Len Rubinowitz, Criminal Law, Fall 2012

Actus Reus
MPC -Any Bodily movement -BUT! Exceptions (MPC 2.01(2)) -!e"lex o# Conv$lsion -Bodily Movement %&ile $nconscio$s'(sleep -Unde# )ypnosis -A *odily movement ot&e#%ise not t&e p#od$ct o" e""o#t o" dete#min(tion o" (cto# -BUT! +id t&ey t(,e (cts p#io# to t&is %&ic& %o$ld m(,e t&em c$lp(*le (ex epileptic d#ive#s- d#in,in. *e"o#e p(ssin. o$t %&ile d#ivin.) -Possession (MPC 2.01(/)) -0no%in.ly #eceived o# p#oc$#ed1 -A%(#e o" &is cont#ol1 -2$""icient time pe#iod to te#min(te possession1 Common Law -M(#tin v. 2t(te 3 .$y d#(..ed o$tside o" &o$se d#$n,- *y police 3 45T vol$nt(#y (ct -People v. 4e%ton 3 )$ey is $nconscio$s %&en s&ootin. police 3 t&is is ( 6$#y 7$estion -!o*inson v. C(li"o#ni( 3 !U8E 3 constit$tion(l #e7$i#ement o" (n (ct9 2t(t$s (s d#$. $se# c(nnot *e c#ime in itsel"- m$st &(ve (n (ct. -Po%ell v. Tex(s 3 st(t$s is not ( de"ense to speci"ic c#imes (i.e. p$*lic d#$n,enness).

Act (MPC 2.01)

5mission (MPC 2.01(:))

MPC -+$ty to (ct1 (MPC 2.01(:)(*)) -Cont#(ct$(l !e(ltions&ip1 -2t(t$s !el(tions&ip1 -;ol$nt(#y c(#e co$pled %it& secl$sion1 -<&(t co$nts (s secl$sion1 -C#e(tin. ( pe#il -<&(t limits (#e *$ilt into d$ty1 -+$ty to t#y- not s$cceed -+on=t &(ve to #is, yo$# o%n li"e -Mo#(l +$ty not eno$.&- no m(tte# &o% st#on.. 4eed 8E>A8 d$ty -5mission exp#essly m(de o""ense *y l(%1 (MPC 2.01(:)(()) Common Law -?ones v. U.2. 3 <om(n (nd *(*y in +=s &o$se- + &(s (mple

me(ns to c(#e- doesn=t- *(*y dies 3 no 6$#y inst#$ction on d$ty (!U8E 2o$#ce o" common l(% d$ties) -Pope v. 2t(te 3 c&$#c& l(dy t(,es mot&e# (nd c&ild into &omemot&e# *e(ts c&ild in "#ont o" &e#- t&en le(ves *(*y in #oom %&e#e it dies9 )(d s&e vol$nt(#ily (ss$med #esponsi*ility19 Mo#(l o*li.(tion di""e#ent "#om le.(l d$ty9 Misprision of felony no lon.e# ( c#ime. -B(#*e# v. 2$pe#io# Co$#t 3 +octo#s t$#ned o"" li"e s$ppo#t (t #e7$est o" "(mily- p(tient died. 45T (n omission to pe#"o#m le.(l d$ty9 8e.(l "iction p$llin. t&e pl$. is not (n (ct (i" "(mily does it is in (n (ct)9 in t&is c(se no d$ty to contin$e @&opelessA t#e(tment. -C#$B(n v. +i#.- Miss. +ept. o" P$*. )e(lt& 3 8e.isl(t$#e c(n #e.$l(te #e"$s(l o" t#e(tment.

Mens Rea 0EC DUE2TE54 E4 C!EME4A8 8A< E" not de"ined in st(t$te- %o#, t&#o$.& (ll levels on ex(m!
-People (#e *l(me%o#t&y *ec($se t&ey m(de ( c&oice. -E(sie# to dete# people i" t&ey=#e *ein. p$nis&ed "o# ( c&oice.

8evels (2.02(1)(2))
Purposely conscio$s o*6ect is to en.(.e in cond$ct o" t&e n(t$#e o" t&e o""ense o# c($se s$c& ( #es$lt9 (%(#e'*elieves'&opes t&(t (ttend(nt ci#c$mst(nces exist Knowingly &e is (%(#e t&(t &is cond$ct is o" t&e n(t$#e o" t&e o""ense't&(t (ttend(nt ci#c$mst(nces exist't&(t &is (ctions %ill (lmost ce#t(inly c($se t&e #es$lt -T&is c(n (lso *e s(tis"ied i" pe#son is (%(#e o" ( &i.& p#o*(*ility o" its existence- $nless &e (ct$(lly *elieves it does not exist (MPC 2.02(F)) -E" st(t$te s(ys @%ill"$lA t#e(t it (s @,no%in.lyA $nless st(t$te &(s p$#pose to t#e(t it ot&e#%ise (C&ee, c(se viol(tes t&is (nd t#e(ts (s p$#posely) Rec lessly conscio$sly dis#e.(#ds ( s$*st(nti(l (nd 6$sti"i(*le #is, t&(t ( m(te#i(l element exists o# %ill #es$lt "#om &is cond$ct. +is#e.(#d involves ( .#oss devi(tion "#om st(nd(#d o" cond$ct t&(t ( l(% (*idin. citiBen %o$ld o*se#ve in (cto#=s sit$(tion !egligently &e s&o$ld *e (%(#e o" ( s$*st(nti(l (nd $n6$sti"i(*le #is, t&(t m(te#i(l elements exists'%ill #es$lt "#om &is cond$ct. G(il$#e to pe#ceive is ( .#oss devi(tion "#om st(nd(#d o" c(#e ( #e(son(*le pe#son %o$ld o*se#ve. -Must meet level of mens rea for EACH material element (2.02(1)) -If culpability is not prescribe by la!" must be purposeful" #no!in$ly" or rec#less" %&' ne$li$ent (2.02(())

-If culpability is prescribe for an offense !it)out istin$uis)in$ amon$ elements" t)at level applies to all elements unless t)ere is contrary purpose plainly appears. (M*C 2.02(+)) -,)en la! provi es a culpability level" a )i$)er level of culpability suffices (2.02(-)) -.no!le $e/rec#lessness/ne$li$ence in re$ar s to !)et)er t)e con uct constitutes an offense or t)e e0istence/meanin$/application of t)e la! is not an element of t)e crime unless t)e efinition of t)e offense so provi es -!e.in( v. C$nnin.&(m 3 stole .(s mete#- didn=t ,no% it %o$ld c($se .(s to le(, (nd .o t&#o$.& %(ll to mot&e#-in-l(%. @M(licio$sA s(tis"ied *ec($se &e co$ld "o#esee someone %o$ld *e in6$#ed *y &is (ction 3 @%ic,edA -2(ntill(nes v. 4e% Mexico 3 C$ts nep&e%=s nec, %it& ,ni"e 3 ne.li.ent c&ild (*$se st(t$te 3 m$st *e const#$ed (s st(nd(#d o" c#imin(l ne.li.ence not civil ne.li.ence. -U.2. v. ?e%ell 3 m(#i6$(n( sm$..lin. in sec#et comp(#tment 3 deli*e#(te i.no#(nce is not o, 3 MPC 2"02#$% & ostric' (e)ense not o & see Comment Paragrap' #$% *will)ul blin(ness not o +"

