Amy Bilodeau October 18, 2013 Period 7

Thesis Statement: The white European minority of South Africa during the later half of the 20th century abused their power and responsibility to govern the black majority of South Africa justly by stripping away the basic civil rights of the black majority in formal segregation. Project type: Web Site
http://43869557.nhd.weebly.com/

Annotated Bibliography:

Primary Sources: "A Segregated Lavatory in South Africa. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. World History In Context. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://0ic.galegroup.com.ilsweb.lvccld.org/ic/whic/ImagesDetailsPage/ImagesDetailsWin dow?total=14&query=BS+south+africa+apartheid&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=norma l&mode=view&limiter=AC+y&displayGroupName=Images&currPage=1&sortBy=relev ance%2Cdescending&action=e&catId=&view=docDisplay&documentId=GALE%7CPC 2587387030 Annotation: This image shows men waiting outside of a lavatory in which they are segregated and the signs read Europeans and Non-Europeans. It goes to show that every aspect of their life had to do with the apartheid policy, and they were surrounded by discrimination and division by racial status. This was used as a photo in one of my slideshows. African Activist Archive. Posters. African Activist Archive. Web, n.d. 5 Dec 2013. Document URL: http://africanactivist.msu.edu/browse_results.php?category=media&member=Poster Annotation: This archive had many anti-apartheid posters. All of the posters under my Leaflets & Posters page are from here.

Eastern Province Herald. Korsten Slum Scenes.Digital Innovation of South Africa.Digital Innovation of South Africa. Web, n.d. 16 Oct. 2013.

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Document URL: http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/index.php?option=com_displaydc&recordID=pho00000000.0 37.015.001 Annotation: This image shows the slums of South Africa that non-whites were forced to live in. It shows the low quality of life for non-white and native people of South Africa under the policy of apartheid implemented by white Europeans. De Clerk, F.W. Interview with John Carlin.The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela. PBS. Web, n.d. 15 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/interviews/deklerk.html Annotation: In this interview with F.W. De Clerk, who was South Africas president from 1989-1994, talks on his establishment of a relationship with Mandela, and his plans at the time to release Mandela from prison. He also gives an insight on the white government view of the policy, and how they found black revolutionaries dangerous, and that it was only the course of the law to put the leaders in prison. He states that the government was working on a peaceful transition away from apartheid laws. A quote was used in the Nelson Mandela section of my website. Henley, William Ernest. Invictus [I. M. To R. T. Hamilton Bruce (1846-1899)]. Poetry X. Ed. Jough Dempsey. 27 Dec 2004. 09 Dec. 2013 Document URL: http://poetry.poetryx.com/poems/9308/citation/mla/ Annotation: Nelson Mandela recited this poem many times during the fight against apartheid, so I thought it was appropriate to include it in my website. The full poem is on my End of Apartheid page. Mandela, Nelson. Speech on his release from prison (1990)." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/354634?terms=nelson+mandela Annotation: This is the speech that Nelson Mandela gave on his release from jail on Robben Island in which he was arrested for political activism. He starts the speech by saluting and thanking members of anti-apartheid organizations that worked on his release of jail, and

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later goes on to motivate the victims of the apartheid to keep fighting for their freedom because the path to democracy is irreversible. At the end, he explains that he does not want white dominance, nor black dominance, but a society in which all races live in harmony and with equal opportunities and rights. A quote was used in the Nelson Mandela section of my website. Mandela, Nelson. The Struggle is My Life. Conference of the Pan African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa. 26 June 1961. Web, n.d. 17 Oct. 2013 Document URL: http://db.nelsonmandela.org/speeches/pub_view.asp?pg=item&ItemID=NMS009&txtstr= Dates: 1950 1990 Annotation: Mandela is given the action plan of non-collaboration: basically, he wants the oppressed people to not simply give over their products of hard labor, or serve to a government thats not serving them. His plan is to make the government impossible, and although the police are looking for him, he will not surrender to a foreign government. Nelson Mandela was the spokesperson/leader of the African National Congress and their movement against apartheid policy laws in South Africa, so this source is credible. A quote was used in the Nelson Mandela section of my website. Music in History Channel. Music and Apartheid in South Africa. Video. Youtube. Youtube, LLC. 25 Jan 2009. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. Document URL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3XhzmNxR8w

