FLUID DYNAMICS

J3008/5/1

UNIT 5 FLUID DYNAMICS

OBJECTIVES

General Objective : To understand the measurements of fluids in motion

Specific Objectives : At the end of the unit you should be able to : state and write Bernoulli Equation state the limits of Bernoullis Equation apply the Bernoulli Equation to calculate: in horizontal pipe inclined pipe horizontal venturi meter inclined venturi meter small orifice simple pitot tube Potential energy Kinetic energy Pressure energy

sketch, label and describe fluid motion mechanism in the horizontal venturi meter.

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INPUT

5.1

Energy of a flowing fluid A liquid may possess three forms of energy: 5.1.1 Potential energy If a liquid of weight W is at a height of z above datum line Potential energy = Wz Potential energy per unit weight = z The potential energy per unit weight has dimensions of Nm/N and is measured as a length or head z and can be called the potential head. 5.1.2 Pressure energy When a fluid flows in a continuous stream under pressure it can do work. If the area of cross-section of the stream of fluid is a, then force due to pressure p on cross-section is pa. If a weight W of liquid passes the cross-section Volume passing cross-section = Distance moved by liquid =

W W a

a Work done = force distance = p a =W pressure energy per unit weight = p

p p = g

Similarly the pressure energy per unit weight p/W is equivalent to a head and is referred to as the pressure head.

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5.1.3 Kinetic energy If a weight W of liquid has a velocity v,

2 Kinetic energy = 1 W v 2g

Kinetic energy per unit weight =

v2 2g v2 is also measured as a length and 2g

The kinetic energy per unit weight referred to as the velocity head.

The total energy of the liquid is the sum of these three forms of energy Total head = potential head + pressure head + velocity head Total energy per unit weight = z + 5.2
2 p v + 2g

Definition of Bernoullis Equation Bernoullis Theorem states that the total energy of each particle of a body of fluid is the same provided that no energy enters or leaves the system at any point. The division of this energy between potential, pressure and kinetic energy may vary, but the total remains constant. In symbols:

p v H=z+ = cons tan t + 2g

Figure 5.1

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By Bernoullis Theorem,
Total energy per unit weight at section 1 = Total energy per unit weight at section 2

p
z
1

v2
+
1

p
=z
2

v
+

2g z = potential head

2g

Do you know : The Bernoulli equation is named in honour of Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782). Many phenomena regarding the flow of liquids and gases can be analysed by simply using the Bernoulli equation.

p = pressure head = velocity head 2g H = Total head

2

5.3

The limits of Bernoullis Equation Bernoullis Eqution is the most important and useful equation in fluid mechanics. It may be written,

z+
1

v
1

p
1

2g

=z +
1

v22 2g

p2

Bernoullis Equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they are : the flow is steady the density is constant (which also means the fluid is compressible) friction losses are negligible the equation relates the state at two points along a single streamline (not conditions on two different streamlines).

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5.4

Application of Bernoullis Equation Bernoullis equation can be applied to the following situations. 5.4.1 Horizontal Pipe Example 5.1

36 m

Figure 5.2 Water flows through a pipe 36 m from the sea level as shown in figure 5.2. Pressure in 2 the pipe is 410 kN/m and the velocity is 4.8 m/s. Calculate total energy of every weight of unit water above the sea level. Solution to Example 5.1 Total energy per unit weight

=z+p+v

2g
3 2

(4.8) 410 10 = 36 + + 1000 9.81 2 9.81 = 78.96 J / N

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5.4.2 Inclined Pipe Example 5.2

N 5m 5m 3m

Figure 5.3 A bent pipe labeled MN measures 5 m and 3 m respectively above the datum line. The 2 diameter M and N are both 20 cm and 5 cm. The water pressure is 5 kg/cm . If the 2 velocity at M is 1 m/s, determine the pressure at N in kg/cm . Solution to Example 5.2 Using Bernoullis Equation: p v pM vM N N z + =z + + + 2g 2g M N Discharge at section M = Discharge at section N QM= QN vM aM = vN aN From (2), vN = v M aM aN (2)

(1)

= (1) (0.2) (0.05)2

= 16 m / s

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Given pM = 5 kg / cm =

5 0.0001

9.81

= 490.5 kN / m2 From (1), pN = vM vN 2g

2 2

+ pM + ( z M z N

= 1 (16 )2 + 490500 + (5 3) 9810 2 9.81 9810 = 382620 N / m2

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ACTIVITY 5A

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT! 5.1 Define and write the Bernoullis Equation.

