2ul. This tag is used for basic unordered list which uses a bullet in front of each tag, every thing between the tag is encapsulated within -li. tags. -ol type7838 = 8a8 = ;I8 start78n8.C..-2ol. This tag is used for unordered list which uses a number in front of each list item or it uses any element which is mentioned in the type attribute of the -ol. tag, start attribute is used for indicating the starting number of the list.

-dl.C.. -2dl. This tag is used for the third category i.e., definition list, where numbers or bullet is not used in front of the list item, instead it uses definition for the items. -dt.C..-2dt. This is a sub tag of the -dl. tag called as definition term, which is used for marking the items whose definition is provided in the next data definition. -dd. C.-2dd. This is a sub tag of the -dd. tag, definition of the terms are enclosed within these tags. The definition may include any text or block. Example #, HTML code showing list tags. -html. -head. -title. list page -2title. -2head.

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-body. -h%. &ourse details -2h%.-br. -ul type7GdiscG. -li. &omputer 1cience and *ngineering -2li. -li. Information Technology-2li. -li. *lectronics and &ommunication -2li. -2ul.-br. -ol type7GIG start7:. -li. Mechanical *ngineering-2li. -li. *lectronics and *lectrical *ngineering-2li. -2ol.-br. -h%. 1ub ect /etails -2h%.-br. -dl. -dt. $eb Technologies-2dt. -2dl. -2body. -2html.

-dd. This sub ect is related to the technologies used in web applications-2dd. -a href7Gd,<fero#<gfec<wtlab<asgm3.htmlG.back-2a.

Ta$les: Table is one of the most useful HTML constructs. Tables are find all over the web application. The main use of table is that they are used to structure the pieces of information and to structure the whole web page. !elow are some of the tags used in table. -table align78center8 = ;left8 = ;right8 border78n8 width78nA8 cellpadding78n8 cellspacing78n8.CCCCCC-2table. *very thing that we write between these two tags will be within a table. The attributes of the table will control in formatting of the table. &ell padding determines how much space there is between the contents of a cell and its border, cell spacing sets the amount of white space between cells. $idth attribute sets the amount of screen that table will use. -tr. C.. -2tr. This is the sub tag of -table. tag, each row of the table has to be delimited by these tags. -th.CC-2th. This is again a sub tag of the -tr. tag. This tag is used to show the table heading .

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-td.C..-2td. This tag is used to give the content of the table. Example %: HTML code showing the use of table tag -html. -head. -title. table page-2title. -2head. -body. -table align7GcenterG cellpadding7G9G cellspacing7G9G border7G9G. -caption.Time for III year IT-2caption. -tr.-th. I period -2th. -th. II peiord. -2th. -2tr. -tr. -td. wt -2td. -td. uml-2td. -2tr. -2table. -2body. -2html.

&olor and Image: &olor can be used for background, elements and links. To change the color of links or of the page background hexadecimal values are placed in the -body. tag. -body bgcolor 7 ;5nnnnnn8 text 7 ;5nnnnnn8 link7 ;5nnnnnn8 vlink7 ;5nnnnnn8 alink 7 ;5nnnnnn8. The vlink attribute sets the color of links visited recently, alink the color of a currently active link. The six figure hexadecimal values must be enclosed in double 0uotes and preceded by a hash'5(. Images are one of the aspect of web pages. Loading of images is a slow process, and if too many images are used, then download time becomes intolerable. !rowsers display a limited range of image types.

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-body background 7 ;MIL8. This tag will set a background image present in the MIL. )nother tag that displays the image in the web page, which appears in the body of the text rather than on the whole page is given below -img src78MIL8 height78n8 width78n8 align 7 ;top8 = ;center8 = ;bottom8 . Example ': HTML code that implements color and image -html. -head. -4 "" This page implements color and image "". -title. My Home page -2title. -2head. -body bgcolor7GgrayG text7GmagnetaG vlink7GyellowG alink7GbrownG. -img src7 8d,<fero#<gfec<wtlab<asgm3.gif8. -2body. -2html.

Example (: HTML code that implements background image -html.

-head. -4 "" This page implements background image "". -title. My Home page -2title. -2head.

-body background78d,<fero#<gfec<wtlab<asgm3.gif G. -2body. -2html.

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)rames: 6rames provide a pleasing interface which makes your web site easy to navigate. $hen we talk about frames actually we are referring to frameset, which is a special type of web page. The frameset contains a set of references to HTML files, each of which is displayed inside a separate frame. There are two tags related to frames i.e., frameset and frame -frameset cols78 A , A8 = rows78 A , A8.CC..-2frameset. -frame name78name8 src78filename8 scrolling 78 yes8 = ;no8 frameborder 78@8=838.

)orms: 6orms are the best way of adding interactivity of element in a web page. They are usually used to let the user to send information back to the server but can also be used to simplify navigation on complex web sites. The tags that use to implement forms are as follows. -forms action78MIL8 method 7 ;post8 = ;get8.CC.-2form. $hen get is used, the data is included as part of the MIL. The post method encodes the data within the body of the message. +ost can be used to send large amount of data, and it is more secure than get. The tags used inside the form tag are, -input type 7 ;text8 = ;password8 = ;checkbox8 = ;radio8 = ;submit8 name78string8 value78string8 si#e78n8. In the above tag, the attribute type is used to implement text, password, checkbox, radio and submit button.