Annotation: This was a video with a musician during apartheid speaking about the influence of music during apartheid. I used a 45 second clip of the video under my Popular Media section. Population Registration Act, No. 30." Governments of the World: A Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities. Ed. C. Neal Tate. Vol. 4. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. 330-331. World History In Context. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://0ic.galegroup.com.ilsweb.lvccld.org/ic/whic/PrimarySourcesDetailsPage/PrimarySources DetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&content Modules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=PrimarySources&limiter=&currPage=&dis ableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&a ction=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3447400356 Annotation:

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The Registration Act of 1950 explains the registration process for Europeans, Coloureds, and natives, in which they are identified by race and given an identity number. The rules for registration clearly show the strictness of the apartheid policy, and the definite division of racial groups. It helped me to see how the government was handling the separating of the races, and how each individual was identified. This was used in my Segregation & Discrimination section of my website. "Racist road sign in South Africa." Image. Hulton Archive. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/421439?terms=south+africa+apartheid Annotation: In this image, two black Africans walk by a sign that says, Caution Beware of Natives, and it truly shows the racism that was occurring during this time period. The image was a powerful one that makes the viewer really feel what the blacks that were being discriminated against felt. It will definitely be used as one of the images on my board. This was in one of the slideshows of my website. Redgrave, Vanessa. Hanging on a Tree. African National Congress, African National Congress, n.d. Web. 16 October 2013 Document URL: http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=5670&t=British Anti-Apartheid Movement Annotation: This poem puts a different perspective from the victims of apartheid in which the poet states that she doesnt want to be put through these actions because the white people pity her. It also foreshadowed some type of action against the government as it emphasizes the want for freedom and that one day her brothers will boycott because they want liberation from apartheid. This poem was cited on the Popular Media page of my site. "Segregated stands in a South African sports arena." Image. Corel. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://0-worldhistory.abcclio.com.ilsweb.lvccld.org/Search/Display/330748?terms=south+africa+apartheid Annotation: This is an image of a sports arenas stands and the separation between the blacks and the whites. It shows that even at a popular place for entertainment where fans of sports are supposed to rally together, there is still a division between the two races. This was used in one of the slideshows.

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Selelekelo, Phahane. The days shall come. Digital Innovation South Africa, Digital Innovation South Africa, n.d. Web. 16 October 2013. Document URL: http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/index.php?option=com_displaydc&recordID=poe00000000.0 32.009.796a Annotation: In this poem by Phahane Selelekelo, the point of view of most Africans is shown through a simple poem that describes the peacefulness before the arrival of the Europeans, and then the hate they felt once the white people came and ordered apartheid. It is a different perspective because a poem is more of a descriptive art that represents the regular people of South Africa. This was cited in the Popular Media section. "Sharpeville massacre." Image. Hulton Archive. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://0-worldhistory.abcclio.com.ilsweb.lvccld.org/Search/Display/333854?terms=south+africa+apartheid Annotation: This image is the aftermath of the bloody Sharpeville massacre, when police officers openly fired on a group protesting apartheid rule. It shows the violence and assertiveness of power against black Africans during this time, especially when the protest was a peaceful one. It also shows the limited voice and say they had in their government and how it was run. This will be an effective image to use that really captures the idea of apartheid during this time period. This was used in the timeline slideshow. "Sign in South Africa before the end of apartheid." Literary Movements for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Literary Movements. Ed. Ira Mark Milne. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2009. World History In Context. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://0ic.galegroup.com.ilsweb.lvccld.org/ic/whic/ImagesDetailsPage/ImagesDetailsWindow?to tal=14&query=BS+south+africa+apartheid&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&mod e=view&limiter=AC+y&displayGroupName=Images&currPage=1&sortBy=relevance% 2Cdescending&action=e&catId=&view=docDisplay&documentId=GALE%7CPC32793 87164 Annotation:

