SOME NOTABLE FEATURESOFTHECOMPREHENSIVE FIREARMSAND

AMMUNITION REGULATION ACT(RA 10591)

Introduction
On May29,2013,thePresident ofthePhilippinesapproved into law
RepublicAct No.10591 otherwiseknown asthe"ComprehensiveFirearmsand
Ammunition Regulation Act."Thelawrecognizestheright ofitsqualified citizens
toself-defensethroughtheuseoffirearmsand regulatestheownership,
possession, carryil1g, manufacture, dealing in and importation offirearms,
ammunition, or partsthereof, in ordertoprovidelegal supportto law
enforcement agenciesin theircampaign against crime, stoptheproliferation of
illegalfirearmsorweaponsand theillegal manufactureoffirearmsorweapons,
ammunition and partsthereof.
The lawdid notentirelywipeoffPresidential DecreeNo. 1866aswellas
itsamendatorylaw, RepublicAct No. 8294. OnlySections1,2,5,and 7ofPO
1866and Section 6ofRA8294wererepealed.Thismeansthattheprovisionsof
theselawspertainingtoexplosiveswereretained and, assuch,theunlawful
manufacture, sale, acquisition, disposition orpossession ofexplosivessuch as
hand grenade, riflegrenade, and otherexplosives, continuestobepunishable
undertheold law.
Some Notable Features of the New Law
Someofthenotablefeatures ofthenewfirearms laware: (1) it classified
thefirearmsaccordingtopower, and increasedthepenaltiesforoffenses
relativethereto; (2) it providesseparateand lighterpenaltiesforoffenses
pertaining toammunition; (3) it likewiseprovidesaseparateand lighterpenalties
foroffensespertainingtomajorpartsoffirearms; (4) itdefinesand punishesnew
offensesrelating tofirearms and ammunition;(5) itprovidesforqualifying
circumstancesfortheoffenseofpossession or acquisitionoffirearms, and
aggravatingcircumstancesfortheuseofloosefirearms in thecommission ofa
crime;(6) itregulatesownershipand possessionoffirearmsand ammunitionby
qualifiedcitizens; (7) it regulatestheregistrationand licensingoffirearms; (8) it
treatsuseofan imitationfirearm in thecommissionofacrimeas areal firearm;
and (9) subjecttoan exception,it limitstheregistration ofsmall armsonlyto
licensed citizensorjuridicalentitiesforownership, possession and c o n c e ~ e d
carry.
1
Classification of firearms.
Under the new firearms law, firearms are classified into: (1) Small arms; (2)
Class-A Light Weapons; and (3) Class-B Light Weapons. Parenthetically,
under the old law, firearms are classified as low-powered and high-powered, in
addition to explosives, and providing single penalties for each.
Small arms refer to firearms intended to be or primarily designed for
individual use or that which is generally considered to mean a weapon intended
to be fired from thel1and or shoulder, which are not capable of fully automatic
bursts of discharge such as: (1) handgun, which is a firearm intended to be fired
from the hand, and it includes a pistol and a revolver; (2) rifle, which is a
shoulder firearm or designed to be fired from the shoulder that can discharge a
bullet through a rifled barrel by different actions of loading, which may be
classified as lever, bolt, or self-loading; and (3) shotgun, which is a weapon
designed, made or intended to fire a number of ball shots or a single projectile
through a smooth bore by the action or energy from burning gunpowder.
C/ass-A Light Weapons refer to self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines,
submachine guns, assault rifles and light machine guns not exceeding calibre
7.62MM which have fully automatic mode.
C/ass-B Light Weapons refer to weapons designed for use by two (2) or
more persons serving as crew, or rifles and machine guns exceeding calibre
7.62MM such as heavy machine guns, handheld underbarrel and mounted
grenade launchers, portable anti-aircraft guns, prortable anti-tank guns,
recoilless rifles, portable launchers of anti-tank missiles and rocket systems,
portable launchers of anti-aircraft missile systems, and mortars of a calibre of
less than 100MM.
Offenses Punished.
While the old law punished basically two (2) offenses relating to firearms and
explosives, without regard to the nature of the offense whether it be possession,
disposition, acquisition, manufacture or sale, the new law separated the
offenses of acquisition or possession from the offenses of manufacture,
importation, or sale of firearms and ammunition and provides a higher penalty to
the latter.
