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anania jafariZe,@2004 ISBN 99940-14-39-0

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mfhsek trktcbfc cfvfhskbf yfl eojlt,ty #cf mfhsdtkjc vfhskvflblt,tk trktcbfc@* vfuhfv^ fvfcsfyfdt^ vfc edtktcb lhjblfy #cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjwbmekj trktcbfw@ tojlt,jlf^ dbyfblfy bub mhbcntc vjwbmekt,vf lffaeytc& dtk cfmfhsdtkjib ovblf fylhbfcf lf c[df vjwbmekt,bc xdtyc mdt.fyfib vjqdfotj,f lf mflfut,f etzdtk ztivfhbnt,fl b.j fqbfht,ekb& f[fk lhjib^ ufycfresht,bs^ \\ c-bc lfcfo.bcib^ ovblf fylhbfc cfmfhsdtkjib mflfut,f ktutylfl ufvjw[fllf& efhv.jatkt,c ths-ths fhuevtynfl bcbw vbfxylfs^ hjv vfsb fphbs^ b,thbf evybidytkj mdt.fyf b.j lf vfc vjwbmeksf .ehflqt,bc vbg.hj,f fh ittkj& cbyfvldbktib + c-bc 30-

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

bfyb okt,blfy ++ c-bc 60-bfyb okt,bc xfsdkbs^ t& b& vjwbmeksf tgjmfib b,thbf kbthb cf[tkvobaj b.j^ hjvtkbw afmnbehfl vstk fvbthrfdrfcbfc vjbwfdlf& hjvftkb bcnjhbrjct,b _ nfwbnecb^ lbjy rfcbecb lf c[dt,b cbfvjdyt,bs esvj,lyty sfdbfys s[pekt,t,ib flubkc b,thbbc cbc[kcfdct w[jdht,bc fqothfc& ief cfereytt,bc tdhjgtkt,b fynbrehb lhjbc b,thbfc eahj erts bwyj,lyty^ dblht sfdbfysb lhjbc cfmfhsdtkjc& dtk bcnjhbrjcsf wyj,t,c b,thbbc itcf[t, flfcneht,c cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df res[bc fhmtjkjubehb itcofdkf& fvfqkt,bc itvltu vjwbmekt,vf obkb .fhtc^ se dbc hjvtk mdt.fyfib eylf tmflfuf& #mfhskbc w[jdht,f@ uflvjudwtvc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj obkfl [dlf qvhsbcvij,tkc^ vfuhfv vbcb bc^ xdtyb eakbc yt,bs^ qvhsbcvij,tkvf sfdbc yfwdkfl cfmfhsdtkjib ov& vjwbmekb fylhbf gbhdtkojlt,ekb vjfdkbyf^ hjvtkcfw sfdbcb [tksemvytkb [fnb ufvjfnfyf& ovblf fylhbf vjwbmekvf fhf vfhnj uffmhbcnbfyf mfhsdtkt,b^ fhfvtl gbhdtkb cftgbcrjgjcjw lfffhcf mfkfm fo.ehib^ lfeybiyf tgbcrjgjcb lf lfnjdf hfvltybvt vqdltkb lf lbfrjyb^ afmnbehfl tc b.j itmvyf mfhsekb trktcbbcf sfdbcb bthfhmbbs& fylhbf vjwbmekvf itvltub vjupfehj,bc lhjc cfmfhsdtkjib c[df vjwbmekt,bw xfvjb.dfyf& rthjl^ vtcfvt vjupfehj,bcfc vfc cdbvjy rfyfytkb lf vfnfsf xfvje.dfybf& fvbc itcf[t, wyj,fc tgbafyt rjycnfynbytgjktkb ~|+++ c&` bktdf& tahtv vwbht ,thyek o.fhjt,pt lf.hlyj,bs othlf^ hjv xdtyc mdt.fyfib bmflfuf vjwbmekvf ,fhskjvtv& fv fphc bwfdc fhmfy]tkj kfv,thnbw^ [jkj \|+ c-bc thsb ckfdehb o.fhj mfhsek trktcbfc sjvf vjwbmekbc vbth lffhct,ekfl vbbxytdc& c[df bcnjhbekb wyj,bc vb[tldbs vjwbmek sfltjpcfw emflfubf cfmfhsdtkjib& fhf vfhnj 12 vjwbmeksfufy^ fhfvtl 70 vjwbmeksfufyfw .jabkfy cfmfhsdtkjib lf emflfubfs fm& vfufkbsfl^ mfhskbc mhjybrt,bc sfyf[vfl^ fctsb .jabkf [hbcj^ hjvtkcfw fk,fytsib ~bv lhjc b,thbbc yfobkb b.j` vjeyfskfdc 19 rfwb& fvhbufl^ 12 vjwbmeksfufy tmdcc emflfubf cfmfhsdtkjib^ rthjl% fylhbf gbhdtkojlt,ekc^ cdbvjy rfyfytkc^ vfnfsfc^ ,fhskjvtc^ sjvfc lf sfltjpc& fvfsufy jhbc cfakfdb f[kfw cfmfhsdtkjibf% cdbvjy rfyfytkbcf _ f[fk fsjyib lf vfnfsfcb _ ,fsevsfy f[kjc^ ujybjc wb[t-cbvfuhtib& [jkj cfvjwlffssfufy cfmfhsdtkjib emflfubf [hbcjc& vjwbmeksf vbth lffhct,ekb trktcbf^ cflfw fh eylf .jabkb.j bc^ fdnjrtafkehb b.j& fvbnjvfw cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbfw lffhct,bcsfyfdt sfdbcsfdflbf&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

++

C FEREYT

mhbcnbfyj,f +-++ cc-ib fh bmwf b,thbbc cf[tkvobaj cfhoveyjt,fl^ bctdt^ hjujhw hjvbc bvgthbfib^ vfuhfv fv gthbjlib bub sfylfsfy ufkbthlf lf ufybdhwj& |+++ c-bc o.fhj _ #f,j nabktkbc ofvt,f@ _ othc^ hjv mfhsdtkt,b mhbcnbfyt,b .jabkfy ++-+++ cc-lfy& fvfc fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkfw fvnrbwt,c& vfufkbsfl^ fhmtjkjut,bc vbth vbrdktekbf xdtyib ]th rbltd ovblf ybyjvlt mhbcnbfyekb vjcf[ktj,bc fhct,j,bc lfvflfcneht,tkb rdfkb% mhbcnbfyekb cfvfh[yb vw[tsbc c[dflfc[df res[tib lf ++-+++ cc-sf mhbcnbfyekb trktcbf yfcnfrbcib ~tc edtktcb mfkfmb mcybc wb[bc bhib .jabkf ufityt,ekb`& ++-+++ cc-sf trktcbbc lf fuhtsdt bvlhjbyltkb mhbcnbfyekb lfrhfkdbc otcbc fhct,j,f flfcneht,c bv fphc^ hjv hjv cfmfhsdtkjib mhbcnbfyekb cftrktcbj jhufybpfwbf eo.dtnfl fhct,j,lf +-++ cc-lfy ~vjwbmeksf lhjblfy` ovblf ybyjc mflfut,fvlt ~+| c-vlt`& eylf dbdfhfeljs^ hjv fv gthbjlbc mfhsekb mhbcnbfyekb stvt,b cfmfhsdtkjib cfrvfj ufdktybsfw cfhut,kj,lyty& fctsb dfhfelbc cfaedtkc vtat htd vfhfsfkbc htajhvfw udfktdc& cfmfhsdtkj ++-+++ cs-ibw cfvbcbjythj fcgfhtpb .jabkf ~,thty lf kfsby bcnjhbrjcsf wyj,t,bs` lf vcjakbj mhbcnbfyekb wtynht,b .ehflqt,fc fh frkt,lyty vfc& thsb wyj,f fctsbf% #b,thbbc bv yfobkvf^ hjvtkbw gjynjc pqdfcsfy vlt,fhtj,c lf rjk[blfl bojlt,f^ cf[fht,f ]th rbltd bvgthfnjh nhfbfytc lhjc vmflfut,tkb ovblf rkbvtynbc itvotj,bs vbbqj& ovblf rkbvtynb bv v[fhtib b.j uflfcf[kt,ekb@
~b& nf,fqef^ cfmfhsdtkj tdhjgbc fhmbdt,cf lf obuycfwfdt,ib^ +^ ud& 171`&

bhbytjcc rb vbfxylf^ hjv mfhsdtkt,vf ~b,tht,vf`^ hjvkt,bw bojlt,bfy rjk[t,fl ~utjuhfabekb flubkbc vb[tldbs`^ mhbcnbfyj,f ]th rbltd hjvbc bvgthfnjh nhfbfytvlt ~98-117` vbbqtc& bvfdt wyj,bs^ bv mfhsdtkt,vf^ hjvkt,bw rfcgbbc pqdbcfrty rfdrfcbbc vst,sfy w[jdhj,ty ~buekbc[vt,f fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,f`^ mhbcnbfyekb cfhoveyjt,f eahj udbfy vbbqtc& tc wyj,f cfdct,bs tsfy[vt,f #mfhskbc w[jdht,fc@^ hjvkbc vjyfwtvt,bsfw mfhsdtksfufy mhbcnbfyj,f gbhdtkt,vf vbbqtc vtuhtkt,vf ~rjk[t,vf` lf rkfh]t,vf ~cfv[hts-lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,fv`& ovblf becnbyt 150 okbc vf[kj,kfl fvnrbwt,lf^ hjv fh fhct,j,c ltlfvbofpt bctsb res[t^ sdbs ,fh,fhjc [fk[sf ijhbcfw rb^ cflfw [fk[b ]dfhwvekb btcjc cf[tkc fh kjwekj,ltcj& fctsbdt fphc ufvjsmdfvc bhbytjcbw ~b& nf,fqef^ cfm& tdhjgbc fhmbdt,cf lf obuycfwfdt,ib^ +^ ud& 171_172`&

10

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

vbs eahj^ cfvbcbjythj vjhfj,f udthlc dth femwtdlf b,thbfc^ hjvtkbw + c& 30-bfyb okt,blfy ++ c& 60-bfyb okt,bc xfsdkbs kbthb cf[tkvobaj b.j& +_++ cc-ib cfvb cf[tkvobaj _ hjvb^ b,thbf lf gfhsbf thsvfytsc twbkt,jlyty dhwtk vbot,c fvbthrfdrfcbbc cfv[htsbs& b,thbf bvltyfl b.j ufkbtht,ekb^ hjv vfc ittkj hjvftksf lf[vfht,bc ufhtit lftvfhw[t,byf gfhsbbc cf[tkvobaj& b,thbfv hfvlty]thvt lffvfhw[f rbltw gfhsbbc ]fhb& fvbc ufvj hjvc tibyjlf b,thbbc vtnbcvtnb ufkbtht,bcf& ++ c& 30-50-bfy okt,ib mfhskib vtaj,lf afhcvfy ++^ hjvtkcfw afhcvfy mdtkb tojlf& #afhcvfy ++bc lhjc mfhskb^ xfyc^ erdt .jdtkudfhb itybq,dbc ufhtit t,hdbc hjvc lf wlbkj,c vbc ufyltdyfc rjk[tsblfy lf c[df vtpj,tkb flubkt,blfy& fvfcsfyfdt^ bub fv cfmvtib hjlb tbt,c gfhsbbc v[fhlfzthfc& mfhskbc vvfhsdtkt,b&&& tn.j,f^ sfvfvfl egbhbcgbhlt,bfy hjvcf lf gfhsbfc thslhjekfl@ ~u& vtkbmbidbkb^ cfm& f[&o& +-+++ cc-ib^ cfm& bcn& yfhrd& n& +& 1970& ud& 510`& afhcvfyb bct ufkbthlf^ hjv #sfdb lfvjerblt,kfl tzbhf@& bvgthfnjhb flhbfyt .jdtkv[hbd wlbkj,lf uftev]j,tct,byf ehsbthsj,f mfhsdtksf vtatcsfy^ vfuhfv afhcvfyb fh vblbjlf lfsvj,fpt& afhcvfyvf mtlvfqkehfl smdf efhb bvgthfnjhbc vbodtdfpt lf hjvib fh xfdblf& bvgthfnjhbc ,bjuhfab tkbec cgfhnbfyt othc^ hjv flhbfytv mfhsdtksf vtatc .dtkfpt vtnb^ ehbw[db dbhafcb cfxemfhb ufeupfdyf& vjvltdyj bvgthfnjhbc - fynjy gbecbc ~133-161` lhjc afhcvfy ++ cfmfhsdtkjlfy vteqkbsf lf lblb fvfkbs uftvupfdhf hjvib^ cflfw vfc cfptbvj it[dtlhf vjeo.dtc& lbjy rfcbecbc sfyf[vfl^ bvgthfnjhc #ufeafhsjt,bf vbcb cfvakj,tkj@& xfyc^ hjvvf fhf vfhnj cwyj b,thbbc erdt fhct,e kb c fpqdht,b^ fhfvtl lfe vfnf rbltw c [df vbot,b ifdbpqdbcgbhtscf lf cjv[tsib& cfgfnbj mfhsdtk cnevfhc yt,f lfhstc vc[dthgkb ittobhf rfgbnjkbevib& bvgthfnjhb lfcoht,bf afhcvfybc^ vbcb bcf lf c[df mfhsdtkb lblt,ekt,bc cfv[tlhj dfh]bic& hjvib lfbluf afhcvfybc w[tyjcfyb mfylfrt,f& afhcvfybc xfcdkf hjvib vbqt,ek bmyf hjujhw bvgthfnjhbcflvb gfnbdbcwtvf^ sfyf[vfl fynjybec gbecbc ,bjuhfabc _ bekbec rfgbnjkbybcf& afhcvfybc dbpbnc bctsb lblb isf,tzlbkt,f vje[ltybf hjvib^ hjv bub cfmfkfmj mhjybrfc gbhdtk udthlpt fqe,tzlfdc^ hfcfw vjovj,c ofhothf vfhvfhbkjc abhabnfpt^ hjvtkbw hjvbc dtk yfdcfluehib fqvjxylf& hjujhw ptvjvj.dfybkblfy xfyc^ cfmfhsdtkj vjwbmeksf tgjmfib^ +-++ cc-ib^ vnrbwt lf kbthb mdt.fyf b.j^ ufafhsjt,ekb cfpqdht,bs^ cbvlblhbs^ cf[tkufysmvekb^ trjyjvbrehb w[jdht,bs lfobyfeht,ekb^ vfqfkufydbsfht,ekb cfpjufljt,hbdb ehsbthsj,bs& fvbnjvfw ytkb ofhvjcflutybf^ vfc vjwbmeksf lf vbcbjythsf .ehflqt,f fh vbtg.hj&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

11

+++ CF ER EYT cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbf lffhct,ekbf sdbs vjwbmeksf vbth& cf[fht,bc vmflfut,tksf cfvbcbjythj vjqdfotj,f b,thbfib ++-+++ cc-ibw ufuhtkt,ekf& mhbcnbfyekb stvt,bc ufvjxtyfc fm bdfyt ]fdf[bidbkb cojhtl +++ c-bc gbhdtkb yf[tdhbs fsfhbqt,c& nthbnjhbek ufydhwj,fcsfy thsfl bphlt,f mhbcnbfyekb stvt,bc ufdktyfw& vtat htd vfhsfkbc htajhvf udfktdc cfaedtkc lfdfcrdyfs^ hjv fv lhjc mhbcntc vjqdht,bc ufdktyfc erdt cfvtaj rfhfvltw vbeqotdbf& ]th rbltd +++ c-ib mhbcnbfyj,bc fqbfht,bc itcf[t, ufyrfhuekt,f ufvjcwf bvgthfnjhvf ufkbtyvf 261 otkc& vcufdcfldt vjbmwf ufkbtyfvlt sbsmvbc yf[tdfhb cfereybs flht b,thbbc vtat htd vfhsfkb ~ufhl& 213 o`& fv vtatc /mjybf mhbcntc cb.dfhekb lf vjcvtybkb /mjybf cf[fht,f& fvbnjv bc .jabkf vjo.fkt lf itvot .jdtksf^ sevwf ofhvfhsfldt lfhxtybkf& hjvib ofhvfhsekb qdsft,bcfsdbc cbc[kbfyb vc[dthgkbc itobhdf v[jkjl +++ c-bc bvgthfnjht,vf frhfktc& cfmfhsdtkjib eahj flht uf[lf itcfkt,tkb vbcb jabwbfkehfl frhfkdf cf[tkvobajc vfcinf,t,bs& #dtkb cfbcnjhbj o.fhj fv rtsbkij,bkeh cfmwbtkc htd vfhsfkc vbfothc@ ~u& ujpfkbidbkb^ mfhskbc vjmwtdbc ghj,ktvf
lf ,frehb^ ud& 38`&

++-+++ cc-ib cfmfhsdtkjib mhbcnbfyekb stvt,bc fhct,j,fc fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkfw flfcneht,c& f& ,j[jxft yfcnfrbcbc dtkpt mhbcnbfyekb trktcbbc fhct,j,bc itcf[t, othc% #yfcnfrbcbc dtkpt eahj kbthb lfcf[kt,fw .jabkf flhtek ief cfereytt,ib^ hfcfw yfmfkfmfhbc nthbnjhbfpt ufs[hbk yfut,j,fsf yfist,b vjovj,c& cfw[jdht,tkb yfut,j,fyb vhfdfkb jsf[bcf lf thsb lblb lfh,fpbcfufy itlut,jlf& fvudfh yfut,j,t,ib thsb jsf[b vwbht trktcbfc ofhvjflutylf _ vrdtshfl ufvj.dfybkb f,cblbsf lf yfhstmcbs& fv gthbjlib mhbcnbfyj,f ]th rbltd fh fhbc ufvjw[flt,ekb jabwbfkeh cf[tkvobaj cfhoveyjt,fl^ fhfktufkeh vlujvfhtj,fibf lf sfditafht,ekb xfyc cfw[jdht,tk yfut,j,t,ib& fv afmnc rb lblb vybidytkj,f fmdc mfhskbc cfvtajib mhbcnbfyekb htkbubbc bcnjhbbc itcfcofdkfl@& cfbynthtcjf^ hjujhb ghbywbgbs b.j vjo.j,bkb tc trktcbf( w[flbf^ mhbcnbfyt,c^ hjvkt,bw ++-+++ cc-ib cfmfhsdtkjib w[jdhj,lyty^ cfvqdltkjt,f lfczbhlt,jlf^ hflufy yfskj,bc^ pbfht,bc lf c[df mhbcnbfyekb otct,bc fqchekt,f cfvqdltkjt,bc ufhtit itekt,tkbf& egbhdtktcfl^ eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv c[dflfc[df mfkfmib se mfkfmbc e,yt,ib fhct,ekb mhbcnbfyekb stvt,b thsvfytsc fh tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty& thsbfyb^ vstkb mdt.ybc vjvwdtkb mhbcnbfyekb trktcbf^ thsb wtynhbsf lf thsbfyb

12

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

vvfhsdtkj,bs fh fhct,j,lf& sevwf^ b.dyty tgbcrjgjct,bw& fmdt fqdybiyfds^ hjv vjwbmeksf tgjmfib lf vbc itvlujvfw vqdltkvjmvtlt,fc tgbcrjgjcb fchekt,lf lf vqdltkc tgbcrjgjcc eojlt,lyty& fvhbufl^ itbkt,f lfdfcrdyfs^ hjv xdtyib mhbcnbfyekb trktcbf lf vhtdkb ~mhbcnbfyekb stvt,b` eo.dtnfl fhct,j,lf + c-lfy +| c-vlt& cojhtl fv gthbjlib itbmvyf bc yj.bthb ybflfub^ hfvfw ufyfgbhj,f cfmfhsdtkjib ovblf ybyjc vbcbbc ofhvfnt,bs lfudbhudbyt,f&

+| CF ER EYT +| c-ib mhbcnbfyj,bc cf[tkvobaj cfhoveyjt,fl ufvjw[flt,f b.j fhf vjekjlytkb^ itvjnfybkb^ fylf sfdcvj[dtekb fmnb^ fhfvtl taeyt,jlf mhbcnbfyj,bc flubkj,hbd cfvcfereyjdfy nhflbwbfc& ov& ybyjc ufezbhlt,jlf vstkb mfhsdtkb [fk[bc ufmhbcnbfyt,f^ ov& vjwbmekt,c itvpflt,ekb hjv fh /.jkjlfs thb mhbcnbfyj,bc cf]fhj fqbfht,bcfsdbc& fv sdfkcfphbcvf ov& ybyjc w[jdht,fibw /gjdf fcf[df^ cflfw eafkb ov& ybyjc ew[flt,c^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib #cfvrfkb ahbfl fhc^ [jkj veifryb vwbht@^ tc bvfc ybiyfdc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib vjwbmeksf vbth lfstcbkb cf[fht,bc vfhwdfkc cfereytsf vfybkpt [fk[b cfthsj cf[fk[j vjyfsdkbcfsdbc itevpflt,bf& edtktcb mfhsekb o.fhj^ hjvtkbw mfhskbc vjmwtdbc itcf[t, vjudbs[hj,c^ fhbc #vjmwtdf~ mfhskbcf~@& bub jhb yfobkbcfufy itlut,f& + yfobkib vjwtvekbf bcnjhbekb mhjybrf^ [jkj ++ yfobkb ov& ybyjc w[jdht,bc cftrktcbj cfrbs[fdc ofhvjflutyc& #vjmwtdbc@ + yfobkb _ bcnjhbekb mhjybrt,b c[dflfc[df lhjcff lfothbkb& ov& ybyjc w[jdht,f rb^ obyf yfobkbcufy lfvjerblt,kfl^ +| c-ib eylf b.jc lfothbkb& fv htlfmwbblfy xfyc^ hjv ybyjc yffv,j,b lf,f ,jlib ~,jl,tib` xfeothbfs cfkjvt e]fhvtkcf lf gthj;fdhf cbdybtkc& sevwf cfvb lblb bcnjhbrjcb _ y&vfhb^ bd& ]fdf[bidbkb^ r& rtrtkbt fv s[pekt,fc +\ c-bs fsfhbqt,c^ xdty fhfdbsfhb cf,f,b fhf udfmdc fh lfde]thjs o.fhjc lf fvbnjv bub^ hjujhw ztivfhbnb^ bct eylf vbdbqjs& fvfc thsb cfbynthtcj afmnb flfcneht,c% +| c-bc vtjht yf[tdfhib ,bpfynbfib bv.jat,jlf cfkjvtcf lf htdbc ~vbhbfy vtabc bc` idbkbidbkb^ ]th rbltd eakbcoekb ,frehb^ shlfnbc t& vfy wyj,bk ,bpfynbtk bcnjhbrjct,c _ utkfcb rtcfhbtkcf lf heabyecc efv,j mfhsdtksf ufmhbcnbfyt,bc bcnjhbf& tc vjyfs[hj,b #ovblf ybyjc w[jdht,bc@ sfdbct,ehb itvjrkt,ekb dfhbfynbf& utkfcb rtcfhbtkc #cftrktcbj bcnjhbfib@ fqeothbf mfhskbc

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

13

vjmwtdbc fv,fdb& cfvoe[fhjl^ tc s[pekt,f lqtclqtj,bs lfrfhuekfl bsdkt,f& vfuhfv wyj,t,b vfcpt vthvbyltk fdnjht,c itvjeyf[fds sfdbfys yfihjvt,ib& vfs ijhbc edtktcbf hjvftkb cftrktcbj bcnjhbrjcb _ heabyecb ~ufhl& 410 o&`^ vfc esfhuvybf lf sfdbc s[pekt,fib itenfybf utkfcb rtcfhbtkbc wyj,f mfhsdtksf ufmhbcnbfyt,bc itcf[t,& heabyecpt lf.hlyj,bs tc bcnjhbf vjs[hj,bkb fmdc | c-bc ,thty bcnjhbrjcc _ cjrhfntcfw ~lf,& 380 o&` sfdbc #cftrktcbj bcnjhbfib@& fvfdt cfsfehbc yfofhvjt,ib vjudbs[hj,c b,thsf ufmhbcnbfyt,bc fv,fdc | c-bc vtjht ,thtyb bcnjhbrjcb stjljhbnt rdbhtkb ~lfb,& 390 o&`& mfhskbc vjmwtdbc fv,fdb uflvjwtvekb fmdc fuhtsdt rbltd ths ,thty cftrktcbj bcnjhbrjcc - cjpjvtyc& vfc eiefkjl heabyecbs ecfhut,kbf& | c-bc ,thtyb bcnjhbrjcb utkfcb rdbpbrtkbw utkfcb rtcfhbtkbc #bcnjhbbs@ cfhut,kj,lf& utkfcb rtcfhbtkbc bcnjhbf^ hjvkbsfw cfhut,kj,lyty itvltuib ,thty-hjvftkb bcnjhbrjct,b^ +| c_bc ,jkjc^ mfhskbc ufmhbcnbfyt,blfy cek hfqfw yf[tdfhb cfereybc itvltu lfbothf& efqhtcfl cf.ehflqt,jf utkfcb rtcfhbtkbc wyj,f bvbc sfj,fpt^ hjv vfy mfhsdtksf ufmhbcnbfyt,bc fv,fdb b,thsf cfvtaj cf[kbc ths-thsb ofhvjvflutykbc _ ,frehbcfufy ufeubf& vfifcflfvt^ eylf lfdfcrdyfs^ hjv edtktcb mfhsekb o.fhj^ hjvtkbw mfhsdtksf ufmhbcnbfyt,bc itcf[t, vjudbs[hj,c^ +| c-ibf lfothbkb cfkjvt e]fhvtkbc vbth& cfdfhfeljf^ cojhtl tc xfyfothb ufvjb.tyf ,frehvf ,thty bcnjhbrjct,sfy cfe,hbcfc& hjvtk otkc itvjdblf ov& ybyj cfmfhsdtkjib lf uffmhbcnbfyf se fhf vfy vstkb mfhsdtkb [fk[b( tc cfbynthtcj cfrbs[b fkpt lfvf]tht,kfl uffhrdbf bcnjhbrjcvf df[nfyu ujbkftv& vbcb vc]tkj,bc sfyf[vfl^ ov& ybyj cfmfhsdtkjib 303 otkc itvjdblf& 317-318 okt,ib mfhskbc cfvtaj rfhvf mhbcnbfyj,f cf[tkvobaj cfhoveyjt,fl fqbfhf^ [jkj 324 otkc [fk[b vfcbehfl vjbyfskf& fkpt vybidytkjdfybf^ hjv df[einb ,fuhfnbjyb mfhskbc vjmwtdfc 317 okbs fsfhbqt,lf& fvfdt sdfkcfphbcc bpbfht,lyty l& ,fmhft lf bd& udfhfvft& mfhskbc vjmwtdbc sfhbqfl 318 otkb vbfxylfs g& bjctkbfyc^ u& cf,bybyc lf h& wfvwbtdcfw& mfhsekb trktcbbc vtsfehbc _ tgbcrjgjc bjfytc [tklfc[vbc sfhbqfl d& ujbkftc 324 o& vbfxybf& bub abmhj,c^ hjv mfhsekb trktcbf fhf fynbjmbehb^ fhfvtl rfgfljrbehb ~gjynjc lbjwtpb` ofhvjij,bcf eylf b.jc& tc vc]tkj,f fkpt lfvf]tht,tkbf& fvbnjvfw eylf fqlutc df[einb ,fuhfnbjybc vbth ufvjhrdtekb sfhbqb lf mfhskbc vjmwtdf 317-318 okt,bs lfsfhbqltc^ [jkj mfhsekb trktcbbc jhufybpfwbf lf [fk[bc yfsdkf _ 324-26 okt,bs&