Text, It is used to input the characters of the si#e n and if the value is given than it is used as a default value. It uses single line of text. *ach component can be given a separate name using the name attribute.

+assword, It works exactly as text, but the content is not displayed to the screen, instead an N is used. Iadio, This creates a radio button. They are always grouped together with a same name but different values. &heckbox, It provides a simple checkbox, where all the values can be selected unlike radio button. 1ubmit, This creates a button which displays the value attribute as its text. It is used to send the data to the server. -select name78string8.C..-2select. This tag helps to have a list of item from which a user can choose. The name of the particular select tag and the name of the chosen option are returned. -option value78string8 selected.CC-2option. The select statement will have several options from which the user can choose. The values will be displayed as the user moves through the list and the chosen one returned to the server.

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-textarea name78string8 rows78n8 cols78n8.CC.-2textarea. This creates a free format of plain text into which the user can enter anything they like. The area will be si#ed at rows by cols but supports automatic scrolling. Example *, HTML code that implements forms -html. -head. -title.form-2title. -2head. -body. -p align7GleftG.Jame,-input type7GtextG maxlength7%@ si#e73>. -p align7GleftG.+assword,-input type7GpasswordG maxlenght73@ si#e73>. -input type7GcheckboxG name7G0G value7GmeG.M.* -input type7GradioG name7GgG value7GfG.6emale -option value7cse selected.&1* -option value7it.&1IT -2select. -p

-p align7GleftG.Oualification, -br.-input type7GcheckboxG name7G0G value7GbeG.!.* -p align7GleftG.Hender,-br. -input type7GradioG name7GgG value7GmG.Male -p align7GleftG.course,-select name7GcourseG si#e73.

scrolling7yes.-2textarea.

-p align7GcenterG.-input type7GsubmitG name7GsG value7G)cceptG. -p align7GcenterG.-input type7GresetG name7GcG value7GIgnoreG. -2body. -2html. Example +, HTML code that implements frames -html. -head. -title. My page -2title. -2head.

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align7GleftG.)ddress,-br.-textarea

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cols7>

name7GaddrG

rows7:

-frameset rows7G9>A,>@AG. -frame name7GaG src7Gf,<fero#<wtlab<asgm3.htmlG. -frameset cols7G9>A,>@AG. -frame name7GbG src7Gf,<fero#<wtlab<index.htmlG. -frame name7GabcG src7Gf,<fero#<wtlab<welcome.htmlG. -2frameset. -2frameset. -2html. &ascading St les"eets:

Kne of the most important aspects of HTML is the capability to separate presentation and content. ) style is simply a set of formatting instructions that can be applied to a piece of text. There are three mechanisms by which we can apply styles to our HTML documents. 1tyle can be defined within the basic HTML tag. 1tyle can be defined in the -head. tag 1tyles can be defined in external files called stylesheets which can then be used in any document by including the stylesheet via a MIL.

) style has two parts, a selector and a set of declarations. The selector is used to create a link between the rule and the HTML tag. The declaration has two parts, a property and a value. /eclarations must be separated using colons and terminated using semicolons.

,roperties and -alues in st les: )onts: 6ont"family, -family name. 6ont"style, normal = italic = obli0ue 6ont"weight, normal = bold = bolder = lighter 6ont"si#e, small = medium = large = smaller = larger Bac.grounds and &olors &olor, value !ackground"color, value !ackground"image, MIL Text Text"decoration, none = underline = overline Text"transformation, none = uppercase = lowercase Text"align, left = right = center = ustify

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1electorPproperty, valueQ property, value CC.R

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Text"indentation , length = percentage Example +: HTML code representing cascading style sheet -html. -head. -title.My $eb +age-2title. -style type7Gtext2cssG. h3Pfont"family,mssanserifQfont"si#e,%@Qfont"style,italicQfont" weight,boldQcolor,redQbackground"color,blueQborder,thin grooveR .mPborder"width,thickQborder"color,redQborder"style,dashedR text"indentation,?@AR -2style. -2head. -body class7GmG. -h3. Hreen 6ort *ngineering &ollege-2h3. -2div. -2body. -2html. .midPfont"family,!ankHothicLt!TQtext"decoration,linkQtexttransformation,uppercaseQ

-p class7GmidG.Lawaharlal Technological Mniversity Hyderabad-2p.

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UNIT II

Introduction to /a-aScript ) number of technologies are present that develops the static web page, but we re0uire a language that is dynamic in nature to develop web pages a client side. /ynamic HTML is a combination of content formatted using HTML, cascading stylesheets, a scripting language and /KM. Lava1cript originates from a language called Live1cript. The idea was to find a language which can be used at client side, but not complicated as Lava. Lava1cript is a simple language which is only suitable for simple tasks. !enefits of Lava1cript 6ollowing are some of the benefits that Lava1cript language possess to make the web site dynamic. It is widely supported in browser It gives easy access to document ob ect and can manipulate most of them. Lava1cript can give interesting animations with many multimedia data types. 1pecial plug"in are not re0uired to use Lava1cript Lava1cript is secure language Lava1cript code resembles the code of & language, The syntax of both the language is very close to each other. The set of tokens and constructs are same in both the language. Example 0: ) 1ample Lava1cript program -html.