2t#ict 8i(*ility
-MPC is not ( "(n o" st#ict li(*ility. 5nly &(ve st#ict li(*ility i" -5""ense is ( viol(tion- not ( c#ime -8e.isl(t$#e imposes it explicitly in st(t$te. E" it=s not cle(#- it=s not (ss$med o# (pplied. -Common 8(% (lso tends to not impose st#ict li(*ility $nless it=s ve#y cle(#- espeic(lly st(t$tes t&(t .#e% o$t o" common l(% (s mens #e( %(s (l%(ys (ss$med. Especi(lly i" t&e#e is ( st#ict p$nis&ment- st#ict li(*ility %ill not *e (ss$med. -BUT! P#ince c(se t&ey (ss$med st#ict li(*ility %it& #e.(#ds to one element- (s (.e o" c&ild %(s (l%(ys (ss$med ( st#ict li(*ility element -8oo, "o# PUB8EC <E8GA!E @%e ,no% it %&en %e see itA -C(n(di(n (pp#o(c& s&i"t *$#den o" p#oo" to de"end(nt. Ass$me ne.li.ence- $p to t&em to p#ove it %(sn=t

Mist(,e (2.0/)
-Common l(% t#e(ts t&ese di""e#ent- MPC t#e(ts t&em t&e s(me. Mista e o) Fact -M(y ne.(te t&e mens #e( t&(t=s #e7$i#ed "o# ( p(#tic$l(# element o# o""ense (s ( %&ole -E" 6$st one element- it=s still dismisses t&e o""ense *ec($se need mens #e( "o# EAC) element -E" pe#son %o$ld still *e .$ilty o" (not&e# c#ime i" t&in.s %e#e (s &e t&o$.&t- &e c(nnot $se t&is (s (n exc$se- *$t &is sentence %ill *e #ed$ced to t&e de.#ee o" t&e c#ime &e %o$ld &(ve *een committin. i" t&in.s %e#e (s &e s$pposed. (MPC 2.0/(2))

-!e.in( v. P#ince 3 )e *elieved .i#l %(s ove# 1H- s&e &(d told &im so. Conviction (""i#med @*ec($se t&e (ct %(s %#on. itsel"A 3 *e.innin. o" st#ict li(*ility. -People v. 5lsen 3 >i#l consents'#(ped *y t%o *oys in t#(ile#s- s&e loo,s 1HI- tells t&em s&e is 1H- is #e(lly 1: 3 legislati,e purpose o) protecting girls is not ser,e( by allowing mista e o) )act (e)ense )or age" Mista e o) Law -Common l(% s(ys t&is is no exc$se- *$t t&is isn=t (l%(ys t#$e -MPC t#e(ts t&is t&e s(me (s mist(,e o" "(ct -Es mist(,e (*o$t t&e l(% (ct$(lly viol(ted1 5# ( di""e#ent l(% t&(t is ( m(te#i(l element o" t&e l(% viol(ted1 -<(s t&e#e notice1 B$#den is on de"end(nt to p#ove t&e#e %(sn=t (8(m*e#t Jd#$. o""ende# #e.ist#yK) -People v. M(##e#o 1 Pe(ce o""ice# c(##yin. $n#e.iste#ed "i#e(#m 3 t&o$.&t &e %(s (llo%ed $nde# st(t$to#y de"inition- *$t &e %(sn=t. @exceptions %o$ld s%(llo% t&e #$le- mist(,es (*o$t t&e l(% %o$ld *e enco$#(.edA 3 (""i#med conviction9 B(c,.#o$nd p$*lic policy 3 C54TELT 3 *#o$.&t lo(ded %e(pon into ni.&tcl$*- s&o$ld &(ve c&ec,ed "i#st. -C&ee, v. U.2. 1 Pilot doesn=t %(nt to p(y t(xes 3 *elieved &e didn=t o%e (ny t(xes- (nd t&(t it %(s $nconstit$tion(l9 )(d to %ill"$lly not p(y t(xes 3 t&is %(s ( 6$#y 7$estion to decide i" &is $nde#st(ndin. o" t&e income %(s #e(son(*le .iven t&e #e7$i#ement o" ( %ill"$l (ct. -8(m*e#t v. C(li"o#ni( 1 @convicted pe#sonA c(n=t *e in 8A %it&o$t #e.iste#in. l(%. +idn=t ,no% (*o$t d$ty to #e.iste# - %&e#e pe#son did not ,no% o" d$ty- (nd no p#o*(*ility o" s$c& ,no%led.e &e m(y not *e convicted. (45TECE E22UE)9 +oes t&is 2$p#eme co$#t decision s(tis"y notice .oin. "o#%(#d1 5t&e#%ise do yo$ need l(#.e si.ns on t&e *o#de#s- (i#po#ts- *$sesdet(ilin. (ll t&e l(%s1 -Cultural -e)ense 1 m(y involve $sin. t&e di""e#ent c$lt$#e o" de"end(nt (s evidence to #e*$t existence o" ( p(#tic$l(# mens #e( #e7$i#ed9 <o#,s ( lot o" t&e time9 C&inese &$s*(nds c(n *l$d.eon $n"(it&"$l %ives9 2om(li=s c(n do "em(le .enit(l m$til(tion (con"lict *et%een "eminism (nd m$ltic$lt$#(lism) -

Causation
-B$t "o# c($se1 -P#oxim(te c($se1 -8ot o" P58ECC involved in dete#minin. p#oxim(te c($se -A#e t&ese people *l(me%o#t&y1 <o#, *(c,%(#ds to .et p#oxim(te c($se -Activities %it& little soci(l *ene"it (nd &i.& #is, o" de(t& (#e li,ely to &(ve mo#e (*st#(ct p#oxim(te c($se in o#de# to dete# *e&(vio#

Go#esee(*ility (nd Coincidence

-+i""e#ent levels o" (*st#(ction

-+o %e need to speci"ic(lly "o#esee ( &elicopte# c#(s&1 -+o %e 6$st need to "o#esee ( de(t& in ( &i.& speed c&(se1 -5*6ective- doesn=t m(tte# i" (cto# &imsel" "o#es(% events -People v. Acost( 3 )elicopte# c(se- &i.& speed c&(se- &elicopte# c#(s&es into (not&e# one. !e(son(*ly "o#see(*le t&(t ( p$#s$e# mi.&t (ct ne.li.ently in &e(t o" c&(se. 2o p#oxim(te c($se is "o$nd -People v. A#Bon 3 <&(t is t&e @itA t&(t is "o#esee(*le1 )e st(#ted one "i#e "o# (#son- "i#e"i.&te#s #espond- t#y to .et o$t- 2nd independent "i#e (not c($sed *y +) stops t&em- "i#e"i.&te# dies. +e"end(nt pl(ced victim in v$lne#(*le position to t&e sep(#(te "o#ce- so &e meets t&e c($s(tion #e7$i#ement. Go#esee(*le t&(t "i#em(n %o$ld #espond. *in(ispensable lin in t'e c'ain o) e,ents t'at resulte( in (eat'+

