How To Do RF Planning

Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
1.1 Introduction The world has seen phenomenal changes in the telecommunication industry during the last decades. Communication that was wired formerly is now performed wirelessly or in other words by radio means. Thus, the wireless communication, which uncouples the telephone from its wires, has exploded.
In 1985 the go erning body of the !uropean "ostal Telephone and telegraph #"TT$ and C!"T set up a committee %nown as &roup 'pecial (obile, later changed to &lobal 'ystem for (obile Communications #&'($. The ad antages of &'( o er the pre ious technologies were, impro ed spectrum efficiency, international roaming, low cost mobile sets and base stations #)''$, support for new ser ices, high *uality speech, compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network #I'+,$ and other telephone companies -1..
The early years of the &'( were de oted mainly to the selection of the radio interface and techni*ues for networ% access. Thus, since the ery beginning radio access networ% is of prime importance. The radio access networ% is the part that includes the base station #)T'$, the mobile station #('$ and the interface between them. The combination of /re*uency +i ision (ultiple 0ccess #/+(0$ and Time +i ision (ultiple access #T+(0$ techni*ue is used in &'( networ%s and it can operate in fre*uency bands of 122(34, 922(34, 1822(34 and 5122(34. The allocated operating band is di ided into 522 634 channels called 07/C,s #0bsolute 7adio /re*uency Channel ,umbers$ which are also referred as physical channels. There are also logical channels in the &'( networ% that carry user data #Traffic channels$ and control information #Control channels$. 0s the
Chapter 1
Introduction
fre*uency is considered as limited resource, so for spectrum efficient utili4ation the concept of fre*uency reuse is used. The basic construction bloc% of the networ% is a 8cell9. In a cellular system li%e &'(, the co erage area is di ided into hexagonal cells also called as sector.
The designing of 7adio 0ccess ,etwor% #70,$ is a multidiscipline tas% that needs balancing of competing re*uirements. 'e eral ob:ecti es need to be achie ed while designing a 70, which are mainly classified as optimum radio co erage, sufficient networ% capacity and *uality of ser ice.
In this pro:ect, the radio access networ% is to be designed for the gi en area or terrain ta%ing under consideration the specifications, allocated resources and re*uirements gi en by 3uawei, one of the world;s leading telecommunication endor. The total cost for the radio access networ% cost is gi en as< 5 (illion =, one )ase Transmission 'tation #)T'$ cost is 2.5 (illion =, operating fre*uency bands are 922(34 and 1822(34 with 5> 07/C,s allocated, the number of users that are to be pro ided with ser ices are 112,222 with &o' or bloc%ing probability of 5?.
/or sa%e of estimation and prediction, post processing 7/ tools are used. 3ere, such a tool namely T!(', (apinfo and our own de eloped software @uic% online )udget is used. T!(' and (apinfo are comprehensi e planning tool to assist in fulfilling the re*uirements of networ% designing and optimi4ation. These tools were pro ided by 3uawei and are relati ely new to us, so its exploration is the foremost tas%.
The process of 70, designing consists of two phases that are, preAplanning and system growth phase. The phase one of preplanning can be accomplished in four discrete steps. /irst step is of Co erage and traffic analysis, the ob:ecti e is to pro ide optimum co erage
Chapter 1
Introduction
and enable the networ% to ha e a capacity of at least >,222 users. The aspect of networ%;s co erage includes defining the clutter profile of the gi en terrain and the related signal strength. The clutters are made for the sa%e of resource dimensioning. +imensioning of the resource means finding answers to two fundamental *uestions< 3ow many traffic channels #TC3$ does a sector can handle and how many TC3 are actually re*uired in the area it is co eringB The result of the first step is the number of )T' per clutter needed to pro ide re*uired capacity and best possible co erage.
The second step is the nominal cell planning, which leads to a layout of cell pattern on the gi en map. The propagation, fre*uency reuse and interferences are catered in second step. 0 prediction model namely 8C%umuraA3ata9 is used to estimate the propagation losses, gains and recei ed signal power. The fre*uency reuse pattern is chosen and two types of interferences that are CoAchannel #CDI$ and ad:acent channel #CD0$ are decreased to minimum possible le el.
The step three consists of two ma:or tas%s that are, 8'ur eys of proposed 'ites9 and 8Tuning of prediction model9. The aspects li%e exact location, space for the e*uipment and antenna types etc are chec%ed in site sur ey which leads to the appro al for physical installment of )T'. The model tuning is done to enhance the accuracy of predictions model applied in post processing tool. 0 transmitter is mounted on the proposed 'ite location and the changes of one ariable #losses$ at different time inter al are ta%en. Then each change is analy4ed to determine the modification factor for the model.
The final step for 70, designing is dimensioning of )ase Control 'tations #)'C$ .'o, at the end of this fourth step the final design of radio access networ% is ready to be deployed.
Chapter 5 CHAPTER 2 RADIO ACCESS NETWORK OVERVIEW
7adio 0ccess ,etwor%
2.1 Introduction The radio access networ% is between the mobile stations and the fixed infrastructure. It is the most important part of the &'( system, being the %ey element to enable mobility and wireless access. Cne of the main ob:ecti es of &'( is roaming. Therefore, in order to obtain a complete compatibility between mobile stations and networ%s of different operators, the radio interface must be completely defined.
In this chapter the )ase 'tation 'ubsystem #)''$ is illustrated, gi ing the clear picture of e*uipment usedE its integration and respecti e wor%ing. The second part consisting of the 7adio interface gi es a comprehensible idea of 8which access technology is used and how the mobile station gets connected to the &'( networ%.9
2.1.1 Bas Station Su!s"st # The )ase 'tation subsystem #)''$ pro ides connection between (' and ,etwor% 'witching 'ubsystem #,''$ though 0ir interface. The )'' pro ides radio co erage on prescribed geographical areas, %nown as the cells. The )'' consists of following parts< 1. )ase 'tation Controller #)'C$ 5. )ase Transcei er station #)T'$ F. Transcoding 7ate and 0daptation Gnit #T70G$
2.1.1.1 Bas Station Contro$$ r %BSC& The )ase 'tation Controller #)'C$ pro ides the connecti ity of )T' to (obile 'witching Center through !1 or microwa e lin%s. 0 group of )T's are connected to a particular )'C which manages the radio resources for them. TodayHs intelligent )T's ha e ta%en o er
Chapter 5
many tas%s that were pre iously handled by the )'Cs. The primary function of the )'C is call maintenance. The mobile stations normally send a report of their recei ed signal strength to the )'C e ery 182ms. Iith this information the )'C decides to initiate hando ers to other cells, control the )T' transmitter power, etc.
2.1.1.2 Bas Transc i' r station %BTS& The )T' is the radio transmission e*uipment and co ers each cell. )T' is also referred as 'IT!. )T' can be di ided into three parts, i.& 7adio )ase 'tation #7)'$ a. Combiner Distribution Unit (CDU) A (ultiplexing and deAmultiplexing of signal. b. Transceiver unit (TRX) A Gsed to pro ide communication path between mobile station and (obile 'tation Center when dedicated channel is assigned .!ach T7J has eight time slots. c. Power Su l! Unit (PSU) A Con erts 0C power to +C power #552 0C to 18 dc$.
d. Control "odule (C") A Controls the micro wa e lin% of the site that pro ides the connecti ity between )T' and )'C. ii.& Transmission (odule #T7($ iii.& "ower unit /igure 5.1 shows the bloc% diagram of 7)'A922 illustrating the different elements of 7)'. !mpty slots are left for future expansion.
/igure 5.1< )loc% diagram of 7)' 922
Chapter 5
2.1.1.( Transcodin) Rat and Ada*tation Unit %TRAU& The transcoder multiplexes four 1K 6bps speech or data #at F22, K22, and 1,522 bps$ channels. The 1F 6bps oice is brought up to a 1K 6bps le el by inserting additional
synchroni4ing data. Then, four 1K 6bps channels are multiplexed onto a +'2 #K1 6bps$ channel.
There are two spots in &'( networ% where T70G is placed, 1. 0t )T' in order to connect with )'C. 5. 0t )'C in order to connect with (obile 'witching Center #('C$.
2.1.2 +S, Radio Int r-ac The spectrum efficiency depends on the radio interface and the transmission of signals, particularly in aspects such as the capacity of the system, techni*ues used in order to decrease the interference and to impro e the fre*uency reuse scheme. The specification of the radio interface has an important influence on the spectrum efficiency.
2.1.2.1 O* ratin) -r .u nc" !ands The operating fre*uency band is di ided into uplin% and downlin% channels with a guard band in between them. The uplin% channel or re erse channel is from (' to )T'. The downlin% channel or forward channel is from )T' to ('. This table lists the specification of the &'(L922, &'(L1822 and &'(L1922 system. /or this pro:ect &'(A922 band is used.
Chapter 5 Table 5.1< 'pecifications of &'( 'ystem
2.1.2.2 ,u$ti*$ Acc ss 0 combination of /re*uency +i ision (ultiple 0ccess #/+(0$ and Time +i ision (ultiple 0ccess #T+(0$, combined with fre*uency hopping, has been adopted as the multiple access schemes for &'(.
The 522 634 carrier spacing is re*uired to pro ide the necessary bit rate per carrier fre*uency. The 522 %34 carrier spacing yields 155 carriers from the 55(34 spectrum allocation. )ecause some of the energy in a &('6 modulated signal lies outside the nominal 522634 band, &'( recommends that carriers 1 and 151 will be used #guard band of 522 634$ in order to protect ser ices using ad:acent spectrum bands as shown in figure 5.5. These 151 possible carriers are defined for the uplin% #/u$ and downlin% #/d$ as follows< /u #n$ M 892.5 (34 N 2.5#nA1$ (34 /d #n$ M 955.5 (34 N 2.5#nA1$ (34 #2On O155$ #2On O155$
Chapter 5
/igure 5.5< /+(0DT+(0 based radio channel concept
2.1.2.( C/ann $ t"* s There are two types of channels in &'( networ%s, the physical and the logical channels.
P/"sica$ c/ann $0 It is defined by specifying both, a carrier fre*uency and a T+(0 timeslot number. It is important to note that the frame structure used on each physical channel is independent of those on the other channels, most notably those with the same carrier fre*uency assignment but different timeslot designations.
1o)ica$ c/ann $0 They are multiplexed into the physical channels. Pogical channels are, so to spea%, laid o er the grid of physical channels. !ach logic channel performs a specific tas%. Conse*uently the data of a logical channel is transmitted in the corresponding timeslots of the physical channel. +uring this process, logical channels can occupy a part of the physical channel or e en the entire channel.
There are two different types of logical channel within the &'( system< i. ii. Traffic channels #TC3s$. Control channels #CC3s$.
Chapter 5 i. Tra--ic c/ann $s
Traffic channels carry user information such as encoded speech or user data. Traffic channels are defined by using a 5KAframe multiAframe structure. Two general forms are defined< a. b. /ull rate traffic channels #TC3D/$, at a gross bit rate of 55.8 %bps. 3alf rate traffic channels #TC3D3$, at a gross bit rate of 11.1 %bps.
ii. Contro$ c/ann $s Control channels carry system signalling and synchronisation data for control procedures such as location registration, mobile station synchronisation, paging, random access etc. between base station and mobile station. Three categories of control channel are defined< a. )roadcast b. Common c. +edicated
Table 5.5< Types and /unctions of Control Channels C/ann $ 0ccess &rant Channel A #+P$ )roadcast Common Control Channel L #+P$ Cell )roadcast channel L #+P$ /ast 0ssociated Control Channel L # GP D +P$ "aging Channel L # +P $ 7andom 0ccess Channel L #GP$ 'low 0ssociated Control Channel #GPD+P$ 'tand alone dedicated control #GPD+P$ 'ynchroni4ation Channel #+P$ A!!r 'iation 0&C3 )CC3 C)C3 /0CC3 "C3 70C3 '0CC3 '+CC3 'C3 2unction3 A**$ication 7esource allocation to (' +issemination of general information Transmit cell broadcast messages /or user networ% signalling "aging for a mobile terminal 7esource re*uest made by mobile terminal Gsed for transport of radio layer parameters /or user networ% signalling 'ynchroni4ation of mobile terminal
Chapter 5 2.1.2.4 Int r-ac s
The following are the interfaces between different networ% entities of &'(. /igure 5.F shows the placement of each interface.
U# or Air int r-ac A it is between (' and )T'. It has gross data rate of 55.8%ps # oice N data$ and net data rate of 1F%bps # oice$.
A!is int r-ac A it is between )T' and )'C. The interface comprises of traffic and control channels. It has data rate of 1K%bps.
A int r-ac A it is between )'C and (C'. It has data rate of K1%ps. B int r-ac A it is between ('C and QP7 C int r-ac A it is between ('C and 3P7 D int r-ac A it is between 3P7 and QP7 E int r-ac A it is between ('C and ('C 2 int r-ac A it is between ('C and !I7 + int r-ac Ait is between QP7 and other ('C QP7
/igure 5.F< Interfaces of &'( networ%
10
Chapter 5
2.1.2.5 Contro$ Si)na$$in) on t/ +S, Radio Int r-ac 0ny flow of data in a networ% re*uires some additional information that helps the data to reach the destination in the desired fashion. This additional information is %nown as signalling. 'ignalling in &'( is re*uired at all the interfaces, but radio networ% planners deal mostly with the signalling between the mobile station and base station -5.. 'ignalling on all the interfaces except for the airAinterface is done at K1 %bps. Cn the airA interface the signalling can be done either by using the slow associated control channels #'00C3$, or by using the main channel itself wherein the signalling channel is sent instead of sending the data L this is %nown as fast associated control channel #/00C3$ signalling. /ig 5.1 illustrate physical layer signalling protocol between entire networ% entities.
/igure 5.1< "hysical layer 'ignalling protocol between networ% entities
The processing of protocols happen at different networ% entities, for example the processing of Communication management #C($ is at ('C not on the )'C or )T'. The functions of some important protocols are as follow -F.. Communication (anagement #C($ (obility (anagement #(($ 7adio 7esource #77$ A Controls Gser Information A (anages +) for (obile location A "ro ide communication lin% #(' to ('C$
11
Chapter 5
/igure 5.5< F layer 'ignalling protocols between networ% entities /igure 5.5 elaborates &'( specific signalling protocols of C'I layers on the radio interface. Payer 5 signalling employs a modified ersion of the I'+, layer 5 signalling protocol, P0"+, that is called P0"+m #m for modified$. Payer F signalling on the &'( radio interface contains control message exchanges between a numbers of protocol control processes. These processes are Call Control #CC$, (obility (anagement #(($, 7adio 7esource management #77$ -1..
2.2
2unda# nta$s o- s"st # d si)n
The system design fundamentals include cellular concept and concept of fre*uency reuse. &'( architecture is a cellular architecture. The region is di ided into cells of hexagon geometry. 3exagon are chosen because it co ers largest area as compared to other shapes of geometry li%e s*uare or circle and it co ers the region without lea ing gap between them.
2.2.1
C $$
0 cell is defined as the area co ered by one sector, i.e. one antenna system. The hexagonal nature of the cell is an artificial shape #/igure 5.K$. This shape is being closest to circular, which represents the ideal co erage of the power transmitted by the base station antenna. The circular shapes are themsel es incon enient as they ha e o erlapping areas of co erageE but, in reality, their shapes loo% li%e the one shown in the Rpractical; iew in
12
Chapter 5
/igure 5.K. 0 practical networ% will ha e cells of non geometric shapes, with some areas not ha ing the re*uired signal strength for arious reasons.
/igure 5.K< 3exagonal 'hape of Cell. There are two main types of cell<
Omni directional cell A 0n omniAdirectional cell is defined as a )T' with an antenna which transmits power e*ually in all directions #FK2 degrees$ as shown in fig 5.>
Sector cell A 0 sector cell is the area of co erage from an antenna, which transmits in a gi en direction only. The co erage area may be e*ual to 152S or 182S. Commonly )T' uses F sector cell with each antenna co ering an area of 152S as shown in fig 5.> -5..
/igure 5.>< Cmni +irectional and 'ector Cells 2.2.2 Sit
0 site is the position where the tower and antennas are located. ,ormally, a site has T7Js, power supplies, radio base station units #7)'$ etc. 0 site may ser e an omniAcell or two or more sector cells. In the first case the site is called an omni site, in the latter case a sector site.
13
Chapter 5 2.2.( C $$ S*$ittin)
Cell splitting is a process of subdi iding a congested cell into smaller cells each with its own base station and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitted power as shown in fig 5.8. Cell splitting increase the capacity of cellular system since it increase the number of times the channels are used.
/igure 5.8< Cell 'plitting 2.2.4 C $$ S ctorin) It is the process of di iding a cell into three cells .Cell 'ectoring %eeps the cell radius unchanged and see% methods to increase co erage and capacity. 'ectoring increases signal to noise ratio so that the cluster si4e may be reduced. 'ignal to noise ratio is impro ed using directional antennas then capacity impro ement is achie ed by reducing the number of cells in a cluster, thus increasing the fre*uency reuse -F.. The interference in cellular system may be decreased by replacing a single omni directional antenna at the base station by se eral directional antennas each radiating within specified sector as shown in figure 5.9.
/igure 5.9< Cell 'ectoring
14
Chapter 5 2.2.5 2r .u nc" R 6us
/re*uency reAuse means that two radio channels within the same networ% can use exactly the same pair of fre*uencies, pro ided that there is a sufficient geographical distance #the fre*uency reAuse distance$ between them so they will not interfere with each other. The tighter fre*uency reAuse plan, the greater the capacity potential of the networ%. )ased on the traffic calculations, the cell pattern and fre*uency reAuse plan are wor%ed out not only for the initial networ%, but also for the future demands.
In -K., &roups of fre*uencies can be placed together into patterns of cells called clusters. 0 cluster is a group of cells in which all a ailable fre*uencies ha e been used once and only once. 'ince the same fre*uencies can be used in neighboring clusters, interference may become a problem. Therefore, the fre*uency reuse distance must be %ept as large as possible. 3owe er, to maximi4e capacity the fre*uency reAuse distance should be %ept as low as possible.
The reAuse patterns recommended for &'( are the 1D15 and the FD9 pattern. 1D15 means that there are four threeAsector sites supporting twel e cells using twel e fre*uency groups. The FD9 cell pattern is use in the pro:ect as shown in figure 5.12.
. /igure 5.12< /re*uency 7euse
15
Chapter 5 2.2.7 R sourc Di# nsionin)
In 7adio 0ccess ,etwor%, resource dimensioning is an important step of architecture design. The architects study the system performance re*uirements and come up with an architecture that meet or exceed the re*uirements in a cost effecti e fashion. 7esources mean any hardware or software entity needed to perform transactions initiated by users. 7esources are outgoing digital trun%s, timeslots etc.
2.2.7.1
Bus" Hour
The load handled by a system aries based on the time of day and day of the wee%. (ost systems are hea ily loaded for a few hours in a day. The main ob:ecti e of resource dimensioning is to ma%e sure that the system performs well during these busy hours. This will ma%e sure that the system has ade*uate resources to handle pea% as well as offApea% traffic.
2.2.7.2 Er$an) !rlang, a dimensionless unit is used in telephony as a statistical measure of the olume of telecommunications traffic. It is named after the +anish telephone engineer 0. 6. !rlang, the originator of traffic engineering and *ueuing theory. Traffic of one !rlang refers to a single resource being in continuous use, or two channels being at fifty percent use. !rlang can be calculated as< 0 M T# Ihere 0 M Traffic in !rlangs T M 0rri al of new call per unit time. h M Call holding time. 0lternati ely it can be calculated as< !rlang M #0 erage time for all resources D Total Time $ 5.5 5.1
16
Chapter 5
!rlang calculation is used to determine whether the system is o er pro isioned or under pro isioned #too many or too few resource allocated$. The traffic calculation is also used to calculate !1 to determine how many oice lines are li%ely to be used during the busiest hours.There are a range of different !rlang formulae to calculate these, including !rlang ) and !rlang C.
2.2.7.( B$oc8in) Pro!a!i$it" The bloc%ing probability defines the chance that a user will be denied ser ice due to lac% of resources. /or example, a bloc%ing probability of 2.21 means that 1? of the users will be denied ser ice. )loc%ing probability calculations refer to the busy hour only. )loc%ing probability during the busy hour can be decreased by< i. ii. Increasing the resources in the system Cffering incenti es and discounts to encourage usage during offApea% hours
2.2.7.4 +rad o- S r'ic &rade of ser ice is directly related to the bloc%ing probability. 0 higher grade of ser ice guarantee to the user means ensuring a low bloc%ing probability during the busy hours. "ro iding a higher grade of ser ice re*uires increasing the number of resources in the system. Con ersely, reducing number of resourcesE lower the system cost, but at the expense of grade of ser ice -K..
2.2.7.5
Er$an) Ca$cu$ations
There is a tradeoff between resource dimensioning and grade of ser ice. The choice of using the !rlangA) and !rlangAC formulas is dependent upon the handling of users when all resources are busy.
17
Chapter 5
$rlang%& is used when failure to get a free resource results in the user being denied ser ice. The users re*uest is re:ected as no free resources are a ailable. $rlang%C is used when failure to get a free resource results in the user being added into a *ueue. The users stay in the *ueue until a free resource can be found. The formulas of !rlang ) and !rlang C wor%s under the following conditions< The number of customers is much larger than the number of resources a ailable. In general, the formula gi es acceptable results if the number of customers is at least 12 times the total number of resources. 7e*uests from customers are independent of each other. Customer re*uests are bloc%edD *ueued only when no resources are a ailable to ser ice them. The resource is allocated exclusi ely to one customer for the specified period.
2.2.9
C$utt r
Clutter is defined as the manAmade and natural features that may impair radio fre*uency propagation by reflection, diffraction, absorption, or scattering of the transmission wa es. There are arious sources of clutter #morphological$ data. The more current the clutter data, the more accurate the propagation predictions will be. The benefits of updated clutter data are<