-head.-title. ava script program-2title. -script languague7G avascriptG. function popup'( P

var ma or7parseInt'navigator.appSersion(Q var minor7parseInt'navigator.appSersion(Q var agent7navigator.user)gent.toLower&ase'(Q document.write'agentTG GTma or(Q window.alert'agentTG GTma or(Q R function farewell'( P window.alert'G6arewell and thanks for visitingG(Q

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R -2script. -2head. -body onLoad7Gpopup'(G onMnload7Gfarewell'(G. -2body. -2html. Lava1cript program contains variables, ob ects and functions. *ach line is terminated by a semicolon. !locks of code must be surrounded by curly brackets. 6unctions have parameters which are passed inside parenthesis Sariables are declared using the keyword var. 1cript does not re0uire main function and exit condition.

Example 1: Lava1cript program that shows the use of variables, datatypes -html. -head. -script languate7G avascriptG. function disp'( P -title. My 1ample Lava1cript program-2title.

var rno,sname,br,prQ

rno7prompt'G*nter your registration numberG(Q sname7prompt'G*nter your JameG(Q br7prompt'G*nter your branch JameG(Q pr7prompt'G*nter the percentageG(Q document.writeln'G-h9. Uour Iegistration Jo. is ,-2h9.GT rno.toMpper&ase'((Q document.writeln'G-h9. Uour Jame is ,-2h9.GTsname.toMpper&ase'((Q document.writeln'G-h9. Uour !ranch Jame is ,-2h9.GTbr.toMpper&ase'((Q document.writeln'G-h9. Uour Kverall +ercentage is ,-2h9.GTpr(Q document.close'(Q R -2script.

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-2head. -body onLoad7Gdisp'(G. -2body. -2html. Example 12, Lava1cript program showing the using of constructs -html. -head. -title. 6actorial-2title. -2head. -body. -script language7G avascriptG. function fact'n( P var i,f73Q for'i73Qi-7nQiTT( P f7fNiQ R return'f(Q R var x,n,fQ

x7prompt'G*nter the numberG(Q f7fact'x(Q

document.writeln'G6actorial of GTxTG is GTf(Q document.close'(Q -2script. -2body. -2html. 3$4ects in /a-aScript Lava1cript is not a pure ob ect oriented programming language, but uses the concept of ob ects. The new keyword used here is to create an ob ect, it allocates memory and storage. Kb ects can have functions and variables. To differentiate between global

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variables and those which are part of an ob ect but may have the same name, Lava1cript uses this keyword. $hen referring to a property of an ob ect, whether a method or a variable, a dot is placed between the ob ect name and the property. Example 11: Lava1cript program using ob ects -html. -head. -script language78 avascript8. function demo3'( P +opup';Hello8(Q Kb 7 new sample '9, :(Q alert'ob .x T ob .y(Q R function sample'x,y( P this.x7xQ this.y7yQ R -2script. -2head.

-body onLoad78demo3' (8. -2body. -2html.

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5egular Expression ) script language may take name data from a user and have to search through the string one character at a time. The usual approach in scripting language is to create a pattern called a regular expression which describes a set of characters that may be present in a string. var pattern 7 ;target8Q var string 7 ;can you find the target8Q

string.match'pattern(Q !ut the above code can also be written using regular expression as a parameter, as shown below. var pattern 7 new Ieg*xp';target8(Q var string 7 ;can you find the target8Q pattern.exec'string(Q Iegular expression is a avascript ob ect. keyword new. regex 7 new Ieg*xp';fero# = amer8(Q /ynamic patterns are created using the

Example 1#, Lava1cript code to implement Ieg*xp -html. -head. -body. -script language78 avascript8. var re 7 new Ieg*xp';V) = aWmer8(Q var msg78 Have you met )mer recently8Q var res7 re.exec'msg(Q if'res( P alert' ; I found ; T resV@W(Q R else P alert'; I didnXt find it8(Q R -2script. -2body. -2html.

)unctions: Iegular *xpressions are manipulated using the functions which belong to either the Ieg*xp or 1tring class. &lass String functions match'pattern( This function searches a matching pattern. Ieturns array holding the results. replace'pattern3, pattern9( 1earches for pattern3. If the search is successful pattern3 is replaced with pattern9. search'pattern(

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1earches for a pattern in the string. If the match is successful, the index of the start of the match is returned. If the search fails, the function returns "3. &lass 5egExp functions exec'string( *xecutes a search for a matching pattern in its parameter string. holding the results of the operation.

Ieturns an array

test'string( 1earches for a match in its parameter string. Ieturns true if a match is found, otherwise returns false. Built in o$4ects: T"e document o$4ect

) document is a web page that is being either displayed or created. The document has a number of properties that can be accessed by Lava1cript programs and used to manipulate the content of the page. $rite or writeln Html pages can be created using Lava1cript. This is done by using the write or writeln methods of the document ob ect. /ocument.write';-body.8(Q /ocument.write';-h3. Hello -2h3.8(Q T"e form o$4ect

Two aspects of the form can be manipulated through Lava1cript. 6irst, most commonly and probably most usefully, the data that is entered onto your form can be checked at submission. 1econd you can actually build forms through Lava1cript. Example 1%: 6alidate!4s function validate'( P var t37document.formsV@W.elementsQ var t97parent.framesVYf:YW.documentQ var bg37t3.bg.valueQ var c37t3.c.valueQ t9.open'(Q t9.write'G-body bgcolor7GTbg3TG.G(Q t9.write'G&andidate name is , GTc3(Q t9.write'G-2body.G(Q t9.close'(Q R