5.2

Water is flowing along a pipe with a velocity of 7.2 m/s. Express this as a velocity head in meters of water. What is the corresponding pressure in kN/m ?
2

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FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 5A

5.1

Bernoullis Theorem states that the total energy of each particle of a body of fluid is the same provided that no energy enters or leaves the system at any point.

H=z+

p v2 = cons tan t + 2g
v2

(7.2)2

5.2

velocity head of water = H = = 2.64 m = 2g 2(9.81) H = = 2.64 p = 2.64 = 2.64(9810)

= 25898.4 N / m
= 25.9 kN / m
2 2

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INPUT

5.4.3 Horizontal Venturi Meter Venturi meter : It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in non-rotational and steady-stream lined flow. Although venturi meters can be applied to the measurement of gas, they are most commonly used for liquids. The following treatment is limited to incompressible fluids.

Converging Throat Cone Entry Diverging Section Direction of Section 2 2 v2

Section 1 1 v1

Leads gauge filled with liquid in pipeline,

Spec.wt. of gauge liquid= g

Figure 5.4

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The arrangement and mode of action of a Venturi Meter ( Figure 5.4 ) The venture meter consists of a short converging conical tube leading to a cylindrical portion called throat which is followed by a diverging section. The entrance and exit diameter is the same as that of the pipe line into o which it is inserted. The angle of the convergent cone is usually 21 , the length of throat is equal to the throat diameter, and the angle of the o o divergent cone is 5 to 7 to ensure the minimum loss of energy. Pressure tappings are taken at the entrance and at the throat, either from the single holes or from a number of holes around the circumference connecting to an annular chamber or Piezometer ring, and the pressure difference is measured by a suitable gauge. For continuity of flow velocity v1 at the entry (section 1) will be less than the velocity v2 at the throat (section 2) since a1v1 = a2v2 and a1 is greater than a2. The kinetic energy in the throat will be greater than at the entrance and since by Bernoullis theorem the total energy at the two sections is the same, the pressure energy at the throat will be less than that at the entrance. The pressure difference thus created is dependent on the rate of flow through the meter.

Description: The Venturi tube consists of a plain tube with a smooth constriction in its bore at the middle. It is found in carburetors, fluid flow meters, and aircraft airspeed indicators. This version is made of glass and has three side tubes for attaching a manometer. When high pressure air is applied from the air tank, the water level in the three manometer legs is clearly different. Adapted from :
http://demoroom.physics.ncsu.edu:8770/html/demos/353. html

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Derivation for the theoretical discharge through a horizontal venture meter and modification to obtain the actual discharge. From Figure 5.4 Putting ; p1 v1 A1 p2 v1 A1 1 g g

= pressure of section 1 = velocity of section 1 = area of section 1 = pressure of section 2 = velocity of section 1 = area of section 1 = liquid in pipeline (specific weight, spec.wg) = liquid in the gauge (specific weight, spec.wg) = gravity (9.81 m/s ) = height above datum
2

z Bernoullis Equation for section 1 and 2 gives :

z+
1

v
1

2g

v 2 p =z + 2 + 2 2g 1
1

Ignoring losses for horizontal meter z1 = z2 v 2 v

2 1

pp =
1

2g

(1)

For continuity of flow, A1v1 = A2 v2 , giving v2 = A where A =

A1

v1

d2 4

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Substituting in equation (1)

2

v
1

A2 A2
1

= 2g

pp
1

So,

v=
1

A
2

p p
2g
1 2

( A1 2 A2 2 )
Discharge, Qtheory = A v =
1 1

(2)

A1 A2 2 2 A A
1 2

(2 gH )

p1 p2 = pressure difference expressed as a head of the liquid flowing in meter venturi. Where H = If area ratio, m = A1 equation (2) becomes, A
2

Q
theory

2gH 2 = A1 m 1

The theoretical discharge Q can be converted to actual discharge by multiplying by the coefficient of discharge Cd found experimentally.