14

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

| CFE R EYT | c-bc lfcfo.bcib cfmfhsdtkj erdt cgfhctksf vbth erdt lf[fhrekb mdt.fyf b.j& cgfhctkt,vf^ vfhsfkbf^ dth itktc mfhsekb cf[tkvobajt,hbj,bc ufemvt,f^ vfuhfv mfhsdtkt,bc fcbvbkfwbfc lfeafhfdfl wlbkj,lyty& egbhdtktcfl^ vfs cehlfs^ hjv mfhsdtkt,c cgfhcekb cfhoveyjt,f _ wtw[ksf.dfybcvwtvkj,f vbtqjs& bcbyb t,hjlyty lf rhfkfdlyty mfhsek thjdyek otc-xdtekt,t,cf lf nhflbwbt,c& mhbcnbfyj,f bv lhjc erdt mfhsek thjdyek cfhoveyjt,fl b.j mwtekb lf fvbnjvfw mfhsdtkt,c mhbcnbfyekb otc-xdtekt,t,b /mjylfs& cgfhctkt,c bvtlb /mjylfs^ hjv vbcb vjikbs mfhsdtkt,c thjdyek cf[tc lferfhufdlyty& fmdt eylf bsmdfc^ hjv mfhsdtksf vnhj,fib cgfhctkt,c fhw ,bpfynbtkt,b elt,lyty njkc& vfs +| c-bc ,jkjc cfmfhsdtkjc cfv[htsbc nthbnjhbt,bc lblb yfobkb offhsdtc lf eiefkjl itbthstc^ [jkj | c-bc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib lfc& cfmfhsdtkjc vybidytkjdfyb yfobkbw vbbnfwtc vlbyfht tuhbco.kblfy dblht wb[t-uj]fvlt& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ hflufyfw cfmfhsdtkjc lblb lf evsfdhtcb yfobkb cgfhcsf uf dkty bc mdti bv.jat,jlf^ vsfdfhb cfahs[t cojhtl cgfhctkt,bcfufy vjlbjlf& hovtybs df[nfyu ujhufcfkb ,thyekb^ t&b& vfhskvflblt,kehb jhbtynfwbbcf b.j lf cbrdlbkbc oby fylthbw lfudbnjdf^ hjv mfhsdtkt,c #,thtysf cb.dfhekb@^ t&b& vfhskvflblt,kj,f fh vbtnjdt,byfs^ sevwf ,bpfynbtkt,c itt,hjkf rbltw lf cfmfhsdtkjc vfsufy vbnfwt,ekb nthbnjhbt,b lfe,heyf& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv | c-ib fhct,j,lf jhb ufyc[dfdt,ekb vbvfhsekt,f mhbcnbfyj,fib& ths vbvfhsekt,fc ,bpfynbf vafhdtkj,lf^ [jkj vtjhtc _ cgfhctsb& cgfhctsbc cfvtaj rfhvf^ hjwf bub vb[dlf^ hjv vfpltfyj,bc ufdhwtkt,f fhwse fldbkb b.j lf mhbcnbfyb [fk[t,b sfdbfys cfhoveyjt,fc fh lfsvj,lyty^ cfhoveyjt,hbdb gjkbnbrf itwdfkf& cgfhctsc thxbdyf^ hjv bcbyb bhfyjabkehfl ufyo.j,bkb mhbcnbfyekb trktcbt,bc ufdktybcf lf rjynhjkbc cathjib vjmwtekb.dyty& fctsb b.j fynb,bpfynbehfl ufyo.j,bkb cbhbekb lf cgfhcekb trktcbt,b& w[flbf^ fctsb vlujvfhtj,f sfdbc ptvjmvtlt,fc cgfhctsbc ufdktybc cathjib v.ja cfmfhsdtkjc cfpjufljt,fptw vjf[ltylf& cfmfhsdtkjib | c-ib esejl fhct,j,lyty hjujhw ,thyekb ~tkbyjabkehb`^ fctdt cgfhcjabkehb mhbcnbfyekb cftrktcbj lf]ueat,fyb& cojhtl fvbnjv cfmfhsdtkjc vtat cfufyut,j lf lff,ek vlujvfhtj,fib bv.jat,jlf& mfhsdtkb vtatt,b^ #mfhskbc w[jdht,bc@ sfyf[vfl^ fy thslhjekfl jhbdt lfvg.hj,tkc _ cgfhctscf lf cf,thytsc t,hjlyty^ fylf ,hyekfl

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

15

b.tyt,lyty obyffqvltuj,fc fv cf[tkvobajsf ijhbc lf [fy ,thyt,c t,hjlyty cgfhcekb fkbs^ [fy rb cgfhctkt,c _ ,thtysf fkbs& wyj,bkbf^ hjvbc bvgthfnjh rjycnfynbytvlt mhbcnbfyj,f cf[tkvobaj htkbubf fh .jabkf& fvbnjvfw^ itbkt,f bsmdfc^ mhbcnbfyekb stvt,b sfdbceakt,bs cfhut,kj,lyty bv sdfkcfphbcbs^ hjv cf[tkvobaj fh rfhyf[j,lf mhbcnbfyek trktcbfc^ se hf cf[bc eylf .jabkb.j vbcb flvbybcnhfwbekb cnhemnehf& fvbc ufvj +| c-vlt mhbcnbfyekb stvb vjwbmeksf 34-t rfyjybc sfyf[vfl fv stvbc vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcc eylf lfmdtvlt,fht,jlf& stvt,bc vsfdfhtgbcrjgjct,b rb thsvfytsbcfufy lfvjerblt,tkyb b.dyty& vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcc bhxtdlf stvbc ~#yfstcfdbc@` cfvqdltkjt,bc rht,f& fvbnjvfw .jdtkb cftrktcbj stvb lf cftgbcrjgjcj sfdbceafkb lf #fdnjrtafkehb@ b.j& chekt,bs itbwdfkf vlujvfhtj,f cf[tkvobajc vbth mhbcnbfyj,bc fqbfht,bc^ fye htkbubbc ufcf[tkvobajt,hbj,bc itvltu& fv lhjbcfsdbc ~+| c-bc lfcfo.bcib`^ hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ hjvbc bvgthbfib lfotclf #ntnhfh[bf@ _ #js[bc vvfhsdtkj,f@& flvbybcnhfwbekb vvfhsdtkj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs bvgthbf wfkrtek yfobkt,fl lfb.j& vfc vfhsfdlf jhb bvgthfnjhb lf jhb rtbcfhb& bvgthbbc elbltc mfkfmt,ib% hjvib^ fynbjmbfib^ fktmcfylhbfib lf f&i^ v[fhtsf lf ghjdbywbfsf vvfhsdtkt,b bc[lyty& fv vlujvfhtj,fv lbl mfkfmt,ib vc[ljvb tgbcrjgjct,bc ufkbtht,f^ ufvlblht,f^ vfsb fdnjhbntnbcf lf ufdktybc ufphlf ufvjbodbf^ lblb mfkfmt,bc tgbcrjgjct,b mfkfmbc cfthsj cfthj vvfhsdtksfy sfy[vj,bs vjmvtlt,lyty& cfthj vvfhsdtkb lfbynthtct,ekb b.j vbc mfkfmib v]ljvb tgbcrjgjcbc fdnjhbntnbcf lf ufdktybc ufphlbs& fvbc ufvj erdt +| c-bc lfcfo.bcblfydt vbvlbyfhtj,c ghjwtcb^ hjvtkcfw itbkt,f lfdfhmdfs vwbht^ sdbsv.jafl trktcbfsf ufemvt,bcf lf lblb trktcbt,bc ufdktybc cathjt,bc ufphlbc ghjwtcb& erdt +| c-ib vjodtekb vcjakbj rht,t,b^ vfhsfkbf^ flfcneht,ty gfnfhf trktcbt,bc fdnjrtafkbfc^ vfuhfv fctdt flfcneht,ty vsfdfhb mfkfmt,bc tgbcrjgjct,bc ufdktybc cathjt,bc ufafhsjt,fc& tc ghjwtcb vstkb +| c-bc ufyvfdkj,fib uhtklt,jlf lf cf,jkjjl 451 otkc lfcheklf& cfthsjl^ | cfereyt b.j sfdbcsfdflb cftgbcrjgjcjt,bc lbl cfgfnhbfhmjt,cf lf cfrfsfkbrjcjt,ib ufthsbfyt,bc cfereyt& 451 okbc rht,fv lfffhcf f[fkb cfgfnhbfhmj bthecfkbvbcf^ hjvtkibw gfktcnbybc sfdbcsfdflb cftgbcrjgjcjt,b itdblyty& cfmfhsdtkjc cfrfsfkbrjcjc xfvj.fkb,t,fw fvfdt lhjc^ | c-ib^ vj[lf vcufdcb upbs& wyj,bkbf^ hjv bm^ cflfw mhbcnbfyj,fv at[b vjbrblf^ sbsjtek

16

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

mfkfmc tgbcrjgjcb ufyfut,lf& cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtajib cfthbcsfdj fy cfgbnbf[ij lff[kjt,bs bctsbdt flvbybcnhfwbekb thstekb b.j^ hjujhw hjvbc bvgthbfib _ ghjdbywbf ~d& mfhsekb #cfvsfdhj@`& mfhsekb trktcbbc vtsfehc rfsfkbrjcj,bc lfotct,fvlt /mjylf nbnekb #vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbcf@ lf xfyc^ hjv tgbcrjgjcsf sfdfl bsdkt,jlf bv nthbnjhbfpt^ hjvtkbw mfhsdtkb vtabc ufyvut,kj,bc mdti itlbjlf& bvbc itvltu^ hfw df[nfyuvf cfmfhsdtkj uffthsbfyf^ itvjethsf vfc epfhvfpfhb nthbnjhbt,b _ rkfh]tsbcf lf pqdbcgbhtsbcf^ vfy cftrktcbj cfmvtsf vjudfht,fw uflfo.dbnf& fv cfmvtib vbcsdbc vfufkbsb b.j hjujhw ,bpfynbbc^ fctdt fqvjcfdktsbc trktcbt,b& ,bpfynbfib trktcbf bvfhst,jlf cf[tkvobajc rjynhjkbs& fctdt b.j cgfhctsbc cf[tkvobajibw& cgfhctsib fhct,ekb c[dflfc[df mhbcnbfyekb trktcbbc vtsfeht,c sdbs if/b ybiyfdlf ~vfu^ cjv[tsbcfc | c-ib`& sdbs cftrktcbj rfyjyvlt,tkb jhufyj _ vcjakbj rht,fw rb^ ,bpfynbbc bvgthbfib bvgthfnjht,bc fmnbehb xfhtdbs bvfhst,jlf& cfmfhsdtkjib rb trktcbf fhf se tmdtvlt,fht,jlf mfhsdtk [tkvobatc^ fhfvtl mfhsekb trktcbbc vtsfehvf vbmftkvf cfvs[dtdfl vbcek vtatc at[bs r,bkb xfevndhbf& cftrktcbj rfyjyt,pt lf.hlyj,bs lf itmvybkb cfthsfijhbcj vlujvfhtj,bc ufvj.tyt,bs df[nfyuvf evnrbdytekjl vjbijhf vbmftkb bct^ hjv fh ufeqbpbfyt,bf mhbcnbfyekb vjcf[ktj,f^ ufycfc]tkfl ufupfdyf rjycnfynbytgjkib& fynbjmbbc gfnhbfhmvf 12 tgbcrjgjcb ufvjfupfdyf mfhskib& xfyc^ df[nfyuvf itwdfkf ghjcgfhcekb jhbtynfwbbc tgbcrjgjct,b lf vfs flubkpt ,thyekb jhtynfwbbcfyb lfcdf& fctdt^ vfy itwdfkf bc tgbcrjgjct,b^ hjvtkybw sfdbfysb cbvlblhbcf lf ufdktybc ufvj vtabc [tkbceakt,fc fh tvjhxbkt,jlyty& df[nfyu ujhufckbc vbth cfmfhsdtkjc cfrfsfkbrjcjc lffhct,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs eylf lfdfcrdyfs% | c-ib mfhsekb trktcbbc behbclbmwbbc mdti v.jab nthbnjhbt,b ufbpfhlf^ hfw bvbs b.j ufvjodtekb^ hjv df[nfyu ujhufckbc lhjc ,bpfynbfv cfmfhsdtkjc vbnfwt,ekb rkfh]tsb ~cfv[htsb cfmfhsdtkj` lf pqdbcgbhtsb ~wb[t-uj]blfy rkbcehfvlt` lfe,heyf& df[nfyu ujhufcfkvf byt,f^ hjv mfhsekb trktcbf vjo.j,bkb.j hjujhw thsbfyb^ wtynhfkbpt,ekb cfvfvsfdhj trktcbf^ t&b& ltlfmfkfmbc ~vw[tsbc` tgbcrjgjcb cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbcfsdbc cf.jdtksfj tgbcrjgjcb fye rfsfkbrjcb ~,thy& cbn.dblfy _ #rfsjkbrjc@ _ cf.jdtksfj` uf[lf& fv tgjmbc sbsmvbc sfyflhjek cfbcnjhbj mhjybrfib _ #vjmwtdf~ mfhskbcf~@ gbhdtk rfsfkbrjc gtnhtc vfvfvsfdfhb tojlt,f^ #fmfbsufy bo.tc rfsfkbrjcsf vfvfvsfdhj,fl& gbhdtkb rfsfkbrjcb b.j gtnht@&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

17

|+ CF ER EYT |+ c-bc lfcfo.bcib cgfhctsvf fqv& cfmfhsdtkj lfbg.hj^ hbc itltuflfw mfhskib vtaj,f ufemvlf& fmdt eylf bsmdfc^ hjv vtaj,bc ufemvt,bc cfrbs[b mfhsek lf ,thyek o.fhjt,c c[dflfc[dfudfhfl fmds uflvjwtvekb& thsb mfhsekb edtktcb o.fhj vbbxytdc^ hjv |+ c-bc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib vtaj,f fh ufemvt,ekf& fctsbdt vlujvfhtj,ff ,thyek o.fhjt,ibw& rthjl^ ghjrjab rtcfhbtkbc vb[tldbs 552 otkc cgfhctscf lf ,bpfynbfc ijhbc lflt,ekb #cfereyj pfdbc@ itvltu mfhsdtkt,c cfresfhb vtat fqfh /.fdlfs& ,bpfynbtkb vtvfnbfytt,b vfkfkf lf stjafyt rb f[ctyt,ty mfhsdtksf vtatc ~fvfyfhpjc`^ ltljafkcf lf lblt,ekt,c^ hjvtkybw 553 otkc rjycnfynbytgjkib xfcekfy becnbybfyt rtbcfhsfy vjkfgfhfrt,bcfsdbc& itcfkt,tkbf^ lfvg.hj,kt,vf ~cgfhctkt,vf` mdt.fyfc itpqelekb fdnjyjvbbc vfudfhb hfqfw cnfnecb vbcwtc^ hjvkbc cfsfdtibw ujhufckbfyafhyfdfpbfysf dtkb lbyfcnbf .jabkf& fk,fs mfhsdtksf ufhrdtekb gjkbnbrehb ohtt,b vtaj,bc ufemvt,fc fh cwyj,lyty lf lfg.hj,bkb mdt.ybc vtsfehc rdkfd vtatc eojlt,lyty& .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ elfdjf^ hjv mdt.fyf |+ c-bc 70-90-bfy okt,fvlt cgfhcsf vbth b.j lfg.hj,bkb lf mfhsekb thjdyekb bycnbnent,b^ vfs ijhbc^ mfhsekb mfkrtljyehb trktcbf^ lbl ltdyfc ufybwlblf& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc chekb lfg.hj,bc itvltu cgfhctkt,b ,thtysf ufyltdyfc wlbkj,lyty lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc pqdbcgbhtsblfy& cgfhctscf lf ,bpfynbfc ijhbc kfpbrbcfsdbc jvb lfcheklf 563 okbc pfdbs& kfpbrf ,bpfynbtkt,c lfhxfs& fv pf dbs cfmfhsdtkj thsvf ytsib ,bpfynbtkt,vf lf cgfhctkt,vf ufb.dtc& 590-bfy okt,ib cgfhctkt,c b,thbbc vybidytkjdfyb yfobkb lferfhufds& 591 otkc cgfhctkt,vf lf ,bpfynbtkt,vf thsvfytsc ijhbc ufb.dtc fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjw& |+ c-ib cgfhctkt,bcfsdbc vbcfqt,b cfhoveyjt,f vjyjabpbnj,f b.j ~vbcb fynb,bpfynbehj,bc ufvj`^ fvbnjv bcbyb cjv[eh trktcbfc vafhdtkj,lyty& hjwf cgfhctsb bekt,ekb uf[lf efhb tsmdf vfpltfyj,bc ufdhwtkt,fpt fvbthrfdrfcbfib^ cfvfubthjl vjyjabpbnehb cfhoveyjt,bc vafhdtkfl bmwf& vfy cftrktcbj vothkj,fc lffdfkf^ vjyjabpbnehb bltt,b lf cgfhctssfy ufye.htkb rfdibhbc fewbkt,kj,f tmflfuf& fv vbpybs cgfhctsbc vtabc futynt,vf its[ptc ktutylt,b^ sbsmjc mhbcnbfyj,f cjv[tsc^ mfhskcf lf fk,fytsib thsb gbhbc vbth b.j ufdhwtkt,ekb& sbsmjc mfhsekb^ cjv[ehb lf fk,fyehb fy,fyt,b fctdt thsb gbhbc vbth b.j ufvjujyt,ekb lf hjv tc #ufyvfyfskt,tkyb@ fvfdt lhjc cgfhctssfy b.dyty lfrfdibht,ekyb&

18

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

cgfhctsbc fctsvf gjkbnbrfv ufvjbodbf bc^ hjv cgfhctksf v[hblfy [fyuhkbdb lf cfcnbrb ptojkbc^ fctdt^ cjvt[sf vfqfkb cftrktcbj bthfhmt,bc mjyt,bsf lf ufdktybs wseyt,bc itltufl cjv[t,vf |+ c-bc iefokt,ib^ ythct rfsfkbrjcbc ~548-567` lhjc .dtc rht,f m& ldbyib lf vbbqtc vjyjabpbnj,f ~[fxtwfhb`& fvbc itvltu^ cgfhctsbc vbth lfg.hj,bk fvbthrfdrfcbbc mdt.yt,ib trktcbt,pt ptlfv[tldtkj,f cjv[tsbc trktcbfv vjbgjdf& fvbc yt,f vfc cgfhctsvf vbcwf& cjv[eh trktcbfc^ sfdbcb fynbmfkrtljyehb fye fynb,bpfynbehb vbvfhsekt,bc ufvj cgfhctsb |-|+ cc-ib lf fhf,j,f |+++\ cc-ib fkbtht,lyty lf rfhufl tg.hj,jlyty& sfdbc v[hbd^ ,bpfynbbc bvgthbfw wlbkj,lf^ sfdbc v[fhtpt uflft.dfyf kbthb cjv[ehb trktcbf lfsvj,bsf lf .jdtkudfhb [tkito.j,bs& fvbc ufvj cjv[ehvf trktcbfv itkj sfdbcb ufdktybc cathjib vjtmwbf cjv[tsbc eiefkjl vtpj,kfl vlt,fht fhfcjv[ehb ghjdbywbt,b^ hjujhw fk,fytsbcf^ fctdt cfmfhsdtkjcb^ hbc itltuflfw^ vrdblhb mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,f^ vfu& /thtscf lf ueufhmib^ fye mdtvj mfhskib^ cftrktcbj sdfkcfphbcbs #cjv[ehtyjdfyb@ [lt,jlf^ hflufy bm cjv[ehtyjdfyb qvhsbcvcf[eht,f bythut,jlf^ [jkj mfhsek trktcbt,cf lf ovblf obuyt,ib cjv[ehb vbyfotht,b xylt,jlf& se hjujh uf,fnjylf cjv[ehb trktcbf mfhsek vhtdkpt |+ c-bc mdtvj mfhskib fye ueufhmib^ rfhufl fxdtyt,c |++ c& lfcfo.bcbc fv,t,b& fb^ thsb nbgehb vfufkbsb% ueufhmib xdtyb lblb rfsfkbrjcb rbhbjyb ittwflf mdtvj mfhskbc ~ueufhmbc` mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bcfsdbc rdkfd lft,heyt,byf mfhsektyjdfyb obhdf-kjwdf& tc chekbfl vbeqt,tkb uf[lf cjv[ehb trktcbbcfsdbc lf rbhbjybc cfcnbrfl lfc]f uflfo.dbnf& cgfhcsf vtatv^ [jchjv 614 otkc cftrktcbj rht,f vjbodbf^ hjvtkptw cgfhctsbc bvgthbfib vw[jdht,b mhbcnbfyt,b lffdfklt,ekf #vbtqjs cjv[ehb mhbcnbfyj,f@& fvbc ufvj rbhbjyb bekt,ekb uf[lf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib uflfcekb.j& vfkt cgfhctsb /thfrkt rtbcfhvf lffvfhw[f lf vfy cjv[eh trktcbfcsfy&&& vtuj,hekb rfdibhb _ #eybf@ itrhf^ ueufhmb rb rdkfd #cjv[ehtyjdfyfl@ lfhxf cftrktcbj sdfkcfphbcbs& cojhtl fctsb ufkbtht,ekb vjyjabpbnehb ghjgfufylbc itltufl tojlf fv v[fhtc #cjv[bsb@& eahj flht rb vfc #mfhsdtksf dtkb@ thmdf& |+ c-bc ief okt,ib cfmfhsdtkjib xfvjlbfy fcehtkb vfvt,b^ bo.t,ty fmnbeh vjqdfotj,fc lf cfmfhsdtkjibdt fqtchekt,bfy |+ c-bc ,jkjc lf |++ c-bc lfcfo.bcib& se itdflfht,s thsvfytsc bv vlujvfhtj,fc^ hjvtkibw bv.jat,jlf mfhsekb trktcbf fcehtkb vfvt,bc xfvjcdkbcfc^ bv vlujvfhtj,fcsfy^ hjvtkibw bv.jat,jlf vfsb vjqdfotj,bc lfcfchekc^ lfdhoveylt,bs^ hjv bcbyb vjyjabpbneh vbvlbyfhtj,fc t,hjlyty lf ufbvfh]dtc rbltw vfcpt&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

19

540-bfy okt,ib^ hjltcfw^ mfhsekb vfnbfytt,bc vb[tldbs^ xfvjcekfy fcehtkb vfvt,b^ xdtyib vjyjabpbnj,fc vnrbwt gjpbwbt,b /mjylf& cojhtl fv gthbjlc uekbc[vj,c ubjhub vwbht^ hjvtkcfw sfdbc s[pekt,fib ubjhub vsfovbyltkbc cbn.dt,b vj/.fdc% #&&&lf dbsfhwf qdfhkb hfbvt^ lfstcekb b.eytc mdt.fyfcf xetycf ,jhjnyb bub stckyb cjvt[sfyb@& +|-| cc-ib ,thyekb tyblfy vfhskfl sfhuvybkb ov& obuyt,b vjyjabpbnsf ufdktybs |+-|++ cc-ib cjv[ehblfy [tkf[kf esfhuvybfs^ fylf htlfmnbht,f ufertst,bfs& fcehtkvf vfvt,vf 30 otkboflib ufotekb qdfokbc o.fkj,bs itktc fhf vfhnj mfkrtljybpvbc chekb ufvfh]dt,bcsdbc vbtqobfs^ fhfvtl^ hfw fhfyfrkt, vybidytkjdfybf^ mfkrtljybpvbc ufvfh]dt,fv stjhbekb cfaedtkb itmvyf mfhsekb lf cjv[ehb trktcbt,bc ehsbthslfijht,bcfsdbc^ cjv[ehb trktcbf rb sfdbcb tybcf lf reknehbc ufdhwtkt,fc wlbkj,lf vstkc bhfyek fvbthrfdrfcbfib& fct hjv^ fcehtkb vfvt,bc vjqdfotj,fv ufyfvnrbwf mfhsekb reknehbc thjdyekb cfaedtkb lf xdtyc [fk[c thjdyek-reknehekb uflfudfht,bc firfhf cfahs[t ffijhf& fcehtk vfvfsf thjdyt,bc itcf[t, c[dflfc[df vjcfpht,f fhct,j,c& pjubths vrdktdfhc vbfxybf^ hjv bcbyb mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty& tc cfrbs[b cf,jkjjl fh fhbc uflfo.dtnbkb^ vfuhfv afmnbf^ hjv vfs obyf gkfypt mfhsekb tyf /mjylfs ofvjotekb lf ufycfresht,ek.ehflqt,fc mfhsekfl cfe,fhc^ obhdf-kjwdbc mfhsek tyfpt xfnfht,fc fmwtdlyty^ hflufy tc tyf mfkrtljybpvbc tyfl b.j vbxytekb bvbc ufvj^ hjv mfkrtljybnj,f thjdyek cfhoveyjt,fl erdt |+ c-bc cfmfhsdtkjib mwtekf& #mfhskbc w[jdht,fib@ udfmdc vjvtynb^ hjwf vfs vbcfut,t,kfl ufvjcek rfsfkbrjcc fcehtkb vfvt,b mfhsekfl gfce[j,ty& hjujhw r& rtrtkbt fqybiyfdc^ fcehtk vfvt,c sfdbfysb vjqdfotj,f vjyfcnht,bc cfiefkt,bs ufye[jhwbtkt,bfs _ #fhfdbsfhb cf,esb bvbcf^ hjv xdtyib t&o& fswfvtn vfvfsf vjcdkfvlt vjyfcnht,b^ fv cbn.dbc yfvldbkb vybidytkj,bs .jabkb.j^ fh fhct,j,c& gbhdtkfl vjyfcnht,b xdtyib lfffhctc fqybiyekvf vfvt,vf&@~r& rtrtkbt^ #dtkb mfhsekb kbnthfnehbc bcnjhbf@ +& ud& 88`& sevwf #mfhskbc w[jdht,bc@ sfyf[vfl^ eahj flht df[nfyu ujhufcfkc lfefhct,bf vjyfcnthb rkfh]tsib^ fvfdt gthbjlib mfhsdtkt,c erdt /mjylfs vjyfcnht,b bthecfkbvcf lf ovblf vbofpt^ fm^ bjfyt kfpbc vjyfcnthib fqvjxylf gbhdtkb mfhsekb ofhotht,b& fvhbufl^ fcehtkb vfvt,bc qdfokbf bc^ hjv vfs mfhsek trktcbfc sfdblfy ffwbktc lblb cfahs[t vjyjabpbnj,bcf^ fye^ hjujhw vfiby eojlt,lyty^ cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc fqbfht,bcf&

20

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

|++ CF ER EYT |+ c & e vbvtc b c fe rey t b.j mf hse kb trktc bbc f lf cf[tkvobajcfsdbc^ vfuhfv cfufyut,jl eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv mfhsekb thjdyekb bycnbnent,b fh wyj,lyty cf[tkvobajc ufemvt,fc |+ c-ib& fv cfereybc rfnfcnhjaf lhjt,bs vjdktyfl vbfxylfs^ hjvtkbw vfkt ufvjcojhlt,jlf& mfhsekb trktcbf sfdbc be hbclbmwbfc vstk cfmfhsdtkjpt f[jhwbtkt,lf& |++ c-vlt obhdf-kjwdbc tyf vstk cfmfhsdtkjib mfhsekb b.j& mfhsekb trktcbbc thsbfyj,fc vjovj,c fuhtsdt c ftrktcbj yf ut,j,fsf thsbfy b cn bkbw lf cfdkts lf fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib& fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbreh vskbfyj,fpt velvbdfl lf lf,t]bst,bs othlf #mfhskbc w[jdht,f@^ #vjmwtdf~ mfhskbcf ~@ lf |+++ c-vltkb c[df o.fhjt,b& mdt.ybc gjkbnbrehb thsbfyj,f vbcb [fk[bc tsybreh thsbfyj,fc tv.fht,jlf& fqybiyekb o.fhjt,bc sfyf[vfl^ vstk cfmfhsdtkjib^ tuhbco.kblfy /thtsbc xfsdkbs^ thsbfyb mfhsdtkb [fk[b w[jdhj,lf& fqvjcfdkts-lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc +|-|++ cc-ib tojlt,jlf #.jdtkb mfhskb@& |+ c-bc ,jkj lf |++ c-bc lfcfo.bcb b.j tgjmf ujhufckbclhjbyltkb mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc fqjhbyt,bcf^ mfhsekb cfpjufljt,hbdb bycn bne nt,bc fqlutyf-f.dfdt,bcf^ vf uhf v f v f[kfl fqjhbyt,ek mdt.fyfc at[pt lflujvbc cfiefkt,f fh vbcwf /thfrkt rtbchbc kfimhj,fv& 6 3 0 -bf y okt,ib /thf rkt rtbc f hvf vbbn f wf lf cf dkts cfmfhsdtkjc pqdbcgbhf nthbnjhbt,b lf vbethsf ,bpfynbfc^ hbc itvltufw lfcfdkts tuhbcib fqbrdtsf mfhsekb tyf lf vbc yfwdkfl fm lf otclf ,thye kb qvhsbc vc f [e ht,f & lf fhc lf ,thy e kb cf tgbcrjgjcjt,b& f vhbuf l^ fhf ,t,bc itvjctdbc lhjc mfhse kb cf[tkvobaj erdt ufyflueht,ekb b.j /thfrkt rtbchbc vbth^ hfvfw fhf,t,c ufefldbkf lfikbkb mfhskbc lfvjhxbkt,f& afmnj,hbdfl^ fhf,t,c #mfhskb@^ hjujhw thsbfyb gjkbnbrehb thstekb fhw lf[dtlhbfs& /thf rktc fahs[j,lf mfhskbc cf[tkvobajc fqjhby t,f^ hflufy mfhskbc cf[tkvobaj nhflbwbekb vtnjmt b.j rfdrfcbfib ]th hjvbc^ itvltu rb hjv-,thtysf bvgthbbcf^ fvbnjv bub cfcnbrfl ufecojhlf xdtyc mdt.fyfc& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib /thfrktv trktcbt,ib lff[jwbyf mhbcnbfyt,b ~#trktcbfsf ibyf vlbyfhtyb cbc[ksfyb lbjltc@`^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib rb vybidytkjdfyb