2$*se7$ent )$m(n Actions

- +oes it *#e(, t&e c($s(l c&(in to #emove li(*ility1 -<&en s&o$ld %&(t victim't&i#d p(#ty does t&(t cont#i*$tes to t&e &(#m #emove li(*ility1 -Even i" somet&in. is "o#esee(*le- ( s$*se7$ent &$m(n (ction co$ld *#e(, t&e c($s(l c&(in. -Alte#ed &elicopte# &ypo (still "o#esee(*le de(t&s- *$t t&em #ec,lessly #is,in. t&e #es$lt mi.&t *#e(, c($s(l c&(in) -T%o ,inds o" s$pe#sedin. c($se ./A 0nten(e( to Cause t'e .ame Result -0evo#,i(n c(ses- victims intended to die- intended to c($se t&e #es$lt. -+o t&ei# (cts *ecome s$pe#sedin. c($ses1 -People v. C(mp*ell - +#in,in. &e(vily- (n.#y (t .$y "o# sleepin. %it& %i"e- convinces .$y to commit s$icide- o""e#s &im ( .$n %it& *$llets- (nd le(ves it t&e#e %it& &im. ;ictim s&oots &imsel". !1 causation. Entent %(s not to ,ill- *$t &oped victim %o$ld ,ill &imsel". -People v. 0evo#,i(n 3 Assisted s$icide m(c&ine. +id &e c($se t&e de(t&1 5ne victim $ses m(c&ine on &e#sel"- ot&e# victim "(ils- &e *#in.s .(s t(n,pl(ces m(s, on victim- victim opened c(niste#. 2end it *(c, to lo%e# co$#t to "i.$#e o$t. -eat' 'as to be (irect an( natural result o) (e)en(ant2s act" ./A 3'at Rec lessly Ris t'e Result -+#(. #(cin.'!$ssi(n #o$lette c(ses -To *#e(, t&e c($s(l c&(in t&ese s$*se7$ent &$m(n (ctions &(ve to #e"lect ($tonomy o" t&ose (ctions (000 c(se- not #e(l ($tonomy) -2tep&enson v. 2t(te - >i#l on t#(in #(ped (nd &eld &ost(.e "o# %ee,. >ets poison (nd commits s$icide *ec($se o" s&(me. 4uilty o) mur(er. Bec($se cond$ct #ende#ed dece(sed mentally irresponsible. -Common%e(lt& v. !oot 3 +#(. #(cin. c(se. +ece(sed (ttempts to p(ss de"end(nt in opposin. t#(""ic. )e(d on collision. 45T A 2UGGECEE4T8C +E!ECT CAU2E to *e c#imin(lly li(*le. +ece(sed m(de ( decision to s%e#ve into oncomin. t#(""ic.

-2t(te v. McG(dden 3 +#(. #(cin.. +ece(sed 6oint p(#ticip(nt loses cont#ol (nd s%e#ves into oncomin.- (nd c#(s&es into c(#- ,illin. m$ltiple people (nd H ye(# old. 5icarious liability9 vol$nt(#y (ction o" dece(sed in t&e d#(. #(ce- does not *(# de"end(nt "#om *ein. convicted o" invol$nt(#y m(nsl($.&te# (!E?ECT2 !55T) -Common%e(lt& v. Atencio 3 : *oys d#in,in. (nd pl(yin. !$ssi(n #o$lette. ?oint coope#(tion. +$ty not to coope#(te %it& .(me. (4o soci(l *ene"it "#om t&is (ctivity 3 so t&e de"end(nt is .$ilty)

MPC App#o(c& to C($s(tion

MPC 2.0: 1) Cond$ct is t&e c($se o" ( #es$lt %&en A) it is (n (ntecedent *$t "o# %&ic& t&e #es$lt in 7$estion %o$ld not &(ve occ$##ed9 (nd B) t&e #el(tions&ip *et%een t&e cond$ct (nd t&e #es$lt s(tis"ies (ny (ddition(l c($s(l #e7$i#ements imposed *y t&e Code o# *y t&e l(% de"inin. t&e o""ense. @4ot too #emote o# (ccident(l to &(ve ( 6$st *e(#in. on t&e (cto#=s li(*ility o# t&e .#(vity o" t&e de"enseA

Rape
-T&is is p#o*(*ly %&e#e t&e#e is .#(yest v(#i(tion in (pp#o(c&es (mon. st(tes *ot& in st(t$tes (nd in co$#ts inte#p#et(tions o" t&ose st(t$tes. -T&e v(#i(tions (#e (*o$t *ot& t&e (ct$s #e$s side (nd mens #e( side. -P(#t o" t&is is t&e#e is ( lot o" #e"o#m le.isl(tion (nd some st(tes &(ve done ( lot mo#e t&(n ot&e#s %&o &(ve done only ( little o# (lmost none- so t&is m(,es ( *i. di""e#ence. -Emp(ct o" #e"o#m e""o#ts l(% does some t&in.s- *$t i" soci(l no#ms don=t c&(n.e t&e#e c(n only *e so m$c& c&(n.e in #e(lity.

Go#ce
-C#$ci(l iss$e is $se o" "o#ce (nd %&(t de"ines "o#ce (o# t&#e(t o" "o#ce). -<&(t is eno$.& p&ysic(l "o#ce o# t&#e(t o" t&(t s(tis"ies t&is element1 -5#i.in(lly t&is involved #esist(nce- (t "i#st @#esist to t&e $pmostA %&ic& is p#etty m$c& .one- *$t (s p#(ctic(l m(tte# p#esence o" #esist(nce is still $sed ( lot in p#ovin. "o#ce. -And ( lot o" p#osec$to#s %ill not p#osec$te i" t&ey don=t &(ve t&is ,ind o" evidence (s its too &(#d to m(,e t&e c(se. -<&(t (*o$t ot&e# ,inds o" "o#ce *esides p&ysic(l "o#ce1 Entellect$(lmo#(l "o#ce- coe#cive envi#onment- etc. T&e#e (#e ot&e# %(ys "o#ce mi.&t *e c(##ied o$t- *esides 6$st p&ysic(l "o#ce. -2t(te v. !$s, 3 st(t$te #e7$i#ed "o#ce 3 %om(n .oes *(c, to (pt. doesn=t %(nt to .o in- &e t(,es ,eys- ,eeps p#ess$#in. &e#- s&e .oes in- &e c&o,es &e# li.&tly (nd &(s sex %it& &e#. As,ed to le(ve ("te#- &e s(id yes. T&e

c&o,in. %(s eno$.& "o# 6$#y to "ind @"o#ceA -2t(te v. T&ompson 1 non6p'ysical t'reats9 p#incip(l t&#e(tens st$dent to not .#(d$(te i" s&e doesn=t sleep %it& &im. 2t(t$te #e7$i#ed "o#ce o" t&#e(t o" "o#ce. )E8+ 3 "o#ce does not incl$de intimid(tion- "e(#- o# (pp#e&ension. (A>AE42T Go#ce #e7$i#ement) -Common%e(lt& v. Mlin(#ic& 3 >i#l sent to &(l"%(y &o$se (1/ ye(# old).$y t&#e(tens to send &e# *(c, to detention. !(pe #e7$i#es (ct$(l p&ysic(l comp$lsion o# violence o# ( t&#e(t o" p&ysic(l comp$lsion o# violence s$""icient to p#event #esist(nce *y ( pe#son o" #e(son(*le #esol$tion. -2t(te in t&e Ente#est o" MT2 1 Es non-consens$(l penet#(tion eno$.& to meet "o#ce #e7$i#ement1 E" so t&en t&e "o#ce #e7. is de(d. >i#l in #oom sleepin.- .$y &(s sex %it& &e#- s&e %(,es $p. 4o consent 3 penet#(tion eno$.&. -MC v. B$l.(#i( 1 Ente#n(tion(l c#imin(l t#i*$n(l (Cited c(se - Bosni(n m$slim .i#l #(ped *y 2e#*i(n >ene#(l 3 &e didn=t @,no%A s&e didn=t consent 3 B.2.)