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M page!"tml -html. -head. -script language 7 G avascript src7 G/,</ocuments and 1ettings < )mer< /esktop < amer< p? < validate. sG. -2script. -2head. -body. -form. !ackground &olor, -input type7GtextG si#e73? name7GbgG value7GwhiteG. &andidateYs name,-input type7GtextG si#e73? name7GcG. -input type7GbuttonG value7GshowitG on&lick7Gvalidate'(G. -2form. -2body. -2html. T"e $ro7ser o$4ect 1ome of the properties of the browser ob ect is as follows Javigator.app&odeJame The internal name for the browser. Javigator.appSersion This is the public name of the browser. Javigator.appSersion The version number, platform on which the browser is running. Javigator.user)gent The strings app&odeJame and appSersion concatenated together.

T"e 8ate o$4ect Lava1cript provides functions to perform many different date manipulation. 1ome of the functions are mentioned below. /ate' (

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&onstruct an empty date ob ect.

/ate'year, month, day V,hour, minute, secondW( &reate a new /ate ob ect based upon numerical values for the year, month and day. Kptional time values may also be supplied. get/ate' ( Ieturn the day of the month get/ay' ( Ieturn an integer representing the day of the week. get6ullUear' (

Ieturn the year as a four digit number. getHours' ( Ieturn the hour field of the /ate ob ect. getMinutes' ( Ieturn the minutes field of the /ate ob ect. get1econds' ( Ieturn the second field of the /ate ob ect. set/ate'day ( 1et the day value of the ob ect. )ccepts values in the range 3 to %3. set6ullUear' year V,month, dayW( 1et the year value of the ob ect. Kptionally also sets month and day values. to1tring' ( Ieturns the /ate as a string.

E-ents: Lava1cript is a event"driven system. Jothing happens unless it is initiated by an event outside the script. The table below shows event, event handler and the description about the event handler. *vent !lur

&hange

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Handler on!lur

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on&hange

&lick /ouble click 6ocus Zeydown

on&lick on/bl&lick on6ocus onZey/own

/escription The input focus is moved from the ob ect, usually when moving from a field of a form or from the form itself. The value of a field in a form has been changed by the entering or deleting data. The mouse is clicked over an element of a page. ) form elementor a link is clicked twice in rapid succession Input focus is given to an element. The reverse of blur ) key is pressed but not released

Zeypress Zeyup Load Mousedown Mousemove Mouseout Mouseover Move Iesi#e 1ubmit Mnload

onZey+ress onZeyMp onLoad onMouse/own onMouseMove onMouseKut onMouseKver onMove onIesi#e on1ubmit onMnload

) key is pressed. ) pressed key is released The page is loaded by the browser ) mouse button is pressed The mouse is moved The mouse pointer moves off an element The mouser pointer moved over an element ) window is moved ) window is resi#ed ) form is submitted The user leaves the web page.

8 namic HTML 7it" /a-aScript /ata Salidation /ata validation is the common process that takes place in the web sites. Kne common re0uest is for a way of validating the username and password. 6ollowing program shows the validation of data which uses two frames, in one frame user is going to enter the data and in the other frame e0uivalent result is going to be displayed. Example 1'! Lava1cript code for data validation

M page!"tml -html. -head. -title.frame page -2title. -2head. -frameset rows7G9@A,NG. -frame name7Gf3G src7GG. -frameset cols7G9@A,NG. -frame name7Gf9G src7GG. -frameset cols7G>@A,NG. -frame name7Gf%G src7G/,</ocuments and 1ettings<)mer</esktop<amer<p?<reg.htmlG. -frame name7Gf:G src7G/,</ocuments and 1ettings<)mer</esktop<amer<p?<profile.htmlG. -2frameset. -2frameset. -2frameset. -2html.

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M form!"tml -html. -head. -script language 7 G avascriptG src 7 G/,< /ocuments and 1ettings < )mer< /esktop< amer< p?< validate. sG. -2script. -2head. -body. -form. !ackground &olor, -input type7GtextG si#e73? name7GbgG value7GwhiteG. &andidateYs name,-input type7GtextG si#e73? name7GcG. -input type7GbuttonG value7GshowitG on&lick7Gvalidate'(G. -2form. -2body. -2html. 6alidate!4s function validate'( P var t37document.formsV@W.elementsQ var t97parent.framesVYf:YW.documentQ var bg37t3.bg.valueQ var c37t3.c.valueQ t9.open'(Q t9.write'G-body bgcolor7GTbg3TG.G(Q t9.write'G&andidate name is , GTc3(Q t9.write'G-2body.G(Q t9.close'(Q R