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

21

vbof-o.fkb xfvjfwbkf mf hsek trktcbfc & f[kf e rdt mfhsekb trktc bbc behbclbmwbbc cfpqdfhb ifdb pqdbc yfwdkfl uflbjlf crfylf-ijhfgybc [fppt _ fhudtsib& sdbs fhudtsbc lblb yfobkb rdkfd mfhskbc cf[tkvobajib lf hxf^ bub fh itcekf ,bpfynbbc bvgthbfib& bcnjhbek tuhbcpt rb rjycnfynbyjgjkvf ufyf[jhwbtkf sfdbcb behbclbmwbf& ufy c [df dt,ekbf /thf rktc lfvjrblt,e kt,f c jv[ehb trktcbbcflvb ~o.fhjt,b vfc cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bcfl vbbxytdty`& |++ c-bc cjv[ehb trktcbf sfdbcb vjmybkb gjkbnbrbc o.fkj,bs ,bpfynbbcfsdbc vbcfqt,b lf yt,flfhsekb uf[lf& sdbs cgfhctspt ufvfh]dt,ekvf ,bpfynbbc bvgthfnjhvf /thfrktv vfcsfy thsj,bc [tkitrhekt,fw lflj& /thf rktc kf imhj,bc itvltu cjv[e hb trktcbf bc td mfkrtljybnj,fc lfe,heylf lf ghtntypbf ufyfw[flf mfhsekb lf fk,fyehb trktcbt,bc eakt,fvjcbkt,fpt& mfhsekb trktcbbc vtcdteht,b bekt,ekyb uf[lyty vbtvfhsfs fynbjmbbc cfgfnhbfhmjcsdbc lf ts[jdfs mfhsekb trktcbbc fdnjrtafkbbc lfcnehb^ hfsf fhw ths vtpj,tk trktcbfc vfcpt eakt,f fh /mjyjlf& [jkj |+ vcjakbj rht,fv lfelubyf mfhsekb trktcbbc vtsfehc gfnhbfhmbc^ vjwbmeksf nf[npt v]ljvbcf lf vjwbmeksf vfubthbc ojlt,f& 680-81 okt,ib rjycnfynbytgjkib itluf |+ cftrktcbj rht,f& #mfhskbc w[jdht,bc@ xfyfhsbc vb[tldbs^ tc rht,f vjeodtdbf bvgthfnjh rjycnfynbyt gjqjyfnc& rht,fv ufyb[bkf mfhsekb trktcbbc chekb lfvjerblt,kj,bc cfrbs[b lf fqbfhf vbcb lfvjerblt,kj,f^ mfhsekb trktcbbc vtsfehc vbfybzf eakt,f tnfht,byf gfnhbfhmbc nbnekb& rht,fc ufye[bkfdc fuhtsdt mfhsekb trktcbbc nthbnjhbekb fdnjrtafkbbc cfpqdht,b& fvfdt rht,fv lfflfcnehf mfhsekb trktcbbc vbth vbhjybc flubkpt rehs[tdbc eakt,f& fvhbufl^ cfmfhsdtkjc thsbfyb cfgfnhbfhmj lffhclf |++ c-ib^ hjvtkvfw bfhct,f |+++ c-bc ief okt,fvlt&

22

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

|+++ C FEREYT |+++ c-bc lfcfo.bcib cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj vtnfl vbvt vlujvfhjt,fib b.j fhf,t,bc itvjctdbc ufvj& fcts gbhj,t,ib mfhsek trktcbfc fkf fh itcotdlf ittcecnt,byf cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ek ew[j trktcbfsf kbtht,f& cjv[ehb trktcbf bctd wlbkj,lf mfhsekb trktcbbc sfdbcb ufdktybc cathjib vjmwtdfc& vfuhfv vfc itvltu^ hfw 726 otkc vfyfcrthnbc rht,fpt cjv[ehvf trktcbfv cf,jkjjl lf uflfzhbs sfdbc thsflths cfhoveyjt,fl fqbfhf vjyjabpbnj,f lf efh.j hjujhw vjyjstkbnj,f^ bct mfkrtljybnj,f lf lfuvj rfdibhb ,bpfynbbc trktcbfcsfy^ mfhsekvf trktcbfv^ hjujhw mfkrtljybpvbc thsuekvf lfvwdtkvf^ .jdtkudfhb rfdibhb ufo.dbnf cjv[eh trktcbfcsfy& |+++ cfereyt mfhsekb reknehbc ufsfdbceakt,bc cfereytf& sevwf gjkbnbrehfl cfmfhsdtkj bctd ufcfzbhibf^ vfuhfv thbc cekbthb w[jdht,bcfsdbc bvltyfl vybidytkjdfyb b.j cjv[ehb trktcbbc ufdktybcfufy sfdbc lfqotdf^ hjv vfc itltufl vj/.df reknehekb fqjhbyt,f& itvltu cfereytt,ib iteath[t,kfl dbsfhlt,f mfhsekb trktcbbc cekbthb cfufyehb^ mfhsekb /bvyjuhfabf& fvfdt cfereytt,ib ufvj,ho.bylyty ov& vjofvtyb% f,j s,bktkb ~[c& 7 bfydfhc`^ fhudtsbc vsfdht,b v[tbtt,b _ lfdbs lf rjycnfynbyt ~[c& 20 vfhnc`^ hjvkt,bw fofvtc fhf,t,vf& mfhsekb cfbcnjhbj o.fhjt,bc wyj,bs +|-|++ cc-ib cfmfhsdtkjc eojlt,lyty mfhskc^ hjvtkcfw /mjylf vrfwhfl ufycfpqdhekb cfpqdht,b vtpj,tk cf[tkvobajt,sfy& lfcfdktsbs mfhskbc cfpqdht,ib itlbjlf tuhbcb^ fqvjcfdktsib rb /thtsb^ [jkj cfv[htsbs _ wb[t se[fhbcb lf rkfh]tsb& fvhbufl^ cbn.df #mfhskbc@ mdti^ fv gthbjlib buekbc[vt,jlf vstkb cfmfhsdtkj lf fvbnjvfw mfhskbc cfrfsfkbrjcj sfdbc behbclbmwbfc f[jhwbtkt,lf fhf vfhnj fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjpt^ fhfvtl lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjptw cfrfsfkbrjcjc lffhct,bc lhjblfy^ fye +| c-lfy^ [jkj mfhsekb trktcbf sfdbc eakt,fvjcbkt,fc f[jhwbtkt,lf vstk cfmfhsdtkjpt ofhvjmvybc lhjblfydt^ fye + c-lfy& |+++ c-bc 80-90-bfy okt,ib mfhsekb cfvtaj lfbifkf cfv yfobkfl& ofhvjbmvyf #fa[fptsb@^ #mfhskb@ lf #rf[ts-/thtsb@& se fv lhjvlt #mfhskb@ fqybiyfdlf vstk cfmfhsdtkjc^ fvbc itvltu lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc erdt fqfh tojlt,jlf mfhskb^ fhfvtl tojlf fa[fptsb& fv lhjvlt #fa[fptsb@ thmdf fv;fvbyltkb vl& rtkfcehbc fye rkbcehbc bmbs vlt,fht mdt.fyfc^ hjvtkbw ,bpfynbfc tvjhxbkt,jlf& |+++ c-ib #rkbcehbc bmbsb mdt.fyf@ _ fa[fptsb^ ,thtysf ,fnjyj,bcfufy

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

23

ufsfdbceaklf& fa[fpsf thbcsfd ktjy +-c ithstc mfhskbc vtat vbhbc mfkbidbkb uehfyle[nb^ hjvtkcfw vf fh /.fdlf^ [jkj ,bf^ vtat ov& fhxbkb fhf,t,vf fofvtc& lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj^ dbsfhwf mfhskbc cfvtajc yfobkb uehfyle[nbc cfgfnhjyj mdt.fyf b.j^ hjvtkcfw bub vbcb vteqkbc^ ktjy +-bc [tkbs vfhsfdlf^ fvbnjvfw lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc fa[fpsf cfvtaj tojlf vvfhsdtkb lbyfcnbbc cf[tkbs vb[tldbs& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib lfvjerblt,tk #fa[fpsf cfvtajc@ lffhct,fc vj/.df fv cf[tkvobajib sfdbcsfdflb trktcbbc lffhct,f^ hfw ittcf,fvt,jlf cftrktcbj rfyjyt,c& fvhbufl^ |+++ c-bc itvltu mfhsek trktcbfib fhct,j,c jhb mfhsekb cfrfsfkbrjcj _ fa[fptsbc lf mfhskbc& fvfsufy vw[tsbc fye mfhskbc rfsfkbrjcb eahjc^ #e[ewtc@ rfsfkbrjcfl vbbxytdf^ [jkj fa[fptsbcf _ evwhjc^ fye #evhotvtc@ rfsfkbrjcfl& 730-bfy okt,ib cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkj uflfodf vehdfy .hev& vbcb ofcdkbc itvltu rkfh]tsib fqluf jgbpbc vjyfcnthb& fvhbufl^ cfvjyfcnhj w[jdht,bc fqjhbyt,f cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjib ]th rbltd uhbujk [fystkfvlt lfbo.j& ov& uhbujkvf rb vstkb tgjmf itmvyf nfj-rkfh]tsbc cfvjyfcnhj w[jdht,fib^ uffxfqf afhsj cfvjyfcnhj vityt,kj,f^ [fysfib lf ifn,thlib _ vfvfsf^ [jkj vthtcf lf ueyfsktib ltlfsf vjyfcnht,b lffaeyf& ov& uhbujkbc vjofatt,vf vhfdfkb vjyfcnthb lfffhctc& fmtlfy ufycfresht,bs fqcfybiyfdbf bi[ybc vjyfcnhbcf lf cftgbcrjgjcjc lffhct,f& cfvjyfcnhj vityt,kj,f lfbo.j ,fhtstksfib^ o.fhjcsfdib^ ytdib& ov& uhbujkvf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib lffaeyf e,bc vjyfcnthb& rkfh]tsib xfcdkblfy lff[kjt,bs 50 okbc itvltu ov& uhbujkb bmfeh vjyfcnthsf fhmbvfylhbnfl lfflubytc& vfc sfdbcb vjyfcnht,bcfsdbc bthecfkbvbc cf,fovblbc nbgbrjyb feqbf& itelutybf /bvyjuhfabekb rht,ekb cfotkboflj #bflufhb@& cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc bv;fvbyltkb vlujvfhtj,bc erts ofhvjcfxtyfl ufdb[ctyjs rbltd thsb afmnb% cf,thytsbc trktcbbc v.elhjt,f sbsmvbc vstkb cfereybc vfybkpt lfhqdtekb b.j [fnv,hjksf vbth& [fnsf sf.dfybcwtvf ufvjw[fllf rthgvcf[eht,fl lf bltdyt,jlf ,bpfynbbc rtbcht,bcf lf cfvqdltkjt,bc vbth& fhfbidbfsb b.j cfg.hj,bkt lf cbrdlbkbs lfc]fw rb& fv lhjc cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbf sbsmvbc thsflthsb trktcbf b.j^ hjvtkbw dtk otcc bwfdlf lf [fnsf sf.dfybcwtvfc fh efh.jalf& rjycnfynbyjgjksfy ufo.dbnf rfdibhb uestsvfw& hjujhw ,thyekb o.fhjt,b flfcneht,ty^ uestsbc tgbcrjgjcbc rehs[tdf vj[lf b,thbfib&

24

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

+\-\ CFE R EYT T ,B +\-\ cc-ib cfmfhsdtkj bhbsflfl ufsfdbceaklf fhf, lf c[df lfvg.hj,sfufy^ hfvfw cfiefkt,f vbcwf mfhsdtk thc ittmvyf sfdbcb cf[tkvobaj thstekt,b _ fa[fptsbc^ nfj-rkfh]tsbcf lf rf[ts-/thtsbc cfvtajt,b^ fvfc itltufl vj/.df thbc reknehbc fqjhbyt,f& xylt,bfy vothkt,b^ trktcbbc cfzbhjt,bcfsdbc cfufkj,kt,c mvybfy tgbafyt vjqdfhb _ [fystkb ~|+++-+\ cc&`^ vfrfhb keststkb _ [fystkcf,fovbyltkb ~+\ c&`^ ,fcbkb [fystkb ~+\ c&`^ ubjhub vthxekt ~+\-\ cc&`^ vbmftk vjlhtrbkb ~\ c&`^ bjdfyt vn,tdfhb ~\ c&`^ tphf ~\ c&`^ bjdfyt mjymjpbc t ~\ c&`^ rehlfyfb-rdbhbrt ~\ c&`& fv cfereytt,ib bmvyt,f /bvyjuhfabekb tukt,b _ rht,ekt,b^ bmvyt,f cfufkj,kt,b^ kbcgbht,b^ fv cfereytt,ib vjqdfotj,ty #ybyjc + /bvyjuhfab@ ~|+++-+\ cc&`^ #ybyjc ++ /bvyjuhfab@ ~+\-\ cc&`^ #rjycnfynb rf[bc /bvyjuhfab@ ~+\-\ cc&`^ cfvjtk vufkj,tkb^ vothfkb bjfyt ,jkytkb ~+\ c&`^ #ybyjc +++ /bvyjuhfab@ ~+\-\ cc&`^ vc[tvb ptlfpytkb ~\ c&`^ lfdbs ufht]tkbc /bvyjuhfat,b ~+\-\ cc&`^ bjdfyt vbyx[b ~\ c&`^ cntafyt z.jylbltkb ~\ c&`^ #f,erehfbc@ vktmcfdb ~+\ c&`^ ubjhub cf,fovbltkb-cbytkb^ bjfyt-pjcbvt^ abkbgt ,tsktvtkb ~\ c&`& fv cf erey tt,ib gf ktcn byfib bmvyt,f /bvyjuhfabekb rht,ekt,b% #cfotkboflj bflufhb@ lf c[d& mfhsekb tyf +\-\ cc-ib chekbfl /.dfdbc lf dbsfhlt,f& |+++ c-bc itvltu cf mfhsdtkjib f hct,j,c jhb mfhsekb cfrfsfkbrjcj& 830 otkc tc afmnb fqbfhf ~wyj` vtat ,fuhfn +++ rehfgfkfnvf lf ufyfotcf rfsfkbrjcb fa[fptsc& fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc ofhvjij,fv cfzbhj uf[flf ufhrdtekb.j vbhjybc cfrbs[b& fhct,j,lf jhb upf _ fa[fptsbc f[fk cfrfsfkbrjcjc fy sdbsdt eylf trehs[t,byf vbhjyb^ fylf vbtqj c[df eptyftcb trktcbbcufy& tahtv vwbhbc vb[tldbs^ | c-ib 451 okbc mfkrtljybc rht,bc itvltu^ .dtkf trktcbfc^ lf vfs ijhbc mfhsekcfw^ yt,f vbtwf flubkpt trehs[t,byfs vbhjyb& fct hjv^ tahtvbc sfyf[vfl^ | c-lfydt brehs[t,jlf vbhjyb cfmfhsdtkjib& hjujhw ubjhub vthxe kt udfeo.t,c #uhbujk [fy stkbc w[jdht,fib@^ f[kfl lffhct,ek fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc bthecfkbvblfy vj/mjylf vbhjyb^ itvltu rb^ bthecfkbvbc gfnhbfhmbc ufyotct,bs^ mfhskbc cfrfsfkbrjcjlfy qt,ekj,lf vbhjyc^ dbyfblfy lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj dtksfufydt mfhskbc yfobkfl vbbxytjlf% #hfvtse gbhdtkfl fqvjcfdfkbcf ~buekbc[vt,f fa[fptsbcf` rfsfkbrjcsf vb/hjyb bthecfkbvbs vj/.dfylf^ [jkj tahtv mhbcntcvbthbsf ,hfyt,bsf^ vb/hjybc rehs[tdf mfhskc

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

25

ufyfotcf bthecfkbvbc gfnhbfhmbc ufyotct,bsf lf ofvt,bsf cb[fhekbs^ fhfvtl mfhskfl ahbflb mdt.fyf fqbhfw[t,bc^ hjvtkcfwf ibyf mfhsekbsf tybsf ;fvb itbobhdbc lf kjwdf .jdtkb fqtchekt,bc@ _ xfyc^ fct eylf ufb[cyfc edtktcb ntmcnbc mfhfuvf& 978 otkc ,fuhfn +++-bc lhjc cfmfhsdtkj ufthsbfylf lf fqluf b,thbbc fye mfhskbc cfvtaj& cfmfhsdtkjc thsbfy cf[tkvobajl fqlutyf ufyfgbhj,f mfhsdtkb thbc ibyfufyvf vjyljvt,fv lf thjdyekb sdbsituyt,bc fvfqkt,fv&

\+ CF ER EYT #mfhskbc cfvtajc@ fqlutyf-htcnfdhfwbbc cehdbkb bvltyfl kbthb b.j |+-\ cc-ib^ hjv |+++ c-vlt mfhsekb cfpjufljt,hbdb fphb fh wyj,lf thsbfyb #mfhskbc cfvtajc@ lfikfc lf #mfhskb@ rdkfd thsbfy mdt.fyfl tcf[t,jlf ifdb pqdblfy ,fhlfdfvlt& |+++ c-bc itvlujv^ vfhsfkbf^ itbmvyf #fa[fpsf@^ #nfj-rkfh]tsbc@^ #rf[ts-/thtsbc@ cfvtajt,b^ vfuhfv sbsjtekb tc mfhsekb cf[tkvobajt,hbdb thstekb wlbkj,lf uftthsbfyt,byf cfmfhsdtkj lf fqtlubyf b,thbbc dtkb cfvtaj& lf fb^ 978 otkc vtat ,fuhfn +++-bc lhjc fqluf b,thbbc fye #mfhskbc cfvtaj@^ cfmfhsdtkj ufthsbfylf& 1010 otkc ,fuhfn +++-v sfdbc cfvtajc rf[ts-/thtsbw itvjethsf& fvbs htcnfdhbht,ek bmyf afhyfdfp vtabc vbth lffhct,ekb afhyfdfpbfy-[jchjbfysf b,thbbc cf[tkvobaj& cfmfhsdtkjc thsbfy cf[tkvobajl fqlutyf ufyfgbhj,f mfhsdtkb thbc ibyfufyvf vjyljvt,fv^ ufycfresht,ekfl ufphlbkvf thjdyekvf sdbsituyt,fv& cfmfhsdtkjc ufthsbfyt,fc^ cftrktcbj rfyjyt,bc sfyf[vfl^ sfy eylf vj/.jkjlf fa[fptsbcf lf vw[tsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjsf ufthsbfyt,f cfmfhsdtkjc thsbfy trktcbfl& vfhskfw^ fqybiyekb jhb cfrfsfkbrjcjcufy itbmvyf thsb cfgfnhbfhmj& itmvybcsfyfdt vbc gbhdtk gfnhbfhmc vtkmbctltr +-c #fqvjcfdktsbc gfnhbfhmb@ eojltc vbc behbclbmwbbcmdtif nthbnjhbbc cblblbc ufvj& vtkmbctltr + b.j ,fuhfn +++-bc yfstcfdb lf vbcbdt ufphlbkb& gfnhbfhmfl lflujvbcsfyfdt vtkmbctltrb uftvupfdhf rjycnfynbyjgjkib cfbvgthfnjhj rfhpt& xfyc^ bvbcfsdbc^ hjv rjycnfynbyjgjkc twyj mfhsekb trktcbbc cfgfnhbfhmj qbhct,f& hjujhw bhrdtdf^ rjycnfynbyjgjkvf wyj cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc cfgfnhbfhmj qbhct,f lf cfgfnhbfhmj wtynhc _ cdtnbw[jdtkc lf cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmc vtkmbctltrc cfxemhfl uflfcwf vlblfhb

26

+ gthbjlb +-\+ cc

vjyfcnthb lf 105 cjatkb& fv afmnc flfcneht,c \+-\+++ cc& bcnjhbekb cf,est,b& s,bkbcbc fhf,vf fvbhfv _ fkbv vtkmbctltrbc s[jdybs trktcbf uflfcf[flt,bcfufy uffsfdbceakf& ,fuhfn +++-bc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu bo.t,f jvb ,bpfynbbc bvgthbfcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc& tc b.j fhf tgbpjlehb it,hjkt,t,b^ fhfvtl lblb jvb^ hjvtkbw fsoktekj,bs ufuhtklf lf hjvtkibw eiefkjl vjyfobktj,lyty ,bpfynbbc bvgthfnjht,b lf cfmfhsdtkjc vtatt,b& jvb lfbo.j ,fcbkb ++-bc lhjc 1021 otkc lf lfvsfdhlf rjycnfynbyt vjyjvfmjcbc lhjc 1054 otkc& bv[fyfl cfmfhsdtkjib vtaj,lyty ubjhub + lf ,fuhfn +|& cojhtl ,fuhfn +|-bc lhjc ito.lf ,bpfynbf-cfmfhsdtkjc jvb lf lfblj cfvidblj,j pfdb& ,fcbkb rtbcfhc bvtlb /mjylf^ hjv vbc itntdfc cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtaj dth ufekt,lf lf lfbikt,jlf^ vfuhfv mfhsekb trktcbf udthlib fvjeluf cf[tkvobajc& mfhsekb trktcbf ,bpfynbbc vbth lfg.hj,bk res[tt,ib cfsfdtib xfeluf cf[fk[j jvc lfvg.hj,sf obyffqvltu& bvlhjbyltkb it[tlekt,bs^ ,bpfynbf lf vbcb bvgthfnjht,b b.dyty ,eh]yb vcjakbj mhbcnbfyj,bcf& bvgthfnjht,c sf.dfyc cwtvlyty^ hjujhw qdsbc yt,bc fqvchekt,tks& fk,fs fvbs b.j ufvjodtekb bc^ hjv mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bc thsb yfobkb ,bpfynbbc v[fhtc uflfdblf& mfhsdtk cfvqdltkjt,fc ,bpfynbfcsfy jvib mfhsdtkb #odhbkb thb@ hjv fh ufvjta[bpkt,byf^ vnthb ufvjb.tyt,lf vfs uekohatk mhbcnbfyj,fc sfdbc cfcfhut,kjl& mfhsekb trktcbbc fmnbehvf gjpbwbfv fv jvib ufvjbodbf ,bpfynbbc cfvtaj rfhbc hbc[df mfhsekb trktcbbc vbvfhs& mfhsekb trktcbf vodfkt,tksf fhfvfskvflblt,tk trktcbfl ufvjw[fllf& lfbo.j mfhsekb vjyfcnht,bcf lf ,tht,bc ltdyf bvgthbfib& cftzdjl ufvjfw[fltc mfhsekb trktcbbc sfdblfydt fhct,ekb vhfdfkb eakt,f& \+ c-ib cjv[ehb trktcbf vodfkt,keh trktcbfl vbbxytjlf ,bpfynbfib& mfhsek trktcbfc bv lhjbcfsdbc ]th rbltd tn.j,jlf cjv[ehb trktcbbc ufdktybc rdfkb& cojhtl tc ufvjb.tytc ,bpfynbtkvf bltjkjut,vf mfhsekb trktcbbc vfhskvflblt,kj,fib tzdbc itcfnfyfl& cbyfvldbktib fhfdbsfhb #qdfhkbs@ fh .jabkf it,bkoekb mfhsekb vfhskvflblt,tkb trktcbf& ,thyt,vf qdfhkfl vbbxybtc pjubthsb ovblf obuybc sfhuvyf-htlfmnbht,f cjv[ehb tyblfy& fv fphc dth lfdtsfy[vt,bs& itekt,tkbf fhfvfhskvflblt,kehfl xfbsdfkjc trktcbf bv vbptpbs^ hjv bc cftrktcbj cfzbhjt,bcfsdbc obuyt,c cjv[ehb tyblfy sfhuvyblf fy fhtlfmnbht,lf&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

27

hjujhw mfhsdtksf^ bct ,thtysf ijhbc .jabkfy #vf,hfkj,tkyb@ lf #vf.dtlht,tkyb@^ hjvkt,bw coeyj,lyty mfhsek sfhuvfyt,c fv v[hbd^ hjv bcbyb fh vb/.dt,jlyty bv lhjc ufdhwtkt,ek ,thyek htlfmwbt,c& #vf,hfkj,tksf@ lf #vf.dtlht,tksf@ ufvhfdkt,f \+ c-bc lfcfo.bcib ufvjbodbf #,bpfynbf-cfmfhsdtkjc@ jvvf& bvbcfsdbc^ hfsf vjtcgjs ,thyt,bcfsdbc mfhsdtksf vodfkt,kt,fl ufvjw[flt,bc cf,f,b^ tmdsbvt lf ubjhub vsfovbltkt,b lf vfsb crjkf ovblf othbkbc vfyfvlt fhct,ek sfhuvfyt,c vfmcbvfkehfl ef[kjt,lyty ,thyek o.fhjc& \ c-bc ief okt,blfy ,bpfynbbc kbtht,bc lhjc vfy sfdbc udthlbs dth buef cfmfhsdtkjc ufthsbfyt,ekb cfvtaj& \+ c-bc vtjht yf[tdfhib chekbfl itbwdfkf ,bpfynbbc hjujhw cfufhtj^ bct cfibyfj vlujvfhtj,f^ sehm-ctk]ert,bc itvjctdt,bc ufvj fv lhjc bvgthbf rhbpbcc ufybwlblf& cojhtl fvbs b.j ufvjodtekb^ hjv \+ c-bc 50-bfy okt,ib ,bpfynbbc bvgthbfv uflfcby]f sfdbcb lfvjrblt,ekt,f cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajcflvb& f[fk tgjmfib ,bpfynbfc czbhlt,jlf thsuekb^ vfcpt lfvjrblt,ekb^ vbcb ufdktybc mdti v.jab mdt.fyf& fvbnjv cfvokbfyb vjkfgfhfrt,f 1054-1057 okt,ib ,bpfynbfcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc lfvsfdhlf cfvidblj,j pfdbs& cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajc vtsfehsf vbpfyb vjkfgfhfrt,bc lhjc ,bpfynbfcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc ehsbthsj,bc yjhvfkbpfwbbc ufhlf b.j cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc cfgfnhbfhmj eakt,t,bc wyj,f^ hjujhw ,bpfynbbc cf[tkvobajc^ fctdt rjycnfynbyjgjkbc cfgfnhbfhmjc vbth& gbhdtkb ofhvfnt,f^ hfcfw ltktufwbfv vbfqobf^ b.j bc^ hjv ito.lf mfhsdtkb ,tht,bc cfcnbrb ltdyf ,bpfynbbc bvgthbfib^ rthjl rb^ bdthbjyib& cfmfhsdtkjc ltktufwbf vjkfgfhfrt,bcfc ahbfl ofhvjvflutykj,bsb b.j& rjycnfynbyjgjkib ,fuhfn vtat lf vfhbfv ltljafkb xf,hfylyty vsfdht,bcf lf ofhxbyt,ekt,bc sfy[kt,bs& dbyfblfy ltktufwbfc cftrktcbj cfmvtt,bw eylf vjtudfht,byf^ fsjybc vsblfy xfvjdblf ubjhub vsfovbltkb _ bv lhjbc .dtkfpt lblb fdnjhbntnb trktcbbcf _ lf ltkfufwbbc veifj,fib vbbqj vjyfobktj,f& ubjhub vsfovbltkb rjycnfynbyjgjkblfy uftvupfdhf fynbjmbfcf lf bthecfkbvbc cfgfnhbfhmjt,ib& fynbjmbbc gfnhbfhm gtnht +++-c ubjhub vsfovbltksfy cfufyut,j cfe,ht,b /mjylf #rfyjysfsdbc cftrktcbjsf@ lf fuhtsdt #cfhoveyjt,bcs A c vfhskbcf@& ubjhub vsfovbltkc^ vfc itvltu^ hfw gtnht +++ lfehoveyt,bf^ hjv mfhsekb cfgfnhbfhmjc itmvyf fh tobyffqvltut,jlf #cftrktcbj rfyjyt,c@ lf hjv fv f[fkb cfgfnhbfhmjc itmvybs fh lfhqdtekf #vfhsfkb cfhoveyjt,f@^ fynbjmbbc gfnhbfhmb sfdbcsfy bf[kjt,c& gfnhbfhmb