Mens !e('Consent
-C#$ci(l iss$e is t&(t t&e intend(nt ci#c$mst(nce in (ll o" t&ese c#imes is l(c, o" consent. -2o %&(t constit$tes consent1 -People v. >i(#d(no 3 1H ye(# old d#in,in. *o$#*on p(#ticip(tes in n$me#o$s (cts o" inte#co$#se (nd o#(l sex9 intoxic(tion inv(lid(tes consenteven i" it is 45T p&ysic(lly inc(p(cit(tin. (Context 3 1H ye(# old d#in,in.). -People v. Ev(ns 1 @2ed$ction c(seA 3 pic,s $p .i#l "#om 4CC (i#po#t "#om 4C- const(ntly lies to &e#- s&e event$(lly sleeps %it& &im. ?$#y "inds &im .$ilty *ec($se &e is sc$m*(.- not *ec($se &e *#o,e t&e l(%. Mista e o) )act wit' respect to consent -2ome st(tes &onest mist(,e o" "(ct is s$""icient to ne.(te mens #e(ot&e# st(tes s(y &onest (nd #e(son(*le mist(,e o" "(ct #e7$i#ed- (nd ( co$ple st(tes &(ve ( st#ict li(*ility (pp#o(c& to ,no%led.e o" consent. -2ometimes in t&e st(t$tes- sometimes "#om le.isl(tion- *$t o"ten t&e#e is silence (nd t&is is t&e dete#mined *y t&e co$#ts inte#p#et(tion. -Common%e(lt& v. 2&e##y 3 +octo#s (nd n$#se (t ( p(#ty- t&ey t(,e &e# to isol(ted spot (&o$se) d(ncin.- event$(lly &(ve sex %it& &e# (t(,in. t$#ns) in *(t&#oom. )E8+ 3 i" s&e s(ys no- it doesn=t m(tte# %&(t ot&e# cond$ct s&e m(y &(ve- yo$ (ss$me t&e #is, t&(t s&e %ill p#ess #(pe c&(#.e. T&ey s&o$ld &(ve ,no%n. -Common%e(lt& v. Gisc&e# 1 >$y &(d &(d sex %it& .i#l in colle.e *e"o#e&e t&o$.&t t&(t p#evio$s enco$nte#s me(nt sex %(s o, t&is time. T&is is not t&e c(se

P#oposed Model 2t(t$te

-Mo#e mode#n (nd m(,es it necess(#y to &(ve (""i#m(tive %o#ds'(cts- (nd

t&is (s (*o$t (s "(# (s it=s .one so "(#. -To *e s$#e yo$ &(ve consent o" ot&e# pe#son- (lso .ives ( ton o" ex(mples o" non-consent. -2t(#tin. point is p(#(di.m s&i"t to sex$(l ($totomy inste(d o" violence (&o%eve# t&e#e is still ( violence (spect to it). -B#in.s some &isto#y "o#%(#d- #eco.niBes t&(t (ss($lt in ( .ene#(l sense is "o#ce o# t&#e(t o" "o#ce. B$t .ene#(l t&eme is ve#y m$c& (*o$t sex$(l ($tonomy. -C#e(tes / di""e#ent "elony o""enses so t&ey (#e (ll se#io$s o""enses t&(t .et ( se#io$s p$nis&ment. -!e(son(*leness in p(#t "o# (ct$s #e$s (nd in p(#t mens #e(.

/omici(e >#(din.s
-M$#de# -Gi#st +e.#ee -2econd +e.#ee -M(nsl($.&te# -;ol$nt(#y -Envol$nt(#y -4e.li.ent )omicide

P#emedit(tion
-P#emedit(tion (s ( %(y o" dete#minin. seve#ity o" c#ime -<&(t is p#emedit(tion1 -5ne vie% intent to ,ill- yo$ c(n "o#m it in seconds -Anot&e# vie% deli*e#(te pl(nnin. p#ocess m$st *e p#oven *y p#osec$tion -Contin.ent intent is is intent @E" yo$ don=t MMMMM E=ll ,ill yo$!A -2&o$ld p#emedit(tion m(tte#1 -+oes it m(,e t&e c#ime mo#e se#io$s1 -Me#cy ,illin.s v. E.#e.io$s ,illin.s @in t&e momentA -MPC doesn=t mention p#emedit(tion! -Common%e(lt& v. C(##oll 3 4o time is too s&o#t- &e p$t t&e .$n on *ed "o# &e# to "eel s("e- le"t it t&e#e- d$#in. t&e ni.&t o" t&ei# (#.$ment l(te# &e s&ot &e# -Co$n. v. 2t(te 3 p#emedit(tion c(n *e "o#med %&en p$llin. t&e t#i..e#. -2t(te v. >$t&#ie - To%el sn(p to t&e nose9 C54T!A2T %' C(##oll 3 time #e7$i#ed to "o#m intent 45T met- 45 p#emedit(tion.

P#ovoc(tion
-P#ovoc(tion .oes *(c, to common l(%. -2peci"ic c(te.o#ies o" p#ovoc(tion in common l(% (nd i" yo$ "it in one yo$

co$ld move do%n "#om m$#de# to m(nsl($.&te#. -)(s in it notion o" &e(t o" p(ssion. -T&e#e is no time to cool o""- i" t&e#e is time to cool o"" yo$ lose t&e miti.(tion'p#ovoc(tion cl(im. -<o#ds (#e not eno$.& "o# p#ovoc(tion. +e*(te on i" someone tellin. someone (*o$t in"idelity is eno$.&- c(ses .o *ot& %(ys. -MPC &(s ( di""e#ent (pp#o(c& to t&is. )e li,es to t&in, o" t&is not (s t&e MPCs (pp#o(c& to p#ovoc(tion- *$t t&ei# alternati,e to pro,ocation. -MPC t(l,s (*o$t ext#eme emotion(l dist$#*(nce. ;e#y s$*6ective- *$t (lso &(s o*6ective component. 4eeds to &(ve ( #e(son(*le expl(n(tion "o# t&e ext#eme level o" t&e dist$#*(nce. -T&in, (*o$t c#eepy *#e(, $p c(se. )e %(s cle(#ly ext#emely dist$#*ed- *$t %(s it #e(son(*le to *e t&(t dist$#*ed1 <&(t t&is does to p#ovoc(tion is t&(t t&e dist$#*(nce need not come "#om t&e victim. -Ede( o" &e(t o" p(ssion'coolin. o"" pe#iod not in MPC (t (ll- time is ne$t#(l. ->i#o$(#d v. 2t(te 3 co$ple m(##ied "o# t%o mont&s- s&e tells &im s&es c&e(tin.- &e=s lo$sy- s&e=s le(vin. &im9 @<&(t (#e yo$ .onn( do1A9 t&#e(tened to &(ve &im co$#t m(#ti(led9 )e st(**ed &e# 1N times. )E8+ 3 45 miti.(tion "#om 2nd M$#de# to m(nsl($.&te#- *ec($se #esponse not reasonable 71R-. !13 8!194/ -M(&e# v. People 3 Gollo%s %i"e into %oods- told t&(t s&e is c&e(tin. on &im- "ollo%s .$y o$t o" %oods into *(#- "#iend tells &im t&(t t&ey &(ve &(d sex *e"o#e- .oes in (nd s&oots .$y. T&is co$ld &(ve *een #e(son(*le p#ovoc(tion- (nd s&o$ld .o to ( 6$#y. -0..8!3: cause o) pro,ocation must occur in 'is presence" -People v. C(s(ss( 3 d(ted c(s$(lly- event$(lly *#o,e $p- )e cited ext#eme emotion(l dist$#*(nce9 coolin. o"" pe#iod9 o*6ective v. s$*6ective9 o, to (pply t&e s$*6ective test "o# reasonableness- co$#t did t&(t (nd "o$nd it %(sn=t #e(son(*le. Ultim(te test is #e(son(*leness (7$(si s$*6ective o*6ective "#om MPC @pe#son in t&e s&oes o" t&e de"end(ntA).