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UNIT III 9ML: 8efining 8ata for :e$ ;pplications The markup language developed to add structural and formatting information to data and which was designed to be simple enough to be included in any application that language is 1tandard Henerali#ed Markup Language and was adopted as standard by International Krgani#ation for 1tandardi#ation'I1K(. Markup is nothing but instructions, which are often called as tags. There are many languages which shows how the data is displayed but no one describes what the data is. This is the point at which [ML enters. [ML is a subset of 1HML. [ML is used to describe the structure of a document not the way that is presented. [ML is the recommendation of $orld $ide &onsortium '$%&(. The structure of basic [ML is shown below which resembles HTML. The first line is the processing instruction which tells applications how to handle the [ML. It is also serves as version declaration and says that the file is [ML. Example 1(! 1ample [ML program -\xml version783.@8\. -college. -studdetail. -regno.@> @a39?@-2regno. -name. -firstname.fero#.-2firstname. -lastname.amer-2lastname. -2name. -country name7GindiaG2. -branch.csit-2branch. -2studdetail. -2college. 6alid an :ell )ormed 9ML [ML documents may be either valid or well formed. ) well formed document is one which follows all of the rules of [ML. Tags are matched and do not overlap, empty elements are ended properly, and the document contains an [ML declaration. ) valid [ML document has its own /T/. [ML should also conforms the rules set out in the /T/. There are many [ML parsers that checks the document and its /T/ 9ML elements

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[ML documents are composed of three things i.e., elements, control information, and entities. Most of the markup in an [ML document is element markup. *lements are surrounded by tags much as they are in HTML. *ach document has a single root element which contains al of the other markup. Jesting tags, *ven the simplest [ML document has nested tags. Mnlike HTML these must be properly nested and closed in the reverse of the order in which they were opened. *ach [ML tag has to have a closing tag, again unlike HTML. &ase 1ensitive, [ML is case sensitive and you must use lower case for your markup. *mpty tags, 1ome tags are empty, they donXt have content. $here the content of the tag is missing, it appears as -content2. )ttributes, 1ometimes it is important that elements have information associated with them without that information becoming a separate element. &ontrol Information There are three types of control information i.e., comments, processing instructions, and document type declaration. &omments, [ML comments are exactly same as HTML. They take the form as -4" "comment text " ".

+rocessing Instructions, +rocessing Instructions are used to control applications. Kne of the processing instructions is -\xml version783.@8. /ocument Type /eclarations, *ach [ML document has an associated /T/. The /T/ is usually present in separate file, so that it can be used by many files. The statement that includes /T/ in [ML file is -\/K&TU+* cust 1U1T*M ;customer.dtd8. *ntities *ntities are used to create small pieces of data which you want to use repeatedly throughout your schema. Example 1*: ) &omplete [ML program -\xml version783.@8\. -4/K&TU+* stud 1\U1T*M ;student.dtd8. -college. -studdetail. -regno.@> @a39?@-2regno. -name.

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-firstname.fero#.-2firstname. -lastname.amer-2lastname. -2name. -country name7GindiaG2. -branch.csit-2branch. -2studdetail. -2college. 8ocument T pe 8efinition /ocument type definition have been successfully used in 1HML applications for many year. /T/ are document centric. They are well understood. There are plenty of tools that support /T/ /T/ for the [ML document shown in the *xample 3> is as follows -4*L*M*JT college'studetailT(. -4*L*M*JT studetail'regno, nameT, country, branch(. -4*L*M*JT regno'5+&/)T)(. -4*L*M*JT name'firstname, lastname(. -4*L*M*JT firstname'5+&/)T)(. -4*L*M*JT country'5+&/)T)(. -4*L*M*JT lastname'5+&/)T)(.

9ML Sc"ema

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-4)TTLI1T country name &/)T) 5I*OMII*/.

-4*L*M*JT branch'5+&/)T)(.

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$%& developed a technology called [ML schema which they accepted as a recommendation. [ML schema is itself an [ML application which means when you use it your only need a single grammar and can use your normal [ML editor to create it. Example 1+: [ML 1chema for [ML document shown in *xample 3: -\xml version 783.@8 \. -xsd,schema xmlns 78 http,22.........8. -xsd,element name 7 ;college8. -xsd,complexType. -xsd,se0uence.

-xsd,element name 7 ;studetail8. -xsd,complexType. -xsd,se0uence. -xsd,element name 7 ;regno8 type 7 ;xsd,string82. -xsd,element name 7 ;name8. -xsd,complexType. -xsd,se0uence. -xsd,element name 7 ;firstname8 type78xsd,string82. -xsd,element name7 ;lastname8 type 7 ;xsd,string82. -xsd,element name 7 ;country8. -xsd,complexType. -xsd,attribute name 7 ;India8 type7 ;xsd,string82. -2xsd,complexType. -2xsd,element.

xsd,element name 7 ;branch8 type 7 ;xsd,string82. -2xsd,se0uence. -2xsd,complexType. -2xsd,element. -2xsd,se0uence. -2xsd,complexType. -2xsd,element. -2xsd,se0uence. -2xsd,complexType. -2xsd,element. -2xsd,schema.

8ocument 3$4ect Model [ML parsers can handle documents in any way that their developers choose. There are two models commonly used for parsers i.e., 1)[ and /KM. 1)[ parsers are used when dealing with streams of data. This type of parsers are usually used with ava. 1)["based parsers run 0uickly. /KM is and application program interface ')+I( for [ML documents. The /KM )+I specifies the logical structure of [ML documents and the ways in which they can be accessed and manipulated. The /KM )+I is ust a specification. /KM"complaint applications include all of the functionality needed to handle [ML documents. They can build static documents, navigate and search through them, add new elements, delete elements, and modify the content of existing elements. The views [ML document as trees. The /KM exposes the whole of the document to applications. It is also scriptable so applications can manipulate the individual nodes.