28

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

vj[b,kekf ubjhubc cekbthb cbvfqkbsf lf wjlybs^ fvbnjvfw bc fynbjmbbc cfgfnhbfhmjc cfmvtt,bc vjudfht,fcfw rb mfhsdtk ,thc fylj,lf& sfdbc gbhfl w[jdht,fcfw vfc epbfht,lf& gtnht +++-bc lhjc xfnfhlf fynbjmbbc cftrktcbj rht,f^ hjvtkvfw fqbfhf cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc cfgfnhbfhmj eakt,t,b lf ito.dbnf mfhsekb trktcbbcf lf mfhsdtkb ,tht,bc ltdyf& vfuhfv fv ltdybc htwblbdt,b 1057 okbcfsdbc vfbyw fhct,j,lf& fynbjmbbc rht,bc itvltu gtnht +++-c lbl[fyc fqfh ewjw[kbf& bub 1057 otkc ufhlfbwdfkf& ubjhub vsfovbltkb it[dlf f[fk gfnhbfhmc stjljcbc ~stjljht`& ,thtyb ,tht,bcfufy ofmtpt,ekvf gfnhbfhmvf ubjhub vsfovbltkc ufyew[flf% mfhsekb trktcbf fynbjmbbc trktcbfc eylf tvjhxbkt,jltcj lf lftvemhf rbltw _ se fct fh bmyt,f^ vfiby vstkc ,bpfynbbc bvgthbfib ufuhtklt,f mfhsekb trktcbbc ltdyfj& fynbjmbbc gfnhbfhmb t.hlyj,jlf #gtynfhmbbc@ its[pek stjhbfc^ hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw fdnjrtafkehb v[jkjl bc trktcbf itbkt,f b.jc^ cflfw vjwbmekvf bmflfuf& fynbjmbbc trktcbf gtnht vjwbmekbc lffhct,ekfl vbbxytjlf^ [jkj fynbjmtksf fphbs cfmfhsdtkjib fh emflfubf fhw ths vjwbmekc& ubjhub vsfovbltkvf lfecf,esf stjljcbc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbf fylhbf gbhdtkojlt,ekbc vbthff lffhct,ekb lf cdbvjy rfyfytkbw xdtyc mdt.fyfibf lfrhfkekb& itvltu rb gfnhbfhmc vbcbdt kjubrblfy ufvjvlbyfht gfce[j,c% hfrb cbn.df lfvjhxbkt,fc itt[j^ eahj ]thjdfyb bmyt,f^ se smdtyb trktcbf lftvjhxbkt,f xdtyc trktcbfc^ dbyfblfy fylhbf mhbcntc gbhdtkb vjofat b.j lf vfy vjeojlf sfdbc vfc gtnhtcj& gfnhbfhmb cfdct,bs lfhoveyt,ekbf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib vjwmekt,c emflfubfs lf ubjhub vsfovbltkbc gfce[c vfcib rtsbkujybtht,f fqehfdc& fvhbufl^ 1054-1057 okt,ib ,bpfynbehvf cfgfnhbfhmjt,vf fqbfhtc mfhsekb trktcbbc afmnj,hbdfl fhct,ekb f dnjrtaf kehj,f lf ito.dbntc vbcb erfyjyj ltdyf&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

29

CFMFHSDT KJC TRKTCBBC BCNJHBBC ++ GTHBJLB^ \++-\|+++ CC& ~hebc-e h,ybcbc rht,blfy fdnjrtafkbbc ufemvt,fvlt` \++ CF ER EYT \++ c-ib cfmfhsdtkjib elbltcb vybidytkj,bc vjdktyt,b vj[lf& 1089 otkc ufvtalf 16 okbc lfdbsb^ itvltu fqvfityt,kfl ojlt,ekb& vfy vtnfl vbvt vlujvfhtj,fib v.jab cfvtaj vbbqj& sehmsf sfhtibc itltufl^ hjvtkbw okt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib uhtklt,jlf^ cfmfhsdtkj fj[ht,ekb b.j& s,bkbcb erdt 400 okbc ufyvfdkj,fib fhf,sf [tkib b.j& rf[tsb lfvjerblt,tk cfvtajl mwtekb.j& mdt.fyfib ibyffikbkj,f ceatdlf^ lbludfhjdfy fpyfeht,c qfkfnbcfrty tzbhfs sdfkb lf vtabc [tkbceakt,bc itcecnt,f toflfs& vfqfkb bthfhmyb lbludfhjdfy fpyfehsf ohbc ofhvjvflutytkyb b.dyty& mdt.ybc wty nhfkbpfwbbc vjobyffqvltut f kt,b vtabc vjobyffqvltut lbludfhjdyt,c ezthlyty v[fhc^ pjub vfsufyb trktcbbc vfqfkb atybc ofhvjvflutytkb b.j^ hjvtkbw trktcbfib sfdbcb vfqfkb ofhvjij,bcf lf cbvlblhbc o.fkj,bs b.j vj[dtlhbkb& vfs hebc-eh,ybcbc rht,bc tukbcothf #eqbhct,c@ eojlt,c& lfdbs fqvfityt,tkvf bhbsflb eo.t,fyb ~cfibyfj^ abyfycsf^ cfv[tlhj` eiefkjl vtabc dtpbhc _ vobuyj,fhse[ewtcc _ z.jylbltkc lfemdtvlt,fhf& vfcdt tmdtvlt,fht,jlf cfvtaj cgfw& bub vtatcsfy thsfl o.dtnlf jvbc lfo.t,f-fhlfo.t,bc cfrbs[c lf pju]th jvibw vblbjlf& ubjhub z.jylbltkbc eiefkj [tkvqdfytkj,bs vj[lf wb[t-mfkfm cfvidbklbc fqt,f 1110 otkc^ hfcfw mdtvj mfhskbc vsfdfh wb[tsf ufysfdbceakt,fw vj/.df& cfvidbklbc fqt,fv sehmt,c sfdpfhb lfcwf^ ceksfyvf 100 000 rfwbfyb kfimfhb ufvjupfdyf^ vfuhfv lfdbsvf ckbf lf sehmt,b ufbmwyty& ubjhub z.jylbltkvf vnthc hecsfdbw offhsdf _ tc vj[lf 1115 otkc& 1118 otkc .bdxfqt,bc cfmfhsdtkjib xfvjcf[kt,bc cfmvtw lfdbsvf ubjhub z.jylbltksfy thsfl vjfudfhf& .bdxfqt,b mfhsdtk vtatc cfpqdht,bc lfcfwfdfl lf ew[jtsib cfkfimhjl tcfzbhjt,jlf& bcbyb lfcf[kt,ekb /.fdlf cfpqdht,pt^ sfyfvtlhjdt cjv[tscf lf fpth,fb]fyib ~ibhdfysfy`^ fvbnjvfw .bdxfqt,b mfhsdtkt,c fh itho.vbfy& lfdbs fqvfityt,kbc .jdtkb ufvfh]dt,f mhbcnbfyj,fcsfy b.j lfrfdibht,ekb^ mhbcnbfyj,bc vnht,bc lfshueydbcfrty vbvfhsekb& ]dfhjcfysf jvbc lfo.t,bcfc vtat .jdtkv[hbd t[vfht,jlf vfs&

30

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

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cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

31

qvhsbc vbth bctsb ybzb /mjylf ,jt,ekb^ hjv fhfdbcb cfmvt lf cbn.df^ rtsbkb se ,jhjnb fh lftvfkt,jlf^ fvbnjvfw dthw lblb lf dthw vwbht jhuekj,fcf lf qfkfnc dth e,tlfdlf& fctdt vqdltkvsfdht,b^ vqdlkt,b^ lbfrdyt,b^ vjyfpdyt,b lf .jdtkb rfwb cfmvtc otcbthfl frtst,lf^ fvbnjvfw b.j otcbtht,f^ rfyjybtht,f^ gfnbjcyt,f& ths[tk vtatc cjvt[sf tgbcrjgjct,vf cs[jdtc^ hjv xftnfht,byf rht,f^ cflfw bmyt,jlf cbn.dbcut,f lf h]ekbc ufvjbt,f^ bv gbhj,bs^ hjv se cjv[t,b lfvfhw[lt,jlyty^ h]ekbc thsj,fc lfsfy[vlt,jlyty lf sfdbfysc itfxdtyt,lyty^ [jkj se ufbvfh]dt,lyty _ vfiby ,hfyt,f eylf ufwtvekb.j^ hfsf fqfh tojlt,byfs vfssdbc vodfkt,kt,b lf fh ittxdtyt,byfs& vtatv vjbodbf mfhskbc rf sfkbrjcb bjfyt^ tgbcrjgjct,b^ vtelf,yjtyb lf fhcty b.fksjtkb^ c[df vtwybtht,b lf ,htyb rfwt,b& lfbo.tc rfvfsb wbcrhblfy cfqfvjc w[hf cffsfvlt& vjto.byf vtatc lf es[hf vfs% #smdty^ vfvfyj^ ufehrdtdtk cbqhvtt,ib it[dfks^ itewyj,tkc [tlfds^ hjujhw abkjcjajct,b lf xdty fh itudbkbf ufut,f^ hjujhw ecofdktkt,cf lf thbcrfwt,c& smdty bwbs^ hjv vt ijhcf dfh cofdkekt,bcf lf vtwybtht,bcfufy^ hjujhw cfv[tlhj cfmvtt,ib fqphlbkb^ fvbnjvfw ecofdktkb lf vfhnbdb cbn.dt,bs utn.dbs smdty@& tc hjv smdf^ bctsb bufdt,bs ufcwf cjv[t,c gfce[b^ hjv egfce[jl lf ecbn.djl lfnjdf bcbyb^ hjujhw jltcqfw ,fcbkb lblvf ofhvfhst,b fstyib& vodfkt,kt,vf cf]fhjl fqbfhtc lfvfhw[t,f& vtvfnbfyt lfdbsc f[fcbfst,c^ hjujhw #vnht,bcufyfw rb cfofltkc lf cfsyjt,bs cf.dfhtkc@& vtaj,lf 36 otkb lf hjujhw lfdbsvf cjkjvjyb^ vfy sdbsdt lfcdf nf[npt sfdbcb t ltvtnht^ .jdkbsehs vcufdcb vfvbcf lf lffluf sfdpt udbhudbyb gfnbjcfyb mdt,bcf^ itfhn.f otkpt vf[dbkb^ cdbfyfl [vfht,ekb lf itvjcf gjhabhbs^ lfekjwf w[jdht,f& fct ufwdfkf mdt.ybehb vjmfkfmtj,f ptwbeh cfceatdtkpt^ cflfw fhbc idt,f lf cb[fhekb^ cflfw fh fhbc voe[fht,f lf fhbc cbwjw[kt^ hjvtkcfw dth itfvqdhtdc cbrdlbkb& cf[tkjdfyb lf lblt,ekb vtat 1125 o& 24 bfydfhc ufhlfbwdfkf& lfdbs fqvfityt,kbc itvltu^ sfvfh vtatvlt^ t&b& ltvtnht +-bc^ lfdbs |-bc lf ubjhub +++-bc lhjc^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv tc vtatt,b c[dfj,lyty ehsbthsbcfufy hjujhw pytj,hbd-vjmfkfmtj,hbdb sdbct,t,bs^ bct gjkbnbrehb fkqjsb^ cf[tkvobajcf lf trktcbbc ehsbthsj,bc cnhemnehfib fhct,bsb wdkbkt,t,b fh vjv[lfhf& bubdtc dth dbn.dbs sfvfhbc gthbjlpt^ ufycfresht,bs^ vbcb vtaj,bc gbhdtk okt,pt& fewbkt,tkbf fqbybiyjc hfvltybvt bhbsflb vjvtynb&

32

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

lfdbs fqvf ityt,kbc lhjblfy vf qfk sf yfvlt,j,t,pt fhf isfvjvfdkj,bsb lf udfhjdyek-ojlt,hbdb ybiyt,bs^ fhfvtl gbhflb qbhct,t,bs fobyfeht,lyty& ubjhub +++-cfw evfqktcb #cf[tkjt,b@ qbhctek lf thsuek #eudfhjsfsdbc@ /mjylf vbwtvekb& f[kf^ erdt sfvfhbc lhjc^ fqfh bcehdtc lblt,ekt,vf dtk [tkbceafksf [tkmdtbsj,f lf vjbs[jdtc .e,fcfhbcf lf fahbljybcfsdbc sfyfvlt,j,bcf lf mjyt,bc xfvjhsvtdf& sfvfhvf lfsvj& dfrfynehb flubkt,bcfsdbc lblt,eksf ijhbc mbigj,f ufxfqlf& sfvfhvf egbhfntcj,f v[fhuhtkt,c vbfybzf& ufycfresht,bs ffvfqkf pfmfhbf^ fuhtsdt cfhubc^ bdfyt lf fdfu v[fhuhtkt,b& vtvfnbfybc sfyf[vfl^ bdfyt v[fhuhtkvf^ hjvtkcfw sfvfhvf vbcb s[jdybc sfyf[vfl fsf,fuj,f e,jf^ afmnbehfl eqfkfnf cfmfhsdtkjc ifkdf lf bdfyt f[fkwb[tkt,bc iehbc ufvj& fctdt fh ufvjbxbytc thsuekt,f lfyfhxtyvf v[fhuhtkt,vfw& cfmfhsdtkjc ufthsbfyt,bcfc z.jylbltk-vobuyj,fhse[ewtct,b sfdlflt,ekfl b,hjlyty thsbfyb mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc itmvybcfsdbc^ cfmfhsdtkjc ufthsbfyt,bcfsdbc^ fsf,fuj,bc bycnbnenbc itvjqt,bc itvltu rb cfmfhsdtkjc thsbfyb cf[tkvobaj lfvfhw[lf lf lfbifkf& z.jylbltkbc lhjbyltkb rjycjkblfwbf fv lhjc iehvf lf qfkfnvf itwdfkf& #js[vf v[fhuhtkvf@ lf vfsvf isfvjvfdkt,vf z.jylbltkj,f dth ufcobtc& w[flbf^ cfvtaj rfhpt vjyjabpbnb fvbhcgfcfkfhbc fqptdt,bs vfhskvflblt,tkb trktcbf rvf.jabkb fh bmyt,jlf& fm cfabmht,tkbf bc^ hjv hjujhw rfsfkbrjcb^ bct dtkb cfvtajc lblt,ekt,b uhyj,lyty _ f[fkb gjkbnbrbs ~vjyjabpbnt,bc fqptdt,bs` cf[tkvobajc itbkt,jlf lblb gjkbnbrehb vfhw[b ufytwflf& y& ,thtybidbkbc fphbs^ tc vfhskfw fct vjv[lfhf lf kfif-ubjhub fv vfhw[bc ufvjcojht,fc ittwflf& kfifubjhub wtynhfkbcnehb ntyltywbt,bcrty vblhtrbkb vvfhsdtkb b.j& vfy ufybijhf v[fhuhtkt,b& sfvfhbc tc lfdbs fqvfityt,kj,f lf vbcb ef[kjtcb vtvrdblhtt,bc lhjbyltkb vkfdhb cfvtaj [tkbceakt,bc fqlutyf cehlf& kfif cfcnbrfl lffvfhw[tc fqptdt,ekvf lblt,ekt,vf _ fsf,fuvf lf c[df v[fhuhtkt,vf& vtatc cf[tkb ufent[tc lf bub c[df lblt,ekt,bc^ [fk[bcf lf vjhoveytt,bc sdfkib eyt,bc.jaj lf fvjhfkeh flfvbfyfl ofhvjfxbytc& kfif f[fkufphlf ufhlfbwdfkf& vfs hecelfyb uffvtatc& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv pfmfhbf v[fhuhtkb thjdyt,bs mehsb^ cfhoveyjt,bs cjvt[b^ gjkbnbrehfl rb mfhsdtkb v[tlfhsvsfdfhb lf vjqdfot b.j& sfvfhbc vjqdfotj,bc lfcf[fcbfst,kfl vsfdfhbf vbcb cfufhtj lf cfibyfj gjkbnbrehb vbqotdt,b^ lf fctdt vbcb cf[tkvobajc ufcfjwfhb /evfyehj,f^ hjvtkbw sfdbc v[hbd^ cfabmht,tkbf^ lfdbs fqvfityt,kbc cekbth vtvrdblhtj,fc taeyt,jlf&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

33

lfdbs fqvfityt,kbc fylthb ~fuhtsdt vbcb #ufkj,fyb cbyfyekbcfyb@` fh b.j lfafhekb vbcb itvlujvb sfj,t,bcfsdbc& eahj vtnbw^ xfyc^ vbcb fqchekt,f mfhsdtk cf[tkvobaj vjqdfott,c sfdbfys vjdfktj,fl vbfxylfs^ ufycfresht,bs^ sfvfh vtatc& fvfpt bcbw vbesbst,c^ hjv sfvfhbc bcnjhbrjcb ,fcbkb tpjcvjqdfhb cojhtl fv fylthc bqt,c cfpjvfl sfvfhbc vjqdfotj,bc itafct,bcfc& sfvfh vtatc vf/vflbfysfufy ufysfdbceakt,ekb mdt.yt,b eiefkjl rb fh itvjethst,bf sfdbcb cfvtajcfsdbc^ fhfvtl bcbyb .vflyfabw mdt.yt,fl emwtdbf& fvbs fv mdt.yt,bc cfvtaj #cf[kt,bcfsdbc@ cfvtaj eakt,t,b iteyfhxeyt,bf^ eahj vtnbw^ #lfukf[frt,ekb@ vtatt,b ufevlblht,bf& lfdbs vtatvlt^ obyf cfereytt,ib^ mfhsdtkb thb sdbsjy b.j c[df tht,bc fuhtcbbc j,btmnb* vbcb vskbfyb fkbc[vtdf bv lhjc sfdbceakt,bc vjgjdt,bcf lf ufthsbfyt,bcfrty b.j vbvfhsekb^ vfuhfv^ hjujhw rb thsbfyb^ rfdrfcbbc vfcinf,bc ekbthtcb cf[tkvobaj itmvyf^ vfy efhb ufyfw[flf c[dfsf lfg.hj,f-fcbvbkfwbfpt^ ufvjfv;qfdyf elbltcb ibyfufyb cbs,j lf cb.dfhekb^ rfwsvj.dfhtj,f _ tc b.j sfvfhbc cf[tkvobaj gjkbnbrf^ hjvtkbw^ hjujhw bsmdf^ lfdbsbc /evfybpvc taeyt,jlf& cojhtl hjv^ cfjwfhbf ief cfereytt,bcfsdbc fvudfhb vjmvtlt,f% [tkvobat^ hjvtkcfw itekbf c[dfsf vbot,bc vbsdbct,f^ efhc fv,j,c fvfpt^ fylf byfybt,c #cf[kbc cf[kpt@ ithsdfc& fv res[bs se uflfd[tlfds dtkb vcjakbjc cf[tkvobajsf gjkbnbrfc^ cek c[df cehfsc lfdbyf[fds& [tkvobatt,b bvbs fvf.j,lyty^ hfvltyb mdt.fyf lfbg.htc^ lffyuhbtc^ vjcgtc& fv sdfkcfphbcbs fhf vfhnj fcehtsbc lf ehfhnec [tkvobatt,b^ fhfvtl fhw hjvbcf lf ,bpfynbbc bvgthfnjht,b b.dyty ufvjyfrkbcyb^ sehmek-cgfhcek cf[tkvobajt,pt hjv fqfhfathb dsmdfs^ sdbs \+\ c-bc #wbdbkbpt,ekb@ cf[tkvobaj vjqdfott,bw fctdt bmwtjlyty& gfdkt wbwbfyjdb hectsbcflvb lfevjhxbkt,tk ths stvc cothlf% #&&&smdty yfvldbkfl abmhj,s^ hjv vt mfhsdtkb dfh lf ,tlfds fct othfc& vt hectsib lfdb,flt lf ufdbpfhlt& xtvib hecekb cekbf& lfbwflts xtvc vjcdkfvlt lf vfiby vt smdty cf[k-rfhc rb fh lfubodfds^ smdty lfuodfds lf smdtyc wjk-idbkc ibuytekj,fc ufvjdqflhfd&&&@ lbf[^ vfhsfkbf gfdkt wbwbfyjdb^ hjwf sfdbc sfdc fhfmfhsdtk gjkbnbreh vjqdfotl vbbxytdc^ hflufyfw mfhsdtkb gjkbnbrjcbcfsdbc vbeqt,tkbf vcufdcb mvtlt,fyb& thsb xdtyb vjqdfot fv,j,lf% #thb sfdbc yfvldbk cf[tc elbltcb cbkbthbc lhjc fv;qfdyt,c@& sfvfhbc fv /evfybpvc fhfmfhsdtkvf [fk[t,vf ufcfjwfhb cb.dfhekbs egfce[tc& bub fhf vfhnj mfhsdtk thc^ fhfvtl rfdrfcbbc ~ufycfresht,bs vsbfytsbc^ xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc` [fk[t,cfw e.dfhlfs&

34

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

sfvfhbc cf[tkvobajib vrfwhfl b.j lfwekb qfhb,sfsdbc cf[tkvobaj itvjcfdkbc vtfstlbc ufyfobkt,bc otcb& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv mfhsekb cf[tkvobajcfsdbc itvjcfdkbc vtfstlbc uflfwtvf qfhb,sfsdbc lfdbs fqvfityt,kfvltw nhflbwbekb b.j& vfuhfv sfvfhb^ bctdt^ hjujhw lfdbs fqvfityt,tkb^ qfhb,t,c fhf vfhnj cf[tkvobaj mjyt,fc^ fhfvtl gbhfl mjyt,fcfw^ sfdbcb [tkbc ihjvbs ittybkcfw eyfobkt,lf& cfbynthtcjf^ hjv bub gbhfl mjyt,fc cfvtaj mjyt,bcufy ufyfhxtdlf^ vfiby^ hjwf xdtekt,hbd^ atjlfkeh mdt.yt,ib fctsb ufhxtdf fh bwjlyty& vtvfnbfybc cbn.dbs^ sfvfhvf cekbthb cbvidblt cfpjufljt,fibw lffvrdblhf& vbc lhjc vfshf[bc wtvbsf lf c[tekbc fcjt,bc vjrdtsbs lfc]f fqrdtsbkb b.j& afmnbehfl vjbcgj cbrdlbkbs lfc]f& sfvfhbc /evfybpvbc ufycfresht,ek ufvj[fnekt,fl eylf xfbsdfkjc vbcb lfvjrblt,ekt,f c[df htkbubehb fqvcfht,kj,t,bcflvb& cfvtajc ufafhsjt,fc^ f.dfdt,f-ufaehxmdyfc^ cf[tkcf lf lblt,fc sfvfhbc gbhjdyt,fib cbfvf.t fh fqehfdc& sfvfhbc gjkbnbrf^ w[flbf^ ufyc[dfdlt,jlf lfdbs fqvfityt,kbc cf[tkvobajt,hbdb vbvfhsekt,bcfufy^ vfuhfv vjekjlytkb fh .jabkf^ hflufy afmnbehfl bc b.j mhbcnbfyek vjhfkpt lfaeyt,ekb gjkbnbrf^ lf c[dfsf ijhbc^ vfc stjhbekb cfaedtkb sdbs lfdbsvf vbcwf^ hjujhw sfdbcb vjqdfotj,bs^ bct wyj,bkb fylthbsf lf #ufkj,fyb cbyfyekbcfybs@^ cflfw bub yfyj,lf^ hjv eahj vtnfl /evfyehb gjkbnbrbc ufy[jhwbtkt,f dth itkj^ sfvfhvf rb ufyf[jhwbtkf& lfdbs vtabc cf[tkvobaj vjo.j,bc ptvjs vj.dfybkb it[tlekt,fyb mfhsdtk cfpjufljt,fc vbexytdbf^ hjujhw cfghjuhfvj stjhbf^ fylthb& fvbnjvfw^ xfyc^ sfvfhc ewlbf fqtchekt,byf bc lf vskbfyb cf[tkvobaj cbcntvf vbcb ufy[jhwbtkt,bcfsdbc lfemdtvlt,fht,bf&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

35

\+++ C FEREYT sfvfhbc lhjbyltkb f.dfdt,ekb mdt.fyf hecelfybc vtaj,bcfc vjyqjkt,vf lfbg.htc& fvfc rb oby ]fkfktlbybc kfimhj,f lf s,bkbcbc bfdfhmvyf ecoht,lf& 1225 otkc [dfhfpvif ]fkfktlbybc itvjctdbcfc hecelfyvf mfhsdtksf kfimfhc v[fhuhtkb bdfyt fsf,fub ecfhlkf& it,hjkt,f cfmfhsdtkjc cjatk ufhybcsfy ~cjv[tsib` vj[lf& mfhsdtksf kfimfhb lfvfhw[lf lf vfhw[bc vbptpb ehsbthsiehb lf vnhj,f b.j& fv jvib mfhsdtksf kfimfhib vtobyfdtyb vtc[t,b b.dyty _ ifkdf lf bdfyt f[fkwb[tkt,bc vtsfehj,bs& otcbs^ vsfdfhcfhlfkc lfv[vfht fkf eylf vbtidtkt,byf mfhsdtk obyfv,hjkt,bcfsdbc^ vfuhfv^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv f[fkwb[tkt,vf vhfdfkupbc itesdfktc^ bdfyt fsf,fuvf ]fhb fh vbfidtkf& bdfyt f[fkwb[tkb fv jvib vjrktc^ [jkj ifkdf n.dtl xfbultc& bub ]fkfktlbyvf vfibydt hjlb vjrkf^ sfdbcsfy lfbnjdf lf lblb gfnbdbs tg.hj,jlf& nr,bkb cbn.dbs ittwflf^ hjv ifkdfc c]ekb lftnjdt,byf^ vfuhfv dthfahbs ufnt[f& vhfdfkb nfy]dbc itvltu ifkdf f[fkwb[tkb vjofvtj,hbdb cbrdlbkbs fqtchekf lf ovblfybc udbhudbyb [dlf obkfl& vtvfnbfyt fv,j,c^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc lfwtvfcf lf ufyflueht,fc ~]th [dfhfpvtkt,bc^ itvltu rb vjyqjkt,bc vbth` cfaedtkb cojhtl fv jvib lftlj& ufhybcbc jvib mfhsdtksf kfimfhc fhw ejvbf vwbhthbw[jdfyb yfobkbc ufhlf^ hjvtkbw f[fkwb[tkt,bc vtsfehj,bs vnhbc epfhvfpfhb kfimhbc obyfit vfhnj fqvjxylf& v[fhuhtkb vsfdfhcfhlfkb^ bdfyt fsf,fub erebmwf lf cflqfw xfbrtnf& vfylfnehse[ewtcvf^ fctdt v[fhuhtkvf ifyitvfw v[jkjl sfdbc gbhfl cfufvut,kjpt ~fybcpt` bpheyf& vjyqjkt,sfy vfsb vjudfht dfhfv ufutkbw lfpfdlf^ [jkj cfmfhsdtkjc c[df res[tt,b cfcnbrfl bh,tjlf& ]fkfktlbybc kfimfhb ufhc itvjfluf s,bkbcc& hecelfyb fb.fhf lf ofdblf mesfsbcc& s,bkbcbc vwdtkfl lfnjdf kfimfhb lf ,jwjc tyb _ ,bbyf lf ,jwj& s,bkbctkvf cgfhctkt,vf vnthc rfhb qfkfnbs ufeqtc& mfkfmb jvbc fcgfhtpfl bmwf& vnthb eo.fkjl vechfdlf s,bkbctkt,c& ceksfyvf cbjybc uev,fsb vjf[cytdbyf lf ,bkob lfcf]ljvtkb ffityt,byf& cbjybc [fnt,b _ eakbcf lf qvhsbcvij,kbc^ [blbc sfdsfy lfflt,byf lf ,hfyf^ hjv itg.hj,bk mhbcnbfyt,c at[bs uflftdkjs vfspt& dbyw efhc bn.jlf^ bmdt rkfdlyty& cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv vjrkeksf hbw[dvf 100 000-c vbfqobf& sfdbc v[hbd fhw eafkvf vbfnjdf sfdbcb cfvo.cj _ mfhsdtkb thb lf vfc fv ufcfzbhib vhfdfkupbc ittobf& \+++ c-bc lfvltublfy xbyubp [fybc vtsfehj,bs vjyqjksf ufthsbfyt,ekvf cf[tkvobajv vcjakbjc vybidytkjdfyb yfobkb fpbfcf lf