Unintended 0illin.s
-Us$(lly t&e o""ense involved is invol$nt(#y m(nsl($.&te# o# ne.li.ent &omicide. -@Envol$nt(#yA me(ns $nintended. -T#ic,y p(#t is t&(t i" it=s invol$nt(#y m(nsl($.&te# mens #e( is #ec,less- so p#osec$to# &(s to p#ove t&(t t&e de"end(nt 04E< t&e#e %(s ( s$*st(nti(l$n6$sti"i(*le #is, t&(t t&e de"end(nt c&oose to t(,e. -T&in, o" t&e @even i" yo$=#e too st$pid to ,no%- still #ec,lessA ni.&t cl$* c(se (nd $nde#lyin. policy iss$es. -Common%e(lt& v. <el(ns,y 1 /N2 people die *ec($se exit doo#s loc,edo%ne# .one (t time- *ed#idden. <(nton (nd #ec,less cond$ct "o$nd *y s&o%in. &e dis#e.(#ded t&e s("ety o" &is p(t#ons in t&e event o" "i#e "#om

(ny c($se- 45T t&(t &e #ec,lessly c($sed t&e "i#e9 @)i.& de.#ee o" li,eli&ood to in6$#e (not&e#A 3 di""e#ent t&(n civil ne.li.ence. -People v. )(ll 3 +e"end(nt s,iin. "lies ove# ,noll collides %it& .$y (nd ,ills &im. !ec,less m(nsl($.&te# t#i(l %o$ld &(ve *een o, *ec($se ( #e(son(*le pe#son co$ld &(ve "o$nd t&(t &e conscio$sly dis#e.(#ded9 -2t(te v. <illi(ms 3 n(tive Ame#ic(ns don=t t(,e t&ei# 1Fmont& c&ild to t&e docto#. 2$""icient evidence "#om %&ic& t&e co$#t "o$nd ( reasonably pru(ent person exe#cisin. or(inary care %o$ld &(ve t(,en t&e c&ild to t&e docto#. (Punis'ment 3 dette#(nce- mo#(l *l(me%o#t&iness 3 t(,in. ot&e# c&ild#en (%(y- etc) -9ninten(e( illing as mur(er #$ssi(n #o$lette- d#$n, d#ivin.. 8;treme (isregar( )or 'uman li)e. -Common%e(lt& v. M(lone 1 0ids pl(yin. @!$ssi(n po,e#A *$t ot&e# ,illed p$lled t#i..e# %&ile &oldin. (.(inst ot&e# ,ids &e(d. Co$#t "o$nd t&is %(s m$#de#- *ec($se m(lice %(s s(tis"ied *y t&e intention(l doin. o" ( $nc(lled "o# (ct (Public policy, this is intentional because no social benefit in the activities, and great risk given potential harm is too much) -U.2. v. Glemmin. 1 +#$n, .$y on >< P(#,%(y .oes in opposites l(nesc#e(tes .#e(t #is,- &e(d on collision. M(lice "o$nd *y intention(l ope#(tion o" c(# in ( m(nne# t&(t %(s %it&o$t #e.(#d "#om t&e li"e (nd s("ety o" ot&e#s. (4ot 6$st d#$n, d#ivin. %&ic& is imp(i#ed- *$t #ec,less *eyond t&e d#$n,en st$pe#)

Gelony-M$#de# !$le
-<&(t "elonies co$nt "o# GM!1 -5ne (pp#o(c& is to s(y (ny "elony-Anot&e# is to s(y ce#t(in d(n.e#o$s- speci"ic "elonies. -C#itic(l iss$e in "elony m$#de# #$les is t&e#e is no mens #e( #e7$i#ed %it& #espect to t&e de(t& (still needs mens #e( "o# "elony). -)$.e p$nis&ment- ve#y se#io$s- .oes (.(inst policy iss$es o" st#ict li(*ility. -2till &(ve to p#ove c($s(tion. -!e.in( v. 2e#ne 1 >$y *$#ns &is &o$se do%n "o# (#son- son dies- n(##o% st#ict li(*ility 3 to (cts li,ely o# ,no%n to c($se de(t&. -People v. 2t(mp 1 B$#.l(#iBed (nd #o**ed (t .$npoint- victim s$""e#s c&est p(ins (nd dies o" &e(#t (tt(c,9 T(,e yo$# victim (s yo$ "ind t&em9 m$#de# $p&eld. Felony mur(er not limite( to )oreseeable (eat' MPC alternati,e -2t(#t %it& notion t&(t p#osec$to# &(s to p#ove mens #e( %it& #espect to t&e de(t& (.#oss #ec,lessness) -BUT p#osec$to# .ets some &elp. 210.2(1)(*) &(ve @ext#eme indi""e#enceA o" t&e v(l$e o" &$m(n li"e is #e7$i#ed to #(tc&et $p t&e c#ime to m$#de# -T&is indi""e#ence is p#es$med i" (cto# is in en.(.ed in-

(ccomplice o"- o# "leein. t&e scene ("te# committin. o# (ttemptin. to commit -!o**e#y -!(pe -A#son -B$#.l(#y -0idn(ppin. -Gelonio$s esc(pe -P#es$mption doesn=t me(n t&e#e is .#oss #ec,lessness- *$t it %ill .o to 6$#y (nd 6$#y c(n decide. B$t p#es$mption is #e*$tt(*le.

Attempt
T&e#e is ( c#imin(l .o(l- *$t it=s not (c&ieved. 2 %(ys -Complete (nd impe#"ect- s&oot t&e *$llet into ( pillo%. -Encomplete intent %(s t&e#e *$t somet&in. &(ppened *e"o#e yo$ completed t&e (ttempt -T&is #(ises most iss$es (nd policy iss$es. -<e %(nt t&e police to *e (*le to inte#vene (nd stop c#imes "#om &(ppenin. (p#event(tive (pp#o(c&). -5n t&e ot&e# &(nd- %e don=t %(nt police to inte#vene too soon *ec($se sometimes it loo,s li,e it=s &e(din. to%(#ds ( c#ime *$t mi.&t *e pe#"ectly innocent (nd %e donOt %(nt people &eld li(*le "o# innocent (ctions. -<e (lso %(nt people to c&(n.e t&ei# minds (nd %(nt to .ive people (s m$c& oppo#t$nity (s possi*le to do so. 2o %e need police not to inte#vene too soon in c(se people c&(n.e t&ei# minds.