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,resenting 9ML [ML documents are presented using *xtensible 1tylesheet which expresses stylesheets. [1L stylesheet are not the same as HTML cascading stylesheets. They create a style for a specific [ML element, with [1L a template is created. [1L basically transforms one data structure to another i.e., [ML to HTML. Example 10: Here is the [1L file for the [ML document of *xample 3: This line must be included in the [ML document which reference stylesheet -\xml,stylesheet type 7 ;text2xsl8 href 7 ;student.xsl8\. Here goes the [1L file -xsl,stylesheet smlns,xsl 78uri,xsl8. -xsl,template match7828. -html. -body. -h3. 1tudent /atabase -2h3. -xsl,for"each select 7 ;college8. -xsl,for"each select 7 ;studetail8. -xsl,for"each select 7 ;name8. -xsl,value"of select 7 ;regno82.

-2xsl,for"each.

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-xsl,value"of select 7 ;firstname82.

-xsl,value"of select 7 ;lastname82.

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-xsl,value"of select78country2]name8 2.

-xsl,value"of select 7 ;branch82. -2xsl,for"each. -2xsl,for"each. -2body. -2xsl,template. -2xsl,stylesheet.

UNIT I6 /;6; BE;NS Introduction to /a-a Beans ) Lava !eans is software component that has been designed to be reusable in a variety of different environments. There is no restriction on the capability of a !ean. It may perform simple function, such as checking the spelling of a document, or complex function, such as forecasting the performance of a stock portfolio. ) bean may be visible to an end user. Kne example of this is a button on a graphical user interface. ) bean may be designed to work autonomously on a userXs workstation or to work in cooperation with a set of other distributed components. ;d-antages of /a-a Beans

) bean obtains all the benefits of LavaXs ;write once, run"anywhere8 paradigm. The properties, events and methods of a bean that are exposed to an application builder tool can be controlled. ) bean may be designed to operate correctly in different locales, which makes it useful in global markets. )uxiliary software can be provided to help a person configure a bean. The configuration settings of a bean can be saved in persistent storage and restored at a later time. ) bean may register to receive events from other ob ects and can generate events that are sent to other ob ects.

B8< Introspection Introspection is the process of analy#ing a bean to determine its capabilities. This is a very important feature of Lava !ean )+I, because it allows an application builder tool to present information about a component to a software designer. $ithout introspection, the ava beans technology could not operate. Kne way exposed the properties, events and methods of bean to application builder tool is using simple naming conventions. 8esign pattern for properties +roperty is a subset of a beanXs state. The values that are assigned to the properties determine the behavior and appearance of that component. 1imple properties, ) simple property has a single value. It can be identified by the following design patterns, where J is the name of the property and T is its type. +ublic T getJ' (Q +ublic void setJ' (Q

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!oolean properties, ) !oolean property has a value of true or false. It can be identified by the following design patterns, where J is name of the property. +ublic !oolean isJ ' (Q +ublic !oolean getJ' (Q +ublic void setJ'!oolean value(Q Indexed properties )n indexed property consists of multiple values. It can be identified by the following design patterns, where J is the name of the property and T is its type. +ublic T getJ'int index(Q +ublic void setJ'int index, T value(Q +ublic TV W getJ' (Q +ublic void setJ'T valuesV W(Q

Using Bound ,roperties ) bean that has a bound property generates an event when the property is changed. The event is of type +roperty&hange*vent and is sent to ob ects that previously registered an interest in receiving such notifications. *xample 3B, )pplication that uses TickTock bean to automatically control the &olor bean 1teps,

Using BeanInfo Interface This interface defines several methods, including these, +roperty/escriptionV W get+roperty/escriptors' ( *vent1et/escriptorV W get*vent1et/escriptors' ( Method/escriptorV W getMethod/escriptors' ( The above methods will return array of ob ects that provide information about the properties, events, and methods of bean. 1imple!eanInfo is a class that provides default implementations of the !eanInfo interface, including the three methods ust shown. $e can extend this class and override on or more of them.

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3. Ho to menu bar of the bean box and select *dit = *vents = propety&hange. $e can now see a line extending from the button to the cursor 9. Move the cursor so that it is inside the &olors bean display area , and click the left mouse button. 1ee the *vent Target /ialog dialog box. %. the dialog box allows your to choose a method that should be invoked when this event occurs. 1elect the entry labeled ;change8 and click the Kk button.

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&onstrained ,roperties ) bean that has a constrained property generates an event when an attempt is made to change its value. The event is of type +roperty&hange*vent. It is sent to ob ects that previously registered an interest in receiving such notifications. This capability allows a !ean to operate differently according to its run"time environment. ) ,ersistence +ersistence is the ability to save a !ean to nonvolatile storage and retrieve it at a later time. The information that is particularly important are the configuration settings. &ustomi=ers ) bean developer can provide a customi#er that helps another developer configure this software. ) customi#er can provide a step"by"step guide through the process that must be followed to use the component in a specific context. /a-a Beans ;,I Interface )ppletInitiali#er !eanInfo &ustomi#er /esignMode

+roperty&hangeListener Sisibility

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8escription Methods present in this interface are used to initiali#e !eans that are also applets This interface allows a designer to specify information about the properties, events and methods of a !ean. This interface allows a designer to provide a graphical user interface through which a !ean may be configured. Methods in this interface determine if a !ean is executing in design mode. ) method in this interface is invoked when a bound property is changed. Methods in this interface allow a bean to execute in environments where graphical user interface is not available.