2
The following are the offenses punished under the new law:
A-Offenses relatin to acguisition or possession:
(1) Unlawful acquisition or possession of firearms;
(2) Unlawful acquisition or possession of ammunition;
(3) Unlawful acquisition or possession of major parts of a firearm;
(4) Buying or possession of stolen part or material from a company engaged in
the manufacture and sell of firearms and ammunition, when the buyer or
possessor is aware that such part or material was stolen (Sec. 32, par. 3);
It must be noted that the offense of unlawful possession or acquisition of
ammunition of Class-A Light Weapon punished under Sec. 28 (i) was repeated
under paragraph (g), which provide a lighter penalty therefor.
B-Offenses relating to manufacture, im ortation or sale:
,.
(1) Unlawful manufacture, importation, sale or disposition of firearms,
ammunition, major part of a firearm or ammunition, or machinery, tool or
instrument used or intended to be used in the manufacture of a firearm ,
ammunition or major part thereof (Sec. 32);
(2) Arms smuggl ing (Sec. 33);
(3) Unlawful taking, sale or disposition by labourer, worker or employee of a
licensed firearms dealer parts of firearms or ammunition which the company
manufactures and sells, and other materials used by the company in the
manufacture or sale of firearms or ammunition (Sec. 32);
It is worthy of note that the possession of any machinery, tooi or
instrument used directly in the manufacture of firearms, ammunition , or major
parts thereof by any person whose business, employment or activity does not
lawfully deal with the possession of such article shall be prima facie evidence
that such article is intended to be used in the unlawful or illegal manufacture of
firearms, ammunition or parts thereof. It is doubtful, however, whether
possession of such machinery, tool or instrument is punished by the first
paragraph of Section 32. What is pun ished by said paragraph is the unlawful
3
manufacture, importation, sale or disposition of machinery, tool or instrument. It
hardly includes as punishable intent to use machinery, tool or instruments
intended to be used for the manufacture of firearms and ammunitions.
C - Other related offenses:
(1) Carrying of firearms outside of residence without legal authority (Sec. 31);
(2) Tampering, Obliteration or Alteration of Firearms Identification (Sec. 34);
(3) Planting of firearms, ammunition or parts thereof as evidence (Sec. 38);
(4) Failure to notify lost or stolen firearm (Sec. 40);
(5) Illegal transfer or registration of firearm (Sec. 41); and
(6) Fraudulent facilitating the registration of a firearm by a public officer (Sec.
41, 2nd par.).
Qualifying or Aggravating Circumstances.
Circumstances relating to possession. - The offenses of acquisition or
possession of short arms and/or Class-A Light Weapons may be qualified by
the possession of three or more short arms or Class-A Light Weapons, in
which case the penalty shall be reciusion temporal to reclusion perpetua.
lilegal possession of short arms or Ciass-A Light Weapons may also be
qualified by any or combination of the following conditions namely:
(1) When the firearm is loaded with ammunition or inserted with a loaded
magazine;
(2) When the firearm is fitted or mounted with laser or any gadget used to guide
the shooter to hit the target such as thermal weapon sight (1WS) and the like;
(3) When it is fitted with sniper scopes, firearm muffler or firearm silencer;
(4) When it is accompanied with an extra barrel; and
4
(5) When it is converted to be capable of firing full automatic bursts.
In such cases, the penalty shall be one (1 ) degree higher than that provided for
offense, and the offense may be called Qualified I/Iega/ Possession of Firearms.
Circumstances relating to use. - The use of a loose firearm , when inherent in the
commission of a crime punishable under the Revised Penal Code or other
special laws, such as, for example, murder or homicide, shall be considered as
an aggravating circumstance. However, if the crime committed is penalized by
law with a maximum penalty lower than the penalty for illegal possession of
firearm, the penalty for the latter shall be imposed in lieu of the penalty for the
crime charged. On the other hand, if the penalties are equal , the penalty of
prision mayor in its minimum period shall be imposed in addition to the penalty
imposed against the offender for the crime committed (Sec. 29).