Mens !e(
-2t(#t %it& Mens !e( in #e(lm o" intent (P.01) -4otion in .ene#(l is loo,in. "o# ( )E>) level o" mens #e( %it& (ttempt -T&e#e is $nce#t(inty- &(#m &(sn=t &(ppened so %e don=t ,no% (s m$c& (*o$t mens #e( (s %e do %&en t&in.s &(ve *een completed. -2Actin$ !it) t)e #in of culpability ot)er!ise re3uire for t)e crime4 so$nds simple eno$.& -BUT! t&en yo$ .et to next line %&ic& s(ys 2purposely en$a$es in con uct4 %&ic& tells yo$ mens rea o) purposely wit' respect to con(uct "o# (ttempt. -Mens rea wit' respect to result is purposely causin$ result or believin$ it !ill cause result4 -2o- C54+UCT (nd !E2U8T need &i.& level o" mens #e(- ot&e# atten(ant circumstances mens rea (e)ine( by statute. -2m(ll%ood v. 2t(te 3 )E; positive- told to p#(ctice s("e sex o# &e co$ld

sp#e(d. !(ped people %it&o$t condom. 4o speci"ic intent to (ss($lt %it& intent to m$#de#. ?$st intends to #(pe. JAccused acts conduct or words can indicate specific intent didnt show anyK

P#ep(#(tion v. Attempt
-;(#iety o" tests- none o" %&ic& (#e "o#m$l(s. -2t(t$to#y (pp#o(c&es (#e desi.ned to "ix ( pl(ce'line *et%een p#ep (nd (ttempt. -+(n.e#o$s P#oximity &(ve to *e ne(# pl(ce c#ime is s$pposed to &(ppen- time elements (s %ell. -8(st (ct don=t t(,e it lite#(lly (s l(st (ct is c#ime itsel"- *$t *(sic(lly yo$ .ot #e(lly- #e(lly close to doin. (ct$(l c#ime. -Une7$ivoc(l i" yo$ see it yo$ 045< t&e c#imin(l p$#pose so it c#osses "#om p#ep to (ttempt. -MPC (pp#o(c& (p 121N) is ide( o" @s$*st(nti(l stepA -st(#ts "#om *e.innin.- *$t (lso &(s element t&(t=s close# to t&e end *ec($se s$*st(nti(l steps &(ve to *e co##o*o#(tive o" c#imin(l p$#pose -2e#ies o" ex(mples o" possi*le s$*st(nti(l steps (P.01(2)) @s&(ll not *e &eld ins$""icient (s ( m(tte# o" l(%A -Al%(ys t&in, o" (lte#n(tives MPC- 2t(t$tes- Common l(%. -0in. v. B(#,e# 3 loc$s penitenti(e (oppo#t$nity to #epent)9 "in(l step mi.&t not *e #e7$i#ed- "i#st step not necess(#ily s$""icient. -People v. !iBBo 3 +#ivin. (#o$nd loo,in. "o# speci"ic .$y to #o* "o# p(y#ollc(n=t "ind &im- police tipped o""- (##est t&em *e"o#e t&ey do (nyt&in.. Dangerous proximity test #/olmes% & t&ey %e#e not close eno$.& to *e .$ilty. -McD$i#te# v. 2t(te 3 Bl(c, m(n @(ccostsA %&ite m(n in st#eet- c&(#.ed %it& (ss($lt %it& intent to #(pe. T#o$*lesome c(se. Et loo,s li,e t&is is %&(t &e %(nts to do e!uivocality test" -U.2. v. ?(c,son 1 intend to #o* ( *(n,. T&ey .o to *(n, (nd #esc&ed$le "o# ( "$t$#e %ee,end *ec($se too &(#d. 5ne is (##ested- dimes t&em o"" to t&e GBE. T&ey d#ive (#o$nd t&e *(n, t&e next time- don=t .et o$t o" t&e c(#spoo,ed *y cops- &(ve %it& t&em toy .$ns- "(,e license pl(te- (nd #o**e#y implements (s&ot.$ns- &(ndc$""s- m(s,s). Applying t'e MPC t'is is strongly corroborati,e o) t'eir criminal intent"

!en$nci(tion (MPC P.01(/))

- 5nce c#ime &(ppens yo$ c(n=t #eno$nce- *$t in (ttempt %o#ld- %&e#e t&e#e is #en$nci(tion it $ndoes (incomplete) (ttempt. -T&is is l(#.ely (n MPC notion. -C(n c#oss *(c, (nd "o#t& *et%een (ttempt (nd p#ep(#(tion -)(s to *e vol$nt(#y (nd complete- not *ec($se yo$ t&o$.&t yo$ %e#e .oin. to .et c($.&t o# decided to %(it "o# ( *ette# time to commit t&e c#imeetc. -Complete #en$nci(tion &(s to *e pe#m(nent- (nd not 6$st (*o$t

p(#tic$l(# inst(nce -4ot completely decide not to #o* t&is *(n, *ec($se yo$=#e .oin. to #o* ( di""e#ent one. -T&is is (n (""i#m(tive de"ense- so *$#den is on de"end(nt. -T&is is ve#y &(#d to do (nd %on=t &(ppen o"ten- *$t %(nt to incentiviBe #en$nci(tion so %e &(ve it. 5*vio$sly %ill %(nt to (#.$e t&is on ex(m i" it s&o%s $p. 5nly sit$(tion %&e#e yo$ c(n essenti(lly $ndo ( c#ime. Am*i.$ity is i" yo$ #eno$nced c#ime (lto.et&e#- o# #eno$nced *(n, #o**in.1 Co$ *(sic(lly need to p#ove to 6$#y t&(t yo$ @"o$nd #eli.ionA o# &(ve completely c&(n.ed yo$# mo#(l comp(ss (nd no lon.e# %(nt to commit c#imes. T&is needs to *e p#oven *y p#eponde#(nce o" evidence.

2olicit(tion
-MPC s(ys i" yo$ &i#e ( "(,e &it-m(n t&e#e=s (n (ttempt (not (ll co$#ts (.#ee %it& t&is). -2t(te v. +(vis 1 &i#es $nde#cove# cop to ,ill &e# &$s*(nd- p(ys t&e money. C&(#.ed %it& (ttempted m$#de#. 45T TA4TAM5U4T T5 ATTEMPT 3 *ec($se cop neve# intended to (ct$(lly ,ill &e# &$s*(nd.