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&lass !ean/escriptor !eans Introspection*xception +roperty&hange*vent +roperty/escriptor

8escription This class provides information about a !ean. This class is used to obtain information about a !ean )n exception of this type is generated if a problem occurs when analy#ing a bean. This event is generated when bound or constrained properties are changed. Instances of this class describe a property of a !ean

UNIT 6 Introduction to Ser-lets 1ervlets are used at server side. $hen a user re0uest for a web page by entering the MIL in the browser. The browser generate HTT+ re0uest to the appropriate web server. The web server maps this re0uest with a specific file. The file is returned in the form of HTT+ response. To handle these re0uest at server side we re0uire servlet. There are several advantages of servlet, +erformance is significantly better. 1ervlets execute within the address space of a web server. 1ervlets are platform independent, they are written in ava . 1everal web servers, from different vendors such as 1un, Microsoft offer servlet )+I. Lava security manager on the server enforces a set of restrictions to protect the resources on a server machine. The full functionality of ava class libraries is available to a servlet.

Life c cle of a ser-let There are three methods related to the life cycle of a servlet i.e., init' (, service' ( and destroy' (. These methods are called at different times by the servlet. $hen a user enters a MIL to a web browser, the browser generates an HTT+ re0uest for the MIL and sends it to the appropriate server. This HTT+ re0uest is received by the web server. The web server maps this re0uest with a particular servlet. The servlet is dynamically retrieved and loaded into the address space of the web server. Then server invokes init' ( method of the servlet. This method is invoked when the servlet is first loaded into memory. Here the initiali#ation parameters are passed to the servlet. The server then invokes the service method of the servlet to process the HTT+ re0uest. 1ervlet will read the data provided to it in the form of HTT+ re0uest and also formulate it. The servlet remains in the serverXs address space and is available for any HTT+ re0uest. $hen the servlet is unloaded from the server, then destroy' ( method is called by the server to relin0uish resources

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/a-a Ser-let 8e-elopment <it The Lava 1ervlet /evelopment Zit contains the class libraries that you will need to create servlet. L1/Z is available from the 1un Microsystems web site at ava.sun.com. ) 1imple 1ervlet Example 11 1ample servlet program Hello1ervlet. ava import ava.io.NQ import avax.servlet.NQ

public class Hello1ervlet extends Heneric1ervlet P public void service'1ervletIe0uest re0, 1ervletIespone res( throws 1ervlet*xception, IK*xception P res.set&contentType';text2html8(Q printer$riter pw 7 res.get$riter' (Q pw.println';Hello8(Q pw.close' (Q R R Ser-let ;,I There are two packages that are re0uired to build servlets i.e., avax.servlet and avax.servlet.http. These packages constitute servlet )+I. 4a-ax!ser-let pac.age: There are number of interfaces and classes present in this package, they are described below. Interface 1ervlet 1ervlet&onfig 1ervlet&ontext 1ervletIe0uest 1ervletIesponse

&lass Heneric1ervlet 1ervletInput1tream

1ervletKutput1tream 1ervlet*xception

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8escription /eclares life cycle methods for a servlet )llows servlets to get initiali#ation parameters *nables servlets to log events Msed to read data from a client re0uest Msed to read data to a client response 8escription Implements the 1ervlet and 1ervlet&onfig +rovides an input stream for reading re0uests from a client +rovides an output stream for writing responses to a client. Indicates that a servlet error occurred.

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6ollowing are the interfaces and their methods Ser-let Interface void destroy &alled when the servlet is unloaded 1ervlet&onfig get1ervlet&onfig'( Ieturns a 1ervlet&onfig ob ect that contains any initiali#ation parameters 1tring get1ervletInfo Ieturns a string describing the servlet void init'( &alled when the servlet is initiali#ed void service &alled to process a re0uest from a client

Ser-let&onfig Interface 1ervlet&ontext get1ervlet&ontext 1tring getInit+armeter'1tring param( getInit+arameterJames'( Ser-let&ontext interface get)trribute'1tring attr( 1tring get1erviceInfo'( 1ervlet get1ervlet'1tring sname( get1ervletJames'( Ser-let5e>uest Interface 1tring get+arameter'1tring pname( get+arameterJames'( 1tringV W get+arameterSalues'( 1tring get+rotocol'( 1tring get1erverJame'( Int get1erver+ort'(

Ieturns the context for this servlet Ieturns the value of the initiali#ation parameter name param Ieturns all initiali#ation parameter names Ieturns the value of the server attribute named attr. Ieturns information about the server. Ieturns the servlet named sname. Ieturns the names of servlets in the server

Ser-let5esponse Interface +rinter$riter get$riter'(

1ervletKutput1tream getKutput1tream'(

6ollowing are the classes and their methods ?enericSer-let class This class implements 1ervlet and 1ervlet&onfig interfaces Ser-letInputStream class The 1ervletInput1tream class extends Input1tream. It is implemented by the server and provides an input stream that a servlet developer can use to read the data from a client re0uest. In addition to this, one more method is added which returns the actual number of bytes read Int readLine'byteV W buffer, int offset, int si#e(

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Ieturns the value of the parameter named pname Ieturns the parameter names for this re0uest Ieturns the parameter values for this re0uest Ieturns a description of the protocol Ieturns the name of the server Ieturns the port number.

