relative clauses

1. The relative pronouns: The relative pronouns are: who whom, who whose which whose that

We use who and whom for people, and which for things. We use that for people or things. We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses, which tell us more about people and things. 2. Relative clauses to postmodify a noun We use relative clauses to postmodify a noun - to ma e clear which person or thing we are tal ing about. !n these clauses we can have the relative pronoun who, which, whose or that as sub"ect #see $lauses %entences and &hrases' !sn(t that the woman who lives across the road from you) The police said the accident that happened last night was unavoidable The newspaper reported that the tiger which illed its eeper has been put down. W*R+!+,: The relative pronoun is the sub"ect of the clause. We do not repeat the sub"ect: -The woman who .she/ lives across the road0 -The tiger which .it/ illed its eeper 0 as ob"ect of a clause #see $lauses, %entences and &hrases' 1ave you seen those people who we met on holiday 2ou shouldn(t believe everything that you read in the newspaper. The house that we rented in 3ondon was fully furnished. The food was definitely the thing which ! en"oyed most about our holiday. - %ometimes we use whom instead of who when the relative pronoun is the ob"ect: 1ave you see those people whom we met on holiday - When the relative pronoun is ob"ect of its clause we sometimes leave it out: 1ave you seen those people we met on holiday 2ou shouldn(t believe everything you read in the newspaper. The house we rented in 3ondon was fully furnished. The food was definitely the thing ! en"oyed most about our holiday.

W*R+!+,: The relative pronoun is the ob"ect of the clause. We do not repeat the ob"ect: 1ave you seen those people who we met .them/ on holiday. The house that we rented .it/ in 3ondon was fully furnished. The food was definitely the thing ! en"oyed .it/ most about our holiday. as ob"ect of a preposition. When the relative pronoun is the ob"ect of a preposition we usually put the preposition after the verb.: 2ou were tal ing to a woman 444 Who was the woman who you were tal ing to) 5y parents live in that house 444 That(s the house that my parents live in. 2ou were tal ing about a boo . ! haven(t read it. 444 ! haven(t read the boo which you were tal ing about. - When the relative pronoun is the ob"ect of a preposition we usually leave it out: Who was the woman you were tal ing to) That(s the house my parents live in. - %ometimes we use whom instead of who: Who was that woman whom you were tal ing about. - When we use whom or which the preposition sometimes comes at the beginning of the clause: ! haven(t read the boo about which you were tal ing. - We can use the possessive form, whose, in a relative clause: ! always forget that woman(s name 444 That(s the woman whose name ! always forget. ! met a man whose brother wor s in 5oscow. 6. Times and places We also use when with times and where with places to ma e it clear which time or place we are tal ing about: 7ngland won the world cup in 1889. !t was the year when we got married. ! remember my twentieth birthday. !t was the day when the tsunami happened. :o you remember the place where we caught the train) %tratford-upon-*von is the town where %ha espeare was born. ... but we can leave out the word when: 7ngland won the world cup in 1889. !t was the year we got married. ! remember my twentieth birthday. !t was the day the tsunami happened. ;. ,iving additional information

We use who, whom, whose, and which #but not that' in relative clauses to tell us more about a person or thing. as sub"ect #see $lauses, %entences and &hrases' 5y uncle, who was born in 1ong <ong, lived most of his life overseas. ! have "ust read =rwell(s 18>;, which is one of the most frightening boo s ever written. W*R+!+,: The relative pronoun is the sub"ect of the clause. We do not repeat the sub"ect: 5y uncle, who .he/ was born in 1ong <ong, lived most of his life overseas. ! have "ust read =rwell(s 18>;, which .it/ is one of the most frightening boo s ever written. as ob"ect #see $lauses, %entences and &hrases' We saw the latest 1arry &otter film, which we really en"oyed. 5y favourite actor is 5arlon ?rando, who ! saw in @=n the WaterfrontA. - we can use whom instead of who as ob"ect: 5y favourite actor was 5arlon ?rando, whom ! saw in @=n the WaterfrontA. W*R+!+,: The relative pronoun is the ob"ect of the clause. We do not repeat the ob"ect: We saw the latest 1arry &otter film, which we really en"oyed .it/. 5y favourite actor is 5arlon ?rando, who ! saw .him/ in @=n the WaterfrontA. as ob"ect of a clause : 1e finally met &aul 5c$artney, whom he had always admired. We are going bac to Benice, which we first visited thirty years ago. We can also use who as the ob"ect. 1e finally met &aul 5c$artney, who he had always admired. W*R+!+,: The relative pronoun is the ob"ect of the clause. We do not repeat the ob"ect: 1e finally met &aul 5c$artney, whom he had always admired .him/. We are going bac to Benice, which we first visited .it/ thirty years ago. as ob"ect of a preposition: 1e decided to telephone 5rs. Cac son, who he had read about in the newspaper. That(s the programme which we listened to last night. - We sometimes use whom instead of who:

1e decided to telephone 5rs. Cac son, whom he had read about in the newspaper. - The preposition sometimes comes in front of the relative pronoun whom or which: 1e decided to telephone 5rs. Cac son, about whom he had read in the newspaper. That(s the programme to which we listened last night. D. Euantifiers and numbers with relative pronouns We often use Fuantifiers and numbers with relative pronouns: many of whom - most of whom - one of which - none of whom some of which - lots of whom - two of which - etc. We can use them as sub"ect, ob"ect or ob"ect of a preposition. %he has three brothers two of whom are in the army. ! read three boo s last wee , one of which ! really en"oyed. There were some good programmes on the radio, none of which ! listened to. 9. Gsing HwhichH to give more information We often use the relative pronoun which to say something about a clause: 1e was usually late, which always annoyed his father. We(ve missed our train, which means we may be late.