Q
Actual discharge,
actual

= C Q
d theory

=C A
d 1

2gH m 2 1 (3)

If the leads of U-tube are filled with water, p1 p2 = x(g ) pp H=

1

g
=x 1

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Example 5.3 A venture tube tapers from 300 mm in diameter at the entrance to 100 mm in diameter at the throat; the discharge coefficient is 0.98. A differential mercury U-tube gauge is connected between pressure tapping at the entrance at throat. If the meter is used to measure the flow of water and the water fills the leads to the U-tube and is in contact with the mercury, calculate the discharge when the difference of level in the U-tube is 55 mm. Solution to Example 5.3

Using Equation (3),

Q
actual

=c A
d
1

2gH m 2 1

So, x = 55 mm
g = 13.6

= 0.055 12.6 = 0.0706 m

Cd = 0.98 A1 m 3.142(0.3)2 = 0.0706 m = 4 A =

1

d2 =
2
1

12 = 4

=9

A
d2

Actual discharge, Qactual = 0.98 0.0706 2 9.810.693 81 1 3 Qactual = 0.0285m / s

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Example 5.4 A horizontal venturi meter measures the flow of oil of specific gravity 0.9 in a 75 mm diameter pipe line. If the difference of pressure between the full bore and the throat 2 tapping is 34.5 kN/m and the area ratio, m is 4, calculate the rate of flow, assuming a coefficient of discharge is 0.97. Solution to Example 5.4 From Equation (3),

Q
actual

=c A
d
1

2gH m 2 1

The difference of pressure head, H must be expressed in terms of the liquid following through the meter, H=

34.5103 0.9 9.81103 = 3.92 m of oil

3.142 0.075 2 ( ) = 0.00441 m2 A1 =

4 m=4 Cd = 0.97 So, Actual discharge, Qactual = 0.97 0.00441 2 9.813.92 16 1 3 Qactual = 0.0106 m / s

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5.4.4 Inclined Venturi Meter Derivation is an expression for the rate of flow through an inclined venturi meter. This will show that the U-type of gauge is used to measure the pressure difference. The gauge reading will be the same for a given discharge irrespective of the inclination of the meter. In Figure 5.5, at the entrance to the meter; the area, velocity, pressure and elevation are A1, v1, p1 and z 1 respectively and at the throat, the corresponding values are A2, v2, p2 and z 2.
= spec. wt of liquid in pipeline

A1 , v1, p1 and z1

A2 , v2, p2 and z2

Spec.wt = g

Z
1

( z1-y )
X

Z2

Figure 5.5 From Bernoullis Equation, v 2 p v2 + p 2 z+ + =z+ 2g 1 2g 1

1 1 2

2 v
2

v
1

2 = 2g

p p
1

+(z
1

z
2

(1)

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For continuity of flow, A1v1 = A2 v2 or v = A1 v = mv 1 1 2 A2

where

A
m = area ratio =
1

A
2

Substituting in equation (1) and solving for v1

2

v2

2
1

p
= 2g
1

p2

+(z 1

v=
1

2g

p
1

p
2

+ ( z 1 z 2 )

(m 2 1)

Actual discharge, Qactual = Cd A1 v1

Q actual =

C A
d 1

2g

p
1

p
2

(m

1 )

+(z 1 z 2

(2)

Where Cd = coefficient of discharge. Considering the U-tube gauge and assuming that the connections are filled with the liquid in the pipe line, pressures at level PQ are the same in both limbs, For left limb,
pz = p2 + w(z1 y)

For right limb, pz = p2 + (z2 y x) + wg x

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Thus, Pressure for left limb = Pressure for right limb p2 +(z1 y)= p2 + (z2 y x) + wg x p2 + z1 z2 = p2 + z2 y x + wg x p p
1