!nhance co erage and reduce dropped calls "redict the performance of wireless ser ices Cptimi4e transmission site locations and reduce infrastructure costs
'ome Clutter and Terrain +escriptions are<
18
Chapter 5
2.2.9.1 D ns Ur!an0 Consist of densely built areas with mainly high buildings. Typically there is small number of trees and egetation within this area due to the density of buildings.
2.2.9.2
Ur!an0
Consist of metropolitan regions, industrial areas and closely spaced residential homes and multiAstoried apartments. )uilding density is high but may be interspersed with trees and other egetation.
2.2.9.(
Su!ur!an0
Consist mainly of single family homes, shopping malls and office par%s. 'ignificant egetation, trees and par%ing lots are intermixed with buildings. (ost buildings are 1 to F stories but significant exceptions do occur. 'ignificant areas within small and medium cities along with suburban communities surrounding ma:or cities are examples of this en ironment.
2.2.9.4 Rura$3:uasi;O* n0 Consist of open space with few buildings or residences. (a:or interconnecting highways, farms, and barren land are found within rural areas. The largest ariations in cell co erage area are found in rural areas due to differences in egetation and terrain.
2.2.9.5
T rrain0
Terrain descriptions focus on the land mass. !xamples of terrain description are< mountainous, desert, water #ocean, la%e, and stream$, etc. Types of terrains are
i.
2or st0 /oliage descriptions focus on the tree density and tree height.
19
Chapter 5
ii.
Roads0 7oads are normally described in terms of their capacity to carry traffic. /or example, highways are described as being primary if they are hea ily tra eled multiA lane roads #such as toll roads and interAstate highways$. 'maller roads in and around the city or town would be described as secondary roads.
2.2.<
Pro*a)ation ,od $s0
The design of a new radio communication system starts with determination of a proper location of the base station and determination of the fre*uency plan, both of which depend highly on the propagation loss. )y determining a model for the transmission of the information through the channel, these two characteristics can be accurately determined. In general the propagation model can be made in three steps. In the first step information for the en ironment has to be considered. The second step includes the definition of mathematical approximations of the physical propagation mechanisms, and the third step is the formali4ation of the results of the pre ious two steps. These steps are described in details in the following sections ->..
2.2.<.1 In-$u nc o- t/ En'iron# nt The en ironments, where mobile radio systems are intended to be installed, are ranging from inAdoor up to large rural areas. Ia e propagation prediction methods are re*uired co ering the whole range of macroA, micro, and pico Lcells. In order to be described accurately, different data is considered for the different types of en ironment. Ihile for the prediction of macroAcells terrain height information and land usage data is ta%en into account for urban en ironment. Table 5.F illustrate cell type definition
20
Chapter 5
Table 5.F +efinition of types of cell C $$ t"* C $$ radius (acro cell #large 1%m to F2 %m cell, terrain$ (ini cell #small cell, 2.5 %m to F %m suburban$ (icro cell cell, urban$ #small Gp to 1 %m Gp to 522 m T"*ica$ *osition o- Bas Station Ant nna Cutdoor, mounted abo e rooftop le el, heights of all surrounding buildings are below base station antenna height Cutdoor, mounted abo e medium rooftop le el, heights of some surrounding buildings are below base station antenna height Cutdoor, mounted below medium rooftopAle el, heights of all surrounding buildings are abo e base station antenna height Indoor or outdoor mounted below roof top le el.
"ico Cell #indoor$
2.2.<.2
Pro*a)ation */ no# na and *ro*a)ation $oss
Calculation of the path loss is called prediction. !xact prediction is possible only for simpler cases, such as the free space propagation or the flatAearth model. /or practical cases the path loss is calculated using a ariety of approximations. The propagation in free space can be characteri4ed with the following formula< P M F5.11 N 52log #f$ N 52log #d$ 5.F
Ihere - %,H=& is the operating fre*uency and d %8#& is the distance between the transmitter and the recei er.
The recei ing power in free space is decreasing proportionally with the s*uare root of the distance, and additionally it is influenced by the following propagation mechanisms in the mobile radio channel #fig. 5.11$< shadowing, reflection, refraction, scattering, and diffraction.
21
Chapter 5
/igure 5.11< 'hadowing, 7eflection, 7efraction, 'cattering, and +iffraction. 2.2.<.( ,od $in) a**roac/ s Three types of approaches ha e been used in order to find solutions for the problem of channel planning.
Statistical met#ods #also called stochastic or empirical$ are based on measured and a eraged losses along typical classes of radio channels.
Deterministic met#ods are based on the physical laws of wa e propagation. These methods produce more accurate and reliable predictions of the path loss than the empirical methodsE howe er, they are significantly more expensi e in computational effort and depend on the detailed and accurate description of all ob:ects in the propagation space, such as buildings, roofs, windows, doors, and walls. The alue of losses was pro ided for simulation purposes.
Semi%deterministic A combines the two methods described abo e.
2.2.<.4 T"* s o- Pro*a)ation ,od $ The aim of propagation model is 8to predict signal strength at a particular recei ing point or in a in a specific location area9. The propagation models are usually di ided into< i. ii. PargeAscale propagation models 'mallAscale propagation models
i. 1ar) ;sca$ *ro*a)ation #od $s
22
Chapter 5
The large scale models normally are used to predict the mean signal strength for transmitterArecei er separation distances #d$ of se eral hundred meters apart. In general when d U #5 V wa elength$ the large scale model is applied.
ii. S#a$$ sca$ *ro*a)ation #od $s 'mall scale model or fading models, describe rapid fluctuations of the recei ed signal strength o er ery short TA7 separation distances #d$ or short time durations. In general small scale model is applied when d O #5 V wa elength$.
2.2.> Outdoor Pro*a)ation ,od $ 'ome of the outdoor propagation models are< 1. PongleyA7ice (odel 5. +ur%in;s (odel F. C%umura (odel 1. 3ata (odel 0 proper system design re*uires accurate and reliable radio channel models, among which the selection of prediction models are most important. In estigation of different existing models and extensi e measurements of mathematical e*uationsE C%umuraA3ata model is selected. C%umuraA3ata model is suitable in &'( 922 (34 networ% for macro A micro cells and has better accuracy in dense urban areas especially for pico cells.
2.2.>.1 O8u#ura;Hata #od $ The C%umuraA3ata model is a simple empirical approach for prediction. This model is based on Wapanese measurements done by C%umura, while the mathematical formulation of the model is done by 3ata.
23
Chapter 5
The e*uations deri ed from the measurement data re*uire only the four parametersE therefore this model features ery short computation time.
1. - is the fre*uency in (34, 2. /!s is the base station antenna height abo e ground in m, 3. /#s is the mobile station antenna height abo e ground in m, 4. d is the distance between )' and (' in %m,
/igure 5.15< )T' and (' height for C%umura and 3ata (odel )ecause of the calibration with measurement data the model is restricted to the following ranges for the different parameters< The operating fre*uency is between 152 (34 and 1522 (34. 3eight of the transmitter L F2 to 522m. 3eight of the recei er L 1 to 12m. +istance between transmitter and recei er L 1 to 12 %m.
The basic transmission loss in dense urban areas is computed according to the formula<
5.1 Ihere hms is a correction factor with following alues< 2or O* n Ar a? Su!ur!s? , diu# cit" $ 2or 1ar) citi s 5.K 5.5
24
Chapter 5
7adio 0ccess ,etwor% 5.>
In addition to the main formula for the dense urban case, there are some modifications for rural # illage, sub urban$ and open areas. 5.8
5.9 These formulas describe the model in flat way, because they describe the wa e propagation without ta%ing into account the local effects around the recei er, li%e reflection or shadowing.
2.2.1@
Pro!$ #s and So$utions o- Air Int r-ac
7adio interface is the most ulnerable part of &'( connection. The air interface has to cope with problems, such as ariable signal strength due to presence of obstacles along the way, radio fre*uencies reflecting from buildings, interference from other radio sources etc. This section briefly discuss some of the problems occur during transmission of radio signals and some solutions. 'ome of the most common problems are described below.
2.2.1@.1 Pro!$ #s i. S/adoAin) 'hadowing occurs when there are physical obstacles including buildings between the )T' and the (' #fig 5.1F$. Instead of reflecting the signal, these obstacles attenuate signal strength. Ihen the (' mo es, the signal strength fluctuates depending on the obstacles between the (' and )T'. +rop in strength are called fading dips.
25
Chapter 5
/igure 5.1F< 'hadowing 'hadowing is generally a problem in the uplin% directionE because )T' transmits information at a much higher power compared that from ('. The solution to o er come this problem is %nown as 'da tive Power Control( )ased on *uality and strength of the recei ed signal, )T' informs (' to increase or decrease power as re*uired.
ii. ,u$ti;*at/ Pro*a)ation (ulti path fading occurs when there is more than one transmission path to the (' or )T', and therefore more than one signal is arri ing at the recei er. This may be due to buildings either close to or far from the recei ing de ice. 7ayleigh fading and time dispersion are forms of multi path fading.
/igure 5.11< (ultiApath "ropagation
In figure 5.11, the recei ed signal is the sum of identical signals that differ only in phase #and to some extent amplitude$. 0 reflected signal that has tra eled some distance causes 8Inter 'ymbol Interference9 where as near reflection causes 8/re*uency +ips9.
iii. Ti# A$i)n# nt
26
Chapter 5
!ach (' on a call is allocated a time slot on a T+(0 frame. This is an amount of time during which the (' transmits information to the )T'. The information must also arri e at the )T' within that time slot. The time alignment problem occurs when part of the information transmitted by an (' does not arri e within the allocated time slot. Instead, that part may arri e during the next time slot, and may interfere with information from another (' using that other time slot. 0 large distance between the (' and the )T' causes time alignment. !ffecti ely, the signal cannot tra el o er the large distance within the gi en time.
/igure 5.15< Time alignment problem
In figure 5.15, an (' is assigned time slot 1 initially. +uring the call (' mo es from position 0 to position ). 0s distance increases, answer from (' arri es late at the )T'. The delay becomes so long that the transmission from the (' in time slot 1 o erlaps with the information which the )T' recei es in time slot 5 -F..
2.2.1@.2
So$ution to Pro!$ #s Channel Coding Interlea ing /re*uency hopping 0ntenna +i ersity Time 0d ance
There are number of solutions to o ercome these problems.
i. C/ann $ Codin)
27
Chapter 5
Channel coding is normally used for o ercome the problems caused by fading dips. In channel coding, user data is coded using standard algorithms. This coding is not for encryption, but for error detection and correction purposes
ii. Int r;$ a'in) InterAlea ing is the spreading of the coded speech into many bursts. )y spreading the information into many bursts, it is easy to reco er the data e en if one burst is lost.
/igure 5.1K< InterAPea ing of data 0s shown in /igure 5.1K, the bits of each bloc% are sent in a nonAconsecuti e manner. If one bloc% is lost in transmission, it is still manageable to reco er the data -5..
iii. 2r .u nc" Ho**in) In fre*uency hopping, the fre*uency on which the information is transmitted is changed for e ery burst. In &'( there are K1 patterns of fre*uency hoppingE one of them is a simple cyclic or se*uential pattern. The remaining KF are %nown as pseudoArandom patterns, which an operator can choose from. &enerally it does not significantly impro e the performance if there are less than four fre*uencies in the cell. The reasons of using /re*uency 3opping are< Decreasing t#e robabilit! o) inter)erence Su ressing t#e e))ect o) Ra!leig# )ading
i'. Ant nna Di' rsit" 0ntenna di ersity increases the recei ed signal strength by ta%ing ad antage of the natural properties of radio wa es. Increased recei ed signal strength at the )T' is achie ed by mounting two recei er antennae instead of one. Two 7x antennas are physically separatedE
28
Chapter 5
the probability that both of them are affected by a deep fading dip at the same time is low as shown in figure 5.1>. There are two primary di ersity methods< space di ersity and polari4ation di ersity.
/igure 5.1>< 0ntenna +i ersity
'. Timing advance 'olution to counteract the problem of time alignment. It wor%s by instructing the misaligned (' to transmit its burst earlier or later than it normally would. In &'(, the timing ad ance information relates to bitAtimes. 0n (' is instructed to do its transmission by a certain number of bitAtimes earlier or later related to pre ious position, to reach its timeslot at the )T' in right time. (aximum KF bitAtimes can be used in &'( systems. This limits &'( normal cell si4e to F5%m radius.
/igure 5.18< Timing 0d ance 0s shown in figure 5.18 , )T' instruct (' to start sending information at T'A1 so that it reaches at )T' on its allocated T' i.e. at T'A5.
2.2.11 Int r- r nc The signal at the recei ing antenna can be wea% by irtue of interference from other
signals. These signals may be from the same networ% or may be due to manAmade ob:ects. Interference is the ma:or limiting factor in the performance of cellular radio systems.
29
Chapter 5