36

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

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cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

37

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38

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

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cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

39

upf fe,ybf lf vjyfcnthbw lfh,tdfc uflfhxf& vtvfnbfyt mfhsdtksf sfdlflt,bc efvhfd itvs[dtdfc fqothc& vfufkbsfl^ bdfyt f[fkwb[tkbc bc _ lfdbsbcf^ hjvtkbw hecelfy vtabc vbth vjyqjksf .ftysfy ufupfdybk cfmfhsdtkjc fvbhcgfcfkfhc - fdfuc f[klf sfy* vtc[tsbc vsfdhbc cfhubc wb[bc]dfhtkbcf _ cfmfhsdtkjc vtabc _ eke lfdbsbc uflfcfhxtyfl sfdb hjv ufobhf ~1264`& vcufdc sfdlflt,fsf hbw[dc vbtresdyt,f ovblf wjnyt lflbfybc cf[tkjdfyb uvbhj,fw ~1246 o&`& hjujhw .jdtkbdt ptvjsmvekblfy xfyc^ vjyqjksf itvjcdkbcfc^ vfhsfkbf^ cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdhj,fv ececehj,bc ufvj cthbjpekb obyffqvltuj,bc ufotdf dth vjf[th[f^ vfuhfv thvf sfdbcb ibyfufyb vfqfkcekbtht,bs cfmfhsdtkjc uflfhxtyf lf vjyqjksf ,fnjyj,bc eqkbc uflfult,f itlfht,bs vjrkt lhjib itkj& vjyqjkt,b fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib 100 otkb ,fnjyj,lyty ~hectsib _ 300 otkb`^ sfyfw lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj lfeg.hj,tkb lfhxfs& hfw vsfdfhbf^ fh vj[lf vjyqjk-mfhsdtksf ehsbthsithtdf lf mfhsdtkj,f ew[j [fk[ib fh fcbvbkbhlf^ vfiby^ hjwf c[df tht,c vjyqjkt,vf sfdbfysb tsybrehb cf[t vbcwtc& thsuekt,f lf cb.dfhekb dtkmfhsekb sdbct,ff^ sevwf^ hjujhw erdt bsmdf^ mfhsdtkt,bcfsdbc fhw thsvfytsbcflvb iehb lf vnhj,f .jabkf ew[j^ iehlfs ufycfresht,bs ufvjhxtekb flfvbfyt,bcf& iehb vnhj,fc ,flt,lf^ hfw ufvjxtybk mfhsdtkt,c thsvfytsc fijht,lf& mfhsdtksf tc sdbct,f vjyqjkt,cfw itevxytdbfs _ #smdty^ mfhsdtkyb^ fhf rtsbkc e.jas v[ytl v,hjksf o.j,fsf ibyf@& fv yfrkc sdbsjy mfhsdtkt,bw rfhufl uhyj,lyty% #xdty ehsbthsc lfevjhxbkt,tk dfhs@& xfyc^ tc sdbct,fw b.j ths-thsb bhbsflb vbptpb bvbcf^ hjv vjyqjkt,sfy cf,hjkdtkfl thsbfyb mfhsekb ahjynb dth itbrhf^ mfhsdtkb ofhxbyt,ekt,b dth ufthsbfylyty vjyqjkt,bc obyffqvltu^ sevwf wfk-wfkrt fkpt vybidytkjdfy fkfc ofhvjflutylyty& cfmfhsdtkjc ufyflueht,fc^ ibyffikbkj,bc ufhlf^ [tkb vbcvf utjuhfabekvf vlt,fhtj,fvfw iteo.j& bub thsvfytsbcflvb cfvrdlhjcfcbwjw[kjl uflfrblt,ek jh ehljc ijhbc ~xhl& lf cfv[h& ehljt,b` fqvjxylf& rfdrfcbjybc uflvjcfcdktkt,b^ lfhbfkbcf lf^ yfobkj,hbd^ lfhe,fylbc rfht,b mfhsdtksf [tkib b.j^ fvbnjvfw ehljsf ijhbc fnt[bkb mbigbs gbhdtk hbuib cojhtl mfhsdtkt,b pfhfklt,jlyty& fcts cfcnbr lhjc mfhsekb cfvqdltkjt,f fhfse cfmfhsdtkjib bwfdlf mhbcnbfyj,fc^ fhfvtl vbc afhukt,c ufhtsfw rb fdhwtkt,lf& mfhsdtkb vbcbjytht,b ovblf cf[fht,fc rfdrfcbbc vsbfytsib _ lfqtcnfyib mflfut,lyty& fctst,b b.dyty gbvty cfkjcb ufht]blfy lf fynjy yfj[ht,tkbc t^ vtc[tsblfy&

40

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

\+| CF ER EYT \+| c-bc lfcfo.bcib ufvtalf ubjhub ,ho.bydfkt& vfy sfdbcb crbgnhbc mdti vstkb lfcfdktsb^ cfv[htsb ~vtc[tsb` lf fqvjcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj itvjbrhb,f& gbhdtk hbuib vfy vtc[tsb ~cfvw[t-rkfh]tsb` itvjbvnrbwf ~vjyqjksf sfy[vj,bs`& itvltu mdt.ybc cfpqdht,blfy jct,b ufftdf^ hjvtksfw flubk-flubk lf,t,b lf wb[tt,b tzbhfs& fv lhjbcfsdbc^ xfyc^ jct,c vjyqjkt,bcfufy pehub bct fqfh /mjylfs ufvfuht,ekb^ hjujhw obyf vtatt,bc lhjc& vjyqjkb [tkbceafkyb ubjhub vtabcflvb rfhufl b.dyty ufyo.j,bkyb& vtatv rfdrfcbbc eqtknt[bkt,bw sdbsjy lfbzbhf lf rfdrfcbfib .jdtkb vjobyffqvltut itvechf& fvbs jct,c mfhskib itvjcfcdktkb upt,b vjtzhfs lf mdt.fyfv vfsufy vjbcdtyf& jct,bc mfhskblfy uftdt,f vjyqjksf ,fnjyj,bc uflfult,bc ybifybw b.j& vfkt sdbs vjyqjk [tkbceafksf ijhbc cfcnbrb jvt,b lfbo.j^ vfsb cf[tkvobajc thsj,f vjbcgj lf mdt.fyf sbsmvbc lfbifkf& fvbs cfcohfajl bcfhut,kf vtat ubjhubv lf cfmfhsdtkj vjyqjksf ,fnjyj,bcfufy uffsfdbceakf& tc afmnb cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajc kbtht,fptw vbesbst,c^ hflufy c[df mdt.yt,ib vjyqjkt,b fvbc itvltufw rdkfd lbl[fyc ,fnjyj,lyty& vtatv cfmfhsdtkjc fqlutyf dtk cfpqdht,ib _ ybrjacbblfy lfhe,fylfvlt byt,f& vfy ]th lfhe,fylbc vbvfhsekt,bs itvjbvnrbwf hfyb^ hbc itvltu lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc itvjvnrbwt,f uflfo.dbnf& vfy lfikbkb cfmfhsdtkj rdkfd uffthsbfyf lf vcufdcfl lfdbs fqvfityt,kbcf^ fqfdcj bub lf fqfityf^ lfyuhtekb lf vjj[ht,ekb trktcbt,b ufyff[kf lf ufyfyfskf& hfyb^ vjdfrfyb^ ifhdfyb sfdbc vj[fhrtt,fl fmwbf& .dtkf vnthb^ cflfw ev]j,tcb b.j ,hjkbs lf fkbs^ [jkj cflfw c]j,lf^ cb,hyt-ujybtht,bsf lf vtwybtht,bs lfbvjhxbkf lf lffvidblf& ubjhub ,ho.bydfktc e.ehflqt,jl fhw cftrktcbj cfmvtt,b lfenjdt,bf& vfy itrhb,f mfhskbcf lf fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjct,b^ tgbcrjgjct,b chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjcb lf itcf,fvbcb lflutybkt,f vbfqt,byf& rht,bc vjyfobktt,vf #ufyff[ktc otcyb&&& lf eotcehyb ufy/rdtstc@& vfy cfmfhsdtkjc afhukt,c ufhtsfw ufyfvnrbwf mfhsekb trktcbbc eakt,t,b^ rthjl _ bthecfkbvib& fv lhjc bthecfkbvbcf lf vf[kj,tkb fqvjcfdktsbc ovblf flubkt,c tudbgnbc ceksyt,b akj,lyty& fhflf^ erdt \++ c-lfy vsfdfhb cfkjwfdb flubkt,b mfhsdtkt,c /mjylfs lfrfdt,ekb& lfdbs fqvfityt,tkvf cbyfc vsbc bc vodthdfkbw lfbrfdf^ cflfw dtkb fqsmvbc sfyf[vfl vjctc qvthsb ufvjtw[flf&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

41

cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbrehb kbtht,bc ith.tdbcsfyfdt mfhsdtkt,bc vlujvfhtj,f gfktcnbyfibw itbh.f& bthecfkbvbc ]dhbc vjyfcnhblfy ~hjvtkbw ghj[jhtc sfjcyj,bs b.j fut,ekb` mfhsdtkb ,tht,b \+++ c-bc 60-70-bfy okt,ib vf/vflbfyt,vf ufftdtc lf nffhb vbpubsfl fmwbtc& hjujhw vrdktdfhyb dfhfelj,ty^ mfhsdtkt,vf1305 okbcfsdbc^ vfhsfkbf^ #cfhrbyjpsfufy@ ~vfvkemt,bcfufy` ]dhbc vjyfcnhbc ufsfdbceakt,f itktc^ vfuhfv cfpheyfdb ,tdhb hxt,jlf& vfufkbsfl^ mhbcntc #fqlujvbc trktcbf@^ #ujkujsf@ lf mhbcntc #cfakfdb@ ~thsb cfvjyfcnhj rjvgktmcbf` rdkfd tudbgntkt,c tg.hfs& ubjhub vtatc jh]th ufeupfdybf tkxt,b tudbgnbc ceksfysfy 1316 lf 1320 okt,ib& lblb qdtybs tf[kf gbgfb ceksfyc^ ceksfyvf cb[fhekbs vbbqj qdtyb lf #vbcwyf rkbntyb bthecfkbvbcfyb@& 1331-41 okt,ib bthecfkbvib v.jab ew[jtkb vjupfehb fqybiyfdc% mhbcntc cfakfdbc cfkjwfdbc ufcfqt,b mfhsdtkt,bc [tkibf lf rtyzcfw fhfdbc fktdty fv cfakfdblfyj& mhbcntc cfakfdbc ufcfqt,b mfhsdtksf [tkib \| c-bc ief okt,fvlt .jabkf^ cfyfv vfs bub ahfywbcrfytkt,vf fh xfvjfhsdtc& \+| c-ib vjyfcnht,ib rdkfd ufxfqt,ekbf itvjmvtlt,bsb veifj,f& fv lhjc itbmvyf jhbubyfkehb mfhsekb s[pekt,fyb _ kerf bthecfkbvtkbcf lf ybrjkjp ldfkbc vfhndbkj,fyb^ itluf rht,ekt,b^ ituhjdbk bmyf [tkyfotht,b& \+| c-ib mfhsdtkt,c gtnhbojybc vjyfcnthbw vnrbwtl tg.hfs& bv lhjc bm ]th rbltd mfhsektyjdfyb cfcofdkt,tkb _ ctvbyfhbf fhct,j,lf& ubjhub ,ho.bydfkt bqdojlf^ hfsf rdkfd fqtlubyf cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajc ufdktyf nhfgbpjybc cfrtbchjib lf ofhvfnt,bsfw& ubjhub ,ho.bydfkt #rtsbkb vtaj,bs vtaj,lf@ 28 otkb& bub s,bkbcib ufhlfbwdfkf 1346 otkc& stveh-ktyubc itvjctdfvlt cfmfhsdtkj itlfht,bs vidblfl lf lfo.yfht,bs w[jdhj,lf& mdt.fyf thsbfyb lf sfdbceafkb b.j& mfhsekb cf[tkvobaj afmnbehfl vstk fvbthrfdrfcbfc vjbwfdlf& fct b.j fhf vfhnj ubjhub ,ho.bydfktc lhjc^ fhfvtl vbcb vtvrdblhtt,bc^ cfmfhsdtkjc vtatt,bc _ lfdbs +\-bcf ~1346-1360` lf ,fuhfn |-bc lhjcfw& cojhtl ,fuhfn |-bc cfvtajc itvjtcbf stveh-ktyub& stveh-ktyuvf [fyuhkbdb lfg.hj,bsb jvt,bc itltufl epfhvfpfhb cf[tkvobaj itmvyf^ hjvtkbw fqvjcfdktsbs xbytsbc lbl rtlkfvlt b.j uflfzbvekb^ xhlbkjtsbs _ wtynhfkeh hectsfvlt^ lfcfdktsbs [vtksfief pqdfvlt lf tudbgntvlt& vfhsfkbf^ cfmfhsdtkjc sbsmvbc vstkb rfdrfcbf sfdbcb rjynhjkbc mdti /.fdlf vjmwtekb^ vfuhfv bc stvehbc cf[tkvobajcsfy itlfht,bs vfbyw

42

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

evybidytkj b.j& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ stveh ktyuc cfmfhsdtkjc obyffqvltu ,hjkf ufezbhlf lf vbcb lfg.hj,f afmnbehfl dthw itkj^ sevwf rb cfcnbrfl uffyfluehf& cf,jkjjl vhfdfkokbfyb jvb fv jh cf[tkvobajc ijhbc pfdbs lfvsfdhlf& 1386-1403 okt,ib stveh-ktyub cfmfhsdtkjc 8-]th itvjtcbf& vbc obyffqvltu mfhsdtkt,b fhf vfhnj sfdlfwdbs jvc fofhvjt,lyty^ fhfvtl pju]th vbc vbth lfg.hj,bk mdt.yt,ibw bzht,jlyty lf stvehbc vnht,c lf[vfht,fc eotdlyty ~fkfy]bc wb[bc fqt,f^ yf[bztdfybc cfyf[t,bc lfh,tdf^ bmblfy ufvjmwtekb stvehbc vjcbc[kt eakbcoek nf/thbc lfafhdf`& mfhsdtkt,b stveh-ktyubc vjcbc[kt jmhjc ehljc rfdrfcbbc rfht,c e[cyblyty& stvehbc kfimhj,bc itvltu cf mfhsdtkjv itkj sfdbcb cf[tkvobajt,hbdb thsbfyj,f^ mhbcnbfyj,f lf thjdyekb reknehf dtkt,ehfl lftwdf^ vfuhfv xhlbkj rfdrfcbehb njvt,b vbcufy erdt fhf v[jkjl vjo.dtnbkyb^ fhfvtl eahj vtnbw^ lfgbhcgbht,ekyb b.dyty^ hfvfw vjvltdyj cfereytt,ib cfmfhsdtkjc kbtht,bc lfv[j,fc lblfl iteo.j [tkb& stveh ktyufvltw^ bhfytkb bk[fyt,bc vjyqjkehb cf[tkvobajw velfv wlbkj,lf sfdbcb rjynhjkbc mdti vjtmwbf rfdrfcbbc uflvjcfcdktkt,b lf fvbs sfdbcb egbhdtktcb vnhbc _ jmhjc ehljcsdbc bhfyib lf fvbthrfdrfcbfib itvjzhbc itcfkt,kj,f vjtcgj& sfdbc v[hbd^ pjubthsb mfhsdtkb [tkvobat jmhjc ehljcsfy rfdibhbs bk[fysf vjuthbt,fc wlbkj,lf& jmhjc ehljcsfy lfrfdibht,bs sfdbcb gjkbnbrf cfmfhsdtkjc fhw stveh-ktyubc lhjc itewdkbf& fvbnjvfw^ stvehb^ vcufdcfl dtkb bhfytkb gjkbnbrjct,bcf^ ittwflf rfdrfcbtkb njvt,b vf/vflbfyj,bc ufdhwtkt,bs lftvjhxbkt,byf& fvbs^ afmnbehfl erdt \| c-bc lfcfo.bcibdt itbmvyf cfmfhsdtkjc ufhitvj vecekvfyehb ufhtvjwdbc hrfkb^ hfvfw lfchekt,ekb cf[t jcvfksf vbth rjycnfynbyjgjkbc fqt,bc itvltu vbbqj& stveh-ktyuvf rfhufl bwjlf^ hjv fkf^ hjvtkbw fthsbfyt,lf^ bwfdlf lf vnhbc obyffqvltu vtluhfl f,hjkt,lf cfmfhsdtkjc^ mhbcnbfyj,f b.j^ fvbnjvfw bc .jdtkb qjybs wlbkj,lf mhbcnbfyj,bc fqvja[dhfc lf vf/vflbfyj,bc ufdhwtkt,fc^ vfuhfv dthfathc vbfqobf& stveh-ktyuvf vhfdfkb cftrktcbj ufyb ufpblf cfmfhsdtkjlfy^ vfs ijhbc evsfdhtcb _ obuyt,b& cflfw rb ittkj^ trktcbf-vjyfcnht,c .dtkufy fyuhtdlf^ [jkj mhbcnbfy vjcf[ktj,fc fh bylj,lf& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ mfhsdtkb mhbcnbfyt,b cfcnbr obyffqvltuj,fc eotdlyty stvehc& vfc ezbhlf mfhsdtksf obyffqvltu jvb& tc vbc bcnjhbrjccfw rb fqeybiyfdc _ cfmfhsdtkjib jvb fldbkb fh b.j _ fv mdt.fyfib sdbs fktmcfylht vfrtljytkvfw cbhw[dbkb zfvf _ stvehvf rb ufvfh]dt,f vjbgjdfj _ lferdt[ybf vfc&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

43

mdfsf[tdbc vjyfcnthib stveh-ktyubc ]fhbcrfwt,vf wjw[kfl lfodtc mfhsdtkb mhbcnbfyt,b^ cfvqdltkjt,f^ ,th-vjyfpdyt,b& obyfcofh vfs mhbcnbfyj,bc efh.jaf itcsfdfptc^ vfuhfv efh.jabsb gfce[bc vbqt,bc itvltu^ cfcnbrfl fofvtc^ itvltu rb [tkat[itrhekyb lfeodfds ovblf lblvjofvtyb& fv lhjc bcbyb ufkj,lyty& mdfsf[tdbc qvhsbcvij,kbc vjyfcnhbc rtlkt,cf lf bfnfrc lbl[fyc fxylf lfvodfhb ovblfyt,bc ytinsf rdfkb&

\| CF ER EYT 1403 otkc stveh-ktyuvf pfdb lflj cfmfhsdtkjc vtatcsfy& vnthb bekt,ekb uf[lf mfhsekb mhbcnbfyekb cf[tkvobajc fhct,j,f twyj& 1405 otkc stveh-ktyub ufhlfbwdfkf& vnhbc ehljt,bc ofcdkbcsfyfdt vtat ubjhub |++-v mdt.fyf fhfse ufovbylf vjv[lehsf yfist,bcfufy^ fhfvtl cfv[tlhj vjmvtlt,f mdt.ybc ufhts uflfbnfyf& bkfimhf yf[bztdfycf lf ufy]fib^ fycf lf fhphevib& 1407 otkc ubjhub vtat ,hjkbc dtkpt lfbqegf& nf[npt vbcb vf rjycnfynbyt fdblf^ hjvtkbw fctdt ,hjkbc dtkpt vjrktc _ ibhdfyib& vbc itvltu vbcb t fktmcfylht ufvtalf^ lblfl ojlt,ekb& fktmcfy lht vtatc ~1 412-1442 oo&` chekbfl cfmfhsdtkj tvjhxbkt,jlf^ sevwf rb stveh-ktyubc itvlujvfl cfmfhsdtkjc vbofo.f kb itvwbht,ekb b.j& itwdkbkb b.j tsybrehb ufhtvjwdfw& cfmfhsdtkjc vtpj,kfl f[kf erdt sehmt,b^ fylf ufsehmt,ekb vjcf[ktj,f w[jdhj,lf& vjcf[ktj,bc ufsehmt,fc [tkc eo.j,lf bcbw^ hjv fv lhjbcsdbc sdbs vjyqjksf ufsehmt,bc ghjwtcbw vbvlbyfhtj,lf^ vjyqjkt,b rb mdt.ybc vg.hj,tkt,b b.dyty& fvbc ufvj cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtajc vbof-o.fkb fqvjcfdktsbc vbvfhsekt,bs itvwbhlf& fctsbdt vlujvfhtj,f b.j cfv[htsfqvjcfdktsbc vbvfhsekt,bsfw^ rthjl^ cfmfhsdtkjc itvflutykj,fib fhf se fybcb fqfh itlbjlf^ fhfvtl kjhtw rb vf/vflbfysf vbth .jabkf vbnfwt,ekb& mfhsekb cf[tkvobaj lf ^ w[flbf ^ mfhsekb trktcbf dth itehbult,jlf mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bc ufvf/vflbfyt,f-ufsehmt,bc ghjwtcc^ ufycfresht,bs rb kjhtc vw[jdht,sf^ hjvtkbw s,bkbcsfy _ cfmfhsdtkjc wtynhsfy f[kjc vlt,fhtj,lf& mfhsekb trktcbbc cfztsvg.hj,tkc^ rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhm stjljhtc^ vf/vflbfysf vbth lfg.hj,bkb kjhtc wb[bc obyffqvltu ufkfimht,fib fkpt vybidytkjdfyb vjyfobktj,f vbeqbf& ,hjkbc oby rfsfkbrjcb fv[ytdt,lf lf cekbthfl

44

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

ufyfvnrbwt,lf kfimfhc& #rfsfkbrjp stjljhtc vjmflfutj,fc evjmvtlybf lf vbcb xfujyt,bsf lf ufv[ytdt,bs fqahsjdfyt,ekc cfmfhsdtkjc ]fhc kjht vnhbcfsdbc ofehsvtdbf lf sdbsjy lfezthbf@ ~bd& ]fdf[bidbkb`& tc 1431 otkc vj[lf& 1434-35 okt,ib fktmcfylht vtatc cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc cbdybtsbc v[fht itvjethst,bf 60 000 mhbcnbfyb cekbs& cfvtajc dtkb kbtht,bc fqlutyfc [tkc lblfl eikblf bc^ hjv vjcf[ktj,bc hbw[db cfmfhsdtkjib cfthsjl^ lf ufycfresht,bs fqvjcfdktsib^ fkpt itvwbhlf& fvbnjv vtat lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjlfy vjcf[ktj,bc yfobkc fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc its[tkt,ek v[fhtt,ib fcf[kt,lf& fktmcfylht vtat lblfl pheyfdlf cfmfhsdtkjc ufyflueht,ekb trktcbf-vjyfcnht,bcf lf wb[tt,bc fqlutybcfsdbc& 1412 okblfy^ ufvtat,bcsfyfdt ufeuhtkt,bf sfdbcb cekrehs[tekb ,t,bf _ hecfc lfo.t,ekb cfveifjt,b cdtnbw[jdkbc lblt,ekb nfhbc fqcflutyfl lf lff[kjt,bs 1431 otkc lfevsfdht,bf& fktmcfylht vtatc epheybf fuhtsdt cf,thytsib lf gfktcnbyfib vlt,fht mfhsek trktcbf-vjyfcnht,ptw& vfibyltk vcjakbjib cfmfhsdtkjc bwyj,lyty^ hjujhw lbl mhbcnbfyek mdt.fyfc& wyj,bkbf^ hjv cojhtl fv cfereytib itluf cfthsfijhbcj [fcbfsbc cftrktcbj rht,f _ athfhf-akjhtywbbcf& tc rht,f dbsjvlf cftrktcbj ufthsbfyt,fc bcf[fdlf vbpyfl& vfcpt^ hjujhw fvfc otcb vjbs[jdlf^ lbgnb[b bmyf lfwekb& c[ljvbc lfh,fpib ths v[fhtc sfyvbvltdhj,bs lfc[tc ]th cfgfnhbfhmj qbhct,bc vmjyt vfhskvflblt,tk trktcbfsf ofhvjvflutykt,b^ vfs itvltu rb vfspt hfyubs lf,kf vlujvyb& cfgfnhbfhmj trktcbt,bc hbuib rjycnfynbyjgjkbc^ fktmcfylhbbc^ fynbjmbbc^ bthecfkbvbc gfnhbfhmt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjc cfgfnhbfhmj trktcbbc ~cf,est,ibf _ #cfmfhsdtkjc vtabc@` ofhvjvflutytkbw lfcdtc^ hjvtkbw bv lhjbcsdbc vbnhjgjkbnb cjahjyb .jabkf^ hjvtkvfw fv rht,fpt vnrbwtl lfbwdf vfhskvflblt,kj,f& tc vbesbst,c bvfpt^ hjv mfhsekb trktcbbc qbhct,bc uhyj,f bv lhjbcfsdbc bctdt vfqfkbf^ hjujhbw tc \+-\++ cc-ib b.j& fktmcfylhtc lhjc mdt.fyfib thsbfyj,f lf vidblj,f ceatdlf^ [jkj cfufhtj gjkbnbrfib dtkt,ehfl fqluf cfmfhsdtkjc ufdktyf vbc vtpj,kt,pt& vtatc sfdbcb cb.dfhekb mhbcntc vbvfhs bvbsfw ufvjev;qfdyt,bf^ hjv cbwjw[kbc erfyfcrytk okt,ib vtaj,fpt efhb esmdfvc^ ,thfl itvlufhf lf vjyfpdyfl fqrdtwbkf& fktmcfylhtc cbwjw[ktibdt ufvtalf vbcb t df[nfyu +++ ~1442-1446`^ [jkj itvltu vbcb vf _ ubjhub |+++ ~1446-1466`& mdt.fyfib ufesfdt,tkb