+ z1 z2

g
=x
1

Equation (2) can therefore be written

actual

C A
d
1

g
2gx

(m

1)

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Example 5.5 A vertical venturi meter measures the flow of oil of specific gravity 0.82 and has an entrance of 125 mm diameter and throat of 50 mm diameter. There are pressure gauges at the entrance and at the throat, which is 300 mm above the entrance. If the coefficient 2 for the meter is 0.97 and pressure difference is 27.5 kN/m , calculate the actual 3 discharge in m /s. Solution to Example 5.5

2 1

z1

z2

In equation (2),
Q actual = C
d

A
1

2g

p
1

p
2

+(z 1 z 2

(m

This is independent of z1 and z2, so that the gauge reading x for a given rate of flow, Qactual does not depend on the inclination of the meter. Then,
Q actual = C
d

A
1

2g

p
1

p
2

+(z 1 z 2 )

(m 2

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So, A1 = 3.142(0.125)2 =0.01226 m 4

2 2

3 2 p p = 27.5 10 kN / m
1

= 0.82 9.81103 N / m2 z1 z2 = 0.3m 2 d 2 125 m= d = 22 50

1

= 6.25

Cd = 0.97 Therefore,
Q actual = C A
d 1

p p
2g
1 2

+ ( z 1 z2

(m 2 1)
Q
actual

0.97 0.01226 =

27.5 10 9.81

3 3

((6.25)2 1)

0.3 = 0.01535m

/s

0.82 9.8110

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Example 5.6 The water supply to a gas water heater contracts from 10mm in diameter at A (Figure 5.6) to 7 mm in diameter at B. If the pipe is horizontal, calculate the difference in pressure between A and B when the velocity of water at A is 4.5 m/s. The pressure difference operates the gas control through connections which is taken to a horizontal cylinder in which a piston of 20 mm diameter moves. Ignoring friction and the area of the piston connecting rod, what is the force on the piston?
d1
d2

p1

,v1 A

p2 B

v2

Figure 5.6 Solution to Example 5.6 In the Figure 5.6 the diameter, pressure and velocity at A are d1, p1 and v1 ; and at B are d2, p2 and v2. By Bernoullis theorem, for horizontal pipe, v1 + p1 = v2 2g 2g
2 2

+ p2

This equation can therefore be written, p1 p2

= v2

v1 2g

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For continuity of flow, A 1v 1 = A 2 v 2 or d 2

1
1

d
v =

2 2

4 then, d So,
1

4
2

v = d v
1 2 2 2

v2

d
1

=v
1

d
2

Putting v1 = 4.5 m / s , d 1=10 mm , d 2 = 7 mm v2 = 4.5

10 2
7

= 9.18 m / s and p p
1

p p
1

=
2

v
2

v
1

2g
2 2

9.18 4.5 = 2 9.81

=3.26 m

p1 p2 =3.26 m2 p p
1 2

=3.26 m

Pressure difference, p p
1
2

=3.26 9.8110 N / m = 31.9 kN / m

3

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Area of piston =

d2 3 4 kN / m 0.020 2 ( ) = = 0.000314 m2 4

We all know that, Force, F = p A Where, p = pressure and A = area So, Force on piston = 31.9 10 0.000314 =10.1 N
3

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ACTIVITY 5B

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT!

5.3

To get through the Green Alien you should be able to answer his puzzles !

1. What does a Venturi Meter measure ? 2. Name me two types of Venturi Meter that you have learnt in this unit.
3. Sketch a Horizontal Venturi Meter for me. (Label the thoat, entry, diverging section and converging cone)

4. What is denoted by and g ?

If you get all the answers right, you will be sent to earth immediately on the next space shuttle. Only smart people can go and stay on the earth!

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FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 5B

I think I got it all right !

