Experiment -2: To Study Upper and Lower Yield Properties in Mild Steel using Universal Testing Mac ine

!"#ective: Characterization of mechanical properties of the mild steel and noting the upper and lower yield points in the flow curve. $e%uirements &or t e experiment a) Tensile specimen b) Universal Testing Machine (UTM) c) Computer aided software to be coupled with UTM d) ernier caliper e) !unching stand" puncher and hammer Specimen geometry Tensile specimen had been machined of the dimension shown in figure#$ according to %&TM %#'() where gauge length to diameter ratio is * : $.

+ig.$ : Tensile specimen ,auge length (,) - $.mm" /istance between shoulders (0) - 12 mm" 3ength of reduced section (%) - 1) mm" /iameter of reduced section (/$) - * mm" ,rip diameter (/1) - 2 mm" 4adius of curvature (4) - * mm. 'rie& (escription o& t e E%uipment)Mac ine Universal Testing Machine (UT&) used for this e5periment is 6ounsfield e5tensometer" model 6 1) 7#8 of 1) 9ilo :ewton capacity. The specimen is held at ends by means of grips with grip holder of the cross head. ;ne end of the specimen is 9ept fi5ed while the other end is attached to a mobile cross#head. The cross head moves by means of an electric motor. The e<uipment has a provision for simultaneously measuring the applied load verses elongation. *mportant Parameters and E%uations a) Original Gauge Length (3o): ,auge length before application of force. b) Final Gauge Length (3u): ,auge length after rupture" the two pieces having been carefully fitted bac9 together so that their a5es lie in a straight line. c) Engineering Stress (s) and Engineering Strain (e) : s - !=%)" e - (3u # 3))=3) "

d) True Stress () and True Strain() : = s($>e)" - ln($>e) e) Tensile Strength or Ultimate Tensile Strength: &tress corresponding to the ma5imum force

+ig. 1 : Typical yield point behavior f) Yield Stress: 8hen the metallic material e5hibits a yield phenomenon" a point is reached during the test at which plastic deformation occurs without any increase in the force. ?ield strength : - +?=%) " 8here +? - 3oad at the yielding point@ %) : Anitial area of the specimen +or most ductile metals" yield strength is usually obtained from ).1B offset yield strength=proof stress method by drawing a parallel line with elastic region from ).))1 strain in C#a5is. Lo er !ield stress is ta"en to be !ield strength hen !ield #oint elongation is obser$ed.
g) U##er !ield stress: alue of stress at the moment when first decrease in force is observed (see +ig. 1 ). h) Lo er !ield stress

3owest value of stress during plastic yielding i) Yield %oint Elongation : The e5tension associated with discontinuous yield which occurs at appro5imately constant load following the onset of plastic flow. At is associated with the propagation of 3uder lines or bandsD (&ee +ig. 1) &) %ercentage of Total Elongation at Fracture = (Lu ' Lo )=L( ") %ercentage )eduction of *rea = ( So # &U )=S(

Ma5imum change in cross#sectional area which has occurred during the test ( So#&U) e5pressed as a percentage of the original cross#sectional area (&o). 8here &u is the final cross#sectional area. l) Strain hardening co+efficient (n): t - 7tn " 8here t - true stress" t- true strain" n - strain hardening co#efficient Experimental procedure : a) Af sample dimension is made by %&TM % '() as reported above" then mar9 $. mm gauge length by pen. b) !unch the specimen on the pen mar9 on punching stand by light hammering and finally measure gauge length by caliper within the mar9. c) Measure original diameter atleast four times along the reduced section (gauge length) of the specimen. +ind cross#sectional area and average area. d) Turn on computer" turn of UTM" open software to collect data e) +i5 one end of the specimen with fi5ed end of e5tensometer by grip holder and fi5 other end of the specimen by adEusting movable cross#head. f) Chec9 the cross#head speed of the e5tensometer (At is 9ept fi5ed for mild steel) and calculate strain rate by dividing gauge length with cross head speed. g) %pply a little force (within 1) :) by clic9ing e5tension button to ma9e sure of proper fi5ing of specimen. h) Ma9e zero force and zero e5tension by clic9ing corresponding button on the machine. i) Clic9 Test button then e5tension button. E) %s sample get fractured" clic9 stop button then clic9 print button 9) Collect data in software by e5porting to e5cel. l) Measure final gauge length and final diameter after fracture by carefully holding the sample on the punching stand. m) Measure diameter of the specimen at fracture. Experimental data collection and presentation a) Convert collected data" load in :ewton and e5tension in mm to engineering strain and engineering stress and then to true stress and true strain in e5cel. b) 4eport lower yield stress (yield strength)" upper yield stress" ultimate tensile strength" fracture stress from engineering stress strain curve. c) 4eport B of elongation at fracture" B of reduction in area at fracture and strain rate. d) &ubmit true stress true strain curve along with the report by considering points upto UT& in engineering stress strain curve. e) 4eport strength co#efficient and strain hardening co#efficient from the plastic region of true stress strain curve by regression analysis method in e5cel.(if possible)

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+onclusions a) ?ield point elongation is observed (write if you have observed) b) Mechanical properties have been determined. ,uestions a) Compare the engineering stress strain curve with true stress strain curve. b) 8hy true stress strain curve canFt be plotted beyond UT& G c) 8hy yield point phenomena is observed G