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This is an image of a sign in South Africa that states Nonwhite Shop and then goes on to list the act/law that is the reason for having a nonwhite shope. I found this image interesting because it seems like the government felt the need to justify apartheid and separation/division with laws that they passed and that the laws were displayed on signs. Tambo, Oliver. "Appeal for Action to Stop Repression and Trials in South Africa." Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and K. Lee Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 367-371. World History In Context. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://0ic.galegroup.com.ilsweb.lvccld.org/ic/whic/PrimarySourcesDetailsPage/PrimarySources DetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&content Modules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=PrimarySources&limiter=&currPage=&dis ableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&a ction=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX2560000136 Annotation: This statement was presented to the United Nations to take action against the harmful apartheid laws that had been set in place in South Africa. The speaker discusses the Nelson Mandela trial and how Mandela may be charged with the death penalty when he made a peaceful protest, and how the laws are being altered and manipulated so that there is little preparation time before a trial and so that it is nearly impossible to escape a conviction. Tutu, Desmond. Speech on the question of South Africa (1984)." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://0-worldhistory.abcclio.com.ilsweb.lvccld.org/Search/Display/354687?terms=south+africa+apartheid Annotation: Desmond Tutu is a black bishop of the Angelical Christian church and the chief spokesman for the anti-apartheid movement. In this speech of 1984, Tutu emphasizes the separation/division of the white population from the black population by revealing accounts of racial mistreatment (child shooting, women mistreatment, inferior education, etc.). It is finished by saying that the black population simply wants freedom through peace. A quote was used in the Home section. Union of South Africa Government: Group Areas Act No. 41, 1950. Digital Innovation of South Africa. Digital Innovation of South Africa. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. Document URL:

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http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/index.php?option=com_displaydc&recordID=leg19500707.0 28.020.041 Annotation: The Group Areas Act of 1950 divided non-whites and whites into different residential and business areas based on their race. It also stated the non-whites were not allowed to own or run businesses in white areas, or else severe punishments were implied. Overall, the Group Areas Act was designed to further segregation and also to keep non-whites from being in highly developed white areas. Information on this topic was used in the Segregation & Discrimination portion of my site. Union of South Africa Government: Information Pamphlet (New York, 1953), reprinted in Ruth E. Gordon and Clive Talbot, eds., From Dias to Vorster: Source Material on South African History 1488-1975 (Goodwood, S.A.: Nasou, n.d.), pp. 409 410. Document URL: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1953geyer.asp Annotation: In this speech, given by a member of the Rotary Club, the speaker makes an argument supporting apartheid in which he outlines the reasons why apartheid is acceptable and preferable: both White Africans and Bantus were colonists to the area, whites in the area are outnumbered, and the best route for the future is self-preservation in which the separate races develop individually. This gave me an outlook on an argument against my argument so that I could see the perspective from another side. United Nations Photo. United Nations Photo: subject: Apartheid UN News & Media Photo. United Nations. Web, n.d. 7 Dec 2013. Document URL: http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/gallery.jsp?mode=auto&query=subject%3AAparthei d Annotation: This was a photo gallery from the United Nations that had many photos about the South African apartheid. I used a lot of these photos throughout my site. United Nations, General Assembly, Official Records: Eighth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/2505 and A/2505/Add.1 "Report of the United Nations Commission on the Racial Situation in the Union of South Africa," Annex V (New York: 1952), pp. 139-140. Document URL: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1948apartheid1.asp