Notably, if the firearm used in the commission of a crime is licensed, the use of
such firearm shall not be considered as an aggravating circumstance. If there be
any violation of the law, it shall be treated as a distinct and separate offense
(Sec. 29), as, for instance, carrying of the firearm outside of residence without
authority therefor.
Penalties.
The penalties for the various offenses punished by the law are as follows:
1 Small arms PUB/on mayCJf in Its medium period,
2, C/ass-A light weapon prision mayor in its maxirrlucn perJod.
3. Class- B light w e p o r ~ Rec/usilJn perpetua.
4. Major part 01' smail arm PrisiOI' mdS:OI in its minimurq period.
5. Major part of Class --A light weapor Prision mayor ir its rnediurr . eriod.
5
- --
6. Major part of Class- 8 light Prision mayor in Its maXllllum period,
weapon
7. Ammunition of small arm Prision mayor in its minimum period.
8. Ammunition of C[ass- A light Prision rTrayor in its rnedium period.
weapon
9. Ammunition of C 5s --- 8Iig t Prision mayor in its maximum period.
weapon
Note must be taken of the fact that possession or acquisition of
ammunition of Class-A light weapon was twice mentioned in the law, that is,
Sec. 28(g) and Sec. 28(i). It is, however, believed that the insertion of the words
"Class-A light weapon" in par. (g) is a clerical error.
Moreover, if the violation on possession or acquisition of ammunition is
committed by the same person charged with unlawful possession or acquisition
of firearm, the possession of ammunition is absorbed in the unlawful possession
of the firearm.
1. Three or more snlall arms or Reclusion temporal to Rechislon
C l a s s ~ A ri ght weapon perpetucl
C. As to manufacture, importat ion, sale or dis osition of firef!J.([!] etc..:..:
1. Un lawful manufacture, importation, ReclusIOn temporal to Reclusion
sale or cli spositfon of f irearm, perpetua.
amrnunition, or major part of firearm or
ammunition. or machinery, tool or
instr'Jment intended to be used for in
the manufacture of firearm,
ammunition or major part thereof
6
3. Arms slnuqg! ing
D. As to other offenses:
1 Carrying of firearms outside of
resieJence without legal authority
2. The buyer or possessor of such
stoien P<.1rt or material vJno is aware of
ttle fact of stealing
3. Tampering, obliterating or Altering of
Firearms !clentlfi cat on
4. Planting of evidence by ordinary
person
5. Planting of evidenc.;; by public officer
6. Failure to notify lost or stolen firearm
or li ght weapon
7. IOega! transferl 'egistration of
firearms
8. Faci litating registl atlon of firearm
tlt'Ougll fraud, deceit or
misrepresentatIon 01 submission of
falsified documents
Other Matters.
Reclusion perpet-Lla.
PriSfOn correcc:ional dnli fine of
P10.000 00
Prislon mayor 1,1 ItS l'Yli n lmUrTI pedod
to prislon r favor in its medium
penoe'
Prision correcciona/ to mayor
i.lts 0llnlmum De ";o<i
Pnslon maven in Its max murn oenod.
Reclusion ,oeroeiu8,
;
!O,OOO 00 fine .
Prisron
Prisron correcdonai.
The other notable features of the new Jaw are the following:
7
1. Use of imitation firearm. An imitation firearm used in the commission of a
crime shall be considered a real firearm and the offender shall be
punished in accordance with the new law. An imitation firearm refers to a
replica of a firearm, or other device that is so substantially similar in
coloration and overall appearance to an existing firearm as to lead a
reasonable person to believe that such imitation firearm is a real firearm
(Sec. 3(q)).
2. Custodia legis. During the pendency of any case filed in violation of the Act,
seized firearm, ammunition, or parts thereof, machinery, tool or
instruments shall remain in the custody of the court (Sec. 36). This
provision rUAs afoul with ordinary criminal procedure in which object
evidence shall remain under the custody of the prosecution until it is
offered in evidence after the termination of its presentation of testimonial
evidence.
Registration of firearms.