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

45

ibyfatjlfkehb ,hjkt,b lfbo.j^ hfcfw^ ,eyt,hbdbf^ itltufl cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbrehb lfikf vj/.df& 1451 otkc vtc[tsib uffsf,fulf .dfh.dfht^ hjvtkbw utuvfpjvbthfl iteluf cfmfhsdtkjcfufy vtc[tsbc xfvjijht,fc^ hfibw vtc[tsbc cfvqdltkjt,fw fb.jkbf& ubjhub |+++-c afmnbehfl fqfh tvjhxbkt,jlyty vtc[tsbc^ cfvtuhtkj-fa[fptsbc^ uehbbc vsfdht,b& 1453 otkc jcvfkt,vf rjycnfynbyjgjkb fbqtc^ 1461 otkc _ nhfgbpjybc cfrtbchj& cfmfhsdtkj vjtmwf vecekvfyeh-sehmek hrfkib lf tdhjgfc vjco.lf& 1459 otkc cfcnbrb iblf jvb lfbo.j& 1462 otkc .dfh.dfhtv vf/vflbfyt,bw rb vjbodbf ~bhfybc v,hfyt,tkb` vtat ubjhubc obyffqvltu lf lffvfhw[t,byf& vfkt ubjhub |+++-c fe]fy.lf bvthtsbc thbcsfdb ,fuhfnbw lf lffvfhw[f& 1478 otkc mfhsk-bvthtsbc nf[npt fktmcfylht +-bc idbkbidbkb rjycnfynbyt ++ fdblf& vfc^ w[flbf^ fhfrfyjybthfl vbfxylf rf[tsbcf lf bvthtsbc cfvtajt,bc^ vtc[tsbcf lf c[df cfvsfdhjt,bc ofhvjmvyf sfdbcb cf[tkvobajc nthbnjhbfpt& vfuhfv fv cf[tkvobajt,hbdb thstekt,bc ofhvjmvyf erdt afmnb b.j& mdt.fyf fkpt lfrybylf& mfhsdtkb thbc bcnjhbfc dth ufdbfpht,s mfhsekb trktcbbc vjyfobktj,bc ufhtit lf gbhbmbs^ bcnjhbf mfhsekb trktcbbcf fhbc bcnjhbf mfhsdtkb mhbcnbfyb thbcf& vfhsfkbf^ mfhsdtk [fk[c thjdyekb thsbfyj,bc ituyt,f erdt mhbcnbfyj,fvlt lblb [ybs flht /mjylf^ vfuhfv bvbc itvltu^ hfw .jdtkvf mfhsdtkvf mhbcnbfyekb cfhoveyjt,f vbbqj lf itb.dfhf^ thbc bcnjhbf mfhsekb trktcbbc bcnjhbbc ufhtit ofhvjelutytkbf& fvbnjvfw^ cftrktcbj lf.jafc vj/.df fhf vfhnj cfhoveyjt,bc lfwtvf^ fhfvtl ufvj.jabk yfobkib thjdyekb uflfudfht,fw& \| c-bc ,jkjc mfhsdtk vtat-vsfdht,c ijhbc fvn.lfh ibyf jvt,ib vtc[tsbc vsfdfhb ufycfresht,ek ctgfhfnbpvc bxtylf& hjujhw bd& ]fdf[bidbkb othc^ #.dfh.dfht fsf,fub bvltyfl lf,hvfdt,ekb .jabkf fv vnhj,bs lf ufyrthtj,bcsdbc ,hjkbs^ hjv esfy[vjt,f cftrktcbj cathjibw uflfenfybf&&& vtc[tsbc cfrfsfkbrjpj cf.lhbcfufy xfvjijht,f lf chekb lfvjerblt,kj,bc vjgjdt,f cehlf@&&& cfjwfhb bcff^ hjv fynbjmbbcf lf bthecfkbvbc cfgfnhbfhmjt,b [tkito.j,bc yfwdkfl .jdtkyfbhfl wlbkj,lyty lftifkfs thsbfyb mfhsekb trktcbf^ hfsf itvltu obkb vfsfw hut,jlfs& .jdtkudfhb cftrktcbj rfyjyt,bc lfhqdtdbs^ ov& vcjakbj rht,t,pt vbqt,ekb rfyjyt,bc fhfl xfult,bs^ hjvtkybw fvudfh vjmvtlt,fc rhfkfdlyty^ bcbyb bzht,jlyty cfmfhsdtkjc cftrktcbj cftgbcrjgjcjt,ib lf ov& ybyjc qdfokbs cfeakj rdfhspt lfaeyt,ek ov& fylhbfc cfvjwbmekj cf.lfhc fhqdtdlyty& .jdtkbdt fvfy sfdbcb itltub ufvjbqj _ mdt.ybc fv yfobkib ~vtc[tsib`

46

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

mhbcnbfyj,bc fdnjhbntnb lftwf^ fvfy rb kjubrehfl vf/vflbfyj,bc vbvfhs obyffqvltuj,f itfvwbhf& thbc^ fy vbcb hjvtkbvt yfobkbc cekbth w[jdht,fcf lf abpbreh fhc t,j,fc ijhbc qhvf ehsbthsrfdibhbc lf cnehfl f o.ehbc cfcofeksvjmvtlb [fnbc bcnjhbf ufdb[ctyjs& wyj,bkbf^ hjv fylhbf vjwbmekvf cfmfhsdtkjib itvjcdkbcfc qvhsbcvij,kbc [fnb xfvjf,hfyf& vjwbmekvf ov& [fnb fo.ehib lff,hfyf^ cflfw bub \| c-vlt tcdtyf& ,bpfynbfib [fnvt,hjkj,bc thtcbc vdbydfht,bc lhjc cfmfhsdtkjib [fnsf sf.dfybcwtvf fhf se fh itvwbht,ekf^ gbhbmbs^ ufkbtht,ekf rbltw& fo.ehbc cfcofekvjmvtlb [fnb elbltcb cbovblt b.j lf vfc bctdt^ hjujhw qvhsbcvij,kbc c[df [fnt,c cfmfhsdtkjib^ e[dfl fvrj,lyty dbhafcb mdt,bs^ sdfkvfhufkbnbs^ [jkj cfmfhsdtkjc vtatyb vlblfh itcfobhfdt,c eqdyblyty& 1477 otkc cfmfhsdtkjc bhfybc v,hfyt,tkb itvjtcbf& cfvw[tib itzhbkvf fo.ehbc [fnb ufbnfwf lf^ w[flbf^ uffhwdf& vfuhfv bv v[fhtc^ cflfw bub vbfcdtytc^ qvhsbc hbc[df lffn.lf sfdc^ fvbnjvfw [fnb cfvw[tib lff,heytc& 1486 otkc cfvw[tc bfre, .ftyb itvjtcbf& fo.ehbc ovblf lf lblt,ekb [fnb trktcbblfy wb[t-cbvfuhbc #cfzehzktib@ uflffcdtytc vfo.dthtkvf tgbcrjgjcvf lf wb[bjyvf& bv gbhj,bs^ hjv vnthb fo.ehbc nffhc fh lffhqdtdlf^ wb[t vnthc e,hjkdtkfl xff,fhtc^ vfuhfv vjv[leht,vf gbhj,f ufnt[tc^ [jkj [fnb .jdkflovblbcf lffn.dtdtc^ uffhwdtc lf vb/udfhtc ec]ekj vsfdfhc& vfy wtw[kib xffulj bub^ vfuhfv wtw[kb lfbihbnf^ [jkj [fnb edyt,kfl lfhxf& tc hjv b[bkf thsvf mhbcnbfyvf^ vfuhfv fhfvfhskvflblt,tkvf _ [fnb sfdbc mdt.fyfib offcdtyf& ufvjtw[flf vfc .jdkflovblf lf es[hf% #ertse fhf ofvb.dfyj mdt.fyfcf xtvcf^ lblb ,jhjnb vjdfobj ityptlf@& [fnb lff,heytc fo.ehib^ vtvfnbfybc uflvjwtvbs ov& [fnvf bfre, .ftyc^ hjvtkbw vfc vf[dbkbs itt[j^ cfibytkb hbc[df lffnt[f^ vstkb vbcb yfstcfj,f lf cf[kj,f fvjo.lf& 1546 otkc fo.ehbc ov& [fnb fo.ehblfy wb[bc]dfhib uflfecdtyt,bf bvthtsbc vtat ,fuhfn +++-c^ [jkj 1553 otkc wb[bc]dfhblfy bvthtsib uflfe,hfyt,bfs lf bub ,fuhfn +++-bc bc^ ubjhub ++-bc ~bvthtsbc vtabc` [tkib vj[dtlhbkf& #,bkobsf [tkbsf@ vhfdfkupbc uffhwekb [fnb ubjhubv f[kfl vjfztlbyf& fo.ehbc qvhsbcvij,kbc vbth vtc[tsbc lfnjdt,bc itvltu cfvw[tcffsf,fujc vjcf[ktj,f bhbsflfl ufvf/vflbfylf-ufsfshlf lf lftrfhuf

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

47

mfhsdtk thc& ov& [fnb bm mhbcnbfyj,fcf lf mfhsdtkj,fc bwfdlf& bc fv;fvfl [tkjdyt,bc veptevibf lfwekb& vfiby vtc[tsbc fsf,fut,vf^ vbe[tlfdfl kbthb vjoflbyt,bcf^ vtc[tsbc trktcbbc xfvjijht,f cfmfhsdtkjc ltlf trktcbbcfufy dth itktc& vfhsfkbf^ mfhsekvf ltlf trktcbfv fv w[fht jvib ufbvfh]df^ vfuhfv cf,jkjj ]fvib mhbcnbfyj,f lfrybylf& fvfpt bcbw vtn.dtkt,c^ hjv lqtc vtc[tsib fo.ehbc jltcqfw wyj,bkb rfstlhfkbc yfyuhtdt,bqf lufc^ [jkj vbcb dtkb^ .jabkb cfvo.cj bhbsflfl sehmek-sfshek vfcfibf fcbvbkbht,ekb lf ufy,ytekb& \| c-bc 70-bfy okt,ib cfmfhsdtkjib xfvjcekf fynbjmbtkbthecfkbvtkb gfnhbfhmb vbmftkb^ hjvtkcfw lfeothbf #vwyt,f ~ cfc]ekj~@^ cflfw fv,j,c^ hjv obyfs mfhskbcf lf fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcyb fynbjmbbc gfnhbfhmbcufy brehs[t,jlyty^ hfw^ hf smvf eylf^ fh ittcf,fvt,f cbyfvldbktc& .jdtkbdt tc bvbcsdbc czbhlt,jlf^ hjv sdbsjy trehs[t,byf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc f[fkb vtsfehb lf fvbs lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbf thsbfyb ltlf-trktcbbcfsdbc xfvjtijht,byf& sfdbc v[hbd^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cftrktcbj lfvjerblt,kj,f bvthtsbc bvlhjbyltk vtatc^ ,fuhfncfw cehlf& \| c-bc vboehekcf lf \|+ c-bc lfcfo.bcib .jdkfl ufeujyfhb fv,fdb vj[lf _ mfhsekb trktcbbc obfqib ofhvjbidf ctgfhfnbpvb& cf,tlybthjl^ tc fh b.j cfhoveyjt,hbdb ufy[tsmbkt,f& thtcb lf ctmnfynj,f ew[j b.j mfhsdtkb mhbcnbfyt,bcfsdbc& ctgfhfnbpvb bvfib ufvjb[fnf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc cfvjwbmekj cf.lhbcufy flvbybcnhfwbekb ufylujvf lffgbhf vtc[tsbc trktcbfv^ [jkj lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc pjubthsvf bthfhmvf^ cfvjwbmekj qbhct,bc^ vw[tsblfy _ sfdbfys tgfhmbt,ib uflfnfybc cehdbkb ufvjfv;qfdyf& trktcbbc lfikbc itvltufw lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjcf lf vtc[tsbc trktcbt,ib obhdf-kjwdf lf .jdtkudfhb cftrktcbj flfsb se xdtdf dtkt,ehfldt mfhsekb hxt,jlf& v[jkjl tc b.j^ hjv obhdbcf lf kjwdbc lhjc chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc vtabcf lf rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmbc cf[tkt,c fqfh vjb[ctybt,lyty& fv lbl wjldfib elbltcb odkbkb vtc[tsbc fsf,fut,bc eueyeh cfhoveyjt,hbd lf thjdyek gjkbnbrfc vbeqdjlf& ctgfhfnbpvbc bltf trktcbbc obfqib fh xfcf[ekf^ tc b.j itltub trktcbfpt e[tib ptvjmvtlt,bcf cfthj [tkbceafksf vbth& fhw fv lfevjhxbkt,kj,fc vj/.jkbf rfhub itltub& cf,jkjjl vstkb mfhsdtkb thb lfpfhfklf& vfc vtc[t,bc elbltcb yfobkb xfvjijhlf& fm upf uft[cyf ew[j htkbubt,cf lf trktcbt,c^ hfcfw itltufl cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,bc ufvf/vflbfyt,f ~ufsfsht,f`^ ufrfsjkbrt,f ~ufahfyut,f`^

48

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

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\|+ CF ER EYT \| c-bc vboehekc thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtaj cfvfl ufb.j& thsb vtat lf]lf bvthtsc ~fktmcfylht ,fuhfnbc t`^ vtjht rf[tsc ~fktmcfylht ubjhub |+++-bc t`^ [jkj mfhskib rjycnfynbyt ++ ~fktmcfylht +-bc idbkbidbkb` ufvtalf& velvbdb ibyfiajsb b.j cfmfhsdtkjib& .dtkf vtat wfk-wfkrt cfmfhsdtkjc ufthsbfyt,bcsdbc b,hjlf lf lfyfhxtys t,hjlf& bcbyb sfdbfys sfdc chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc vtatt,c eojlt,lyty& stveh-ktyubc itvjctdt,bc itvltu ufhtit vnht,vf itvjntdt,b itfytktc^ mdt.fyfv fvjbceysmf^ lfo.yfhlf& v[jkjl vvfhsdtkb atyt,b dth bcdtyt,lyty^ velfv tjvt,jlyty thsvfytsc& [vfkb^ uesfyb lf cfhoveyjt,f dtkt,ehfldt fcekluvekt,lf xdtyt,eh rfwc^ vfuhfv lblb bltfkt,b erdt fqfh b.j& mdt.fyf cekbthfl vjtidf^ vjbstysf& cfmfhsdtkj rf[tsbc^ mfhskbc^ bvthtsbc cfvtajt,fl^ lflbfybc^ uehbtkbc^ fsf,fubc cfvsfdhjt,flff lfikbkb lf^ fvfdt lhjc^ rbltd eahj vtnb lfikbc ntyltywbt,bw firfhfl brdtst,f^ cojhtl tc lfikbkb yfobkt,b tehxt,bfy^ vnhj,ty lf fh,tdty thsvfytsc^ pjuflfl rb cfmfhsdtkj dhwkflff uflfzbvekb& rf[tsbc cfvtajc fqvjcfdktsb cfpqdfhb rfcgbbc pqdblfy cek 200-vlt rbkjvtnhbsff lfijht,ekb lf ifmsfy uflbc*

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

49

cfv[htsbs _ mfhskbc cfpqdfhb ctdfybc n,fvlt fqotdc^ fsf,fut,bc cfvsfdhjcb rb _ dfkfirthnsfy lf fhphevsfy* uehbf _ zfytsc vjbwfdc^ [jkj lfcfdktsbs bvthtscf lf cflflbfyjc ifdb pqdf lf ]bmtsbc mdt.fyf tcfpqdht,f& \|-\|+ cc-ib cfmfhsdtkj^ ufycfresht,bs rf[tsb^ cfdct lf vfqfhb mdt.fyf b.j& #extvjl dbs bvqthtsfj^@ _ rbs[ekj,lyty mdt.ybtht,fpt f[kfl vjdktybkb sfdflt,b ~fmfvlt cfmfhsdtkjib fhw ,fnjy.vj,f b.j lf fhw sfdflt,b`& mfhsdtkt,sfy jvb lf^ vbs evtntc^ vfsb lfvjhxbkt,f fhw bct fldbkb b.j& vfs thsb gbhb lf thsbfyb cf[tkvobaj hjv /mjyjlfs^ dthw sehmtsb lf dthw cgfhctsb dthfhfc lffrkt,lyty^ sevwf fhw lfikbk cfmfhsdtkjcsfy efldbklt,jlfs jvb& mfhsdtksf cekbcrdtst,f lf sfdufyobhdf rfhufl xfyc vtat cdbvjybc ths othbkib% #dujyt,^ smdtyw itbn.j,lbs^ hfjltyb itoe[t,f lf nfy]df ufvjdbfhts^ vfuhfv uekb vfbyw fh ufdbnt[ts& xtvc sfdc ufdobhfd thsbfyfl lf fuhtsdt xtvc mjhaf idbkcfw^ lfdqdhb xtvc cbc[kcf dblht erfyfcrytk odtsfvlt ]dfhwvekbc btcj mhbcntc lf qdsbc cb.dfhekbcfsdbc^ dblht gbhib cekb vblubf^ [tkc fh fdbqt, jcvfkt,bc obyffqvltu jvpt^ fhfcjltc emvfl d.ja bv lfeafct,tk cbc[kcf^ hjvtkbw btcj mhbcntv lfqdhf xtvsdbc@&&& fv yfo.dtnblfy rfhufl xfyc^ se hfnjv dth uffemvf tdhjgfib ufzhbkvf sehmtsvf fhf se chekbl cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajt,hbj,f^ fhfvtl lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjcbw rb^ sevwf mfhsek vbof-o.fkc sbsmvbc thsb vtcfvtlb yfobkb _ cffsf,fuj vj/ukb]f lf uffsfshf& vfhsfkbf^ cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtajc fcecnt,lf cfvsfdhjt,bc thsvfytssfy ,hjkf^ vfuhfv^ hjwf thsfl itbrhb,t,jlyty^ pjuflmfhsekb cfv[tlhj fkf cfrvfjl isfv,tzlfdb b.j& fvbs ecfhut,kbf sehmtsbc ceksfyc lf^ mfhsek o.fhjsf sfyf[vfl^ cfmfhsdtkjc vtatt,b vbeupfdybf bthecfkbvbc fcfqt,fl& hjujhw o.fhjt,blfy xfyc^ \|+ c-ib mfhsdtkt,c vfuhfl vjerblt,bfs at[b bthecfkbvib& cf,jkjjl eylf bsmdfc^ hjv^ vfhsfkbf^ mfhsdtkt,b vfvfwb vt,hjkt,b b.dyty lf [vfkbw ezhblfs^ vfuhfv ujybtht,fpt oby tvjwbt,c f.tyt,lyty& gfnbdvj.dfhtj,fc fhfcjltc bdbo.t,lyty^ vfibyfw rb^ hjwf tc cfthsj cfmvbcfsdbc cfpbfyj b.j& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj lfbifkf lf ofhvjbmvyf thsvfytsbcfufy lfvjerblt,tkb mfhsekb cf[tkvobajt,hbdb thstekt,b% mfhskbc^ rf[tsbc^ bvthtsbc cfvtajt,b^ uehbbc^ cfvtuhtkjc^ cfvw[bc^ cdfytsbc cfvsfdhjt,b^ gfce[bcvut,kj,f tsybrehb thsj,bc obyfit vjcf[ktj,fc ]th rbltd ityfhxeyt,ekb /mjylf^ vfuhfv lfikbc ghjwtcc

50

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

sfy cltdlf thsbfy mfhsdtk [fk[ib stvj,hbj,bc fqjhbyt,bc ghjwtcb& lfikbc lhjc mfhsdtkb thbc sfyfvtlhjdt tsyj]ueat,b _ bvthkj,f^ mfhsktkj,f^ rf[tkj,f^ vtuhtkj,f^ uehekj,f^ vtc[j,f lf c[d& ufycfresht,bs fqjhbylf lf thsbfyb cf[tkvobajc lfikbc rdfklfrdfk xfvj.fkb,lf& thsbfy b cf [tkvobajc lf ikbc itvltu res[eh-mfhsek cf[tkvobajib vw[jdht, mfhsdtkj,fc res[eh-stvehb sdbsitvtwyt,f exylt,jlf& thjdyekb sdbsitvtwyt,f fkpt lftwf& cfthsj-mfhsekb bltbc vfnfht,kfl trktcbf lfhxf& cftrktcbj sdfkcfphbcbs cfmfhsdtkj thsbfy vskbfy jhufybpvc ofhvjflutylf& fv lhjbcfsdbc mfhsek trktcbfc erdt jhb wtynhb /mjylf _ vw[tsf lf ,bzdbysf& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbfc mfhskbc cfrfsfkbrjcj ufyfut,lf^ lfcfdktsbcfc _ fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj& mfhsk-rf[tsbc c fvtajt,b [ibhfl thsbfy lt,jly ty& fc tdt thsbfylt,jlyty lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajt,hbdb thstekt,bw& fv afmnc^ fk,fs^ mfhskbc thsbfyb cfrfsfkbrjcjcf lf fa[fptsbc thsbfyb cfrfsfkbrjcjc fhct,j,fw ufyfgbhj,t,lf& trktcbf [tkc eikblf mfhsdtkb thbc njvj,hbd lfyfobkt,fc& bc thjdyekb vfrjycjkblbht,tkb fkf b.j&

\|++ C FEREYT \|++ c^ itbkt,f bsmdfc^ evbvtcb cfereyt b.j mfhsdtkb thbc bcnjhbfib& se obyfs vnht,b cfmfhsdtkjc lfg.hj,bs^ fylf lf[fhrdbs rvf.jabklt,jlyty^ fv cfereytib cgfhctsbcf lf jcvfktsbc bvgthbt,vf .dtkfathb bqjytc mfhsdtkb thbc ufcfyflueht,kfl& fctek fsfcj,bs mfhsdtkb cfmfhsdtkjibdt lf[jwtc^ eahj vtnb cgfhctsib uflffcf[ktc& rf[tsb ufferfwhbtktc lf vjvsf,fht sehmvfyekb njvt,b xfvjfcf[ktc& vtc[tsib bekt,bs uffvf/vflbfytc ~uffsfshtc` vrdblhb mfhsdtkj,f^ vjobyffqvltutyb vjcgtc^ fylf fbektc uflfcf[kt,ekb.dyty& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj rb exdtekj fyfhmbfv vjbwdf% lfbo.j n.dtsf c.bldf& mfhsdtkt,b se fhfmfhsdtkt,b vfcbehfl fn.dtdt,lyty mfhsdtkt,c lf vjyt,fl /.bllyty& mfhsdtkt,b fahbrtksf vcufdcfl vjyfsf ,fpfhib b.blt,jlyty & sevwf bcbw e ylf bsmdfc^ hjv jcvfkts-cgfhc tsbc cfpjufljt,hbdvf o.j,bkt,fv fhf vfhnj mfhsdtkt,b ufb.dfyf vjyfsf ,fpfhpt^ fhfvtl c[df tdhjgtkb lfg.hj,bkb [fk[t,bw% ,jcybtkt,b^ fk,fytkt,b lf c[d&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

51

.jdtkbdt fvfc sfy lfthsj lfcecnt,ek lf uferfwhbtkt,ek cfmfhsdtkjib xhlbkjrfdrfcbehb njvt,bc xfcf[kt,f& lfqtcnytkt,b fqvjcfdkts rf[tsib xfcf[klyty lf^ fhf vfhnj xfcf[klyty^ fhfvtl flubkj,hbd mfhsdtkj,fc fn.dtdt,lyty^ bvjyt,lyty^ fh,tdlyty lf fhwdfdlyty& iblf mfhskbc vsbfytsib xhlbkj rfdrfcbblfy ufjct,ekb ldfkt,b xfcf[klyty& tuhbc-fa[fptsibw xhlbkj rfdrfcbtkt,b _ flbqttkt,b^ facef-f,fpt,b^ facfht,b^ xthmtpt,b lfvrdblhlyty& lfg.hj,bk cfmfhsdtkjib mfhsdtkt,b vbpfyvbvfhse kfl bltdyt,jlyty& w[flbf^ fcts lhjc fveifdlf uflfhxtybc bycnbmnb _ mfhsdtkj,bc thsb yfobkb efh.jalf thjdyt,fc^ pjub sfshlt,jlf^ pjub cjv[lt,jlf ~uhbujhbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc mhbcnbfyt,c cgfhcts-jcvfktsb fh cltdyblf`^ pjub #ahfyult,jlf@ ~rfsjkbrtt,bw yfrkt,fl bltdyt,jlyty`& fvbc ufhlf^ mfhsdtkt,b ktrlt,jlyty^ jclt,jlyty^ fa[fplt,jlyty& cf,tlybthjl^ ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbcf lf thjdyekb uflfudfht,bc cfahs[tc mfhsdtkt,bc lblb yfobkb vnrbwtl lfeluf& eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv thbc uflfhxtyfib elbltcb qdfokb mfhsek fye cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjwbmekj trktcbfc vbeqdbc& cfmvt bcff^ hjv v[jkjl mhbcnbfyj,bc ityfhxeyt,bs mfhsdtkt,b thjdyt,fc dth byfhxeyt,lyty& vfufkbsfl^ uhbujhbfytkb mfhsdtkt,b rdkfd mhbcnbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc vfnfht,tkb b.dyty^ vfuhfv sfylfsfy ufcjv[lyty& bhbsflfl bubdt bsmvbc rfsjkbrt mfhsdtkt,ptw& mfhsdtkj,f v[jkjl vfhskvflblt,kt,vf _ cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjwbmekj trktcbbc otdht,vf itbyfhxeytc& mfhsdtkb thbc fv cfibytkb ufycfwltkbc lhjc^ cfhoveyjt,bc ityfhxeyt,bcfc elbltcb vybidytkj,f /mjylf vfufkbsbc fkfc& vfqfkb atybc ofhvjvflutykt,b% vtat-ltljakt,b^ vsfdht,b^ sfdflfpyfehj,f lf vfsb j]f [bc otdht,b cfvf ufkbsjyb b.dyty vjcf [ktj,bc lf,f kb^ vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb atyt,bcfsdbc& ofhxbyt,eksf ufvf/vflbfyt,bc itvltu vtc[tsb sbsmvbc chekbfl ufvf/vflbfylf& vfkt cfhoveyjt,flfrfhuekvf vjcf[ktj,fv thjdyt,fw _ mfhsdtkj,f lfrfhuf& fctsb dbsfht,bc lhjc ufycfresht,bs lfcfafct,tkbf rf[tsbc ltljakbc _ mtstdfybc sfdlflt,f cfhoveyjt,bcfsdbc& itbkt,f bsmdfc^ hjv vfvekb lf thb cekbth-[jhwbtkb vjcgj,bcfufy lf c[df [fk[t,ib fcbvbkfwbbcfufy ovblf mtstdfybc^ ovblf vtabc kefhcf, ++-bc^ c[df ofhxbyt,eksf^ cftrktcbj vjqdfotsf se thbcrfwsf mhbcntcflvb sdbsitobhdfv uflffhxbyf& \|++ c& ufvjhxtekbf mhbcntc vjofvtsf cbvhfdkbs& mfhsekvf trktcbfv v[jkjl pjubthsb vfsufybc rfyjybpbht,f itkj^ hflufy lblb b.j vfsb hbw[db& rfyjybpbht,ekbf 1616 otkc lfdbs ufht]bc elf,yjib

52

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

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cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

53

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54

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

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cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

55

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56

++ gthbjlb \++-\|+++ cc

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cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

57

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58

+++ gthbjlb

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cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

59

atjlfkt,vf vbbnfwtc& vfuhfv cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbfv itbyfhxeyf bc cekbthb ldhbnf^ hjvtkbw itvltu 1744-45 okt,bcfsdbc^ mfhsekb mhbcnbfyekb cf[tkvobajt,hbj,bc fqjhbyt,fc lftlj cfaedkfl& 1744 otkc itcheklf mfhsdtkb [fk[bc lblb [ybc jwyt,f& cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtaj nf[npt mhbcnbfyb vtat lf]lf& tc ,tlybtht,f rf[tk ,fuhfnbjysf cf[kbc idbkc _ stbvehfp ++-c thuj& mfhsdtksf cb[fhekb ecfpqdhj b.j& rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmvf fynjyvf vjbbf vtatl rehs[tdbc edtktcb mfhsekb otct,b lf cfvqdltkjsf lfcb cfufyut,j cflqtcfcofekj wthtvjybbcfsdbc vjfvpflf& uf[fht,ekvf [fk[vf mext,b^ vjtlyt,b^ ,fpht,b vjhsj& xbhfqlyt,bsf lf ufkj,bs ittut,f vtatc^ ltljafkcf lf ,fnjybidbkt,c& vtatl vbhjyw[t,bc cflqtcfcofekj cb[fhekb ufyepjvtkb b.j& mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc cedthtyj,bc fqlutybs ufy[jhwbtklf #ufvj[cybc@ bltf^ hbc itltuflfw [jhwb itbc[f #fqlujvbc@ bltfvfw& fvfib bue kbc[vt,jlf bv mf hsekb vbof-o.kbc lf,heyt,f^ hjvtkbw xfvjwbkt,ekb /mjylf cfmfhsdtkjc& 1758 otkc cjkjvjy +-vf^ thtrkt ++-v lf stbvehfp ++-v vtuj,hj,bcf lf ehsbthslf[vfht,bc [tkitrhekt,f lfltc& vjodtek bmyf cfufyut,j cftrktcbj rht,f 1759 o& 4 lf 5 ltrtv,thc& rht,fv frhfkf n.dtsf c.bldf& fqluf mesfstkbc rfstlhf^ trktcbf ufysfdbceaklf uflfcf[flbcfufy& \|+++ c-bc 70-bfy okt,ib fqluf lfcfdkehb mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc lfvjerblt,kj,f& bvthtsbc vtatv cjkjvjy +-vf mdt.yblfy sehmsf ufhybpjyt,b ufftdf&

