Implementation of Eurocode 7 in Germany

and Consequences for Practical Design

Kerstin Lesny
University of DuisburgEssen
Institute of Geotec!nics
"afety Concepts and Calibration of Partial #actors in
European and $ort! %merican Codes of Practice
&or's!op ()*++ , )+*+-* -)++ Delft University of .ec!nology
/utline
History of Geotechnical Design in Germany
Implementation of Eurocode 7
New Regulations for Geotechnical Design
Consequences for Pratical Design E!amples
Conclusions
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0istory of Geotec!nical Design in Germany
Geotechnical design in Germany originally -ased on a glo-al safety
concept with an o+erall factor of safety
.afety concept defined in DIN '%/0 1'2734 with reference to +arious
design codes 1e&g& DIN 0%'7 for the -earing resistance4
Definition of global factor1 2 3 45E
min
R5 E 6 deterministic +alues5 named as7 cal E5 cal R
Glo-al factors7
e&g& -earing resistance failure7 86)5%
e&g& pile -earing capacity7 86)5%
for load case '
Distinction of three load cases determining the le+el of safety
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0istory of Geotec!nical Design in Germany
to -e deri+ed directly from the results of soil mechanical tests
-asic +alue is the reduced arithmetic a+erage from n tests
appropriate additions or deductions to consider the heterogeinity of the
ground5 uncertainties during soil sampling and testing
e&g& reduction of shear strength paramaters according to E23 of E9*7
E9*7 Recommendations of the Committee for "aterfront .tructures
Definition of deterministic values of soil parameters
6acc* to E%U71
$ 5 '
c
c cal
u
u

' 5 '
tan
tan cal

$ 5 '
c
c cal

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0istory of Geotec!nical Design in Germany
deterministic +alues R5 E 1cal R5 cal E4 : characteristic +alues E
#
5 R
#
"ith DIN '%/0 1)%%$4 ;.D first has -een introduced in Germany
parallel to the de+elopment of Eurocode 75 re+ised in )%%/
Resistance factors
R
deri+ed from glo-al factors assuming
typical partial factors for effects of actions
E
<