'ources of interference include mobile in the same cell, a call in progress in a neighboring cell, another base station operating in the same fre*uency band. Interference is a ma:or bottlenec% in increasing capacity.
2.2.11.1 Co;c/ann $ Int r- r nc %C3I& CoAchannel interference is caused by the use of a same fre*uency close to another cell. The former will interfere with the latter, leading to the terms interfering fre*uency #I$ and carrier fre*uency #C$.The &'( specification recommends that the carrierAtoAinterference #CDI$ ratio is greater than 9 decibels #d)$. 3owe er, its recommended that 15 d) be used as planning criterion. This CDI ratio is influenced by the following factors< i. ii. iii. The location of the (' Pocal geography and type of local scatters )T' antenna type, site ele ation and position
/igure 5.19< CoAchannel interference
2.2.11.2 AdBac nt c/ann $ int r- r nc %C3A& 0d:acent fre*uencies #0$, that is fre*uencies shifted 522 %34 from the carrier fre*uency #C$, must be a oided in the same cell and preferably in neighboring cells also. 0lthough ad:acent fre*uencies are at different fre*uencies to the carrier fre*uency they can still cause interference and *uality problems. The &'( specification states that the carrierAtoA ad:acent ratio #CD0$ must be larger than A9d). It is recommended that higher than F d) be used as planning criterion.
30
Chapter 5
/igure 5.52< 0d:acent channel interference
)y planning fre*uency reAuse in accordance with well established cell patterns, neither coA channel interference nor ad:acent channel interference will cause problems. In reality cells ary in si4e depending on the amount of traffic they are expected to carry. Therefore, real cell plans must be erified by means of predictions to ensure that interference does not become a problem. ,e ertheless, the first cell plan based on hexagons, the nominal cell plan, pro ides a good picture of system planning.
2.2.12 Hando' r 0s a mobile station mo es away from its ser ing )T' towards the co erage area of neighboring )T's, the mobile station measurement reports will show a gradual decrease in signal strength from its ser ing )T' while showing an increase in measured signal strength from one or more neighboring )T's. It is the responsibility of the ser ing )'C to analy4e the measurement reports from the mobile station and to decide when a hando er should be performed.
31
Chapter 5
/igure 5.51< The hando er process
/igure 5.51 shows that as (' mo es from cell Ra; to cell Rb;, 7'P of (' decreases gradually. Ihen 7'P drop down to minimal 7'P le el #i.e. less than A122d)m$ it hand o er to neighboring )T'.
2.2.12.1 Hando' r t"* s The type of hando er procedure executed depends on what le el of switching must be performed in order to mo e the call from the ser ing )T' to the new candidate )T'.There are basically four types of hando ers< i. Internal or intraA)'' hando er, which can be< IntraAcell hando er InterAcell hando er.
ii.
X!xternal or interA)'' hando er, which can be< IntraA('C hando er InterA('C hando er.
If the ser ing and candidate )T's reside within the same )'', the )'C for the )'' can perform the hando er without the in ol ement of the ('CE thus termed internal or intraA )'' hando er. This type of hando er can also be subAdi ided into intraAcell and interAcell
32
Chapter 5
hando ers. 0n intraAcell hando er is an intraA)'' hando er within the same )T'. 0n interA cell hando er is a hando er between different )T's.
If the ser ing and candidate )T's do not reside within the same )'', then an interA)'' hando er is performed, which re*uires the ('C to coordinate and switch facilities #hando er the call$ between the ser ing )T' and the candidate )T'. This type of hando er can also be di ided into intraA('C and interA('C hando ers.
2.2.1( PoA r contro$ "ower Control enables the mobile station andDor the )T' to increase or decrease the transmission power on a radio lin%. "ower Control is separately performed for the uplin% and downlin%. In both cases the )'C is responsible for initiating "ower Control. The mobile station and the )T' adopt transmit power according to the )'C power control commands. Reasons for Power Control - Ihile a mobile station is acti e on a call, it has the responsibility of pro iding measurement report about the performance of the airAinterface periodically to its ser ing )T' so that the ser ing )'C can decide if a power control should be performed. 7eason of power control is to sa e mobile station battery power. The main reason for power control is impro ing the carrierAtoAinterference ratio within the cellular networ%.
2.( Radio Acc ss N tAor8 D si)n &'( system networ% planning undergoes extensi e modification so as to fulfill the e erA increasing demand from operators and mobile users with issues related to capacity and co erage. In order to meet the re*uirements of the mobile ser ices, the radio networ% must offer sufficient co erage and capacity while maintaining the lowest possible deployment costs. The designing of 7adio 0ccess ,etwor% #70,$ consists of mainly three stages that are<
33
Chapter 5
/ig 5.55< 'tages of 70, +esign
The 7adio 0ccess ,etwor% designing begins with traffic and co erage analysis. The analysis should produce information about the geographical area and the expected capacity #traffic load$. The types of data collected are< Cost of networ% Capacity Y Co erage of ,etwor% &rade Cf 'er ice #&C'$ 0 ailable fre*uencies 'peech *uality 'ystem growth capability The simplified radio networ% planning process is shown in /igure 5.5F<
/igure 5.5F< 7adio networ% planning process
2.(.1 Co' ra) P$annin) Co erage in a cell is dependent upon the area co ered by the signal. The distance tra eled by the signal is dependent upon radio propagation characteristics in the gi en area, since it is important for the interference management to correctly estimate the situation of the propagation from the base station. 7adio propagation aries from region to region so
predictions are different for both co erage and capacity. The radio wa e propagation loss aries greatly depending on the incidence of buildings and the population density in the
34
Chapter 5
area. The propagation loss can be estimated either by statistical or deterministic techni*ues. The prime re*uirement is that the networ% design should co er 122? of the area. /ulfilling this re*uirement is usually impossible, so efforts are made design a networ% that co ers all the regions with no Rholes;. The whole land area is di ided into fi e ma:or classes L dense urban, suburban, industrial, residential and rural L based on humanAmade structures and natural terrains. The cells #sites$ that are constructed in these areas can be classified as outdoor and indoor cells. Cutdoor cells can be further classified as macroA cellular, microAcellular or picoAcellular #see Table 5.F$.
2.(.2 Ca*acit" P$annin) Capacity can be understood in simplest terms as the number of mobile subscribers a )T' can cater for at a gi en time. The greater the capacity, the more mobile subscribers can be connected to the )T' at a gi en time, thereby reducing the amount of base stations in a gi en networ%. This reduction would lead to an increase in the operation efficiency and thereby profits for the networ% operator. Capacity planning is a ery important process in the networ% rollout. Capacity plans are made in the preplanning phase for initial estimations, as well as later in a detailed manner. The number of base stations re*uired in an area comes from the co erage planning, and the number of transcei ers re*uired is deri ed from capacity planning as it is directly associated with the fre*uency reAuse factor. The minimum fre*uency reAuse factor calculation is based on the CDI ratio. 0s soon as the CDI ratio decreases, the signal strength starts deteriorating, thereby reducing the fre*uency reAuse factor. 0nother factor is the antenna height at the base station. If the antenna height is too high then the signal has to tra el a greater distance, so the probability that the signal causes interference becomes greater. The a erage antenna height should be such that the number of base stations #fully utili4ed in terms of their indi idual capacities$ is enough for the needed capacity of the networ%. There are three essential parameters re*uired for capacity
35
Chapter 5
planning< estimated traffic, a erage antenna height, erlang calculations, busy hour and fre*uency usage.
Average Antenna Height A The a erage antenna height is the basis of the cellular en ironment #i.e. whether it is macroAcellular or microAcellular$. If the a erage antenna height is low, then the co ered area is small in an urban en ironment. This will lead to the creation of more cells, and hence increase the number of times the same fre*uency can be reAallocated. !xactly the opposite is the case in a macroA cellular en ironment. 3ere the co erage area would be more, so the same fre*uency can be reallocated fewer times. 0ll these calculations are based on the interference analysis of the system as well as the topography and propagation conditions.
Frequency
sage and Re-use A /re*uency usage is an important concept related
to both co erage and capacity usage. /re*uency reAuse basically means how often a fre*uency can be reAused in the networ%. If the a erage number of the transcei ers and the total number of fre*uencies are %nown, the fre*uency reAuse factor can be calculated. !xample <If there are F T7J that are used per base station and the total number of fre*uencies a ailable is 5>, then the total number of fre*uencies a ailable for reAuse is 5>DF M 9.
2.(.( 2r .u nc" P$annin) In the radio planning process, the maximum utili4ation of the a ailable fre*uencies is %nown as fre*uency planning. Capacity and fre*uency planning go handAinAhand. 0 good fre*uency plan ensures that fre*uency channels are used in such a way that the capacity and co erage criteria are met without any interference. This is because the total capacity in a radio networ% in terms of the number of sites is dependent upon two factors< transmission power and interference. /re*uency plan must ensure that CDI U 15 d) and CD0 U A15 d)
36
Chapter 5
#&'( recommendation$.The reAuse of the )CC3 T7J #which contains the signalling time slots$ should be greater than that of the TC3s, since it should be the most interferenceAfree.
2.(.4
:ua$it"
The *uality of the radio networ% is dependent on its co erage, capacity and fre*uency allocation. The *uality of the networ% is dependent upon the parameter settings. (ost of these are implemented during the rollout of the networ% and are based on measurements. Cnce there are measurements a ailable from the initial launch of the networ%, these parameters then can be fineAtuned. This process becomes a part of the optimi4ation of the radio networ%. (ost of the se ere problems in a radio networ% are attributed by signal interference. Ihen interference exists in the networ%E the source needs to be found. The entire fre*uency plan is chec%ed again to determine whether the source is internal or external. The problems may be caused by flaws in the fre*uency plan, in the configuration plans #e.g. antenna tilts$, inaccurate correction factors used in propagation models, etc.
2.4 2.4.1
C $$ P$annin) Introduction
The Cell "lanning process consists of three phases, preliminary tas%s, design and implementation. This section describes these acti ities and the lin%s between them. The first phase;s main ob:ecti e is to gather hypotheses #antenna heights and technical data such as terrain database, lin% budget calculation, traffic dimensioning, and propagation model$ in order to start the cell planning design. The second phase ob:ecti e is cell planning #target site locations, fre*uency planning, T7J planning, and propagation modeling$.
37
Chapter 5
The third phase co ers the cell planning implementation #final site locations, co erage concession, fre*uency planning, T7J planning, networ% engineering support, radio acceptance support$. These phases are named as preliminary tas%s, design and implementation and are described below in detail.
2.4.2
Pr $i#inar" Tas8s
)efore starting this pro:ect se eral assumptions were made. The ob:ecti e of preliminary tas%s is to summari4e the re*uired inputs for the design acti ities into the cell planning. This phase is further di ided into se eral parts which are shown below.
/igure 5.51< "reliminary Tas%s of Cell "lanning process
2.4.2.1 H"*ot/ s s +at/ rin) (ost of assumptions are deri ed from the 7/@ #7e*uest for @uotation$, from meetings with the customer or from endor decisions #products used$. 3ypotheses gathering consist of collecting data from arious sources that are re*uired for cell planning #co erage target, )T' e*uipment information, site constraints, existing sites, traffic information, fre*uency information$. This information was pro ided for this pro:ect.
38
Chapter 5 2.4.2.2 T rrain Data!as S $ ction and I#*ro' # nt
+igital Terrain (ap #+T($ is a mandatory input for cell planning. "urchase of a terrain database is a deal between cost, delay and accuracy. Then, it is re*uired to perform se eral chec%s on the terrain database data #heights, clutters, and ectors, geographical continuity$ to alidate it. The ob:ecti e of +T( with appropriate accuracy in regards to cost and delay is to chec% the database consistency and updating using results of 7/ sur ey.
2.4.2.( 1in8 Bud) t The lin% budget calculation specifies for each type of en ironment #urban, suburban, rural and other clutters$, each type of product #indoor )T', outdoor )T', coupling system, antennas type$ and 7/ design assumptions, a maximum cell radius based on the @uality of 'er ice re*uirements #*uality of co erage$. These radius are used to produce cell counts that gi e an idea of the number of sites re*uired to meet re*uirements.
2.4.2.4 Tra--ic Di# nsionin) The ob:ecti e for this acti ity is to identify area where traffic is more constraining than co erage, li%e in urban areasE and to determine )T' maximum configuration to be used for each traffic area.
2.4.2.5 C $$ Count This acti ity consists of calculation of the number of cell sites re*uired to both fulfill traffic and co erage re*uirement, in relation with choice of e*uipment. The cell count may be performed before design phase, to wor% out the number of cell sites that will be positioned. /or this pro:ect cells which were re*uired to fulfill the re*uirement was found to be abo e >2 cells.