60

+++ gthbjlb

CFMFHSDT KJC TRKTCBBC BCNJHBBC +++ GTHBJLB

MF HS EK B TR KT C B F

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C F E RE YT T, IB

cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjwbmekj trktcbbc 2000-okjdfyb bcnjhbbc jhb^ itbkt,f bsmdfc^ .dtkfpt vybidytkjdfyb vjvtynb \+\-\\ cc-c ufytresdyt,f& tc fhbc cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc fdnjrtafkbbc ufemvt,f hectsbc cfbvgthfnjhj rfhbc vbth lf vbcb fqlutyf mfhsdtkb thbcf lf cfvqdltkjt,bc ,hjkbc o.fkj,bs& \+\ c-bc mfhsekb trktcbbc cfdfkfkj vlujvfhtj,bc itcf[t, ufvjmdt.yt,ekbf efvhfdb vfcfkf& cfmfhsdtkjib vjwbmeksf mflfut,bcf lf vfs vbth cfvjwbmekj trktcbbc lffhct,bc itvltu mhbcbnbf yj,f mfhsdtksf thjdyek cfhoveyjt,fl bmwf& lf fct b.j cfereytt,bc vfybkpt& 1811 okblfy mfhsekb trktcbf^ mhbcnbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc lfvwdtkb vstk rfdrfcbfib^ hecekb ,behjrhfnbekb cbcntvbc lfyfvfnfl uflffmwbtc& cfmfhsdtkjib hectsbc itvjzhfvlt mfhsekb trktcbf akj,lf lblfk mjyt,fc& bub b.j trjyjvbehfl lfvjerblt,tkb thstekb^ fvbs bub vrdtshfl ufyc[dfdlt,jlf hectsbc trktcbbcfufy^ hjvtkbw hectsbc [tkbceakt,bc vbth cf[tkvobajc yfobkfl b.j uflfmwtekb& vfc 1722 okblfy j,thghjrehjhb [tkvqdfytkj,lf^ hjvtkbw ov& cbyjlc tluf cfsfdtib& bub cfthj gbhb b.j lf lblb eakt,t,b /mjylf& cfthj [tkbceakt,bcflvb trktcbbc lfvjhxbkt,bc cfmvt^ hjvtkbw gtnht lblvf ofvjbo.j 1721 otkc gfnhbfhmj,bc ufemvt,bs^ 1784 otkc lffchekf trfnthbyt ++-v& fctsb vlujvfhtj,bc ufvj^ hectsb^ w[flbf^ dth vjbsvtylf cfmfhsdtkjib trktcbbc hjujhw trjyjvbeh lfvjerblt,kj,fc^ bct elbltc ufdktyfc cfthj [tkbceakt,fpt& lf fvbnjv vfy vbpyfl lfbcf[f cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc htjhufybpt,f& 1810 okbc 3 vfhnc rfsfkbrjcb fynjy ++ sbsmvbc fkbs ufbodbtc gtnth,ehuc& 1811 okbc 30 bdkbcc itbmvyf lbrfcnthbf lf cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbfv lfrfhuf fdnjrtafkbf& lbrfcnthbbc vtsfehfl lfbybiyf dfhkfv thbcsfdb lf t,jf vfc cfmfhsdtkjc tupfhmjcbc nbnekb& fv lhjblfy lfbo.j evbvtcb gthbjlb cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc w[jdht,fib& hec tsbc [tkbceakt,f fmnbehfl iteluf tgfhmbt,bc itvwbht,fc^ hfcfw bub flhtw vbvfhsfdlf& tc [lt,jlf vsfdhj,bcfsdbc fhfcfcehdtkb gbht,bc rfstlhblfy xfvjcfijht,kfl&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

61

1815 okbc 30 fudbcnjc lbrfcnthbf uflfrtslf #cfmfhsdtkjbvthtsbc cbyjlfkeh rfynjhfl@& hecekvf vsfdhj,fv vfc lfevjhxbkf uehbf-cfvtuhtkjc trktcbt,bw& 1817 otkc dfhkfv thbcsfdb gtnth,ehuib ufbodbtc& fvfdt okblfy tupfhmjcfl lfbybiyf hbfpfytkb fhmbtgbcrjgjcb stjabkfmnt hecfyjdb& vbc itvltu v[jkjl hecb thjdyt,bc tgbcrjgjct,b vfhsfdlyty cfmfhsdtkjc cftupfhmjcjc& stjabkfmntv 1819 otkc itfvwbhf bvthtsbc cftgbcrjgjcjt,b vfsb ths tgfhmbfl ufthsbfyt,bc upbs& sbsj-sbsj tgfhmbf lfnjdf uehbfcf lf cfvtuhtkjib& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc 12 tghfmbblfy lfhxf 3& fvfc ufhlf^ tupfhmjcb fvwbht,lf vjmvtlb trktcbt,bc hfjltyj,fc& hectsbc vsfdhj,bcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbf ufyb[bkt,jlf^ hjujhw cf[tkvobaj itvjcfdkbc ths-thsb o.fhj& vsfdhj,f abmhj,lf^ cfcekbthj gbhsf hfjltyj,bcf lf c[dflfc[df [fh]t,bc vrdtshb itvwbht,bs [tkc iteo.j,lf [fpbyfib trktcbblfy itcekb itvjcfdkbc phlfc& hectsbc bvgthbbc fynbtrktcbehvf gjkbnbrfv fqfiajsf mfhsdtkb [fk[b& 1818 okbc bdkbcib lfbo.j f]fy.t,f vij,kbehb trktcbbc lfcfwfdfl& vj]fy.tt,vf ofvjf.tytc kjpeyub #cfvij,kjc ufysfdbceakt,f@& vjcf[ktj,bc .dtkf atyf vjyfobktj,lf ,hjkfib _ fhnbkthbbs itbfhfqt,ekb gjkrt,bcf lf ,fnfkbjyt,bc obyffqvltu& 1820 otkc lffgfnbvhtc vbnhjgjkbnt,b ljcbstjc mesfstkb lf tmdsbvt utkfstkb^ c[df ufdktybfyb gbht,b^ hfvfw eahj uffkbthf f]fy.t,f& vj[ewb vbnhjgjkbnb _ ljcbstjc mesfstkb ~othtstkb` njvfhfib xfecdfvs lf hectsbcrty ofe.dfybfs& bub njvfhfibdt wtvbs vjerkfds ujhsfy f[kjc& vtjht vbnhjgjkbnb tmdsbvt utkfstkb ~ithdfibt` [tkbceakt,fv lffgfnbvhf^ hjujhw f]fy.t,bc ths-thsb vjsfdt& vbnhjgjkbnt,b lf cfthsjl tgbcrjgjct,b [tkite[t,tkyb b.dyty lf vfs vf/vflbfyt,bw rb gfnbdc cwtvlyty& hecsf mvtlt,fv f]fy.t,f uffkbthf& hecbc ]fhvf cfvrdlhj-cfcbwjw[kj ,hjkbc itvltu ufzbhdt,bs ufbvfh]df elbltcb lfyfrfhut,bs& vjfh,btc lf uflfodtc hfzf^ fhnbkthbbs vbofcsfy uffcojhtc itvjmvtlbc wb[t uehbfib& cjakt,b uflfodtc^ pjub vj]fy.t xfvjf[hxtc^ efvhfdb hectsib uflffcf[ktc^ vfsb mjyt,f [fpbyfc uflfcwtc& 1820 okbc 21 vfbcc cfhoveyjt,bcf lf sfdbceakt,bcfsdbc vt,hjkvf 2 000 mfhsdtkvf lflj sfdb& vfs ijhbc b.dyty vt,hjkb vqdlkt,b^ ,tht,b lf cfcekbthj gbht,b& mfhsek trktcbfc bcnjhbekfl fstekj,bs cftgbcrjgjcj fye tgfhmbf /mjylf fqvjcfdkts^ lfcfdkts lf cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjib& cftgbcrjgjcjsf vjcgj,bs lftwf mhbcnbfyekb cfhoveyjt,f mfhsdtksf

62

+++ gthbjlb

ijhbc& fvbnjv mfhsdtkb cfcekbthj gbht,b vjbs[jdlyty ufemvt,ekb tgfhmbt,bc fqlutyfc& cftupfhmjcjc gjkbnbrf bodtdlf vhtdkbc cfhove yjt,hbd bylbathtynbpvc^ erfhufdlf mfhsek trktcbfc thjdyek cf[tc& [fk[c ufycfresht,bs fqfiajst,lf mfhsekb tybc frhfkdf trktcbt,cf lf cfcofdkt,kt,ib& uffemvtc mfhsektyjdfyb cfcekbthj cfcofdkt,kt,b lf uf[cytc hecektyjdfyb^ hfw bodtdlf vjvfdfk cfvqdltkj gbhsf ufeyfskt,kj,fc& mfhsdtkb f[fkufphlt,bc yfobkb ufeew[jdlf mfhsekc& lftofayty hecek lf tdhjgek bltt,c cjwbfkbpvbcfc^ fstbpvbcf lf fyfhmbpvbcfc& trktcbt,blfy lf vjyfcnht,blfy lfbrfhuf cfereytsf vfybkpt yfuhjdt,b edbhafctcb mjyt,f^ jmhj-dthw[kbsf lf dbhafcb mdt,bs itvrekb cfcekbthj ybdst,b& [fpbyfv trktcbf-vjyfcnht,c xfvjfhsdf vbot,b& fcts dbsfht,fib fh fhbc ufcfrdbhb mfhsdtkb cfcekbthj gbht,bc fmnbehb vjyfobktj,f cfmfhsdtkjc ufcfsfdbceakt,kfl vjo.j,bk f]fy.t,t,ib 1804^ 1812 lf c[df okt,ib& 1832 okbc f]fy.t,bc ths-thsb fmnbehb ofhvvfhsdtkb b.j fhmbvfylhbnb abkfltkajc rbryft& tupfhmjc gfdkt kt,tltdbc lhjc 1886 otkc ctvbyfhbblfy ufhbw[ekvf jbct, kfqbfidbkvf vjrkf ctvbyfhbbc htmnjhb ltrfyjpb xeltwrb& vbc lfcfakfdt,fpt ofhvjsmvek cbn.dfib tupfh[jcc lfeo.tdkbf vrdktkbc #ofhvjvij,b [fk[b@& fqiajst,ekb mfhsdtkt,bc fphb ufvj[fnf lbvbnhb .babfyvf& vfy vjeojlf tupfhmjcc^ se vfhsfkb b.j [fk[ib ufdhwtkt,ekb [vf^ vfiby #itvxdtyt,tkb ufybltdyjc itxdtyt,ekb mdt.yblfy@& lbvbnhb .babfyb fvbcfsdbc lfcf]tc uflfcf[kt,bs^ cflfw 1887 otkc vjrktc& mfhsekb trktcbbc lfcfwfdfl [vf fbvfqktc sdbs hecb thbc cfertstcj idbkt,vf& ths-thsb fctsb b.j wyj,bkb cofdkekb ckfdjabkb ybrjkjp lehyjdb& vfy cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc cfdfkfkj vlujvfhtj,f fcf[f sfdbc yfihjvib #,tlb mfhsekb trktcbbcf@& cfvoe[fhjl^ \+\ c-ib^ hectsbc bvgthbfib cfmfhsdtkjc .jaybc lhjc^ mfhsdtk [fk[ib ufytklf v[ehdfkt cfhoveyjt,f& \\ c-ib hectsbc bvgthbfv bo.j hqdtdf^ hfw trktcbbc w[jdht,fibw fbcf[f& hectsbc bvgthbbc ufycfvnrbwt,kfl cfzbhj b.j bvgthbfib tw[jdhf ths tyfpt vjkfgfhrt thsb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt^ mdt.ybcflvb thsuek vjcf[ktj,fc& lqbc otchbuib lfluf mfhsdtkj,bc^ bct hjujhw c[df [fk[t,bc^ hect,ib fcbvbkfwbf-itho.vbc cfrbs[b& ufkbthlf mfhsekb tybc obyffqvltu ,hjkf& tupfhmjct,bc vbpfyb b.j vhtdkbc ufhect,f& mfhsdtkvf [fk[vf itcf,fvbcfl egfce[f bvgthbbc fv mvtlt,fc&

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

63

1908 otkc vjrktc tupfhmjcb ybrjyb& hecb bthfhmt,b cfmfhsdtkjc #dtkeh lf cfcnbr v[fhtc@ eojlt,lyty lf f[fk tupfhmjct,c tibyjlfs cfmfhsdtkjib xfvjcdkbcf& mfhsekb trktcbbc vfvt,b lf thbc cfertstcj idbkt,b vb[dlyty^ hjv cfhoveyjt,bc uflfcfhxtyfl cfzbhj b.j cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc ufyijht,f hecekb bvgthbekb vfymfybcfufy^ t&b& cfzbhj b.j fdnjrtafkbbc fqlutyf& hectsbc bvgthbfib htdjkewbehb ghjwtct,bc lfo.t,fvfw lffxmfhf fdnjrtafkbbc vjs[jdybc ofvjo.t,f& fv vjs[jdyt,bs vhfdfk]th vbvfhstc hectsbc bvgthfnjhcf lf ov& cbyjlc& mfhsdtkb vqdltkvsfdht,bc vbth ofvjo.t,ek fdnjrtafkbbc vjs[jdyfc fmnbehfl lfezbhf v[fhb mfhsekvf byntkbutywbfv% ov& bkbf vfhsfkvf ~zfdzfdftv`^ ov& tmdsbvt sf.fbidbkvf^ bfrj, ujut,fidbkvf^ fk& wfufhtkvf^ fk& [f[fyfidbkvf^ ybrj vfhvf lf c[d& mfhsekb trktcbbc fdnjrtafkbfc v[fhc ezthlf jhb hecb vtwybthb cjkjdbjdb lf pfjpthcrb& bkbfc vjrdkbcf lf bvgthbfib htfmwbbc ufvfh]dt,bc itvltu mfhsdtkvf fdnjrtafkbcnt,vf uflfo.dbntc sfdbfysb bltbc [fk[bc uekfvlt vbnfyf obuyt,bc ufvjwtvbs& vfs trktcbbc sfdbceakt,f vbfxylfs cfobylhfl cfmfhsdtkjc vjvfdfkb sfdbceakt,bcf& hectsbc bvgthbfib 1917 otkc st,thdkbc htdjkewbbc itvltu mfhsdtkvf cfvqdltkjt,fv uflfo.dbnf ecohfatcfl tcfhut,kf itmvybkb vjvtynbs& 1917 o& 12 vfhnc vw[tsfib itbrhb,f fsbfsfcj,bs vjhoveyt& obhdbcfc^ #ufybwfltpt@ cbn .dbs ufvjdblf tgbcrjgjc b ktjy blt ~jmhjgbhbt` lf ufvjfw[flf cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc fdnjrtafkehb vfhsdfufvutj,bc fqlutyf& fvfdt okbc 17 ctmntv,thc cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmfl fbhxbtc tgbcrjgjcb rbhbjyb ~cffukbidbkb`& 1918 okbc 26 vfbcc cfmfhsdtkj ufvjw[fllf lfvjerblt,tk cf[tkvobajl& vfuhfv^ cfvoe[fhjl^ mdt.ybc cfsfdtib vj[dlf fhf thjdyekb gfhnbf^ fhfvtl _ cjwbfkbcnehb& 1918 okbc 27 bdybcc vfhn.jaib vjrktc ov& rbhbjyb& cfmfhsdtkjc cjwbfkbcnehb vsfdhj,f fstbcnehfl b.j ufyo.j,bkb^ fvbnjv bub dth fafct,lf cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vybidytkj,fc mfhsdtkb thbcfsdbc& tc .jdtkbdt rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhm ktjybltc fqiajst,fc bodtdlf& #vtyitdbrt,vf@ dth ufbsdfkbcobytc #vleqf ht hectsblfy@ vjcfkjlytkb cfahs[t lf 1921 okbc st,thdfkib hectsvf rdkfd lfbg.hj cfmfhsdtkj& 1921 otkc ktjybltc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu cftrktcbj rht,fv cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmfl fbhxbf ov& fv,hjcb ~[tkfbf`& ,jkitdbrehb hectsbc vbth cfmfhsdtkjc fy tmcbbc itvltu cf[tkvobajv uffnfhf cfufyut,j vtsjlehb qjybcbt,fyb^ hfsf cfthsjl vjtcgj trktcbf& mhbcnbfyt,vf vhfdfkb ltdyf ufybwfltc cfereytsf vfybkpt^

64

+++ gthbjlb

vfuhfv fv v[hbd^ fk,fs^ dthfathb ittlht,f rjveybcn-,jkitdbrt,bc vbth \\ c-bc 20-30-bfy okt,ib mhbcnbfysf ltdyf-itdbohjt,fc& ,jkitdbrt,b fyuhtdlyty trktcbt,c^ qvhsbcvcf[eht,c fofvt,lyty hjujhw abpbrehfl^ bct cekbthfl^ fhwdfdlyty trktcbf-vjyfcnht,c& \\ c-bc 20-bfy okt,ib lf[ehtc fsfcpt vtnb trktcbf^ uffemvtc qvhsbcvcf[eht,f& cojhtl fv yuhtdf-ufyflueht,bc lhjc chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmvf _ ov& fv,hjcb [tkfbfv ztivfhbnfl ufcobhf sfdb mfhsdtkb thbcfsdbc lf utyebc rjyathtywbfc ufeupfdyf vbvfhsdf^ hjvkbsfw vcjakbjc fvwyj mfhsdtkb thbc e,tleht,f& bub sfdbc vbvfhsdfib vjbs[jdlf^ hjv cfcohfajl uft.dfyfs hectsbc cfjregfwbj ]fhb cfmf hsdtkjlfy lf mfhsdtk thc vbcwtvjlf c fiefkt,f #c[dfsf fklfenfyt,kfl lf erfhyf[jl@ vjto.j #bctsb ajhvt,b cjwbfkgjkbnbrehb w[jdht,bcf@^ hjvtkbw vbcsdbc vbcfqt,b b.j& hectsbc vsfdhj,f lblfl uffyfo.tyf rjyathtywbbcflvb cfmfhsdtkjc gfnhbfhmbc vbvfhsdfv^ fvbnjv ov& fv,hjcb [tkfbf lf vbcb sfyfvjfphtyb% mesfbcbc vbnhjgjkbnb ov& yfpfhb kt;fdf^ fhmbvfylhbnb gfdkt ]fafhbt^ mfietsbc trktcbbc ltrfyjpb rfkbcnhfnt wbywft^ lbfrjyb lbvbnhb ~kfpfhbidbkb` lf c[dt,b^ lffgfnbvhtc lf uffcfvfhsktc& ufvjbt,bc ghjwtcib wlbkj,lyty ov& gfnhbfhmbc cekbth ufnt[fc^ wlbkj,lyty vfc efht.j utyebc rjyathtywbbcflvb of.tyt,ekb vjs[jdyt,b& vfuhfv ov& fv,hjcbv rbltd eahj ufyfvnrbwf tc vjs[jdyt,b sfdbcb dhwtkb cf,jkjj cbn.dbs& ov& fv,hjcbc vbecf]tc 7 okbs gfnbvhj,f& lffdflt,ek gfnhbfhmc cfc]tkbc dflf itevwbhtc& bub ufhlfbwdfkf 66 okbc fcfrib^ 1927 okbc 28 vfhnc& cf,zjsf [tkbceakt,bc lhjc mfhsekb trktcbbc [dtlhc lf .jafc ufycfpqdhfdlf vsfdhj,bc lfvjrblt,ekt,f cfpjufljl trktcbbc vbvfhs& itbkt,f tc gthbjlb cfv tnfgfl lfd.js& 1943 okfvlt trktcbbc ltdyfitdbohjt,f dtkt,ehfl uhtklt,jlf& uthvfybfcsfy jvbc lhjc cf,zjsf vsfdhj,fv vjo.fkt,bc sdfkbs uflvj[tlf trktcbfc^ fqbfhf hectsbc trktcbbc sfdbcsfdflj,f^ vbcwf gfnhbfhmbc fhxtdbc eakt,f^ itcf,fvbcfl^ ufev]j,tclf mfhsekb trktcbbc vlujvfhtj,fw& 1943 otkc hectsbc trktcbfv fqbfhf mfhsekb trktcbbc cfvb eakt,f ~fdnjrtafkbf^ cfgfnhbfhmj qbhct,f^ |+ flubkb lbgnb[ib`& trktcbbc vlujvfhtj,f bctd ufefhtclf y& [heixjdbc lhjc& vbc vbth ufnfht,ekb t&o& #ltvjrhfnbekb lfs,j,f@ fh ufydhwj,bkf trktcbbc vbvfhs& fv gthbjlib bltdyt,jlyty cfvqdltkj gbht,b^ jqjyl f[kf c[df vtsjlt,c vbvfhsfdlyty& vfs cf[tkc ent[lyty cfufyut,j cf[tkvobajt,hbdb

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

65

jhufyjt,b& fctsb ltdybc j,btmnb b.j^ vfufkbsfl^ tahtv ++& trktcbbc pytj,hbdb ltdyf uhtklt,jlf rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhm bkbf ++-bc ptj,bc gbhdtk [fyt,ibw dblht 1985 okfvlt& 1985-86 okblfy vlujvfhtj,f vrdtshfl ufev]j,tclf^ vfuhfv 70-okbfyb ,fnjyj,bc lhjc rjveybcnt,vf vstkb sfj,t,b fqpfhltc trktcbbcf lf cfcekbthj gbhsf vbvfhs efh.jabsb lfvjrblt,ekt,bs& fv ,fhbthbc lfktdf [fk[bcfsdbc fldbkb fqfh b.j& vvfhsdtkj,bc ,jkj okt,ib cf,zjsf [tkbceakt,f fqfh rhfkfdlf ov& othbkbc ~,b,kbbc` ,tzldf-ufdhwtkt,fc^ vbc cfufptsj ge,kbrfwbt,c& fv ajypt^ hjwf ,b,kbbc fdnjhbntnb bctd ufbpfhlf^ [jkj trktcbbcf lf cfcekbthj gbhsf fdnjhbntnb [fk[bc sdfkib lfwtvekb b.j^ v.fhb cfaedtkb vbtwf ctmnfynj,bc ufdhwtkt,fc* ,fgnbpvc^ btqjdtkj,fc lf c[df ctmnt,c vjmvtlt,bc fcgfhtpb uft[cyfs^ hflufyfw bcbybw ,b,kbbc fdnjhbntnc fqbfht,lyty^ [jkj cfvqdltkjt,fc rb fh wyj,lyty& vfhsfkbf^ 1917 okbc 12 vfhnc ufvjw[fllf cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc fdnjrtafkbbc fqlutyf^ vfuhfv hectsbc trktcbfv tc afmnb v[jkjl 1943 otkc cwyj^ [jkj vcjakbj vfhskvflblt,tkvf trktcbt,vf _ 1990 okbc 25 bfydfhc& vfuhfv lqtvlt uflfo.dtnbkb fh fhbc lbgnb[bc cfrbs[b& mfhsekb trktcbbc flubkb lqtvlt lfelutytkbf lf ofhvjflutyc vcjakbj trktcbfsf itcofdkbc j,btmnc& \\ c-bc ,jkjc cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkjc cfertstcj idbkt,c kjwfdlf lf frehs[t,lf eovbltcb lf eytnfhtcb^ chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmb bkbf ++ lf ovblf cbyjlb& lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybc itvltu mfhsdtkvf [fk[vf cb.dfhekbs egfce[f ovblf trktcbfc^ \\+ c& lfcfo.bcblfy ufyvnrbwlf vfhskvflblt,tkb cfhoveyjt,f^ .jdtk lf,f-cjatkcf lf mfkfmib fbuj f[fkb trktcbt,b^ lfblj itsfy[vt,f ovblf trktcbfcf lf cf[tkvobajc ijhbc^ hfsf ufyvnrbwltc mfhsdtkb thb lf vbcb ovblf vfhskvflblt,tkb cfhoveyjt,f^ fvby&

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[ #cf mfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbbc@^ thsb yfobkb ofhvjflutyc vbnhjgjkbn fyfybf ]fafhbbc #cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjwbmekj trktcbbc bcnjhbbc@ js[njvtekbc y& ,erbfc vbth itchekt,ek itvjrkt,ek htlfmwbfc]

[vbnhjgjkbn fyfybf ]fafhbbc obuybc #cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbbc@ ntcnt,b itflubyf ktdfy vfstidbkvf]

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testebi

68
mitrop olit anania jafariZis wignis

`saqarTvelos mokle istoriis~

testebi
varian ti # 1 1. bibliis mixedviT iafetis STamomavlobidan romelni iTvlebian qarTvelTa eTnarqebad? a) gomeri, Tirasi; b) magogi, madai; g) iavani, Tirasi; d) Tubali, meSeqi;

2. romeli uZvelesi qarTuli wyaro mogviTxrobs arianqarTlze? a) `qarTlis cxovreba~; b) `moqcevai qarTlisi~; g) `aswlovani istoria; d) epigrafikuli monacemebi;

3& .jdkfl ovblf qdsbcvij,tkc obkfl [dlf itvltub mdt.fyf% f` fk,fytsb ,` xthmtptsb u` bdthbf l` /thtsb&

4& [fk[sf lf tyfsf ijhbc .jdkfl ovblf qdsbcvij,tkb ufycfresht,bs vafhdtkj,lf% f` kfsby [fk[cf lf kfsbyeh tyfc* ,` mfhsdtk [fk[cf lf mfhsek tyfc* u` ehfhnetk [fk[cf lf ehfhnetksf tyfc* l` gjynjc [fk[cf lf gjynjtksf tyfc&
5. vin gvawvdis cnobas, rom andria mociqulma saqarTveloSi mesame mogzaurobisas sxva mociqulebic Camoiyvana?

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a) evsevi kesarieli; g) irineos leoneli; b) epifane konstantinepoleli; d) balsamoni; 6. romel wels aRiares qarTlis samefoSi qristianoba saxxelmwifo sarwmunoebad? a) 326 w. b) 329 w. g) 311 w d) 337 w.

7. rogor dasaja vaxtang gorgasalma mTavarepiskoposi, romelmac kbilebi Seumusra? a) sikvdiliT dasaja; b) gadaasaxla konstantinepolSi; g) kldekaris cixeSi gamoamwvdia; d) konastantinepolis eklesias gaugzavna gansasjelad; 8. XI s-is I naxevarSi ra iyo mizezi imis, rom qarTuli eklesia da samRvdeloeba bizantiis teritoriaze devnas ganicdida? a) qarTvelebi eresSi iyvnen mxilebulni; b) qarTveli berebi berZnebs aviwroebdnen; g) qarTuli eklesia win aRudga bizantiis jars; d) qarTuli eklesiis gauqmeba undodaT; 9. vin icavda rusudanis mier datovebul Tbiliss jalaledinis Semosevis dros? a) Salva da ivane axalcixelebi; b) biZina da boco jayelebi; g) SanSe da avag mxargrZelebi; d) ivane da biZina Torelebi; 10. vin iyo pirveli saqarTvelos egzarqosi? a) varlam erisTavi; b) vasil cicianovi; g) pavle lebedevi; d) Teofilaqte rusrovi;

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varian ti # 2 1. ra erqva kimerielTa Semosevisas kolxeTidan gamoZevebuli samxedro aristokratiis mier samxreTiT daarsebul axal saxelmwifos? a) qarTli; b) iveria; g) arian-qarTli; d) qarTvelTa samefo;

2. visi cnobaa, rom iberebma, romlebic kolxebad iwodebian, qristianoba jer kidev romis imperator traianamde (98-117 ww) miRes? a) evsevi kesarielis; b) irineos lionelis; g) balsamonis; d) lazare farfecis;

3 . rodis daarsda afxazeTis sakaTalikoso? a) VIII s. b) IX s. YYY g) X s. d) XI s.