Only small arms may be registered by licensed citizens or licensed
juridical entities for ownership, possession and concealed carry. However,
private individuals who already have licenses to possess Class-A light
weapons upon the effectivity of the Act shall not be deprived of the privilege to
continue possessing the same and renewing the licenses therefo-r (Sec. 10). The
licensed citizen or juridical entity shall register his purchased firearms with the
Firearms and Explosive Office of the Philippine National Police (Sec. 11). The
license granted shall include the license to possess ammunition with a
maximum of fifty (50) rounds for each registered firearms (Sec. 12). Except a
certified gun collector, the maximum number of registered firearms a qualified
citizen may own and possession is fifteen (15) (Sec. 9).
Qualifications for the issuance of firearms license.
In order to qualify and acquire a license to own firearms and ammunition,
the applicant must be: (1) Filipino citizen; (2) at least twenty-one (24) years old;
and (3) has gainful work, occupation or business or has filed an Income Tax
Return (ITR) for the preceding year.
In addition, the applicant shall submit various certifications from the
appropriate authorities (see Sec. 4).
8
Conditions for the issuance of permit to carry firearms.
A permit to carry firearms outside of residence shall be issued by the
Chief of the PNP or his duly authorized representative to any qualified person
whose life is under actual threat or his life is in imminent danger dUB to the
nature of her profession, occupation of business. The burden of proving actual
threat lies with the applicant by submitting a threat assessment certificate from
the PNP.
For purpose .of the Act, the following professionals are considered to be
in imminent danger due to the nature of their profession, occupation or
business: (a) Members of the Philippine Bar; (b) CPAs; (c) Accredited Media
Practitioners; (d) Cashiers, Bank Tellers; (e) Priests, Ministers, Rabbi, Imams; (f)
Physicians and Nurses; (g) Engineers; and (h) Businessmen, who by the nature
of their business or undertaking are exposed to high risk of being targets of
criminal elements.
9
12/4/13
PENALIZING OBSTRUCTION OF
APPREHENSION AND
PROSECUTION OF CRIMINAL
OFFENDERS
1
12/4/13
2
12/4/13
3
12/4/13
4
12/4/13
5
RepublicActno.9165
DangergusDrugsActof2002
Penwty;twelve(12)yearsandone(1) dayto twenty
(20)yearsandafinerangingfromOnehundred
thousandpesos(PlDO,OOO.DO) toFivehv.ndred
thousandpesos(p5DO,OOO.DO)
Personliable:person,who, unlessauthorizedby
law,shallimportanycontrolledprecursor-an'd
essentialchemical.
AggravatingCircumstance
Themaximumpenaltyshallbeimposeduponthe
personwho,unlessauthorized,shallimportor
bringintothePhilippinesanydangerousdrugand/
orcontrolledprecursorandessentialchemical
throughtheuseofadiplomaticpassport.
diplomaticfacilitiesoranyothermeansinvolving
his/herofficialstatusintendedtofacilitate the
unlawfulentry ofthesame.In addition,the
diplomaticpassportshallbeconfiscatedand
canceled.
Themaximumpenaltyshallalsobe imposedllpon
anyperson,whoorganizes, managesoractsasa
"financier"ofany oftheillegalactivitiesprescribed
inthisSection.
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION4.lmportationofDangerousDrugsand/
orControlledPrecursorsandEssentialChemicals
Penalty:lifeimprisonmenttodeathanda fine
rangingfromFivehundredthousandpesos
(P500,ODO.OO) toTenmillionpesos(PlO,OOO,ODO.OO)
Personliable:who, unlessauthorizedby law,shall
importorbringintothePhilippinesanydangerous
drag.regardlessof theauantityandpurity
involved,includinganyandallspeciesofopium
poppy or anypartthereoforsubstancesderived
therefromevenfor floral,decorativeandculinary
purposes.
Penalty: twelve(12)yearsandone(1)dayto twenty
(20)yearsofimprisonmentanda finerangingfrom
Onehundredthousandpesos(PlOO,ODO.OO) toFive
hundredthousandpesos(PSOO,OOO.OO)
Personliable: ''protector/coddler''
Person. - Anyentity,naturalorjuridical,including
amongothers,acorporation,partnership,trustor
estate,join.tstockcompany,association,syndicate,
jointventureorotherunincorporatedorganization
orgroupcapableofacqlliriRgtightsorenteringinto
obligations. '
Protector/Coddler- Any personwhoknowingly
andwillfullyconsentstotheunlawfulactsprovided
forin thisActand useshis/herinfluence,poweror
positioninshielding,harboring,screeningor
facilitating theescapeofanypersonhe/ sheknows,
or hasreasonablegroundsto believeonor
hasviolatedtheprovisionsofthisActinorderto
preventthearrest, prosecutionandconvictionofthe
violator.
