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12. Can you think of a simple circuit whose parameters change for a change in capacitance in that circuit?

What shape is the graph? Should this relationship give a straight line law as obtained in your graph? Why do you think that astraight line was obtained? What shape is this new graph?

13. What shape of curve do you obain? Over which part of the curve does the output voltage change fastest with changing frequency? What shape is the curve, predominantly? If the transducer/oscillator system of the previous assignment gave an output frequency within the centre section of the S curve of the discriminator, how would the amplifier output correspond to the transducer position?

14. What shape is the graph, over the central section? Does this part of the graph enable you to easily relate the output voltage to the position of the transducer? How can the system be modified so that it directly reads transducer position? What units would the meter have to be calibratedin to make it directly read position? Would the scale be a linear one? If the variations in transducer position were quite fast, what instrument would be more suitable for displaying the motion, as the meter has too high an inertia to show changes?

What shape is the graph over the central section? Why do we always concentrate on the central section? Is the graph for the variable distance capacitor similiar to that for the variable area capacitor?

If not, why not? Remember the formula C= E0.Er.d/d

15. What component other than a capacitor could be used to vary the frequency of the oscillator? What property of the coil are we varying when we move the core in and out of the coil? What physical variable are affected by this movement? Does the self inductance increase or decrease as the core is inserted? Remembering that the formula for the frequency of oscillation of the tuned circuit to which this inductor is connected is f = I/2.phi.akar(LC), does this frequency increase or decrease as the core is inserted?

Using your results, plot two graph of output voltage and oscillator frequency to a base position. Use linear graph paper. Plot one graph for the complete travel of the core in and out of the coil and another on twice the position scale for the portion where the core is being inserted into the coil. What shape are the graphs, especially over the central section of your second graph? Mark on this graph what you consider to be the limits of the linear sections. Do you think that the voltmeter could be directly calibrated to read position? What happens at either end and in the middle of the first graph? What can you say about the values of the inductance relative to the position of the core at these points? Calculate the distance between the core positions of the two points where the first complete output voltage graph crosses zero and calculate the middle position between these points. How does this compare with the turning point at the centre of your graph and what can you say about the position of core at this point? Does the linear section of the frequency graph occupy a greater or lesser positional spread than that of the output voltage graph? Why is this so?

16. Can you see the principal (mechanical) disadvantage of this arrangement? What happens to the waveforms? Do they both have their maximum values at the same time? Why do we use an oscilloscope and not an ac meter?

What shape are the two graphs? Are they similiar? What effects does the length of the core have on the slope? Where is the core when the outpu is the maximum? Is the section on either side of the peak linear? How could we obtain a single output for the whole of the core travel?

In the last column of your table, add together the output of the two secondaries, taking the negative sign into account. Plot the resultant on the same graph sheet as your original graph. At the point does the curve pass through zero? Where is the core at this point? Is the graph linear on either side of zero? What electrical connections are necessary to achieve this result?

17. What shape is your graph, especially over the central section?

Between what positions is the output within this linearity figure? Express this range as a figure of +ymm about the zero null point. Is this greater or less than the ac range?

18. What temperature pattern do you expect to be eventually established in the bar when the heater is switched on? Will this pattern be established immediately upon switching on? Why are both these conditions desirable?

How long did it take for the temperature to rise to within 1 C of its final steady value? How long did it take for the temperature to rise to a value 0 = 0o + 0,64(0f-0o)

What is significant about these different times in relation to one another?

What explanations do you have for these results?

19. Which metals are the blue and white leads connected to under the sleeve? Figure 5.19.2 gives you the clue to this question. The junctions between the thermocouple wires and the extension lead wires are soldered with tin/lead solder and will be heated to some extent when the couple is heated. Will this introduce errors?

Is the graph a straight line within the accuracy of your observation and plotting? If so, what is the slope in microvolt/ C? what source of error could contribute to uncertainty about this figure?

20. What happens when current flows in a resistance? What precaution do you therefore think is necessary when using a thermistor to measure the temperature of its suroundings? Can you see why the 220 ohm resistor is used in series with the probe? Can you account for the differences between the curves obtained for air and for water? Study your curves of R/P. How many mW of power can safely be dissipated in the thermistor without lowering its resistance by more than 1% of its starting value for : a) air b) water?

Is this more or less than your upper limit allowed in answer to question before? What maximum power is now dissipated in the thermistor at balance?

Plot a graph with temperature, 0, horizontally and resistance, R, vertically from your results. Is the curve linear?

21. Could you do that easily from the equation above? If not, what procedure could you follow?

.Calculate accurately to 3 or 4 decimal places the ratio R100/R0 Does the ratio agree with that given above in the discussion?

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