39
Chapter 5 2.4.2.7 ,od $ D si)n
This acti ity includes the choice of a propagation model, its calibration to focus on the ma:or cell planning re*uirements lin%ed to a contract. The propagation modeling process assumes that the terrain database is alidated. The propagation model is specific to a terrain
database. "ropagation model which is used in this pro:ect is C%umara A 3ata.
2.4.(
D si)n
The main tas% of design is 'ite determination acti ity. (odel tuning, fre*uency planning and T7J planning may be part of this phase but not necessarily. "ictorial illustration for this phase is shown in the figure .
/igure 5.55< +esign phase of Cell "lanning 2.4.(.1 Sit D t r#ination This acti ity consists in determination of each site position and characteristics to achie e compliance with co erage and traffic re*uirement. Co erage maps are used to represent the result of this design step. The ob:ecti e for this is to e aluate the number of sites and
40
Chapter 5
their potential locations and to predict the ser ice area. This prediction shows and distinct the number of sites deployed in different clutters.
2.4.(.2 ,od $ Tunin) This acti ity is not mandatory but may occur during the design or the implementation phase. The model tuning might be re*uired if the le el of confidence in the terrain database or in the model is not high enough. The ob:ecti e for this acti ity is to chec% the alidity of radio measurementsE and to erify consistency between existing propagation model and radio measurements.
2.4.(.( TRC P$annin) )ased on the contract subscriber profiles and contract products, the traffic planning specifies the T7J configuration for each site. If the re*uired capacity cannot be pro ided by a site location then cell splits may be necessary. 0 new site determination step might ha e to be done. The main ob:ecti e for this is to determine #or confirm$ the number of T7Js per cell needed to satisfy the customerHs traffic re*uirements.
2.4.(.4 2r .u nc" P$annin) 0ssign fre*uencies according to the a ailable 7/ channels in order to minimi4e the interference. 0 CDI #Carrier to Interference$ map is created to determine the le els of interference. These two acti ities #fre*uency allocation and CDI analysis$ are repeated until the fre*uency plan is acceptable. Cnce the cells ha e been positioned and the number of T7Js per cell has been set #or confirmed by the T7J "lan$, fre*uencies must be allocated to each cell in a way which minimi4es interference using tilts and a4imuths. The 07/C, which ha e been allotted for this pro:ect are 5> which ma%e the total bandwidth of 5.1(34
41
Chapter 5 2.4.4 I#*$ # ntation
The last phase for cell processing is of implementation. Cb:ecti e of the pro:ect is planning of access part not implementation. Past phase is included to gi e an o er iew of complete Cell planning process. Theoretical site locations specified during the site determination acti ity represent target. '0@ #'ite 0c*uisition$ tries to find real locations which are the best matching with site location criteria. The figure 5.5K illustrates the implementation phase.
/igure 5.5K< Implementation phase 2.4.4.1 Sit S $ ction The purpose for this acti ity is described below< Choose a single real location per theoretical site, this location is supposed to be the best among the proposed ones. 'hare data #site location, antennae height, a4imuths, and tilts$ between cell planning, site ac*uisition, and transmission teams. (aintain the cellular planning tool site database up to date.
2.4.4.2 Co' ra) Conc ssions The purpose for this acti ity is to< 6eep trac% of co erage problems.
"ropose solutions to sol e co erage holes.
42
Chapter 5
(aintain an accurate communication lin% with customer pro:ect management to deal with cell planning problems.
2.4.4.( Radio Data -i$$ 7adio data fill is an iterati e process which defines the radio parameters #T7J plan, fre*uency plan$. It has an ob:ecti e to< "ro ide updated alues for T7J plan, fre*uency plan, and )'IC plan. "ro ide neighboring cell definition. "ro ide initial P0C definition
43
Chapter F CHAPTER ( BSS P$annin) (.1 Introduction
)'' "lanning
The main aim of radio networ% designing is to pro ide a costAeffecti e solution for the radio networ% in terms of co erage, capacity and *uality. The networ% design criteria ary from region to region depending upon the dominating factor or priority, which could be capacity or co erage. Cur tas% was to completely plan the site using 5> 07/C, when its generally done with the help of F> 07/C,. This chapter illustrates the procedure followed for designing the radio access networ% for the gi en area ta%ing under consideration all the parameters, resources allocated and standards mentioned by 3G0I!I.
(.2 St *s o- D si)nin) Proc ss The approach adopted to accomplish designing of radio access networ% is bro%en down in different steps as shown in figure F.1. 0ccording to pro:ect design, fig F.1, planning steps are di ided in two phases which are initial planning and 'ystem growth.
/igure F.1< "ro:ect +esign
44
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
The phase of initial or preAplanning starts from first step of 8traffic and co erage analysis9 goes till 8'ystem design9. The specifications and targets gi en by 3G0I!I are< ,etwor% cost< 12 (illion = Cost per )T'< 2.5 (illion = &o' < 5? 07/C,'< 5> ,umber of users< >,222
(.2.1
STEP 10 Tra--ic and Co' ra) Ana$"sis The aspect of networ%;s co erage includes defining the co erage areas, terrain profile and related signal strength. In this pro:ect the area allocated is 8'uper 3ighway9, the signal strength of A>2d)m is the outdoor acceptance le el re*uired by the 3G0I!I.
It is mandatory to calculate number of sites re*uired to fulfill the co erage and capacity re*uirement. 0s per budget for this pro:ect, maximum sites that can be placed are 82. These sites ha e to be placed in such a way to gi e an optimum co erage and capacity. There are co erageAdri en areas and capacityAdri en areas in a gi en networ% region. The a erage cell capacity re*uirement per ser ice area is estimated for each phase of networ% design, to identify the cutAo er phase where networ% design will change from a co erageA dri en to a capacityAdri en process. Ihile the ob:ecti e of co erage planning in the co erageAdri en areas is to find the minimum number of sites for producing the re*uired co erage. It is necessary to experiment with both co erage and capacity, as due to the capacity re*uirements the number of sites may ha e to be increased resulting in a more effecti e fre*uency usage with minimal interference.
The deZnition of capacity include the number of subscribers and traffic profile in the region, information on the radio access system and the antenna system performance associated with it. Traffic is classified in two types
45
Chapter F Offered Traffic! It is defined as traffic which user attempt to originate . Carried Traffic! It is the traffic actually successfully handled by the system.
)'' "lanning
There are basically two approaches to perform the calculation of networ%;s capacity and re*uired e*uipment. 1. Theoretical approach 5. "ractical approach
(.2.1.1 T/ or tica$ A**roac/ The theoretical approach is the empirical method to perform the capacity calculations. The steps in ol ed during the capacity calculations using the data and assumptions are mentioned below< i. ii. iii. i . . i. Choose sectori4ation that satisfies the desired 'ignalAtoA,oise ratio. Calculate number of oice channels for the gi en area Calculate traffic density /ind the traffic per sector using !rlang ) chart Cell area and number of cell. S ctori=ation
'ectori4ation scheme is chosen first for preAplanning. The standard 'ignalAtoA ,oise ratio is 15d). /ollowing formulas are used to calculate 'ignal to ,oise ratio. 2or O#ni F.1
2or S ctor F.5
Ihere [ M path loss alue in d)
* M\F,
46
Chapter F ii. Voic c/ann $s %#&
)'' "lanning
The number of oice channels for city and highways are calculated using e* F.F. Qoice channels are used to estimate the number of T7J re*uired in particular area. F.F IhereE )I M Total bandwidth 'peechD7/ M oice channels iii. Tra--ic d nsit" %TD& Traffic density of the city is calculated using e* F.1. T+ has unit of !rlangD%m]. F.1 IhereE ! M Traffic per subscriber "ene M (ar%et penetration 'hare M (ar%et share i'. Tra--ic * r s ctor %TS& E "op M "opulation E 7CT M 7oll out timeDyear E &rowth M 0nnual "opulation growth E Channels )IM522 %34 E , M reuse factor
/or a gi en &o' of 5?, traffic on each sector is calculated using !rlangA) chart for six different terrains. '. Nu#! r o- c $$s 0rea of a single cell is calculated using e* F.5. Cell area has unit of R%m]; and it is used to calculate minimum number of cells re*uired to co er gi en area Cell 0rea M T' ^ 'ector T+ ,umber of Cells M Total 0rea Cell 0rea F.5 F.K
47
Chapter F (.2.1.2 Ca$cu$ations0 Ar a Radio P$annin)
)'' "lanning
(A case to Study)
+i' n Data0 Sit s* ci-ications s"st # sc nario0 'ignal 'trength M A>2d)m 'ite Configuration M 'FFF Cut door 3ighway /re*uency band M 922(34 !n iroment M rural area #semiAopen$ 2inancia$ S* ci-ications0 Cost per )T' M 2.5 (illion = ,etwor% Cost M 5 (illion = T c/nica$ 1i#itations0 Total )I M 5.1(34 Channel )I M 522 %34 "ath loss M A15K d) &o' M 5? Statistica$ Ana$"sis0 Traffic per subscriber M -55m!r occupy the resourceDchannel for 92 seconds #standard$. "enetration #pene$ M >? -,ext year >? of the net population will be added to networ%. 7oll out timeDyear M 15 days 0nnual population growth M 52? ,umber of Gsers #"o"$ M 1K222 (ar%et share M 92? -3ow much share our networ% #,$ will hold in total telecom mar%et. ,umber of Interference Cell #:$ M for Cmni< : M 1, for 'ector< : M F Total area M 122 x > %m5
VI- J operators in sum carry _? of total population, our mar%et share will be M #,DJ$ V _
48
Chapter F Ca*acit" P$annin)0 ,umber of sites<
)'' "lanning
It is mandatory to calculate number of sites re*uired to fulfill the co erage and capacity re*uirement. 0s per budget for this pro:ect, maximum sites that can be placed are 12. These sites ha e to be placed in such a way to gi e an optimum co erage and capacity.
5 (illion = M 12 sites #(aximum$ 2.5 That means we can install up to 12 sites to pro ide co erage. )usyAhour traffic< 0 is the maximum traffic on the busiest hour of system or line. 0M a V b V t. .a M is e eryday call times #originating and terminating$ per user . b M is busyAhour to day ratio# busyAhour traffic di ided by daytime traffic . t M is a erage call duration
Area Dense Urban
Urban
suburb
Topographic features A era!e "ei!"t o# surroundin! bui$din!s is %ore t"an 30 %etres (o er 10 storey) and a era!e distance bet&een bui$din!s is 10'20 %etres. Usua$$y t"e bui$din!s are cro&ded around t"e site &it" t"e "ei!"t o# 10'20 stories and t"e a%bient roads are not considerab$$y &ide. A era!e "ei!"t o# surroundin! bui$din!s is about 15'30 %etres (5'9 storey) and a era!e distance bet&een bui$din!s is 10'20 %etres. ("e bui$din!s are e en$y distributed around t"e site. )ost$y are be$o& 9 stories and so%e are o er 9 stories and t"e a%bient roads are not considerab$y &ide. A era!e "ei!"t o# surroundin! bui$din!s is about 10'15 %etres (3'5 storey) and a era!e distance bet&een bui$din!s is 30'50 %etres. ("e bui$din!s are e en$y distributed around t"e site. )ost$y are 3'4 stories and so%e are o er 4 stories. *oads around are &ide. A era!e "ei!"t o# surroundin! bui$din!s is be$o& 10 %etres. ("ey are dis+ersed and %ain$y are 1'2 storey "i!". ("ere are s+acious s+ace bet&een.
rura$
49
Chapter F a& T/ or tica$ A**roac/0 %i& S ctori=ation0
)'' "lanning
Ihere * M\F, and [ M path loss alue in d) M A15K d) *MF ,MF Therefore 'I7 M A88K.F d) for sector
%ii& Voic C/ann $s %#&
IhereE )I M Total bandwidth 'peechD7/ M oice channels E Channels )IM522 %34 5> x 9 M F 81
, M reuse factor M no. of channels x no. of sites Total no. of T7J 'ince Total )I M 5.1(34 'peechD7f M 8 #since full rate$ Channels )I M 522 %34 ,MF Therefore, m M 5F Total a ailable Channels M Total )I di ide by Channel )I M 5.1 (34D 522%34 M 5> 07/C, 'ince m M 5F Therefore, 5>A5F M 1 controls channels
-,ote< 0t 3alf rate 'peechD7f is ta%en 1K.
50
Chapter F %iii& Tra--ic D nsit" %TD&0
)'' "lanning
TD = 25m x Population x market share Area
OR
IhereE ! M Traffic per subscriber M 55m "ene M (ar%et penetration M 2.2> 'hare M (ar%et share M 2.11
E "op M "opulation M 1K222 E 7CT M 7oll out timeDyear M 15 E &rowth M 0nnual "opulation growth M 2.5 M 2.9> !rD %m5
T+ M 55m x 1K222 x 2.2> x #1 N 2.5$15 x 2.92 122 x > %m5 %i'& Tra--ic * r s ctor %TS&0
Cne site has F sectors. !ach sector has F 7adios and each radio has 8 channelsDslots so we ha e 51 slots per sector, F slots per sector are used for other purposes li%e signaling, broadcast, and data traffic so we are left with 51 slots per sector. Cur &C' is 5 ?. ,ow using ,r$an!) table we can find out how much traffic one sector of a site can carry it turns out to be 11.2F !rlangs, Total trafic a site can carry is 15.29 !rlangs Total traffic for that area is 2.9 !rD%ms* x 122 %ms* M FK2 !rlangs Total sites re*uired M Total traffic M Traffic per site %'& Nu#! r o- C $$s0 Cell area has unit of R%m]; and it is used to calculate minimum number of cells re*uired to co er gi en area Cell 0rea M T' ^ 'ector T+ Cell 0rea M 11.2F ^ F M 1K.>K m5 2.9 ,umber of Cells M Total 0rea Cell 0rea ,umber of Cells M 122 1K.> M 8.5 sites #app 9 sites$ FK2 M 8.5 #app 9 sites$ 15.29
51
Chapter F !& Practica$ , t/od0
)'' "lanning
The maximum configuration stated by customer for this pro:ect is 'FFF. It means that each of the three sectors has F T7J in it. /rom the !rlang ) table the traffic carried by this configuration is 11.2F !rlangD sector. 'ite traffic it calculated as< Traffic Carried by 'ite M Traffic carried by a cell ^ number of cell in that 'ite M 11.2FV F M 15.29 !rlangD 'ite. Total !rlang which is offered by the target population can be found as< Total offered traffic in !rlang M ,umber of total users V traffic offered by a user M 1K222 V 55m!rlang M 122 !rlang ,o. of sites M 1K222 V 55m!rlang M 8 sites #approx 51 sectors$ #11.2FVF$ Comparison between Theoretical and practical approaches ,umber of sites in Theoretical M 9 ,umber of sites in "ractical M 8 Frequency ho""ing and Frequency Reuse # /re*uency hopping and tighter reuse plan also helped in accommodating capacity re*uirements. This approach allows more transcei ers to be deployed in the networ%, gradually enhancing traffic capacity.