4. XI saukuneSi romel wlebSi mimdinareobda bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris omi? a) 1011-1021 ww. b) 1021-1054 ww. g) 1054-1064 ww. d) 1064-1080 ww.

5 . X I s -Si ra i yo mi zan i s aq arT vel os meT aurT a molaparakebebis dros bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris? a) bizantiis mier aneqsirebuli teritoriebis daTmoba; b) saqarTvelos eklesiis sapatriarqo uflebebis cnoba; g) erToblivi samxedro eqspediciebis mowyoba; d) saeklesio reformis Catareba;

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6. XII s-Si visi uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT moxda cixe-qalaq samSvildes aReba? a) daviT aRmaSeneblis; b) giorgi Wyondidelis; g) yubasaris; d) demetre batoniSvilis;

7. ra iyo XVI s-is samefo-samTavroebad daSlil saqarTvelos makonsoliderebeli Zala? a) qarTlis mefe; b) gareuli mteri; g) qarTuli eklesia; d) imereTis mefe;

8.

romel wels moxda Teimuraz II-is qristianuli wesiT mefed kurTxeva? a) 1740 w. b) 1744 w. g) 1746 w. d) 1749 w.

9.

1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi romeli sasuliero piri iRebda monawileobas? a) varlam erisTavi; b) eqvTime gaenaTeli; g) filadelfos kiknaZe; d) gabriel qiqoZe;

10. rodis mokles kirion II kaTalikosi? a) 1917 w. b) 1918 w. g) 1919 w. d) 1920 w.

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varian ti # 3

1 & vtat afhyfdfpbc cfvtajib itvfdfk tuhbcbc cfthbcsfdjc vfhsfdlf lblb cf[tkvobaj vjqdfot% f` df[nfyu ujhufcfkb ,` vbhbfy vtat u` me]b thbcsfdb l` ,fuhfn lblb&

2 & mhbcntij,fvlt +|-+++ cc-ib lffhct,ekb thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajc jabwbfkehb cf[tkb b.j% f` ehfhnec cfvtaj ,` fk,fytsbc cfvtaj u` rf[tsbc cfvtaj l` mfhskbc cfvtaj&

3& vtat afhyfdfpbc cfvtajc lfcfdktsb cfpqdfhb uflbjlf% f` ifd pqdfcf lf vl& vnrdfhpt u` ctdfybc n,fcf lf vl& ,fv,frpt ,` ifd pqdfcf lf vl& tuhbco.fkpt l` rfcgbbc pqdfcf lf vl& fhfmcpt&

4& vtat afhyfdfpvf gbhdtkb thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj tyfl ufvjfw[flf% f` ,thyekb tyf ,` kfsbyehb tyf u` ehfhnec tyf l` mfhsekb tyf&

5 & rbvthbtksf itvjctdbcfc mhbcntij,fvlt |+++ c-ib rjk[tsbc cfvtajc cfv[tlhj fhbcnjrhfnbf uflfcf[klf% f` xhlbkjtsbs ,` cfv[htsbs u` fqvjcfdktsbs l` lfcfdktsbs&

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6 & rbvthbtksf itvjctdt,bc itvltu rjk[tsbc cfvtajc cfv[tlhj fhbcnjrhfnbfv cfv[htsbs lfffhcf f[fkb cfvtaj cf[tkojlt,bs% f` vblbf-cgfhctsb u` fhbfy-mfhskb ,` gjynj-rfgfljrbf l` nfibh-jhfrthnb&

7& edtktc mfhsdtksf tsybreh-thjdyekb lf tyj,hbdb vskbfyj,bc itcf[t, mhbcntij,fvlt 600 okbs flht othlf% f` gjkbrfhgt cbwbkbtkb u` lbjuty tatctkb ,` /trfnjc vbktntkb l` ybrjy fktmcfylhbtkb&

8.

ratom Seicvala XI s-is II naxevarSi bizantiis rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao mdgomareoba saqarTvelos mimarT? a) bizantia dasustda; g) Turq-selCukebi gamoCndnen; b) saqarTvelo gaZlierda; d) bizantiis imperia daiSala;

9. romel saukunemde hqondaT qarTvelebs qristes saflavis gasaRebi? a) XII s-is II naxevramde; b) XIII s-is II naxevramde; g) XIV s-is IInaxevramde; d) XV s-is IInaxevramde;

10. vin iyo gagzavnili rusudan mefis mier baTo yaenTan mosalaparikeblad? a) SanSe mxargrZeli; b) avag mxargrZeli; g) arsen Wyondideli; d) ivane Toreli;

74
varian ti # 4

1 & #vjc[t,b _ rjk[ehb njvbf@ _ fv cbn.dt,bs /trfnjc vbktntkb fqybiyfdlf^ hjv lfcfdkts lf fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,f f` wyj,bkb njvt,bf ,` ewyj,b njvt,bf u` thsbfyb [fk[bf l` c[dflfc[df [fk[bf&

2& ltlf qdsbcvij,tkvf sfdbc yfwdkfl cfmfhsdtkjib cfmflfut,kfl ufvjfupfdyf ovblf vjwbmekb% f` gtnht ,` gfdkt u` fylhbf l` bjfyt&

3& hjvtk otkc fqbfhtc mfhskbc cfvtajib mhbcnbfyj,f cf[tkvobaj cfhoveyjt,fl% f` 326 o& ,` 329 o& u` 311 o& l` 337 o&

4& mfhsek o.fhjsf vb[tldbs^ cfl uflbjlf vtat vbhbfybc lhjc mfhskbc cfvtajc lfcfdktsb cfpqdfhb% f` rfdrfcbbc vst,ib ,` vlbyfht tuhbco.fkpt u` ctdfybc n,fpt l` fk,fytsib&

5 . rogori iyo mociqulTa mier daarsebuli eklesiebi? a) mociqulebis daqvemdebarebaSi; b) ierusalimis iurisdiqciaSi; g) avtokefalurebi; d) upirates episkoposs daqvemdebarebuli;

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6.

vin iyo qarTlis pirveli kaTalikosi? a) ioane; b) petre; g) miqaeli; d) samoeli;

7. rodis aRsdga dasavleT egrisSi qarTul-enovani RvTismsaxureba? a) VIII s-Si, afxazTa samefos Camoyalibebis Semdeg; b) XI s-Si, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg g) XVI s-Si, saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg d) XVIII s-Si, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Camoyalibebis Semdeg

8.

dasavleT egrisSi rodis aRikveTa qarTuli ena da dawesda berZnuli RvTismsaxureba? a) 530-ian wlebSi; b) 630-ian wlebSi; g) 730-ian wlebSi; d) 830-ian wlebSi;

9.

ram gamoiwvia XI s-is dasawyisSi mabralobelTa~ da mayvedrebelTa~ gamravleba? a) bizantia-saqarTvelos omma; b) qarTuli eklesiis sisustem; g) qarTuli eklesiis siZlierem; d) saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sisustem;

10. romel wels daapatimres aTeistebma saqarTvelos wmida patriarqi ambrosi xelaia? a) 1899 w. b) 1903 w. g) 1906 w. d) 1924 w.

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varian ti # 5 1. rogoria s. janaSias qarTvelTa winaparTa gansaxlebis koncefcia? a) qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen: SuamdinareTSi; b) qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen: wina aziasa da samxreT evropaSi; g) samxreT aziaSi; d) sinas naxevarkunZulze;

2& hebc-eh,ybcbc rht,bc vb[tldbs^ fylhbf vjwbmekvf uffmhbcnbfyf fye vjfmwbf f` fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,f* ,` lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,f* u` chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,f* l` vtc[tsbc vjcf[ktj,f&
3 . prokofi kesarielis mixedviT vis eqvemdebarebodnen dasavleT saqarTvelos qristianebi? a) konstantinopolis patriarqs; b) ierusalimis patriarqs; g) guTeTis eklesias; d) kaTalikoss (qarTlisa); 4. rodis gaxda Cr. kavkasia mahmadianuri? a) monRolebis dros; b) Temur-lengis dros; g) uzun-hasanis dros; d) Sah-abasis dros; 5 . ratom ebrZodnen ufro meti gaafTrebiT iran-osmalebi saqarTvelos eklesias, vidre somexTa da berZenTa eklesiebs? imitom rom:

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a) qarTvelebi sZuldaT; b) saqarTvelos eklesia agresiuli iyo mahmadianebis mimarT; g) saqarTvelos eklesias didi gvlena hqonda kavkasiaSi; d) maT SeZles moespoT somxuri da berZnuli saxelmwifoebi, qarTuli ki arsebobda;

6.

vin moiZia mefed kurTxevis uZvelesi qarTuli wesi? a) ambrosi nekreselma; b) gaioz reqtorma; g) antoni I kaTalikosma; d) arsen safarelma;

7. romel wels gaiwvies anton II kaTolikosi peterburgSi? a) 1809 w. b) 1810 w. g) 1811 w. d) 1812 w.

8. vin gamoacxada 1917 w. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia? a) kirion saZagliSvilma; b) leonide oqropiriZem; g) ambrosi xelaiam; d) nikita TalakvaZem;

9. vin gamoacxada 1917 wels saqarT velos ekl esiis avtokefaluri marTva-gamgeobis aRdgena? a) kirion saZagliSvilma; b) leonide oqropiriZem; g) ambrosi xelaiam; d) nikita TalakvaZem;

10. romel wels aRiara ruseTis eklesiam saqarTvelos eklesiis sami ufleba _ avtokefalia, sapatriarqo Rirseba, VI adgili di ptixSi? a) 1917 w. b) 1927 w. g) 1943 w. d) 1990 w.

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varian ti # 6 1. rodis gamocxadda wm. andria mociqulis saqarTveloSi qadageba legendad? a) X s. b) XV s. g) XIX s. d) XX s.

2. sad daarsa wm. andria mociqulma saqarTveloSi pirveli saepiskoposo? a) oZraxeSi; g) awyurSi; b) biWvinTaSi; d) gonioSi;

3& hebc-eh,ybcbc rht,bc vb[tldbs^ ovblf ybyjv ufyfyfskf fye uffmhbcnbfyf f` lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc mfhsdtkj,f* ,` fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc mfhsdtkj,f* u` #.jdtkyb mfhsdtkyb@ fye chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc mfhsdtkj,f* l` vtc[tsbc mfhsdtkj,f&

4. saqarTvelos eklesias ra saxelwodeba hqonda uZveles droidan? a) saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso eklesia; b) saqarTvelos sapatriarqo eklesia; g) saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia; d) saqarTvelos avtokefaluri eklesia;

5 . romelma mTavarepiskoposma Seumusra kbilebi vaxtang gorgasals? a) ioaneb; b) petrem; g) miqaelma; d) samoelma;

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6.

rodis Camovidnen asureli mamebi saqarTveloSi? a) VI s-is Sua wlebSi; b) V s-is bolos; g) VI s-is bolos; d) VII s-is dasawyisSi;

7.

ratom iyo monofizitoba VI s-Si sparselebisTvis misaRebi sarwmunoeba? a) sparseTSi bevri monofizituri eklesia arsebobda; b) antibizantiuri aRmsarebloba iyo; g) monofizitoba loialuri iyo mazdianobisa; d) monofizitebi regularulad ixdidnen xarks;

8.

efrem mcires mixedviT romelma msoflio saeklesio krebam misca neba yvela eklesias, maT Soris saqarTvelosac adgilze ekurTxebinaT mironi? a) efesos; b) qalkedonis; g) konstantinepolis; d) trulis;

9.

rodis SemouerTa bagrat III-m erTian saqarTvelos kaxeT-hereTi? a) 990 w. b) 1003 w. g) 1010 w. d) 1013 w.

10. ra uwodes melqisedek I-s, mis iurisdiqciis qveS myofi eklesiis teritoris sididis gamo? a) didi patriarqi; b) sruliad iberiis patriarqi g) aRmosavleTis patriarqi; d) erTiani saqarTvelos patriarqi;

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varian ti # 7 1. VIII-X ss-Si `afxazTa samefos~ mosaxleobis kulturisa da saxelmwifo ena iyo a) afxazuri ena g) berZnuli ena b) qarTuli ena d) xazarul ena

2. sad aris aRmoCenili saqarTvelos II-III saukuneTa qristianuli eklesiis naSTebi? a) nekresSi; b) nastakisSi; g) noqalaqevSi; d) vanSi;

3 . romeli wliT aTariRebs vaxuSti bagrationi qarTlis mocqevas? a) 317 w. b) 324 w. g) 327 w. d) 337 w.

4. saqarTvelos romelma mefem datova anderZad berZenTa siyvaruli~ a) mirianma; b) vaxtang gorgasalma; g) bagrat III; d) daviT aRmaSenebelma

5.

ra aris asureli mamebis yvelaze didi Rvawli, romelic maT gauwies qarTul eklesias? a) ganumtkices qarTvelebs sarwmunoeba; b) jer kidev mouqceveli mxareebi gaaqristianes; g) eklesias aaciles monofizitobis safrTxe; d) ganamravles samRvdelo dasi;

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6.

ratom gawyvita guTeTis eklesiam konstantinepolis sapatriarqosTan kavSiri? a) damoukideblobis moTxovnis gamo; b) xatmebrZolebis gamo; g) bizantiis keisris agresiis gamo; d) mezobel eklesiasTan daaxloebis gamo.

7.

romel saukunemde hqondaT qarTvelebs qristes saflavis gasaRebi? a) XII s-is II naxevramde; g) XIV s-is II naxevramde; b) XIII s-is II naxevramde; d) XV s-is II naxevramde;

8.

ra mizeziT iyo gamowveuli XV s-is miwurulsa da XVI sis dasawyisSi qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi warmoSobili separatizmi? a) seqtantobiT; b) sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqilebiT; g) kaTolicizmiT; d) administraciuli gandgomiT;

9.

1434-35 wlebSi aleqsandre dids saqarTvelosTvis romeli mxare SemouerTebia 60 000 qristiani suliT? a) Sirvani; b) anisi; g) sivnieTi (yarabaRi); d) dvaleTi;

10. ra akrZala 1759 wlis saeklesio krebam? a) Tavaduri separatizmi; g) ucxo rjulze gadasvla; b) tyveTa syidva; d) batonymoba;

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varian ti # 8 1. visi winaswarmetyvelebaa: `viame, xizani var meSeqisa, vbinadrob kedaris karvebTan~? a) ieremias; b) daviTisi; g) ezekielis; d) ambakumisa;

2. rogori saxelmwifo iyo mociqulTa epoqis iberia? a) dasustebuli; b) danawevrebuli iransa da roms Soris; g) Sina omebiT dasustebuli; d) Zlieri saxelmwifo ameirkavkasiaSi;

3 . sad aris dakrZaluli mataTia mociquli? a) artanujSi; b) gonioSi; g) oZrxeSi; d) trapezuntTan;

4. romel wels Semovida wm. nino saqarTveloSi? a) 303 w. b) 313 w. g) 325 w. d) 329 w.

5 . uZvelesi qarTuli wyaros mixedviT qarTlSi mefoba gauqmda: a) VI s-is dasawyisSi; b) IV s-is II naxevarSi; g) VI s-is II naxevarSi; d) VII s-is dasawyisSi;

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6.

rodemde iarseba saqarTvelos erTianma sapatriarqom? a) VIII s-is Suamde; b) IX s-is Suamde; g) XVI s-is Suamde; d) XIX s-is I naxevramde;

7.

efrem mcires mixedviT romeli saukunidan ikurTxeboda saqarTveloSi mironi? a) IV s-dan; b) V s-dan; g) IX s-dan; d) XI s-dan;

8.

ra erqva bagrat IV-is dedas, romelic 1054-1057 wlebis molaparakebebSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebda? a) miranduxti; b) mariami; g) rusudani; d) borena

9.

wm. mefe Tamaris sagareo politika riT gansxvavdeboda wm. mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis politikisagan?

a) Tamarma daviTis msgavsad ver gaafarTova Tavisi qveynis sazRvrebi; b) Tamarma ufro naklebi sagareo omebi gadaixada; g) Tamari damarcxebul qveynebs uSualod ar uerTebda Tavis samefos, aramed ymadnaficobiT kmayofildeboda; d) Tamaris dros saxelmwifos ukve aRar SeeZlo ewarmoebina sagareo omebi;

10. romel wels gauqmda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia? a) 1801 w. b) 1810 w. g) 1811w. d) 1814 w.

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varian ti # 9

1& mfhsek o.fhjsf vb[tldbs^ hjlbc xfvj.fkb,lf thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj% f` mhbcntij,fvlt \ c-ib* ,` mhbcntij,fvlt +|-+++ cc-ib* u` f[fkb otksfqhw[dbc |++ c-ib* l` f[fkb otksfqhbw[dbc \+ c-ib&

2. romeli qarTveli moRvawe, werda, rom Cven qveyanaSi uqadagia barTlome mociquls? a) giorgi mTawmindeli; b) arsen iyalToeli; g) efrem mcire; d) ioane petriwi;

3 . `qarTlis cxovreba~ romel mefes miawers warmarTuli RvTaebisaTvis sisxliani msxverplis Sewirvis akrZalvas? a) varaz-baqars; b) revs; g) amazasps; d) mirdats;

4. VII s-Si romelma imperatorma CamoaWra qarTlis samefos dasavleT egrisi? a) basili II-e; b) heraklem g) konstantinem; d) romanizma;

5 . rodis daarsda saqarTvelos erTiani sapatriarqo? a) VII s. b) VIII s. g) IX s. d) XI s.

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

85

6.

XI s. dasawyisSi vin gamoafxizla eri bizantiis agresiis dros? a) mefem; b) qarTvelma samRvdeloebam; g) didaznaurobam; d) sardlobam;

7.

vin iyo wm. mefe Tamaris istorikosi? a) basili ezosmoZRvari; b) leonti mroveli; g) CaxruxaZe; d) Wiaberi;

8.

XVII s-idan qarTvelad SeZles darCena: a) gagrigorianebulebma; b) gakaTolikebulebma; g) berZnuli eklesiis wevrebma; d) saqarTvelos eklesiis wevrebma;

9.

ra akrZala 1759 wlis saeklesio krebam? a) Tavaduri separatizmi; b) tyveTa syidva; g) ucxo rjulze gadasvla; d) batonymoba;

10. vin awama saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauri wm. mama evdemon kaTalikosi? a) rostom xanma b) osmaleTis sulTanma g) feiqar xanma d) erekle I-ma

86

variant i # 10

1& dtkb rjk[ehb reknehbc fhtfkib lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjcsfy thsfl itlbjlf% f` xhlbkj ehfhne ,` xhlbkj vtcjgjnfvbf u` fqvjcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj l` fqvjcfdktsb fk,fytsb&

2. vis Cauweria wm. ninos cxovreba? a) ioane episkopos; b) salome ujarmels; g) nana dedofals; d) daCi ujarmels;

3. dasavleT egrisSi rodis aRikveTa qarTuli ena da dawesda berZnuli RvTismsaxureba? a) 530-ian wlebSi; b) 630-ian wlebSi; g) 730-ian wlebSi; d) 830-ian wlebSi;

4. XII s-Si visi uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT moxda cixe-qalaq samSvildes aReba? a) daviT aRmaSeneblis; b) giorgi Wyondidelis; g) yubasaris; d) demetre batoniSvilis;

5. ramdeni weli batonobdnen monRolebi saqarTveloSi? a) 50 w. b) 100 w. g) 200 w. d) 250 w.

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

87

6.

V-VI saukuneebSi ratom aZlierebda sparseTi somxur eklesias? a) sparseTSi bevri somexi cxovrobda; b) antibizantiuri mimarTulebis gamo; g) somxuri eklesia aRiarebda Sahis Zalauflebas; d) somxuri eklesiis finansuri siZlieris gamo;

7.

XI saukuneSi romel wlebSi mimdinareobda molaparakeba bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris? a) 1021-1024 ww. b) 1044-1047 ww. g) 1054-1057 ww. d) 1067-1070 ww.

8.

vin iyo daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvari? a) giorgi Wyondideli; b) arsen iyalToeli; g) ioane kaTalikosi; d) miqaeli;

9.

vin moakvlevina saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauri wm. mama evdemon kaTalikosi? a) Sah-abasma; b) rostom valma; g) Sah-navazma; d) daud-xanma;

10. rodis aRdga saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia? a) 1916 w. b) 1917 w. g) 1918 w. d) 1919 w.

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variant i # 11 1. qristeSobamde VI s-is romeli avtori wers, rom mosoxi kolxuri tomia? a) herodite; b) hekatos mileteli; g) straboni; d) megasTene;

2& hjvtkb cf[tkvobaj vjqdfobc lf[vfht,bs lfffhcf vtat afhyfdfpvf thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj% f` ,fuhfn thbcsfdbc u` ltvtnht thbcsfdbc ,` me]b thbcsfdbc l` uhbujk thbcsfdbc&

3 . rogori iyo mociqulTa mier daarsebuli eklesiebi? a) mociqulebis daqvemdebarebaSi; b) ierusalimis iurisdiqciaSi; g) avtokefalurebi; d) upirates episkoposs dakvemdebarebuli;

4. vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da sxva Zveli istorikosebis mixedviT romel wlebSi aRiara qarTlis samefo karma qristianoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad? a) 317-318 ww. b) 323-325 ww. g) 323-325 ww. d) 331-337 ww.

5 . sad aris dakrZaluli mataTia mociquli? a) artanujSi; b) gonioSi; g) oZraxisSi; d) trapezuntTan;

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

89

6& ghjrjab rtcfhbtkbc vb[tldbs^ dbc tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc mhbcnbfyt,b% f` rjycnfynbyjgjkbc gfnhbfhmc* ,` fynbjmbbc gfnhbfhmc* u` bthecfkbvbc gfnhbfhmc* l` vw[tsbc ~mfhskbc` #rfsfkbrjcc@&

7.

romel wels aiRo wm. mefe daviT aRmaSenebelma Tbilisi? a) 1120 w. b) 1121 w. g) 1122w. d) 1123 w.

8. daviT aRmaSenebelma Camosaxlebuli yivCayebi Caasaxla saqarTvelos sazRvrebze, romelic imJamad gadioda a) Sida qarTlSi; g) dRevandel somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi b) kaxeTSi; d) odiSsa da argveTSi

9.

saqarTveloSi Semosvlisas monRolebi ratom ar aviwroebdnen qristianebs? a) qristianuli eklesia xarks uxdida; b) qristianuli eklesiis siZlieris gamo; g) isini jer ar iyvnen mahmadianebi; d) monRolTa nawili qristiani iyo;

10. XV s-is bolos qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris amtydar Sina omebSi vin iCenda gansakuTrebul separatizms, romelic eklesiur gaTiSvamdec ki midioda? a) imereTis mefe; b) guriis mTavari; g) mesxeTis mTavari; d) kaxeTis mefe;

90

variant i # 12

1& mfhsekb vobuyj,hj,f xfvj.fkb,lf% f` mhbcntij,fvlt +|-+++ cc& vtat afhyfdfpbc lhjc* ,` f[fkb otksfqhbw[dbc ++-+++ cc-ib afhcvfy mdtkbc lhjc* u` f[fkb otksfqhbw[dbc +++-+| cc vbhbfy vtabc lhjc* l` f[fkb otksfqhbw[dbc |++-|+++ cc-ib fhxbk vtabc lhjc&

2. vin gvawvdis cnobas, rom andria mociqulma saqarTveloSi mesame mogzaurobisas sxva mociqulebic Camoiyvana? a) evsevi kesarieli; g) irineos leoneli; b) epifane konstantinepoleli; d) balsamoni;

3& mfhsek o.fhjsf vb[tldbs^ dby b.j thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtajc gbhdtkb vtat% f` ,fuhfn +| ,` lfdbs fqvfityt,tkb u` afhyfdfpb l` ubjhub |&

4. III saukunis romel qarTlis mefes hqonia qristes siyvaruli da mosmenili hqonia saxareba? a) aderkis; b) revs; g) farsman II-s; d) amazasps;

5. dasavleT egrisSi rodis aRikveTa qarTuli ena da dawesda berZnuli RvTismsaxureba? a) 530-ian wlebSi; b) 630-ian wlebSi; g) 730-ian wlebSi; d) 830-ian wlebSi;

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

91

6.

ra erqva ori sakaTolikososgan Seqmnil saqarTvelos sapatriarqos pirvel patriarqs? a) petre; b) ioane; g) melqisedeki; d) miqaeli;

7. ratom gawyvita guTeTis eklesiam konstantinepolis sapatriarqosTan kavSiri? a) damoukideblobis moTxovnis gamo; b) xatmebrZolobis gamo; g) bizantiis keisris agresiis gamo; d) mezobel eklesiasTan daaxloebis gamo;

8. XI s-Si ra aRiara antioqiis patriarq petre III-is Catarebulma krebam, garda qarTuli eklesiis da qarTveli berebis devnis Sewtvetisa? a) qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi; b) qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia; g) saqarTvelos eklesiasi mironis kurTxevis ufleba; d) saqarTvelos eklesiis sapatriarqo uflebebi;

9.

jalaledinis mier Tbilisis aRebisas ramdeni adamiani Seewira qristes rwmenas? a) bevri; b) aTi bevri; g) oci bevri; d) asi bevri;

(`bevri~ 10.000)

10. rodis scnes saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia berZnulma sapatriarqo eklesiebma? a) 1927 w. b) 1943 w. g) 1990 w. d) 1995 w.

92

testebis swori pasuxebi:

varianti # 1: varianti # 2: varianti varianti varianti varianti varianti varianti varianti varianti # # # # # # # # 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10:

1d 1g 1g 1g 1b 1d 1b 1b 1b 1g

2b 2b 2d 2g 2g 2g 2b 2d 2g 2b 2b 2b

3g 3a 3b 3a 3d 3g 3a 3b 3b 3b 3g 3g

4b 4b 4d 4b 4b 4g 4b 4a 4b 4b 4a 4b

5b 5b 5b 5g 5d 5g 5g 5a 5d 5b 5b 5b

6a 6b 6g 6b 6g 6a 6b 6g 6b 6b

7d 8g 7g 8b 7b 7a 7b 7b 7d 7b 7a 7g 8g 8b 8b 8b 8d 8b 8d 8b

9b 9g 9d 9a 9b 9g 9g 9g 9b 9b

10a 10b 10g 10d 10g 10g 10b 10g 10a 10b 10g 10g

varianti # 11: 1b varianti # 12: 1a

6d 7g 6g 7b

8g 9g 8d 9b

mosaxsenebeli:

es wigni daibeWda sulis cxonebis maZieblis fatima muradovas mosaxseneblad.

cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc vjrkt bcnjhbf

93

CFHXTDB

itcfdfkb -------------------------------------------------- 3

CFMFHSDTKJC TRKTCBBC BCNJHBBC + GTHBJLB^ +-\+ CC& ~ov& vjwbmekt,blfy - hebc-eh,ybcbc rht,fvlt`

+ cfereyt ------------------------------------------------- 7 ++ cfereyt ------------------------------------------------ 9 +++ cfereyt ------------------------------------------------ 11 +| cfereyt ----------------------------------------------- 12 | cfereyt ------------------------------------------------ 14 |+ cfereyt ----------------------------------------------- 17 |++ cfereyt ----------------------------------------------- 20 |+++ cfereyt ---------------------------------------------- 22 +\-\ cfereytt,b ----------------------------------------- 24 \+ cfereyt ----------------------------------------------- 25

94

CFMFHSDTKJC TRKTCBBC BCNJHBBC ++ GTHBJLB^ \++-\|+++ CC& ~hebc-eh,ybcbc rht,blfy fdnjrtafkbbc ufemvt,fvlt`

\++ cfereyt ----------------------------------------------- 29 \+++ cfereyt ---------------------------------------------- 35 \+| cfereyt --------------------------------------------- 40 \| cfereyt ---------------------------------------------- 43 \|+ cfereyt --------------------------------------------- 48 \|++ cfereyt --------------------------------------------- 50 \|+++ cfereyt -------------------------------------------- 56

CFMFHSDTKJC TRKTCBBC BCNJHBBC +++ GTHBJLB

mfhsekb trktcbf \+\-\\ cfereytt,ib ----------------60 ntcnt,b --------------------------------------------------67