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Annotations: The National Colour Policy was issued in 1948 and it officially implemented the apartheid policy. It starts by outlining the two schools of thought, equality and apartheid, but explains that apartheid is necessary in order to keep the European race in South Africa continue, and later explains that apartheid would also allow each of the races to develop and guide his own national character. This was basically the guideline/outline of the apartheid in South Africa, so it was very helpful to me because it explained exactly what the law stated when apartheid was officially implemented. This was used in the Background section of my site. White, William S. South Africa Split Into Three Groups. New York Times 16 Apr. 1952: 7. Historical Newspapers. Web. 15 October 2013. Document URL: http://0hnpl.bigchalk.com.ilsweb.lvccld.org/hnweb/hnpl/do/document?set=searchalleras&start=1 &rendition=x-articleimage&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD %3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-articleimage%3B93565180&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BP QD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B93565180 Annotation: This newspaper gave another insight into another apartheid, and that is the apartheid among the whites in South Africa. Not only are blacks being segregated, but there is a division among whites that may not be written officially, but is visible: the separation of the English-speaking and the Afrikaans. This separation is seen in schools (each school is taught a different way of lifefor the most part English-speaking whites are part of the United Party and Afrikaans are Nationalists) and even hospitals. It wasnt of much use to me, but it gave me another outlook on the situation in South Africa. 1978: Apartheid Year. Cape Town: Leaflet Bombs, December 1977. African National Congress. African National Congress. Web, n.d. 17 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=4723 Annotation: The pamphlet created and distributed using descriptive and action wordsto incite action from the oppressed people against the policy of apartheid. It stated the economic depression was ahead if things continue, that students should fight for a free education that is beneficial to themselves, and for women to fight for no sex discrimination and sexism. It ended by saying that victory was guaranteed if enough people rallied behind the ANC. This was used in the Leaflets & Posters section on my site.

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Secondary Sources: "Apartheid of South Africa." Prejudice in the Modern World Reference Library. Vol. 2: Almanac. Detroit: UXL, 2007. 443-462. World History In Context. Web. 1 Oct. 2013. Document URL: http://0ic.galegroup.com.ilsweb.lvccld.org/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWind ow?query=&prodId=WHIC&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&source=&disable Highlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&action=2&catId =&activityType=&documentId=GALE%7CCX2831400036&userGroupName=lvccld_m ain&jsid=9df1cedfea8366b19b3280a0a0ec0810 Annotation: This secondary source gave a complete overview of the apartheid in South Africa with the different time frames, events, and people. It gave me an idea of what apartheid in South Africa was about and gave me background knowledge on my subject, so that when I was conducting my other research, I was able to pinpoint connections between primary source documents and events that took place. Kerfoot, Alicia L., Douglas Killam. "Black Consciousness in South Africa." Student Encyclopedia of African Literature. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2007. ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. Web. 16 Oct 2013. Document URL: http://ebooks.abc-clio.com/reader.aspx?isbn=9780313054518&id=GR35802115&q=south africa apartheid# Annotation: Black Consciousness Movement was the first organized opposition to apartheid in the 1960s and 1970s. The movement focused more on how apartheid was negatively affecting the native culture, and also forms of literatures with messages to convey purely to the black audience. It shows another example of ways that groups of victims of apartheid found motivation to fight against the policy and unite together, while enriching their culture and heritage. Lowe, Chris. Talking about "Tribe": Moving from Stereotypes to Analysis. Africa Policy Information Center. 1997. Web. 15 Oct 2013. Document URL: http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m10/tribalism_essay.html Annotation: I read a specific part of this essay, which was about the Zulus in South Africa. The author basically described the effects of the ruling power (the white Europeans) on using the

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word tribe to describe this group of people. Not only is the use of the word tribe inaccurate (the Zulu tribe is composed of hundreds of tribes), but it also takes effect on the sense of identity that the Zulus posses and also the usage of the word tribe shows a clear dominance of white Europeans in South African society.