.ractiona$ 0oad 1 4o o# "o++in! radios 1 50 2 (Since &e are usin! 1 / 3 sc"e%e) 2/ 5"ere 2/ 1 4o. o# #re6uencies in eac" )A0 $ist ("ere#ore7 / 1 2 i# &e &ant 50 2 8* 2/ 1 4
Fractional Load Guide - .or 1 / 1 sc"e%e .ractiona$ 0oad 1 16 2 3 .or 1 / 3 sc"e%e .ractiona$ 0oad 1 50 2
(9n ot"er &ords7 4 #re6uencies &i$$ be assi!n to eac" )A0 $ist)
52
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
+uplex 'ub bands of width M 55 (34 L +uplex 'pacing 15 (34 Gplin% 'ub band M 892 L 915 (34 +ownlin% 'ub band M 9F5 L 9K2 (34 /re*uency 'pacing between carriers M 522 %34 #2.5 (34$ Cne acrrier is used for guard band, gi ing< Total number of carriers #07/C,$ M #55 L 2.5$D2.5 M 151 Gplin% fre*uencies< /u#n$ M 892 N 2.5n (34 +ownlin% /re*uencies< /d#n$ M /u#n$ N 15 (34 where 1 O n O 151
53
Chapter F 2r .u nc" a$$ocation Data S/ t0
)'' "lanning
,CC< 5, F )CC< 2A> )'IC combinations< 52, 51, 55, 5F, 51, 55, 5K, 5>, F2, F1, F5, FF, F1, F5, FK, F> (0P fre*uencies for sector 0 1, 1, >, 12 (0P fre*uencies for sector ) 5, 5, 8, 11 (0P fre*uencies for sector C F, K, 9, 15 (0IC for sector 0< 2, 5 (0IC for sector )< 1, F (0IC for sector C< 2, 5 &uard fre*uency M 52 )CC3 M 11, 15, 1K, 1>, 18, 19, 52, 51, 55, 5F, 51, 55, 5K &uard /re*uency for ,ext operator M 5> 3',< 2AKF SITE VIEW0 1(34 BCCH distri!ution sc/ #
18 24
26
15
17 19
21 23
19 16
25
14 SD Calculation: 400 :i$o %eter 54
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
Since no. o# s$ots +er sector 1 21 and ;oS 1 227 .ro% ,r$an!< (S 1 14.03 ("ere#ore = > 14.03 1 3.5 (a++ 4) SD (i%e S$ots i.e 32 c"anne$s
Total no. of subscribers per sector M TC3 traffic per sector M 11.2F Traffic per subscriber 55m M 5K1 subscribers 0ctual traffic M Total L '+CC3 usage '+CC3 traffic M no.of subscribers per sector Vno.of sectorsV'+ trafficDsub '+CC3 traffic on each site M #5K1 VF$ x F.5K m erlang M 5.9 erlang 'o actual traffic M 15.29 L 5.9 M FK.29 erlang Ie can also refer to the standard table for '+ traffic per sector E1 Ca$cu$ations0
8ur one site contains data 1 16 :b+s / 8 ti%e s$ots / 9 (*? 1 1.152 )b+s @o&e er one ,1 carries 1 32 s$ots / 64 :b+s 1 2.048 )b+s (&"ic" is !reater t"an 1.152 )b+s) ("ere#ore7 on$y one ,1 &i$$ be enou!" #or co%%unication bet&een @U< site and <(S
C+I0
)AA
)4A
0AA
A9
Ihere (CC #(obile country code$ M 295, (,C #(obile networ% code$ M 21 P0C #Pocation area code$ M 15F1 CI M Cell Id #gi en to each cell$
55
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
(*? *adioB1 <AA@ 147 157 167 177 187 197 207 217 227 237 247 257 26 SD 1 2 ti%e s$ots
(*? *adioB2
(*? *adioB3
@o++in! 1 4 7 10 )A98 (0)
@o++in! 1 4 7 10 )A98 (2)
S333 Sector A
(*? *adioB2
(*? *adioB3
@o++in! 2 5 8 11 )A98 (1)
@o++in! 2 5 8 11 )A98 (3)
S333 Sector B
(*? *adioB2 @o++in! 3 6 9 12 )A98 (0)
(*? *adioB3 @o++in! 3 6 9 12 )A98 (2)
S333 Sector C
56
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
Sit 1 'ite ,ame M 3ihfrm0 Pongitude M K>.5>118 Patitude M 51.9>918 CI M 15F )'IC M 5> 3', M 59 (0P M 1, 1, >, 12 )CC3 M 1K Sit 20 'ite ,ame M &othore0 Pongitude M K>.F>8>F Patitude M 55.251>K CI M 11F )'IC M F5 3', M 1K (0P M 1, 1, >, 12 )CC3 M 15 Sit (0 'ite ,ame M Ta:`&oth0 Pongitude M K>.5K51 Patitude M 55.2>F1 CI M 11K )'IC M 5F 3', M 52 (0P M 1, 1, >, 12 )CC3 M 5F Sit 40 'ite ,ame M )ismillah0 Pongitude M K>.K1551 Patitude M 55.15225 CI M 119 )'IC M F1 3', M F1 (0P M 1, 1, >, 12 )CC3 M 51 'ite ,ame M )ismillah) Pongitude M K>.K1551 Patitude M 55.15225 CI M 152 )'IC M F1 3', M F1 (0P M 5, 5, 8, 11 )CC3 M 18 'ite ,ame M )ismillahC Pongitude M K>.K1551 Patitude M 55.15225 CI M 151 )'IC M F1 3', M F1 (0P M F, K, 9, 15 )CC3 M 5K 'ite ,ame M Ta:`&oth) Pongitude M K>.5K51 Patitude M 55.2>F1 CI M 11> )'IC M 5F 3', M 52 (0P M 5, 5, 8, 11 )CC3 M 19 'ite ,ame M Ta:`&othC Pongitude M K>.5K51 Patitude M 55.2>F1 CI M 118 )'IC M 5F 3', M 52 (0P M F, K, 9, 15 )CC3 M 55 'ite ,ame M &othore) Pongitude M K>.F>8>F Patitude M 55.251>K CI M 111 )'IC M F5 3', M 1K (0P M 5, 5, 8, 11 )CC3 M 1> 'ite ,ame M &othoreC Pongitude M K>.F>8>F Patitude M 55.251>K CI M 115 )'IC M F5 3', M 1K (0P M F, K, 9, 15 )CC3 M 51 'ite ,ame M 3ihfrm) Pongitude M K>.5>118 Patitude M 51.9>918 CI M 111 )'IC M 5> 3', M 59 (0P M 5, 57 87 11 'ite ,ame M 3ihfrmC Pongitude M K>.5>118 Patitude M 51.9>918 CI M 115 )'IC M 5> 3', M 59 (0P M F, K, 97 12
<AA@ 1 19
<AA@ 1 14
57
Chapter F Sit 5 'ite ,ame M ,oriabad0 Pongitude M K>.K8K15 Patitude M 55.1K189 CI M 155 )'IC M 51 3', M 9 (0P M 1, 1, >, 12 )CC3 M 1K Sit 7 'ite ,ame M /ayya%un0 Pongitude M K>.8219 Patitude M 55.11FF CI M 155 )'IC M F2 3', M 5 (0P M 1, 1, >, 12 )CC3 M 15 Sit 9 'ite ,ame M 0l0hmed0 Pongitude M K>.>9>1F Patitude M 55.15F2F CI M 158 )'IC M 5K 3', M 51 (0P M 1, 1, >, 12 )CC3 M 5F 'ite ,ame M 0l0hmed) Pongitude M K>.>9>1F Patitude M 55.15F2F CI M 159 )'IC M 5K 3', M 51 (0P M 5, 5, 8, 11 )CC3 M 19 'ite ,ame M /ayya%un) Pongitude M K>.8219 Patitude M 55.11FF CI M 15K )'IC MF2 3', M 5 (0P M 5, 5, 8, 11 )CC3 M 1> 'ite ,ame M ,oriabad) Pongitude M K>.K8K15 Patitude M 55.1K189 CI M 15F )'IC M 51 3', M 9 (0P M 5, 5, 8, 11 )CC3 M 19
)'' "lanning
'ite ,ame M ,oriabadC Pongitude M K>.K8K15 Patitude M 55.1K189 CI M 151 )'IC M 51 3', M 9 (0P M F, K, 9, 15 )CC3 M 11
'ite ,ame M /ayya%unC Pongitude M K>.8219 Patitude M 55.11FF CI M 15> )'IC M F2 3', M 5 (0P M F, K, 9, 15 )CC3 M 51
'ite ,ame M 0l0hmedC Pongitude M K>.>9>1F Patitude M 55.15F2F CI M 1F2 )'IC M 5K 3', M 51 (0P M F, K, 9, 15 )CC3 M 55
Sit < 'ite ,ame M 3a:eram0 Pongitude M K>.>9125 Patitude M 55.1K>5 CI M 1F1 )'IC M F5 3', M 5 (0P M 1, 1, >, 12 )CC3 M 51 'ite ,ame M 3a:eram) Pongitude M K>.>9125 Patitude M 55.1K>5 CI M 1F5 )'IC M F5 3', M 5 (0P M 5, 5, 8, 11 )CC3 M 18 'ite ,ame M 3a:eramC Pongitude M K>.>9125 Patitude M 55.1K>5 CI M 1FF )'IC M F5 3', M 5 (0P M F, K, 9, 15 )CC3 M 5K
58
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
(.2.1.( + n ra$ Pro!$ #s and t/ ir R # di s0 i& Co' ra) Pro!$ #s0 The terrain configuration and humanAmade structures are different on different locations resulting in different areaAarea predictions. The measurements made in dense urban areas are different from those made in urban, subAurban and other areas. +uring co erage planning optimum le el of 7'P #i.e. AK5d)m$ was not achie ed at distinct locations due to propagation losses. /ollowing approaches are used at cell site to increase the co erage.
$ncreasing the Transmitted Power - Increasing the transmitted power of each affected cell results in co erage of a large area. Ihen power le el is doubled, gain increases by Fd).
$ncreasing Cell-Site Antenna Height # To fill the co erage holes, cellAsite antenna;s height is increased. The effecti e antenna height is dependent on the location of 'ite and ('. 'ometimes, doubling the actual antenna height results in a gain increase of less than Kd) and sometimes more.
High-%ain Antennas at Site # The high gain antennas are also used to increases the co erage especially in dense urban areas, because co erage is generally found to be less at farthest part of the networ%
Selecting Cell-Site &ocation # Co erage area is also increased by selecting proper site location for actual antenna height and transmitted power. /or better co erage purposes, high site is selected for minimi4ing the impact of interference.
59
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
Antenna Pattern - "roblem is sol ed by immediate scrutiny of the deployed antennas pattern and tilts. 'uch problems are usually sorted out by mo ing the antenna positions and altering the tilting of the antennas.
ii& Ca*acit" Pro!$ #s0 !fficient designing of 7adio 0ccess ,etwor% is all about building highAcapacity networ%s in the most economical way, and therefore, &'( radio networ% capacity solutions are becoming increasingly important. /ollowing techni*ues are used to cater the allocated number of users. Small Cell Si'e # Controlling the radiation pattern results in reduction of cell si4e and increases the traffic capacity. This approach is based on the assumption that all mobile units are identical. $ncreasing the (um)er of Radio Channels in *ach Cell # 7e*uirement of capacity is met by increasing the number of radio channels in each cell. This is done by increasing number of T7J at each site resulting in increase of T'.
Frequency ho""ing and Frequency Reuse # /re*uency hopping and tighter reuse plan also helped in accommodating capacity re*uirements. This approach allows more transcei ers to be deployed in the networ%, gradually enhancing traffic capacity.
iii& P r-or#anc As* cts< 0part from achie ing capacity and co erage, the two main parameters that are considered when building a networ% are monetary cost and timeathe actual cost of each solution is mar%etAdependent, since the costs associated with cell sites #site ac*uisition, site preparation, rental costs$ and transmission ary from mar%et to mar%et. C er dimensioning of the networ% causes too much cost, traffic re enue gets too low to support cost of networ%, ery poor economic efficiency. 'imilarly, under dimensioning of the networ%
60
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
causes bloc%ing probability to increase, has poor technical performance #in other words interference$, capacity for billable re enue become low, re enue gets lower due to poor *uality and ery poor economic efficiency Remedy # The solution to abo e mention problem is to deploy more transcei er on a cell site or tighter fre*uency reuse plan. 0 third option is to introduce micro cells as it is easier and less expensi e to ac*uire sites for them. Ihile designing trade off should be made between resources and re*uirements to a oid both o er and under dimensioning.
(.2.2
STEP20 No#ina$ c $$ *$annin)
0 nominal cell plan is produced from the data compiled from traffic and co erage analysis. The nominal cell plan is a graphical representation of the networ% and loo%s li%e a cell pattern on a map. /irst cell plan is laid which formed the basis for further planning. The nominal plan is made by ta%ing under consideration the following parameters and methods which help to predict the path losses, ma%e efficient use of a ailable fre*uency band and cater the interference. i. ii. iii. i. 7adio propagation /re*uency reuse Interference Radio *ro*a)ation
To predict the signal strength and path losses of the radio wa e or transmitted signal many propagation models are analy4ed. The C%umuraA3ata model is chosen as the prediction model .The radio propagation is highly dependent on clutter profile and the terrain assigned for planning. The C%umura A 3ata model is best suited for its loss predictions. Posses due
61
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
to clutter profile, shadowing, multiApath fading and ertical diffraction losses are catered #see figure 5.1 and table 5.F$. ii. 2r .u nc" r us
)ased on the traffic calculations, the cell pattern and fre*uency reAuse plan are wor%ed out not only for the initial networ%, but also for future demands. The reAuse patterns recommended for &'( are the 1D15 and the FD9 pattern. 'elected reuse pattern is FD9. iii. Int r- r nc %C3I& ; Cellular networ%s are more often limited by problems
Co;c/ann $ Int r- r nc
caused by interference rather than by signal strength problems. The criteria of CDI used for designing the radio networ% is as follow< CDI UM 15d) Ihere, C is carrier fre*uency I is interfering fre*uency
AdBac nt c/ann $ int r- r nc
%C3A& ; The main focus is made to mitigate CD0 in the
same cell during the planning. The CD0 in neighboring cell is gi en the second priority as it does not affect the communication. 3ere, the criteria of CD0 used for designing the radio networ% is as follow< CD0UM Fdb Ihere, C is carrier fre*uency 0 is ad:acent fre*uency
62
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
These criterions are chosen after consultations with experienced personals and endors. 0s &'( standards are CDI greater then 9db and CD0 greater than A9db, these criterions ta%en here are well abo e the acceptance le els.
(.2.( STEP(0 Sur' "s Ihen the preAplanning phase is completed, the site search process starts. )ased on the co erage plans, prospecti e sites location is identified for specific areas. The process of site selection, from identifying the site to site ac*uisition, is ery long and slow therefore it is wor%ed out in con:unction with transmission planners, installation engineers and ci il engineers to ma%e this process faster. 0 good site is a place that does not ha e high obstacles around it and has a clear iew for the main beam. The responsibilities of site ac*uisition, ci il wor%s and engineering teams are discussed below<
Sit Ac.uisition The 'ite 0c*uisition process is performed in close coAoperation with the Ci il Ior%s. It consists of the following acti ities< 'earching for sites and gaining a site appraisal. Cutlining the site design and e aluating the cost. ,egotiating and signing leasing contracts. 3andling permits and arranging the handAo er to the !ngineering personnel.
Ci'i$ Wor8s The Ci il Ior%s process consists of the following acti ities< "reparing a detailed ci il wor%s design of the site. Gpdating the costs for the site construction. 0rranging the site construction.
63
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
En)in
rin)
The !ngineering process begins when the 'ite 0c*uisition process and ends when Ci il Ior%s process are complete. It consists of the following acti ities< (easuring and collecting information about the sites. +esigning the antenna and radio conZguration and producing cable drawings. (a%ing drawings showing the position of antenna and 7)' e*uipment.
*Radio measurements9 are performed to ad:ust the parameters used in the planning tool to match the real situations. That is, ad:ustments are made to meet the specific site climate and terrain re*uirements. 0 test transmitter is mounted on a ehicle, and signal strength is measured while dri ing around the site area. 0fterwards, the results from these measurements can be compared to the alues the planning tool produces when simulating the same type of transmitter. The planning parameters can then be ad:usted to match the actual measurements. ,od $ Tunin) Proc ss In these steps model tuning of C%umra A 3ata model is described.