R
E
R
#
E #
R
E


( )
R E
R E R
E
R
E
R
E
R
E =

Global factor Partial factors
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0istory of Geotec!nical Design in Germany
Definition of Limit "tates 6in German1 Gren88ust9nde 3 G:7
G: +%
;oss of equili-rium without failure of the ground5 e&g& uplift5 floating5 hydraulic
hea+e= partial factors only on actions
G: +;
>ailure of structures or structural components -y failure of the structure or the
ground5 e&g& sliding5 -earing resistance failure5 failure of piles5 retaining structures5
etc&= partial factors on characteristic effects of actions and resistances
G: +C
Glo-al failure of the ground5 e&g& slope failure= partial factors on actions and on
shear strength parameters
G: -
Displacements and rotations= partial factors are equal to one
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0istory of Geotec!nical Design in Germany
Concept of load cases
< according to DI$ +)=> 6+?7@71
;C'7 Permanent loads and regularly occuring +aria-le loads
permanent design conditions
;C)7 plus irregularly occuring +aria-le loads and loads that only occur
during construction
transient design conditions
;C$7 plus e!traordinary loads
according to DI$ +)=> 6-))=7
Concept of load cases maintained5 -ut they now depend on com-inations
of actions and safety classes
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0istory of Geotec!nical Design in Germany
Combinations of actions
$ormal combination C%+1 Permanent and +aria-le loads
4are combination C%-1 Rare loads or loads occuring only once
EAtraordinary combination C%(1 E!traordinary actions occuring at the same
time5 i&e& catastrophic incidents
"afety classes
"afety class "C+1 Normal conditions during the lifetime of the structure
"afety class "C-1 Conditions during construction or maintenance of a structure
"afety class "C(1 .ingular or pro-a-ly ne+er occuring conditions during the
lifetime of the structure
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Implementation of Eurocode 7
/riginal timetable for t!e implementation of Eurocode 7 in
Germany as DI$ E$ +??7+1
@empfert 1)%%24
DI$ E$ +??7+ Bit! $%
revised DI$ +)=>
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Implementation of Eurocode 7
DIN EN '227'7)%%2
.chuppener A Ruppert 1)%%74
DIN '%/07)%%/ as Bthe German wayC to Eurocode 7 designed to maintain the
special e!periences included in German design codes
DIN '%/07)%%/ had to -e completely re+ised due to o+erlapping regulations
not
adopted
design
approaches
and
informati+e
anne!es
Doint
regulations7
e&g&
limit states5
partial
factors5
geotechnical
categories
particular
German
e!periences7
e&g& acc& -ase
pressures5
pile resis
tances
DIN '%/07)%%/
Eurocode 7 vs* DI$ +)=>1-))=)+
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Implementation of Eurocode 7
Current situation
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Implementation of Eurocode 7
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Implementation of Eurocode 7
$ormen0andbuc!
6Codes 0andboo'7
"ummary of t!e t!ree codes
pu-lished in Eay )%''
>or a -etter reada-ility of the
three codes<
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Implementation of Eurocode 7
according to
DI$ +)=>1-)+)+-
according to
DI$ E$ +??7+1-))?)?
according to
DI$ E$ +??7+1-))?)?
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Implementation of Eurocode 7
Deadline for implementation
>or the ultimate implementation of the new codes a deadline regulation has
-een esta-lished7
Estimated date7 +st of Culy -)+-
.!is means1
DIN '%/07)%%/ will -e withdrawn
new codes 1most pro-a-ly a set of Eurocodes % to /5 7' and 2 with their
N94 officially will -e appro+ed and introduced -y the -uilding authorities
new codes may already -e used -efore the deadline -ased on a proDect
specific agreement especially with the appro+al authorities
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Implementation of Eurocode 7
.chuppener A Ruppert 1)%%74
2010-12
#uture system of German geotec!nical design codes
In DIN '%/07)%'%')
reference is made to7
Design codesD e*g*
DIN 0%'7
DIN 0%'2
DIN 0%?0
4ecommendations
E9F5 E9*5 E9P5 G
additionally1
Construction codes5 e&g&
EN '/$3 1-ored piles4
EN ')%3$ 1sheet pile walls4
*
*
*
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$eB 4egulations for Geotec!nical Design
@empfert 1)%%24
inner failure of the structure , where
the strength of construction materials for the resistance
Limit state
loss of equilibrium of the structure or of the foundation
ground, where the strengths of the resistance are not
decisive
loss of equilibrium of the structure or the foundation
ground due to uplift or by the effect of other vertical
forces
Hydraulic failure, inner erosion and piping in
the ground, caused by flow gradient
inner failure of the structure , where the strength of construction
materials for the resistance
inner failure of the structure , where
the strength of construction materials for the resistance
fail or very large deformation of the structure, where
the strength of the foundation ground according to the
resistance is not decisive
Definition of limit states
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Design "ituations Load Cases
$eB 4egulations for Geotec!nical Design
Design
"ituation
Denotation
Load case 6LC7
according to
DI$ +)=>1-))=
Permanent design
situation
;"P ;C '
,ransient design
situation
;". ;C )
9ccidental design
situation
;"% ;C $
Design situation
for earthqua#e
;"E ;C $
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$eB 4egulations for Geotec!nical Design
Design approac!es according to DI$ +??7+1-))?)?1
Design %pproac! + 1
D9' is not allowed in Germany according to DIN EN '227'HN97)%'%')
Design %pproac! -1
D9) is applied for the limit states ".4 and GE/
In case of loaddependent resistances the resultant resistance is calculated
with characteristic effects of actions7 R
#
6 f1E
#
4 1also named as D9)I4
Design %pproac! (1
D9$ is applied for the limit state GE/ in case of glo-al sta-ility or slope
sta-ility analyses
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$eB 4egulations for Geotec!nical Design
Partial factors for actions
according to DIN '%/07)%'%') ( a-stract7
%ctions and
effects of actions
"ymbol
Design situation
;"P
6LC+7
;".
6LC-7
;"%
6LC(7
".4 and GE/-1 Limit state of failure of structuresD structural
components and t!e ground
Effects of actions from
permanent actions5
general