Empossi*ility
2t(#t %it& common l(%- m(,es distinction *et%een "(ct$(l (nd le.(l possi*ility. -8e.(l impossi*ility is ( de"ense -"(ct$(l impossi*ility is not ( de"ense. -5"ten depends on &o% yo$ c&(#(cte#iBe it. -2ometimes @"(ctsA (#e ( le.(l st(t$s (.oods (#e stolen'not stolen (s "(ct- *$t (lso ( le.(l st(t$s o" stolen.) MPC does (%(y %it& impossi*ility (s ( de"ense p#etty m$c& (lto.et&e#. QP.01- ci#c$mst(nces A2 T)E +EGE4+A4T BE8EE;E2 T)EM T5 BE. -<&(t t&e de"end(nt *elieves is %&(t=s c#itic(l- *ec($se "#om MPC st(ndpoint t&(t=s %&e#e c$lp(*ility lies. -MPC doesn=t c(#e %&et&e# it=s possi*le o# not- %e c(#e (*o$t de"end(nt=s c$lp(*ility. -C(n=t *e &eld li(*le "o# inten in$ to do somet&in. t&(t=s ille.(l *$t in "(ct it=s not (*$yin. tylenol %it&o$t p#esc#iption t&in,in. yo$ need onedi""e#ent "#om intendin. to *$y &e#oin (nd endin. $p %it& "(,e &e#oin). 3'is isn2t impossibility, but a principle o) legality" -People v. ?(""e 1 >$y *$ys %&(t &e t&in,s is stolen clot&- *$t t&ey (#e not stolen %&en &e (ct$(lly *$ys t&em. 45 C!EME *ec($se legal impossibility -People v. +l$.(s& 3 2&oots .$y- t&(t &(d (l#e(dy *een s&ot- "i#ed H s&ots into &im. -e)en(ant acte( wit' t'e belie) t&(t &e mi.&t *e (live- so eno$.& evidence %(s p#esented to (""i#m &is conviction. -C(se o" 8(dy Eldon=s G#enc& 8(ce 1 p.. PR2

Mitigation <"0<#2% -;oodoo ex(mple- t#yin. to sin, ( *(ttles&ip %it& ( *o% (nd (##o%. -T&e#e=s (ll t&e mens #e(- (nd (n (ct- *$t s$*st(nti(l disconnect *et%een .o(l (nd me(ns $sed. -MPC (llo%s 6$d.e to &(ve disc#etion %it& sentencin.'dismissin. p#osec$tion. -?$d.e needs to loo, (t *ot& t&e cond$ct (nd t&e (cto#. -4eit&e# C54+UCT no# t&e ACT5! (#e li,ely to *e d(n.e#o$s. -;oodoo ex(mple p$ttin. ( pin in t&e doll (cond$ct) isn=t d(n.e#o$s- *$t t&en %e &(ve to decide i" (cto# is s$""iciently d(n.e#o$s to t#y somet&in. else (voodoo doll didn=t %o#,- so no% E=ll t#y ( .$n).

8;culpation P#otection o" 8i"e (nd Pe#son

-Mostly &(s to do %it& sit$(tions involvin. +EA+8C G5!CE. -4on-MPC i" someone reasonably belie,es it=s necess(#y to $se de(dly "o#ce to co$nte# de(dly "o#ce. -5*6ective vie%- *$t (lso &(s some s$*6ective elements t&(t .et slipped in (ci#c$mst(nces'expe#iences). -B(tte#ed <omen=s 2ynd#ome -5$tside o" t&e MPC t&e "oc$s is on imminence o" t&#e(t. -A#.$ments'expe#t testimony (*o$t B<2 is (*o$t imminence o" t&(t t&#e(t. -5ne (#.$ment is *elieve &e# &onesty- t&(t s&e s&e *elieves t&e t&#e(t it imminent not%it&st(ndin. some 6$#o#s inclin(tion not to *elieve (nyt&in. s&e s(ys *ec($se s&e didn=t le(ve so t&in.s co$ldn=t &(ve *een t&(t *(d. -Also &elps to $nde#st(nd &e# cl(im t&(t it %(s ( #e(son(*le pe#ception t&(t t&e t&#e(t %(s imminent. T&is %om(n ,no%s t&is m(n *ette# t&(n (nyone else (nd is in *est position to p#edict &is *e&(vio# (nd detect t&e imminence o" t&e t&#e(t. -!et#e(t #e7$i#ement ve#y cont#ove#si(l. -Et depends on t&e st(te -some &(ve #et#e(t #e7$i#ement -some &(ve @t#$e m(nA conception -(nd some .o *(c, (nd "o#t& *ec($se it=s so cont#ove#si(l. -!et#e(t #e7$i#ement *(sic(lly s(ys i" yo$ c(n #et#e(t s("ely "#om t&e t&#e(t- it=s not necess(#y to $se de(dly "o#ce. -2t(tes t&(t don=t $se it (#e essenti(lly c(#vin. o$t (n exception to t&e #e7$i#ement o" necessity. -MPC incl$des #et#e(t #e7$i#ements- *$t &(s limit(tions (nd %(nts to *e #e(listic (*o$t it. -Goc$s is on lives s(ved. -E" yo$ ,no% (t t&e time t&(t yo$ c(n #et#e(t %it& complete

s("ety- t&en yo$ m(y not $se de(dly "o#ce. -T&e (..#esso# -.ene#(l notion is (..#esso# is someone %&o does somet&in. $nl(%"$l to t&e ot&e# pe#son- (nd *y doin. so t&ey &(ve "o#"eited t&ei# p#ivile.e o" sel" de"ense. -T&ey c(n le(ve (nd #e.(in it- *$t %&ile t&ey (#e in p#ocess o" *ein. (..#esso#- t&ey &(ve lost t&(t p#ivile.e. -MPC A..#esso# iss$e -Co$ don=t loose t&(t sel" de"ense p#ivile.e so e(sily. -E" yo$# (..#ession %(s to intended to c($se t&e de(t& t&e ot&e# pe#son t&en yo$ lose it- *$t s&o#t o" t&(t yo$ still &(ve sel" de"ense. -Co$ c(n still do somet&in. $nl(%"$l to%(#ds t&e ot&e# pe#son (nd $se sel" de"ense i" t&ey come (t yo$ %it& de(dly "o#ce. -MPC %&(t ,inds o" t&#e(ts co$nt "o# sel" de"ense1 -+e(t&- *odily in6$#y- "o#ci*le #(pe- ,idn(ppin.. -MPC &(s sli.&t v(#i(tion on imminence (:.0/.1) -@immedi(tely necess(#yA @on t&e p#esent occ(sionA. -Comment(#y s(ys t&is is *#o(denin. o$t t&e possi*ility o" sel" de"ense ((lt&o$.& it=s (m*i.$o$s). -T&o$.&t imminent %(s too n(##o%. B#o(dens it ( little- *$t not m$c&. -2t(#ts %it& %&olly s$*6ective ide( @i" t&e pe#son *elievesA- *$t i" t&(t *elie" is #ec,less o# ne.li.ent- yo$ co$ld still *e .$ilty ((lt&o$.& %o$ld (llo% miti.(tion). -U.2. v. Pete#son 3 2$*6ective A4+ o*6ective test o" %&et&e# $sin. "o#ce is (pp#op#i(te (s$*6ective 3 &is *elie") (o*6ective 3 &o% #e(son(*le is t&(t *elie"1) -People v. >oetB 1 >$y in s$*%(y. +id &e *elieve s$*6ectively1 <(s &e #ec,less o# ne.li.ent in &(vin. t&e *elie"1 !ec,less mist(,e S #ec,less m(nsl($.&te#ne.li.ent mist(,e 3 ne.li.ent &omicide. -2t(te v. 0elly 1 B<2 c(se 3 st(**ed &$s*(nd %it& scisso#s 3 s$*6ective *elie" t&(t %(s in imminent d(n.e# (nd %&et&e# it %(s o*6ectively #e(son(*le 3 need expe#t testimony to s&o% #e(son(*leness 3 B<2. 5t&e#%ise %&y didn=t s&e 6$st le(ve1 -2t(te v. 4o#m(n 1 *imminence re=uirement+ "o# sel" de"ense. 2&e s&ot &im t&#ee times %&en &e %(s in *ed- ("te# ve#y *(d *e(tin. e(#lie# in t&e d(y. 4o imminent t&#e(t (t t&(t moment "o# &e#. 2o 45 2E8G +EGE42E. -2t(te v. A**ott 1 retreat rule 3 nei.&*o# "(mily (tt(c,s .$y in %(ves. !et#e(t #$le only (pplies to $se o" de(dly "o#ce. 5nly need to #et#e(t %&en yo$ c(n do so %it& complete s("ety (MPC). -U.2. v. Pete#son - comes (t .$y %it& l$. %#enc&- %&o %(s in (lley ste(lin. %inds&ield %ipe# *l(des. )(d .otten into c(# to le(ve (so no lon.e# %(s t&e (..#esso#). )omeo%ne# comes *(c, %it& .$n (nd t&#e(tens .$y %&o %(s le(vin.. )omeo%ne# is no% (..#esso#- !U8E cannot use (ea(ly )orce i) you are t'e aggressor"