1. The model tuning starts by selection of the propagation model, C%umuraA3ata model is selected for signal loss prediction. The e*uation isE PM0 N )log#f$ L 1F.85log#hbts$ L a#hms$ N #C L K.55log#hbts$$logd Ihere, 0,),C MConstant d M distance
hbts M !ffecti e height of )T'
64
Chapter F hms M !ffecti e height of ('
)'' "lanning
5. The measurement reports are prepared. The amount of measurements depend on a.$ 7esolution of digital map pro ided b.$ The si4e of target area F. The results of model tuning measurement report are imported in 8the planning system software and alignment with the digital map of the gi en area is made. This alignment is made to minimi4e the &"'A'0 effect or inaccuracies in coordinate con ersion parameters. 4. In C%umuraA30T0 model there are many unassailable parameters. 0t first the slope of C%umuraA3ata model is tuned by changing the factor 8C9. In the e*uation of the model. It can be seen that first three terms are independent of distance 8d9. 0s log#d$ has the coefficient 8C L K.55log#h$9, by changing the factor 8C9 model has been tuned. The alues of this ery factor depends on the clutter, which is Power for rural en ironment 3igher for Grban en ironment
The correction by factor 8+9 affects the effect of antenna height on prediction of losses. 0s the C%umuraA 3ata model is suitable for cells that ha e antenna installed well abo e roof tops # in other words the lattice towers $. If the antenna is installed near the roofAtop then factor 8+9 in the e*uation is used for impro ing the accuracy of the predictions. The height if mobile antenna is not considered for correction as the correction factor is 2db #gi en in C%umura A 3ata profile$.
65
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
(.2.4 STEP 40 S"st # D si)n In system designing, dimensioning plays a ital role on cost of a networ%. +imensioning is used to identify the e*uipment and the networ% type re*uired in order to cater for co erage and *uality re*uirement. ,etwor% must be planned that capacity needs are fulfilled for next FA5 years. The inputs that are re*uired for the dimensioning include< The geographical area to be co ered The estimated traffic in each region The minimum re*uirement of power in each region and bloc%ing criteria "ath loss The fre*uency band to be used and fre*uency reAuse.
Iith abo e parameters, number of base stations is calculated for estimated number of users #Table F.5$ in different clutters. Initially all sites deli er e*ual power #i.e. A1Fd)m$. Qariation in power is dependent on le el of interference.
(.2.5 STEP 50 S"st # I#*$ # ntation Implementation and deployment completes the 5&Anetwor% design process by reali4ing the pro:ected site locations, ser ice target re*uirements and time to ser ice. It ta%es into account the solution adopted for the networ% deployment, e.g. sharing sites with existing base stations and e olution of core networ% elements or a complete new o erlay networ%. It will also ta%e into account the hierarchy of the networ%, i.e. the macroA and micro layers where applicable. Ihen deploying in the macroAcell en ironment the implementation will ta%e into account the co erage dependency on the transmission rates and technology
66
Chapter F
)'' "lanning
a ailability in terms of antenna configuration and interference minimi4ing features. Thus, the four steps outlined abo e do ha e an iterati e process.
(.2.7 STEP 70 S"st # Tunin) ,etwor%s need to operate at full efficiency with a minimal amount of maintenanceE a high degree of *uality and with enough capacity according to the traffic demand. Cnce the system has been installed, it is continuously monitored to determine how well it meets demand. This is called system tuning. It in ol es chec%ing whether the final cell plan was implemented successfully, e aluating customer complaints, monitoring the networ% performance, changing parameters accordingly and ta%ing other signal measurements, if necessary.
+ri e testing is used for system tuning. It analy4es the current performance of networ% and analysis measurable ob:ecti es in terms of *uality, capacity and cost. T!(', Test (obile 'ystem, is a tool for in estigations and maintenance of Cellular networ%s< to ensure co erage, *uality or to pinpoint problem areas. +ri e Tests are used to capture the throughput at lower layers o er the air interface, measure radio conditions, and monitors signaling messages between the terminal and the networ%. +ri e Testing assist in detecting specific problems in the networ% and performing trouble shooting. This tool composes of one mobile terminal with special firmware and software that collect information from the radio interface. Typical information that is achie ed from +ri e Tests is< Information about system ser ing cell< Cell Id, fre*uency, broadcast information, etc.
(easurement of radio *uality< 7ecei ed power #7JP!Q$, signal to interference ratio, 7@G0P, Cell selection #C1$ and Cell 7eAselection #C5$, TJ"CI!7, Call 'tatus, neighbor information, bloc% error rate, etc.
67
Chapter F Through put and delay on radio interface. 'ignalling messages
)'' "lanning
+ri e test tools also use &"' #&lobal "ositioning 'ystem$ in order to correlate the measurement with different locations.
68
A"a+ter 4
CHAPTER 4 :uic8 Bud) t
Cuic: <ud!et
4.1 Introduction The post processing 7/ tools enables the 7/ engineers to predict the effect of their designed networ% or changes they ma%e to the networ% will ha e on the percei ed co erage and *uality. Thus expensi e problems can be a oided and trouble spots can be identified early and fixed *uic%ly. These tools basically pro ide the isuali4ing the radio access networ% for any specific terrain. The combination of the map, ground profiles and the F+ iew can sa e engineers isiting sites as a lot of information can be deduced by iewing the database maintained by post processing tools.
This chapter pro ides a description of @uic% )udget wor%ing and its bac% programming. @uic% )udget is a software application that is intended to lend a hand in designing, operating and optimi4ing a cellular radio networ%. Its database is used to store all the rele ant information on sites, base stations and cell parameters, and from this @uic% )udget.
69
A"a+ter 4
Cuic: <ud!et
This is a screenshot of our lin% budgeting software that has been uploaded on the following lin% www.fyp.awardspace.com. /or further details, isit the abo e mentioned lin%.
70
A"a+ter 5
C/a*t r 5 O*ti#i=ation 5.1 Introduction
8+ti%iDation
! ery ali e ,etwor% needs to be under continues control to maintainDimpro e the performance. Cptimi4ation is basically the only way to %eep trac% of the networ% by loo%ing deep into statistics and collectingDanaly4ing dri e test data. It is %eeping an eye on its growth and modifying it for the future capacity enhancements. It also helps operation and maintenance for troubleshooting purposes. 'uccessful Cptimi4ation re*uires< b 7ecognition and understanding of common reasons for call failure b Capture of 7/ and digital parameters of the call prior to drop b 0nalysis of call flow, chec%ing messages on both forward and re erse lin%s to establish 8what happened9, where, and why. Cptimi4ation will be more effecti e and successful if you are aware of what you are doing.
5.1.1. Pur*os and Sco* o- O*ti#i=ation The optimi4ation is to intend pro iding the best networ% *uality using a ailable spectrum as efficiently as possible. The scope will consist all belowE b /inding and correcting any existing problems after site implementation and integration. b (eeting the networ% *uality criteria agreed in the contract. b Cptimi4ation will be continuous and iterati e process of impro ing o erall networ% *uality. b Cptimi4ation can not reduce the performance of the rest of the networ%. b 0rea of interest is di ided in smaller areas called clusters to ma%e optimi4ation and follow up processes easier to handle.
71
A"a+ter 5
8+ti%iDation
5.2. O*ti#i=ation Proc ss Cptimi4ation process can be explained by below step by step description< 5.2.1. Pro!$ # Ana$"sis 0naly4ing performance retrie e tool reports and statistics for the worst performing )'Cs andDor 'ites. Qiewing 07@ 7eports for )'CD'ite performance trends !xamining "lanning tool Co erage predictions 0naly4ing pre ious dri e test data +iscussions with local engineers to prioriti4e problems Chec%ing Customer Complaints reported to local engineers 5.2.2. C/ c8s Prior to Action
Cluster definitions by in estigating )'C borders, main cities, freeways, ma:or roads In estigating customer distribution, customer habits # oiceDdata usage$ 7unning specific traces on ,etwor% to categori4e problems Chec%ing trouble tic%et history for pre ious problems Chec%ing any fault reports to limit possible hardware problems prior to Test
5.2.(. Dri' T stin) "reparing 0ction "lan +efining dri e test routes Collecting 7''I Pog files 'canning fre*uency spectrum for possible interference sources 7eLdri ing *uestionable data
72
A"a+ter 5
5.2.4. Su!B cts to In' sti)at ,onLwor%ing sitesDsectors or T7Js InLacti e 7adio networ% features li%e fre*uency hopping +isabled &"7' C ershooting sites L co erage o erlaps Co erage holes CDI, CD0 analysis 3igh Interference 'pots +rop Calls Capacity "roblems Cther Interference 'ources (issing ,eighbors CneLway neighbors "ingL"ong 3ando ers ,ot happening hando ers 0ccessibility and 7etainability of the ,etwor% !*uipment "erformance /aulty Installations
8+ti%iDation
5.2.5. A-t r t/ T st "ost processing of data "lotting 7J Pe el and @uality Information for o erall picture of the dri en area Initial +iscussions on dri e test with Pocal engineers 7eporting urgent problems for immediate action
73
A"a+ter 5
0naly4ing ,etwor% feature performance after new implementations Transferring comments on parameter implementations after new changes 5.2.7. R co## ndations +efining missing neighbor relations "roposing new sites or sector additions with )efore Y 0fter co erage plots "roposing antenna a4imuth changes "roposing antenna tilt changes "roposing antenna type changes )T' !*uipmentD/ilter change 7eLtuning of interfered fre*uencies )'IC changes 0d:usting 3ando er margins #"ower )udget, Pe el, @uality, Gmbrella 3Cs$ 0d:usting accessibility parameters #7J Pe 0cc (in, etc..$ Changing power parameters
8+ti%iDation
5.( TE,S So-tAar
74
A"a+ter 5
EDa#*$ o- Bad 2ER
8+ti%iDation
EDa#*$ o- 2ER is OK
75
A"a+ter 5
8+ti%iDation
Co$$usion o- ,A $ist causin) $oA C3I
RCE1 ' $
76
A"a+ter 5
8+ti%iDation
1at Hando' rs
Pin);Pon) Hando' rs
77
A"a+ter 5
8+ti%iDation
,issin) N i)/!orin) r $ation
Dro* ca$$ du to $oA si)na$ $ ' $
78
A"a+ter 5
8+ti%iDation
Dro* ca$$ du to !ad RCE:ua$it"
Ca$$ dro* du to int r- r nc
79
A"a+ter 6
*esu$ts E Discussions
CHAPTER 7 RESU1TS AND DISCUSSIONS
7.1 Introduction The radio access networ% design being a complex process has been accomplished in eight discrete steps. !ach step has its separate problems, which can be tac%led in a number of ways. The choice of a solution depends on the scenario, priority and resources at hand. In this chapter the final results of each step are stated and the solutions to mitigate the problems faced during the designing process are discussed in ade*uate detail.
7.2 R su$ts and Discussion 7.2.1 St *10 Tra--ic and co' ra) Ana$"sis The final co erage and capacity is as follow< The phase of initial or preAplanning starts from first step of 8traffic and co erage analysis9 goes till 8'ystem design9. The specifications and targets gi en by 3G0I!I are< ,etwor% cost< 5 (illion = 07/C,'< 5> Cost per )T'< 2.5 (illion = ,umber of users< >,222 &o'< 5?
7adio networ% capacity solutions can be di ided into three solution categories<
80
A"a+ter 6
i& C $$ ca*acit" so$utions A These solutions consist of methods and features that permit more transcei ers per cell. /actor that has the greatest influence on cell capacity is fre*uency reuse. Cell capacity is thus determined by different methods and functions to enhance fre*uency reuse. Two common methods are b (ultiple 7euse "attern #(7"$E and b /ractional Poad "lanning #/P"$. The (ultiple 7euse "attern, which is based on baseAband fre*uency hopping, yields the best results for networ% composed mainly of filter combiners. The primary transcei er carries the broadcast control channel #)CC3$ and must therefore ha e a relati ely loose reuse pattern #explanation< a handset must listen to the information broadcast on the )CC3 before it can ma%e calls in a cell$. Ihere asE due to the fre*uency hopping gain, all remaining transcei ers in the networ% can ha e a successi ely tighter reuse pattern. Compared to a nonAhopping networ%, the (7" solution can be more than double cell capacity. The re*uirements of (7" are that it re*uires b Considerable spectrum #greater than 5 (34$ b 0t least three transcei ers per cell for good performance. /ractional Poad "lanning is based on synthesi4ed fre*uency hopping, which re*uires the use of hybrid combiners. In /P", the gain from fre*uency hopping is not dependent on the number of transcei ers in a cell, since each transcei er can hop on e ery fre*uency allocated to the cell. ,otwithstanding, due to the characteristics of synthesi4ed fre*uency hopping, the )CC3 transcei er cannot hop fre*uencies.
81
A"a+ter 6
ii& N tAor8 ca*acit" so$utions A These solutions focus on adding different %inds of cells and ma%e most of cell capacity by distributing traffic as efficiently as possible. In addition to impro ing cell capacity, operators can introduce micro cells, since site ac*uisition for micro cells is usually easier and less expensi e than when adding regular cells. Traffic management is an important issue in a networ% composed of cells of different si4es. Iith multilayered hierarchical cell structures, cells can be di ided in up to eight layers and traffic can be prioriti4ed and distributed between these layers. There are also numerous addAon functions, such as b Cell load sharing, which distributes traffic within layers. b 0ssignment to another cell, which redirects traffic to other cells when congestion occurs during call setup. b 3andling of fastAmo ing mobiles, which mo es calls to higher layers when there are too many hando ers within a gi en inter al. This function reduces the number of hando ers, thereby increasing oice *uality.