G
+D(=
6+D(=7
+D-
6+D-)7
+D+
6+D))7
Effects of actions from
unfa+oura-le +aria-le
actions

J
+D=)
6+D=)7
+D()
6+D()7
+D+)
6+D))7
;lac'1 partial factors acc* to DI$ +)=>1-)+)+-
4ed1 partial factors acc* to DI$ +)=>1-))=)+
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$eB 4egulations for Geotec!nical Design
Partial factors for resistances
according to DIN '%/07)%'%') a-stract
;lac'1 factors acc* to
DI$ +)=>1-)+)+-
4ed1 factors acc* to
DI$ +)=>1-))=)+
4esistance "ymbol
Design situation
;"P
6LC+7
;".
6LC-7
;"%
6LC(7
".4 and GE/-1 Limit state of failiure according to
structuresD components and foundation ground
"oil resistances
Passi+e earth pressure
and -earing resistance

R5e5

R5+
+D>)
6+D>)7
+D()
6+D()7
+D-)
6+D-)7
.liding resistance
R5h
+D+)
6+D+)7
+D+)
6+D+)7
+D+)
6+D+)7
Pile resistance from static and dynamic pile load tests
-ase resistance
-
+D+)
6+D-)7
+D+)
6+D-)7
+D+)
6+D-)7
shaft resistance
1pressure4

s
+D+)
6+D-)7
+D+)
6+D-)7
+D+)
6+D-)7
total resistance
1pressure4

t
+D+)
6+D-)7
+D+)
6+D-)7
+D+)
6+D-)7
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Eurocode 7 Design EAamples , EAample +
.quare pad foundation
Characteristic loads7
G
+5#
6 '%%% #N
G
h5#
6 %
J
+5#
6 7/% #N
J
h5#
6 /%% #N

c
6 )/ #NHmK
.oil7 -oulder clay
Details7
fi+e .P, tests5 water contents and inde! tests
-ul# weight density7 )'&0 #NHmK
ground water le+el '&% m -elow ground le+el
Consequences for Practical Design , EAamples
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Comparison of design approac!es Bit! German design Bit!in
D%-
"pecific features in t!e calculation1
Design %pproac! + 6combination + and -7 and (
partial factors according to DIN EN '227'7)%%2%25 ,a-les 9&$&' to 9$&$
Design %pproac! -
partial factors according to DIN '%/07)%'%')5 ,a-les 9&)&' to 9)&$
Design met!od for bearing resistance according to DI$ >)+71-))@)(
Consequences for Practical Design , EAamples
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C!aracteristic soil parameters1
*ndrained conditions7 c
u#
6$%% #NHmL5 M
u#
6%N
Drained conditions7 cO
#
6'/ #NHmL5 MP
#
6$%N
Derived as eAperience values acc* to recommendations in
E%U 6-))>7E
Consequences for Practical Design , EAamples
DIN EN I.Q ))073$7)%%/%0 on .P, testing does not include any
correlations to shear parameters=
Rarious correlations a+aila-le in the literature ha+e -een e!amined=
>inally e!perience +alues found to -e reasona-le
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4esults of t!e bearing resistance calculation
*ndrained conditions7
Pad width acc& to D9) ) minimally larger 1)5?2 m4 than acc& to D9' and D9$
Drained conditions7
Pad width acc& to D9) much larger 10532 m4 than acc& to D9' and D9$
Pad Bidt! D%+6Comb* +7 D%+6Comb* -7 D%- D%(
F SmT
1*ndrained condition4
)5/$ )53$ -DF? )5/$
F SmT
1Drained condition4
$500 $50/ >D@? $500
86R
d
HN
d
or R
#
HN
#
1undrained condition4
'5%'0 '5%)' '5??% '5%'0
86R
d
HN
d
or R
#
HN
#
1drained condition4
'5%'7 '5%)7 )5'%? '5%'7
Consequences for Practical Design , EAamples
DI$ +)=> 6+?7@71