5.3 1. What does a Venturi Meter measure ? It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in non-rotational and steady-stream lined flow. 2. Name me two types of Venturi Meter that you have learnt in this unit. Horizontal Venturi Meter and Inclined Venturi Meter. 3. Sketch a Horizontal Venturi Meter for me. (Label the throat, entry, diverging section and converging cone) Converging cone
Diverging section

throat entry

4. What is denoted by and g ? denotes the specific weight of lead gauge filled with liquid in pipeline and g denotes the specific weight of gauge liquid.

Just Kidding !
You are already on earth, your answers are correct,

Just sit there and continue your studies.

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INPUT

5.4.5 Small Orifice The Venturi Meter described earlier is a reliable flow measuring device. Furthermore, it causes little pressure loss. For these reasons it is widely used, particularly for large-volume liquid and gas flows. However this meter is relatively complex to construct and hence expensive especially for small pipelines. The cost of the Venturi Meter seems prohibitive, so simpler device such as Orifice Meter is used. The Orifice Meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it. There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream. There are three recognized methods of placing the taps and the coefficient of the meter will depend upon the position of the taps. The principle of the orifice meter is identical with that of the venturi meter. The reduction at the cross section of the flowing stream in passing through the orifice increases the velocity head at the expense of the pressure head, and the reduction in pressure between the taps is measured by a manometer. Bernoulli's equation provides a basis for correlating the increase in velocity head with the decrease in pressure head. From Figure 5.7 the orifice meter is attached to the manometer. There are Section 1 (entrance of the orifice) and Section 2 (exit of the orifice also known as vena contracta). Section 1 :
A1, v1, p1

Section 2 : A2, v2, p2

Figure 5.7

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Section 1, given : A1 v1 p1 Section 2, given : A2 v2 p2 = area of section 2 = velocity of section 2 = pressure of section 2 = area of section 1 = velocity of section 1 = pressure of section 1

From Bernoullis Equation, Total energy at section 1 = Total energy at section 2 p

1

v +
1

p =

2g v
2
2

v22 2g

(1)

v
1

2g

p p2
1

(2)

z1 = z2 because the two parts are at the same level We know that, Q = A v For continuity of flow, or A1v1 = A2v2 So, v2 = A1v1
A
2

Q1 = Q2

(3)

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Putting (3) into (2), v v

2 1

2g

A1v1 v2 = A
2

p p
1

(2) (3)

Then, v
1

A
1

2 2 2

2g So,

1 =

pp
1

p p
2g
1

v1 =

A2
1

A But, H= And,

2 2

p1 p2

m=
So,

A2
1

A2 2

2 gH v1 =

(m 2 1)
= C A v
d
1 1

To determine the actual discharge, Qactual ;

Q
actual

So,

Qactual

=
C d A1

2 gH

(m 2 1)

Where Cd = coefficient of discharge.

Example 5.7

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A meter orifice has a 100 mm diameter rectangular hole in the pipe. Diameter of the pipe is 250 mm. Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.65 and specific gravity of oil in the pipe is 0.9. The pressure difference that is measured by the manometer is 750 mm. Calculate the flow rate of the oil through the pipe. Solution to Example 5.7 Given, d1 d2 Cd oil p1 - p2 So,
2 A = d 1 4

= 100 mm = 0.10 m = 250 mm = 0.25 = 0.65 = 0.9 = 750 mm = 0.75 m

3.124(0.25)2 = 0.049m 2 4 p p 2 = x Hg
1

H=
=

oil

oil

13.6
0.75

0.9 =10.58 m

m = d1 = (0 .25)
d2
2

(0.10)2

= 6.25 Therefore, 2 gH

Qactual = C A
d 1

(m

1) 2 9.8110.58

Qactual = 0.65 0.049 = 0.074m3 / s 5.4.5.1 Types of orifice

(6.252 )1

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1. Sharp-edged orifice, Cd = 0.62

2. Rounded orifice, Cd = 0.97

3. Borda Orifice (running free), Cd = 0.50

4. Borda Orifice (running full), Cd = 0.75

5.4.5.2

Coefficient of Velocity, Cv

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h A

y B

Figure 5.8 From Figure 5.8 ,

x y h Cv t

= horizontal falls = velocity time = v t 2 = vertical falls = 1 gravity time = 1 g t 2 2 = head of liquid above the orifice = Coefficient of Velocity = Cv = v 2gH = time for particle to travel from vena contracta A to point B