iii& C/ann $ ca*acit" so$utions A These solutions center on ways of using the a ailable throughput of the channels in the air in a more efficient manner, for example halfArate oice channels and &"7'. In the context of circuitAswitched traffic, the channel capacity is about halfArate oice
channels and the way they are managed as shown in the figure 5.1. 'ince the halfArate techni*ue reduces the *uality of oice, it has not been widely deployed. 3owe er, operators are now beginning to use this techni*ue more and more, since it can be allocated on a dynamic basis during traffic pea%s as shown in figure 5.1.
82
A"a+ter 6
/igure5.1< +ynamic halfArate allocation 7.2.1.1 Ca*acit" P$annin) A**roac/ s /or comparati e analysis purpose capacity planning is done using two approaches. i. Cell based approach
i& C $$ !as d A**roac/ +uring the cell based capacity planning of the &lobal 'ystem for (obile Communications #&'($ networ%, traffic measurements are of significant importance. )ecause of false predictions, the capacity planning of a cell may be done inaccurately. If the capacity of the cell is not ade*uate to handle all of the busyAhour re*uests, the re*uests are not granted a channel and users are bloc%ed. Thus, when the bloc%ing ratio is high, the cellular capacity should be reAplanned.
7.2.2 STEP20 No#ina$ c $$ *$annin) The result of nominal cell planning is shown in the figure 5.5 which is the cell pattern on map. The densely polluted areas ha e cells with small radii and others ha e comparati ely larger radii. The small radius cells are enabling greater number of traffic channels in the respecti e area, thus more users can be catered in densely polluted areas.
83
A"a+ter 6
The following results are achie ed from the three under considered parameters while ma%ing the nominal plan. i) Radio *ro*a)ation L The prediction model C%umuraA3ata is selected. The figure 5.F shows the co erage prediction of a site by using C%umuraA 3ata.
/igure K.F< Co erage "rediction by C%umuraA3ata
ii+
Int r- r nc s
7eduction of co channel interference in a cellular mobile system is always a challenging problem. 0 number of methods are considered to o ercome this problem, such as a$ Increasing separation between two co channel cells b) Gsing directional antennas at )T' c$ Power antenna height at )T' (ethod RaF is not ad isable because as number of fre*uencyAreuse cells increases, the system efficiency, which is directly proportional to the number of channels per
84
A"a+ter 6
cells increases, decreases. (ethod RcF is not recommended either because such an arrangement also wea%ens the 7'P at mobile unit. (ethod R!F is a good approach, because the use of directional antennas in each cell ser es two purposes<
/urther reduction of co channel interference when it is not eliminated by a fixed separation of co channel cells
Increasing the channel capacity when traffic increases.
Initially the coAchannel interference was K2?, which is reduced to 12? by using one of the following methods<
,esigning of Antenna Pattern - )y designing an antenna that emit strong signals in a particular direction and no signal in other direction, co channel interference can be significantly reduced. Tilting Antenna Pattern # CoAchannel interference is minimi4ed by confining the energy within small area. This is achie ed by downward tilting of directional antenna. Reducing Antenna Height # This method is used because minimal interference is more important than radio co erage.
Reducing the Transmitted Power # In certain circumstances, reducing transmitted power is more effecti e in eliminating interference than reducing height of antenna /our conditions are used to compare the co channel interference results<
85
A"a+ter 6
If Carrier to interference ratio CDI is greater than 15 d) throughout the networ%, system is properly designed for capacity. If CDI is greater than 15 d) and Carrier to ,oise ratio CD, is greater than 18d) in some areas, there is a co channel interference If both CD, and CDI are greater than Fd) and CD, M CDI in a particular area, there is a co erage problem If both CD, and CDI are greater than F d) and CD, U CDI in particular area, there is a co erage problem and co channel interference.
7.2.( STEP(0 Sit sur' "s The 8site sur eys9 were conducted for all sites and following are the results of chec%ed parameters. !xact location L (ost of the site;s locations were mono pol. These sites are displaced to acceptable location such that it doesn;t affect the co erage to considerable le el. 'pace for the )T' e*uipmentA The e*uipments used is 3G0I!I )'CAK222. The 3G0I!I )'CAK222 belongs to the )'C family of 3G0I!I. Its a 12 Transcei er #T7J$ radio base station for outdoor applications. The 3G0I!I )'CAK222 is a high co erage base station and configured for three sectors site. 0ntennas L The 55d)i gain antennas are used, one for each sector. It has 4ero electrical polari4ation and 1 to 5 degree mechanical down tilt where e er there was re*uirement of more capacity. The radio measurement is done to find the corrections in prediction model. The *uality of a networ% plan is dependent on the accuracy of the propagation model used to predict
86
A"a+ter 6
co erage pattern. The model tuning of C%umuraA3ata resulted in modified area cur es as under.
/igureK.1< C%umuraA3ata Correction cur es +ue to the model tuning, the prediction gets better as in figure 5.F, which shows the co erage pattern of same site as in figure 5.1. These graphs are being pro ided by external ad isor for calculation purposes
87
A"a+ter 6
/igure K.5< Co erage prediction by Tuned C%umuraA3ata
7.2.4 STEP40 S"st # D si)n Cnce the planning parameters ha e been ad:usted to match the actual measurements, dimensioning of the )'C is performed and the final cell plan produced. 0s the name implies, this plan can then be used for system installation. ,ew co erage and interference predictions are run at this stage, resulting in Cell +esign +ata #C++$ documents containing cell parameters for each cell. In -1., +imensioning of )'C includes< i. ii. iii. i . . i. ii. iii. Calculation of number of !1 #trun% circuits$ at each site. Total number of !rlang supported by )'C. +etermination of the %inds of lin%s. +istribution of microwa e lin%s. 0ssigning the )T' sites to appropriate )'Cs. Pin% Capacities calculations. Total num1ber of radio re*uired. )andwidths for radio lin%s.
88
A"a+ter 6
i.
Ca$cu$ation o- E1s /or calculations of !1s at each site it is mandatory to calculate the traffic carrying capacity of each 'ite. +ata rate of 1 Time slot of !1 M K1 6bps Traffic channel on !1 M F2 +ata rate of 1 Time slot of T7J M 1K 6bps. +ata rate of 1 T7J M 1K 6pbs ^ 8 M 158 6bps. Traffic carrying capacity of 1 cell M F ^ 158 6pbs M F81 6bps. Traffic carrying capacity of 1 'ite M F81 6bps ^ F M 1155 6bps 7e*uired time slot for carrying traffic of 'FFF site M 1155 D K1 M 18 T' of !1s 7esults show that one !1 is re*uired by each site for supporting 'FFF configuration. 'o total number of re*uired !1 in the networ% is e*ual to total number of sites deployed. In total >9 !1 are re*uired.
ii.
Ca*acit" o- BSC 0 Total number of !rlang supported by )'C is dependent on type and si4e of )'C. 3ere, capacity of )'C is gi en to be 922 !rlangs.
iii.
D t r#ination o- 8ind o- $in80 The determination of lin% is dependent on real site location and neighboring sites. This parameter is calculated during installation and integration phase.
89
A"a+ter 6
i'. Assi)nin) BTSs to BSCs 0
The assignment of )T's to a particular )'C is dependent on amount of traffic and location of site. In this pro:ect, four )'Cs ha e been deployed each is lin%ed to 8 )T's.
7.2.5
STEP50 S"st # tunin) The system tuning is done by dri e testing using T!('. )eside dri e testing the system tuning also include< a.$ !liminating e*uipment failures b.) Impro ing networ% operation indicators, such as radio completion rate, call drop rate, the worst cell, hando er success rate and congestion rate, etc. c.$ Impro ing oice *uality, such as balancing the traffic between the cells inside the networ%. d.$ ,etwor% balancing, such as signalling load balancing, e*uipment load balancing and lin% load balancing, etc. e.$ 0d:usting the networ% resources reasonably, for example, impro ing e*uipment and spectrum utili4ation and ad:usting the traffic in each channel. f.$ Creating and maintaining a long term networ% optimi4ation platform, and creating and maintaining networ% optimi4ation archi es.
90
CHAPTER 9 CONC1USION
9.1 CONC1USION It can be concluded that radio access networ% designing re*uires a thorough analysis of resources, geographical area and re*uired standards. 0 fine line or trade off is to be made at different stages, depending on the circumstances. This ery pro:ect pro ided an opportunity of grasping the concepts of 70,, understanding the procedure of its designing, resol ing different encountered problems and studying di erse solutions. It also granted a :uncture, to interact with professionals of the telecommunication industry. This pro:ect pro ides an indi idual with intrinsic details of )'' planning and radio access networ%. The analysis made between the theoretical and practical approaches is based on professional consultancy, theory mentoring and real en ironment testing. Thus this pro:ect pro ides information about wor%ing in the field. The radio access networ% is de eloped in four distinguished steps, which can assist an indi idual in de eloping a clear idea of the complex process of designing of 70,. The proposed design is enabling an optimum ser ice of 91?. The re*uired stages of co erage, capacity, and fre*uency planning are well accomplished in the designed 70, and the fre*uency planning has been ta%en to the next le el, called transcei er planning for all the sites which contributes in mitigating the problem of interferences. The co erage prediction and loss estimations are impro ed by model tuning and dri e testing. The outcome of model tuning is implemented. The sur eys and site
91
isits ga e a clear idea of hardware re*uirements, its limitations and cost which assisted in increasing the real en ironment reali4ation of the designed 70,.
The designed 70, is a cost effecti e design, it can be said so as the cost of networ% is 1.K million= #cost per site is 2.5 million = and total sites are 8$. The total gi en budget for the networ% was 5 million=, thus 2.1 million= ha e been sa ed. This 70, also has the dispensation of easy implementation because of li%eness between sites of a clutter or defined traffic density.
0lthough the designed 70, is fulfilling the gi en target but it can be impro ed in a number of ways. The shortcomings of few stages of designing are as follows. In the stage of co erage planning, the loss and gain factors to cater open *ausi terrain could not be found due to clandestine company data. 122? ser ice could not be enabled in the gi en city. Thus, efforts can be made to further impro e the tuning of applied model. In the second stage of capacity planning, the concept of cell hierarchy can be applied to impro e the user catering, as it will classify the outdoor, indoor, mo ing and stationary users.
The designed 70, in this pro:ect is for a 5& technology #&'($, as its currently deployed all o er "a%istan and license of F& has not been pro ided by "T0. _et F& is the future of mobile communication technology. The foremost and ma:or recommendation is to ma%e this networ% for the F& technologies #li%e IC+(0 or II(0J$E de eloping a 70, will pro ide an opportunity to be distincti e and gain latest %nowledge. The second recommendation is the application of *uality planning in the proposed design. This stage is not implemented as it was not a re*uirement of 3G0I!I but it can ma%e the networ% resource utili4ation efficient. The *uality planning will also satisfy the customer;s needs more appropriately.
92
+1OSSARG
AR2CN0 BSC0 BSIC0 BSS0 BSS,AP0 BTS0 dTRC0 CCH0 CDD0 CDU0 C,0 EIR0 2D,A0 21P0 +oS0 +S,0 H1R0 ISDN0 1AC0 1APD0 1APD#0 ,AP0 ,RP0
0bsolute 7adio /re*uency Channel ,umber )ase 'tation Controller )asic 'tation identity controller )ase 'tation 'ubsystem. )'' (anagement 0pplication "art )ase Transcei er 'tation. double Transcei er Gnit Control Channel Cell +esign +ata. Combiner +istribution Gnit. Control (odule. !*uipment Identity 7egister /re*uency +i ision (ultiple 0ccess. /ractional Poad "lanning. &rade of 'er ice &lobal 'ystem for (obile communications. 3ome Pocation 7egister Integrated 'er ices +igital ,etwor% Pocation 0rea code Pin% access "rotocol on +ata channel Pin% access "rotocol on +ata modified channel (obile 0pplication "art (ultiple 7euse "attern 93
,S0 ,SC< ,TP0 NSS0 PSU0 PTT0 RAN0 RBS0 RI1(< RS10 RS,0 TRAU0 TR,0 TRC0 TD,A0 TCH0 TCAP0 SA:0 SCCP0 U#0 V1R0
(obile 'tation. (obile 'witching Centre (essage Transfer "art ,etwor% 'witching 'ubsystem "ower 'upply Gnit "ostal Telephone and Telegraph 7adio 0ccess ,etwor% 7adio )ase 'tation. 7adio Interface Payer F 7ecei ed 'ignal le el 7adio 'ubsystem (anagement Transcoding 7ate and 0daptation Gnit. Transmission (odule. Transcei er Gnit. Time +i ision (ultiple 0ccess. Traffic Channel Transaction Capabilities 0pplication "art 'ite ac*uisition 'ignaling Connection Control "art Gser mode Qisitor Pocation 7egister
94
RE2ERENCES
-1. H,od rn A**roac/ s in ,od $in) o- ,o!i$ Radio S"st #s Pro*a)ation En'iron# nt9, http<DDwww.comsoc.orgDli epubsDsur eysDpublicDF*22issueDnes%o ic.htmlE -5. -F. -1. -5. -K. ->. -8. access date< 18D2KD2> Wir $ ss and c $$u$ar Air $ ss co##unications? (rd Edi !" Wi$$ian C.G.1EE atlas.cc.itu.edu.trDcpa4arciDIandel&oltermann`gsm.pdf HCOST 2(1 Wa$-isc/; I8 )a#i ,od $I http<DDwww.ee.bil%ent.edu.trDcmicrowa eDprogramsDwirelessDpropDcostII.htmE access Iireless ,etwor% by Weffery Iheat End;to;End :ua$it" o- S r'ic O' r C $$u$ar N tAor8s0 Data S r'ic s ... )y &erardo &ome4, 7afael 'dnche4 Princi*$ s and A**$ications o- +S, !" ViBa" 8. +ar) and Jos */ E. Wi$8 " en.wi%ipedia.orgDwi%iD+S,
95