C&oice o" t&e 8esse# Evil

-P(#t o" t&e common l(% t#(dition. -)(ve to *e "(ced %it& some ,ind o" cle(# d(n.e# (nd &(ve some ,ind o" #e(son(*le expect(tion t&(t %&(t yo$ do %ill *e e""ective. -MPC (pp#o(c& #eco.niBes c&oice o" lesse# evil- (nd incl$des t&e possi*ility o" ,illin. (n innocent pe#son (nd still &(vin. de"ense o" c&oice o" lesse# evil. -2eems to *e st#ictly (*o$t t&e n$m*e#s. -E" mo#e people (#e s(ved t&en lives lost- it=s ( c&oice o" lesse# evil. -Glipside o" t&(t is sel" de"ense yo$ c(n exe#cise p#ivile.e o" sel" de"ense even t&o$.& ( lot o" people m(y die (s ( #es$lt o" yo$ s(vin. yo$#sel". (Pe#son *#e(,in. ( levy to "lood ( "(#m (nd s(ve mo#e people in t&e to%n- "(#me# c(n (ct in sel" de"ense). -People v. Un.e# 3 %(l,s o"" &ono# "(#m *ec($se o" t&#e(t o" de(t& (nd &omosex$(l #(pe. <&et&e# &e %(s 6$sti"ied *y necessity1 T&is s&o$ld *e ( 6$#y 7$estion. -U.2. v. 2c&oon 1 E!2 (nd El 2(lv(do# p#otest 3 distinction *et%een irect civil isobe ience (%&ic& is o, (s ( de"ense) (nd in irect civil isobe ience (%&ic& is not o, eve#). Bec($se it c(nnot meet necessity 3 yo$ (#en=t eve# p#eventin. t&e &(#m t&#o$.& yo$# indi#ect (ctions. -!e.in( v. +$dley (nd 2tep&ens - ?. GitB6(mes 2tep&ens3 @s$c& c(ses (#e *est decided (s t&ey (#iseA -P.C. (.(inst To#t$#e v. 2t(te o" Es#(el 3 2t(te c(n=t le.(liBe to#t$#e- *$t necessity c(n *e ( de"ense to its $se.

E$t&(n(si(
-MPC 210.P9 - c($sin. s$icide only i" p$#posely %it& "o#ce d$#ess o# deception9 (idin. s$icide i" p$#posely -C#$B(n v. +i#. Misso. +ept. o" )e(lt& 1 2&e &(s ( #i.&t to #e"$se t#e(tment- *$t t&e#e is no %(y o" ,no%in. i" s&e %(nts to #e"$se t#e(tment9 its o, "o# 2t(te o" Misso$#i to p$t limits on t&e c#edi*ility o" ext#insic evidence o" &e# %is&es -<(s&in.ton v. >l$c,s*e#. 3 #i.&t to commit s$icide &(s not en6oyed s(me le.(l p#otection (s #i.&t to #e"$se t#e(tment. Bec($se %e %(nt to p#otect v$lne#(*le peoples. !e(sonin. is ( le.(l "iction- (nd t#$e conce#n t&(t t&e co$#t &(s to de(l is dis(dv(nt(.ed people.

Punis'ment +e(t& Pen(lty

-+ete##ence 7$estion does it dete# M5!E t&(n li"e %it&o$t p(#ole1 -E" %e &(ve $nce#t(inty %it& #e.(#ds to dete##ence- does t&is .o "o# o# (.(inst t&e de(t& pen(lty. -Es it mo#(l "o# t&e st(te- (s @t&e st(teA- to ,ill people1 -<#on."$l convictions

-Cost iss$e. -!(ce iss$e is ( policy iss$e (nd p(#t o" t&e de*(te. -Es it disc#imin(to#ily imposed1 -+oes t&is me(n it s&o$ld *e (*olis&ed1 -Constit$tion(l iss$es -G$#m(n loo,ed li,e it %o$ld end de(t& pen(lty- *$t it didn=t. -?$st s(id t&e#e is somet&in. %#on. %it& t&e %(y it=s set $p (nd t&e most "$nd(ment(l seemed to *e t&e (#*it#(#y met&od %it& &o% it=s (pplied. -Bo##o%ed t&e notion o" @.$ided disc#etionA "#om MPC. -McCles,y c(se loo,s (t constit$tion(lity o" de(t& pen(lty in #e.(#ds to #(ce'e7$(l p#otection. -T%o possi*ilities "o# s$cceedin. on t&is -2peci"ic evidence (*o$t disc#imin(tion in speci"ic c(se. -5t&e# is to s&o% t&e st(te m(int(ined t&e de(t& pen(lty "o# t&e p$#pose o" disc#imin(tion. -2t(tistics not eno$.&. -5nce conviction t(,es pl(ce- t&e#e is ( second decision to *e m(de. -8oo,s (t lots o" iss$es t&(t %e#enOt p(#t o" t&e t#i(l- *$t (#e no%. -A..#(v(tin.'miti.(tin. "(cto#s. -Ame#ic(n 8(% Enstit$te (%#ites t&e MPC) no lon.e# st(nds *y t&is- *$t t&is &o% t&e st(t$tes in o$# co$nt#y .ene#(lly %o#,. -2$p#eme co$#t (lso #est#icts ot&e# (spects o" t&e de(t& pen(lty -C(n=t &(ve de(t& pen(lty "o# yo$t&s (nd t&e ment(lly #et(#ded. -Also c(n=t do it "o# most c#imes- not o, "o# #(pe- even c&ild #(pe. B$t t#e(son is still p$nis&(*le *y de(t&- mi.&t come $nde# sc#$tiny l(te#.

Utilit(#i(n ?$sti"ic(tion !et#i*$tive ?$sti"ic(tion