Coefficient of Velocity, Cv =

Actual velocity at vena contacta

Theoretical velocity

C = v v 2 gH

Example 5.8

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A tank 1.8 m high, standing on the ground, is kept full of water. There is an orifice in its vertical site at depth, h m below the surface. Find the value of h in order the jet may strike the ground at a maximum distance from the tank. Solution to Example 5.8 x = v t and y=

2 g t
2

Eliminating t these equation give,

x = 2v
y h Cv t

yg

= 1.8 h = head of liquid above the orifice

= v 2 gH
= time for particle to travel from vena contracta A to point B

Putting y =1.8 h and v = Cv So,

(2gh)

x = 2 C v (2 gh) (1 .8 h) g C 4gh(1.8 h) x=
v

]2

= 2Cv [h (1.8 h)] Thus x will be a maximum when h(1.8 h) is maximum or,

[h (1.8 h)]=1.8 2h
=0h
So, h = 0.9 m Example 5.9

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An orifice meter consists of a 100 mm diameter in a 250 mm diameter pipe (Figure 5.9), and has a coefficient discharge of 0.65. The pipe conveys oil of specific gravity 0.9. The pressure difference between the two sides of the orifice plate is measured by a mercury manometer, that leads to the gauge being filled with oil. If the difference in mercury levels in the gauge is 760 mm, calculate the flowrate of oil in the pipeline.

Pipe Area, A1

P1 V1

P2 V2 Orifice area A2 C X C

Figure 5.9

Solution to Example 5.9 Let v1 be the velocity and p1 the pressure immediately upstream of the orifice, and v2 and p2 are the corresponding values in the orifice. Then, ignoring losses, by Bernoullis theorem, p
1

v +
1

p =

2g

v22 2g

(1)

v2

v
1

2g

p p2
1

(2)

z1 = z2 because of the two parts are at the same level We know that, Q = A v For continuity of flow, Q1 = Q2

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or A1v1 = A2v2 So, v2 = Putting (3) into (2), v

2

A1v1
A
2

(3)

v 2g

2
1

p p =
1

v2 = Then,

A1v1
A
2

(2) (3) pp
1

v 2A
1

2
1

2g So, p
2g

1 =

A2
2

p2
1

v1 =

A2
1

This equation can therefore be written, v =

1

A2

p
2g
2
1

p
2

(4)

( A1

a2

So,
Actual disch arg e = coefficient of disch arg e theoretical disch arg e

Qactual = Cd A1v1

(5)

Putting v1 into (5)

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Qactual = Cd A1 but, A
1

p p
2

( A1

a2

2g

(6)

2 2

m= A
2

so putting m into (6), Q

actual

= Cd A
1

C A
d 1

p p
2g
1

(m

Considering the U-tube gauge, where pressures are equal at level CC p1 + x = p2 +q x p p

1

p p
=x
1

Putting x = 760 mm = 0.76 m and,

g p1 p2

13 . 6 0. 9 =15.1

= 0.76 14.1 =10.72 m of oil Cd = 0.65

2

2 A = d = 0.0497 m 1 4

A1 m= A2 =

d2
1

(0.25)2
=

=15.1

d
2
2

(0.10)2
= 6.17

Q
actual

0.65 0.0497 6.17

(2 9.8110.72)

= 0.00524 14.5 = 0.0762 m3 / s

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5.4.6 Simple Pitot Tube

Figure 5.10 Pitot Tube

The Pitot Tube is a device used to measure the local velocity along a streamline (Figure 5.10). The pitot tube has two tubes: one is a static tube (b), and another is an impact tube(a). The opening of the impact tube is perpendicular to the flow direction. The opening of the static tube is parallel to the direction of flow.

The two legs are connected to the legs of a manometer or an equivalent device for measuring small pressure differences. The static tube measures the static pressure, since there is no velocity component perpendicular to its opening. The impact tube measures both the static pressure and impact pressure (due to kinetic energy).