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Ieturns a +rint$riter that can be used to write character data to the response Ieturns a 1ervletKutput1tream that can be used to write binary data to the response

Ser-let3utputStream class 1ervletKutput1tream class extends Kutput1tream. println'( methods, which output data to the stream.

It defines the print'( and

Ser-letException class This class indicates that a servlet problem has occurred. The class has the following contructor 1ervlet*xception' ( 1ervlet*xception'1tring s( 5eading Ser-let ,arameters Example #2: 1ervlet program showing reading servlet parameters Import ava.io.NQ Import ava.servlet.NQ +ublic class +arameter1ervlet extends Heneric1ervlet P +ublic void service'1ervletIe0uest re0, 1ervletIesponse res( throws 1ervlet*xception, IK*xception P +rint$riter pw7res.get$riterQ *numeration e 7 re0.get+arameterJames'(Q $hile'e.hasMore*lements'(( P 1tring pname 7 '1tring(e.next*lement'(Q +w.print'pname T ; 78(Q 1tring pvalue7re0.get+arameter'pname(Q +w.println'pvalue(Q R +w.close'(Q R R 5eading Initiali=ation parameters Example #1: 1ervlet program showing reading initiali#ation parameters import ava.io.NQ import avax.servlet.NQ public void service'1ervletIe0uest re0, 1ervletIesponse res( throws 1ervlet*xception, IK*xception P 1ervlet&onfig sc7 get1ervlet&onfig'(Q res.set&ontentType';text2html8(Q +rint$riter pw7res.get$riter'(Q pw.println'; Jame , ;T sc.getInit+arameter';name8((Q

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pw.close'(Q R R 4a-ax!ser-let!"ttp pac.age There are number of classes and interfaces present in this package, they are as follows, Interface Http1ervletIe0uest Http1ervletIesponse Http1ession Http1ession&ontext &lass &ookie Http1ervlet 8escription *nables servlets to read data from an HTT+ re0uest *nables servlets to write data to an HTT+ response. )llows session data to be read and written )llows sessions to be managed 8escription )llows state information to be stored on a client machine +rovides methods to handle HTT+ re0uests and responses

6ollowing are the interfaces and their methods description HttpSer-let5e>uest Interface &ookieV W get&ookies 1tring getMethod'( 1tring getOuery1tring'( 1tring getIemoteMser'(

1tring getIe0uested1essionId'( 1tring get1ervlet+ath'( HttpSer-let5esponse Interface Soid add&ookie'&ookie cookie( Soid send*rror'int c( Soid send*rror'int c , 1tring s( Soid sendIedirect'1tring url(

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Ieturns an array of the cookies in this re0uest Ieturns the HTT+ method for this re0uest Ieturns any 0uery string in the MIL Ieturns the name of the user who issued this re0uest. Ieturns the I/ of the session Ieturns the part of the MIL that identifies the servlet )dds cookie to the HTT+ response. 1end the error code c to the client 1end the error code c and the message s Iedirects the client to url

&oo.ie class The &ookie class encapsulates a cookie. ) cookie is stored on a client and contains state information. &ookies are valuable for tracking user activities. ) servlet can write a

cookie to a userXs machine via the add&ookie'( method of the Http1ervletIesponse interface. The names and values of cookies are stored on the userXs machine. 1ome of the information that is used saved includes the cookieXs Jame Salue *xpiration date /omain and path 6ollowing are the methods that are used by the &ookie class 1tring get&omment'( 1tring get/omain'( Int getMax)ge'( 1tring getJame'( 1tring get+ath'( !oolean get1ecure'( Int getSersion'( Soid set&omment'1tring c( Soid set/omain'1tring d( Soid set+ath'1tring p( Soid set1ecure'boolean secure( Ieturns the comment Ieturns the domain Ieturns the age Ieturns the name Ieturns the path Ieturns true if the cookie is secure Ieturns the version 1ets the comment to c 1ets the domain to d 1ets the path to p 1ets the security flag to secure

HttpSer-let &lass The Http1ervlet class extends Heneric1ervlet. It is commonly used when developing servlets that receive and process HTT+ re0uests. 6ollowing are the methods used by Http1ervlet class Soid doHet'Http1ervletIe0uest re0, +erforms an HTT+ H*T Http1ervletIesponse res( Soid do+ost'H1I re0, H1I res( +erforms and HTT+ +K1T Soid service'H1I re0, H1I res( &alled by the server when and HTT+ re0uest arrives for this servlet. Handling HTT+ Ie0uests and Iesponses Example ##: 1ervlet program handling HTT+ H*T re0uests import ava.io.NQ import avx.servlet.NQ import avax.servlet.http.NQ public class Het1ervlet extends Http1ervlet P public void doHet'Http1ervletIe0uest re0, 1ervlet*xception, IK*xception P

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Http1ervletIesponse

res(

throws

1tring name7re0,get+arameter';name8(Q res.set&ontentType';text2html8(Q +rint$riter pw7res.get$riter'(Q pw.println';The Jame is ;(Q pw.println'name(Q pw.close'(Q R Jote, 1ame program you can use for Handling HTT+ +K1T re0uests instead of using doHet we can use do+ost

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