How To Do RF Planning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

How To Do RF Planning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 5 CHAPTER 2 RADIO ACCESS NETWORK OVERVIEW

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.1< )loc% diagram of 7)' 922

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

Chapter 5 Table 5.1< 'pecifications of &'( 'ystem

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.5< /+(0DT+(0 based radio channel concept

Chapter 5 i. Tra--ic c/ann $s

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

Chapter 5 2.1.2.4 Int r-ac s

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.F< Interfaces of &'( networ%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.1< "hysical layer 'ignalling protocol between networ% entities

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

2unda# nta$s o- s"st # d si)n

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.>< Cmni +irectional and 'ector Cells 2.2.2 Sit

Chapter 5 2.2.( C $$ S*$ittin)

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.9< Cell 'ectoring

Chapter 5 2.2.5 2r .u nc" R 6us

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

. /igure 5.12< /re*uency 7euse

Chapter 5 2.2.7 R sourc Di# nsionin)

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

'ome Clutter and Terrain +escriptions are<

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

Pro*a)ation ,od $s0

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

"ico Cell #indoor$

Pro*a)ation */ no# na and *ro*a)ation $oss

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

Semi%deterministic A combines the two methods described abo e.

i. 1ar) ;sca$ *ro*a)ation #od $s

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor% 5.>

Pro!$ #s and So$utions o- Air Int r-ac

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.11< (ultiApath "ropagation

iii. Ti# A$i)n# nt

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.15< Time alignment problem

There are number of solutions to o ercome these problems.

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.1>< 0ntenna +i ersity

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.19< CoAchannel interference

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.52< 0d:acent channel interference

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

/igure 5.51< The hando er process

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

7adio 0ccess ,etwor%

Proa)ation / no# na and roa)ation $oss

i. 1ar) ;sca$ roa)ation #od $s

(? adioB2 @o++in! 3 6 9 12 )A98 (0)

(? adioB3 @o++in! 3 6 9 12 )A98 (2)