In terms of heads, the impact tube measures the static pressure head plus the velocity head.

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H A B

Figure 5.11 Simple Pitot Tube Actual Velocity, V From Figure 5.11, if the velocity of the stream at A is v, a particle moving from A to the mouth of the tube B will be brought to rest so that v0 at B is zero. By Bernoullis Theorem : Total Energy at A = Total Energy at B or p v 2 p2 v2 (1) + = + 2g 2g
1 1 2

Now d = and the increased pressure at B will cause the liquid in the vertical limb of the pitot tube to rise to a height, h above the free surface so that h + d =

p0

Thus, the equation (1)

v2 = p0 p = h or v = 2gh 2g

Although theoretically v =

(2gh) , pitot tubes may require calibration. The actual velocity is then given by v = C (2gh) where C is
the coefficient of the instrument.

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Example 5.10 A Pitot Tube is used to measure air velocity in a pipe attached to a mercury manometer. Head difference of that manometer is 6 mm water. The weight density of 3 air is 1.25 kg/m . Calculate the air velocity if coefficient of the pitot tube, C = 0.94. Solution to Example 5.10 vair = C 2gH

p =p water air gh = gh water air h = h

water water air air

hwater = 0.006

water

= 0.006 1.25 air

1000

= 4.8 m So, v = 0.94 2 9.814.8 = 9.12 m / s

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ACTIVITY 5C

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT! 5.4 Fill in the blanks in the following statements.

1. The Orifice Meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it. There is a _____________upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream. 2. The reduction of pressure in the cross section of the flowing stream when passing through the orifice increases the __________________at the expense of the pressure head. The reduction in pressure between the taps is measured by a manometer. 3. The formula for Meter Orifice actual discharge, Qactual. =_______________ 4. The Pitot Tube is a device used to measure the local velocity along a streamline. The pitot tube has two tubes which are the_______________and the ____________. 5. Although theoretically v = (2gh) , pitot tubes may require______________. 6. The actual velocity is given by __________ where C is the coefficient of the instrument.

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FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 5C

5.4 1. The Orifice Meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it. There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream. 2. The reduction pressure in the cross section of the flowing stream when passing through the orifice increases the velocity head at the expense of the pressure head. The reduction in pressure between the taps is measured by a manometer. 3. The formula for Meter Orifice actual discharge, Qactual. = 2 gH
d 1 m 2 1 Qactual = Cd A1 v1 and 4. The Pitot Tube is a device used to measure the local velocity along a streamline. The pitot tube has two tubes which are the static tube and the impact tube.

Qactual = C A

5. Although theoretically v = (2gh) , pitot tubes may require calibration. 6. The actual velocity is given by v = C (2gh) where C is the coefficient of the instrument.

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SELF-ASSESSMENT

You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and check your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment. If you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck. 5.1 A venturi meter measures the flow of water in a 75 mm diameter pipe. The difference between the throat and the entrance of the meter is measured by the U-tube containing mercury which is being in contact with the water. What should be the diameter of the throat of the meter in order that the difference in the level of mercury is 250 mm when the quantity of water flowing in the pipe 3 is 620 dm /min? Assume coefficient of discharge is 0.97. A pitot-static tube placed in the centre of a 200 pipe line conveying water has one orifice pointing upstream and the other perpendicular to it. If the pressure difference between the two orifices is 38 mm of water when the discharge 3 through the pipe is 22 dm /s, calculate the meter coefficient. Take the mean velocity in the pipe to be 0.83 of the central velocity. A sharp-edged orifice, of 50 mm diameter, in the vertical side of a large tank, discharges under a head of 4.8 m. If Cc = 0.62 and Cv = 0.98, determine; (a) the diameter of the jet, (b) the velocity of the jet at the vena contracta, 3 (c) the discharge in dm /s.

5.2

5.3

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FEEDBACK ON SELF-ASSESSMENT

Answers : 5.1 5.2 5.3 40.7 mm 0.977 (a) 40.3 mm (b) 9.5 m/s (c) 12.15 dm /s
3