min
3 -D) 6LC+7
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Eurocode 7 Design EAamples , EAample @
Fored piles5 D 6 0/% mm5 a 6 ) m
Characteristic loads for each pile7
G
#
6 $%% #N
J
#
6'/% #N
.oil7
Pleistocene fine and medium sand
co+ered -y Holocene layers of loose sand5
soft clay5 and peat
Details7
' CP, at a distance of /m from the -oring
performed and e+aluated acc& to DIN 0%20'7)%%)
Consequences for Practical Design , EAamples
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Determination of soil parameters
CP, test used for the determination of pile length acc& to DIN '%/07)%'%')
and E9P 1)%%74
q
c
1U4 6/%5$0V)523/IU
0 4 8 12 16 20
Spitzenwiderstand qc[MPa]
-30
-20
-10
0
T
i
e
f
e

z

[
m
]
Consequences for Practical Design , EAamples
;inear regression
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.oil layers -etween % and W'/ m assumed to -e not
-earing
Design pile length -elow W'/ m
9+erage +alue of cone resistance for this depth
range7
q
c
3 ++D+F> G$5mH
,a-le7 cone resistance +s& depth from linear regression
Consequences for Practical Design , EAamples
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Tiefe z[m]
q
c
[MN/m]
15,5 -4,3825
16 -2,9
16,5 -1,4175
17 0,065
17,5 1,5475
18 3,03
18,5 4,5125
19 5,995
19,5 7,4775
20 8,96
20,5 10,4425
21 11,925
21,5 13,4075
22 14,89
22,5 16,3725
23 17,855
23,5 19,3375
24 20,82
24,5 22,3025
25 23,785
25,5 25,2675
26 26,75
depth z[m]
Comparison of design approac!es Bit! German design Bit!in
D%-
"pecific features in t!e calculation1
Calculation according to D%+ 6Combination +7 and D%-
D%+ 6Combination -7 and D%( were not included in this calculation7
,he applied calculation model acc& to DIN '%/07)%'%') and E9P 1)%%74
is -ased on empirical +alues for the pile resistances=
Partial factors can only -e applied on resultant resistance 1i&e&
R
45
material factors
E
cannot -e applied<
Consequences for Practical Design , EAamples
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4esults of t!e pile analysis1
Design pile lengt!1 I+7D= m
16 minimum em-edment depth in competent layer )5/m
acc& to E9P5 )%%74
Pile lengt!
D%+
6Comb* +7
D%+
6Comb* -7 D%- D%(
; SmT '750/ +7D-=
86R
d
HE
d
or R
#
HE
#
'5%'$' '5% '5//%0 '5%%27
Consequences for Practical Design , EAamples
DI$ +)=> 6+?7@71

min
3 -D) 6LC+7E
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Conclusions
Implementation of ;.D -y Eurocode 7 represented a radical
change in the German design philosophy which was -ased on a
longterm e!perience and which was commonly Dustified to -e
+ery relia-le
Engineers had to adDust to the new concept of limit states and
partial factors and the new terminology with the introduction of
DIN '%/07)%%$H)%%/ parallel to the Eurocode 1Cthe German wayX4
"ith the deadline of Yuly )%') DIN '%/07)%%/ can no longer -e
used and engineers again need to adDust to changes accompanied
-y the implementation of Eurocode 7
In the future three codes 1EC7 and its N9 plus a re+ised DIN
'%/04 are to -e used in geotechnical design -esides other design
and construction codes
,he safety le+el included in these codes is not -ased on
pro-a-ilistic calculations5 -ut has -een deri+ed from the former
glo-al safety concept ( i&e& the actual relia-ility remains un#nown
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