12/4/13
1
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
sEcrroN 5. Sale,Trading,Administration,
Dispensation,Delivery,DistributionandTransportation
ofDangerousDrugsand/orControlledPre<:ursorsand
EssentialChemicals.
Penalty:life imprisonmenttodeathanda fineranging
fromFivehundredthousandpesos(P500,OOO.OO) toTen
millionpesos(PlO,OOO,OOO.OO)
Personliable:Apersonwhoshallsell, trade,administer,
dispense,deliver,giveawaytoanother,distribute,
dispatchin transitor transportany dangerousdrug
includinganyandallspeciesof opiumpoppyregardless
ofthequantityandpurity involved, orshallactasa
brokerinany ofsuchtransactions.
Sell. - Any actofgivingawayanydangerousdrugand/
orcontrolledprecursorandessentialchemicalwhether
for money orany otherconsideration.
Trading. - Transactionsinvolvingtheillegaltrafficking
ofdangerousdrugsand/orcontrolledpresun;Orl! and
essentialchemicalsusingelectronicdevicessuchas, but
notlimitedto, textmessages,e-mail,mobileorlandlines,
two-wayradios, internet;,instantmessengersandchat
roomsoractingitS a brokerinany ofsuchtransactions
whetherfor moneyOr any otherconsideratio.n.in
violationofthisAct
Deliver. - AnyactofknOWinglypassingadangerous
drugtoanother, personallyorotherwise,and by any
means,withorwithoutconsideration.
delivery,administration.,dispensation., manufacture,sale,
trading, transportation, distribution,importation,
exportationandpossessionofanydangerousdrugand/
orcontrolledprecursorandessentialchemical.
DrugSyndicate. - Anyorganizedgroupoftwo(2) or
morepersons fOrming orjoiningtogetherwiththe
intentionofcommittingany offenseprescribedunder
thisAct.
Pusher
Any personwhosells,tTades,,wministers,
dispenses,deliversorgivesaway toanother,onany
termswhatsoever,ordistributes,dispatchesin
transitor transpo[tsdangerousdrugsOr whoactsas
a brokerinany ofsuchtransactions,inviolationof
thisAct
Penalty:twelve(12)yearsandone(1)daytotwenty
(20)yearsandafine rangingfromOnehundred
thousandpesos(PlOO,OOO.OO) toFivehundred
thousandpesos(PSOO,OOO.OO)
Personliable: Person,who,shallselL trade,
administer,dispense,deliver,giveawaytoanother,
distribute,dispatchintransitortransportany
controlledprecursorand.essentialchemical,or
shallactasa brokerinsuchtransactions.
Penalty: twelve(12)yearsandone(1)day to twenty
(20)yearsofimprisonmentandafine rangingfrom
Onehundred thousandpesos(p100,OOO.00) to Five
hundredthousandpesos(PSOO,OOO.OO)
Personliable:any person,whoactsasa "protector/
coddler"
Adminis.ter. - Anyactof introducinganY
dugerousdrugintothebodyofanyperson,with
or withouthis/ herknowledge,by inje<:tion,
inhalation,ingestionor othermeans, or of
committinganyactof. indispensableassistanceto
a personin administering danmousdUlg to
himself/herselfunlessadministeredbyaduly
licensedpractitionerfor purposesofmedication.
Dispense. - Anyactofgivingaway,seIlingor
distributingmedicineorany dangerousdrugwith
Or withouttheuseofprescription.
12/4/13
2
12/4/13
Aggravatingcircumstance
(Maximumpenaltystutllbeimposedinthefollowing)
Ifthesale,trading,adminis tration,dispensation,
delivery,distributionor transportationofany
dangerousdrugand/ orcontrolledpre<:ursorand
essentialchemicaltranspireswithinonehundred
!lOo)metersfromtheschool.
Fordrugpusherswhouseminorsormentally
incapadtatedindiyiduals runners.couriersand
messengers,orinanyothef"Capacitydire<:tIy
connectedtothedangerousdrugsand/ orcontrolled
precursorsandessentialchemicalstrade.
PEOPLEvs.JOEYTIONYCABADDU
GXNo.172092.December16,2009.
1<1 a for of
Iliafoll<;lWingmUs,tI>e provl)d;mtt\<lt$e
tQok.place;(2)tlu>t the dellctior
theiUiot liNgWII$ preselltOO asevldellCe;'1nd(3)
that buyef"andsetter 2ctW'Kb.
respectto of itsessElnlil!l
eleme.:>ts (I)ideru:tty Qfthe:buyer'1nq-niewIer,
theobjectQfthesale,andthe<:onsld<m>tion;IWi (2)
ofthethingsold'lOdthep'lYQ1llnl25 .
Peoplev. Paloma
C.R. No.178544,February23, 2011.
.. the"obje<:tlve"lei;.!setby theCourtinPeop!.>
v" Pori", mils!dearly' and
"dequilte1y thedetailsofthe sale,
Nlmeiy,theiIlitial betweenthe
andthe theofferto thepromiseor
p'lYD)enloftheCQnsiderI!.tiQll,.<m<:lfinally. the
d.eUveryofthe (l1e&w <Ut>g. loth<! bUYel'i
1,,1terbethelnfornuu>taloneorthe
pqliceQf&er. Thi.$proofis tIllln'lllreth;>t
law. abidingcit;ize";'arenot in<htcedto
mmi!.theaffens.e.. 61
Quinjcotv. People
G.RNo.179700,June22,2009
Settled il> the....tethAttheabooeno:eof ..pd...._ilLutce0.:
testhI>y noti!ffOO the
Th<:J:e\$.nQ of buy.
btm"P"'ations.The has, tothe ofpalke
<WthoritiestheselectiQnofeffl!ctivemeanstoappnhenddTUg
A.prim- mllc:h a one,isnot
{'Qlice
bytheirWonrumtdoling'theentr'lpment.
fle,xibilityisa mutofglltldpQ!kewQ\'k.WeMve fAAt
wtwPctinw Qfthe thep<1liroily the
n<!edfill'pci<>rSIU\'-eillance.lnthe mwb'3.
iM;rompaniedbythe t()theI-""J:I W<'(I,
...fJiS> tho,> I'OIk_>;\neednot
eonductedanyPf''''' bcif...,they"ndertc;>okthe
aj><!l'ation.14
Ifthevictimoftheoffenseisa minororamentally
insamdl:i!ledindiyidyal.Or
Shouldadangerousdrug.and/oracontrolled
precursor<!ndesaenttalchemicalinvolvedinany
offensehereinprovidedhetheproximatecauseof
de'lthofavictimthereof.
any personwho managesor acts asa
"firuutder"ofanyoftheillegalactivitiesprescribed
inthisSection.
Definition:Financier. - Any personwhopaysfor,
raisesorsuppliesmoneyfor, orunderwritesanyof
theillegalactivitiesprescribedunderthisAct.
Non-presentationofmarkedmoneyis
notfatal toprosecution'scase
.. of"D\Alk.edm<mey"il>rwt
inthe Qt. of ,;.,uing
dnIgs.Themarke<:\ moneyusedintheb\ty-hust
i'! in it:is.
merelyCQFCobofiltiv<:! evidef),ce.35 lawnor
jwispn1idenellrequiresthe Qfanyofthe
mQRj>Y usedinIl"\my-bust"Qpexation. 30
paymentofconsidenrtionisim!l'lIIterlitiinthe
distributionflfillicit ]7fd
3
12/4/13
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SEcrION6.Maintenanceofa Den, Diveor Resort
Penalty:lifeimprisonmenttodeathandafine
rangingfrom Fivehunchedthousandpesos
(P5DD,OOD.DD) toTenm.illionpesos (P1D,DDD,OOD.DD)
Personliable:anypersonorgroupofpersonswho
shallmaintaina den,diveV! resortwhereany
dangerous drug is usedorsOld inanyform.
Aggravatingcircumstances
(MllXimu'Dl peIUllty bE: inthefollOWing)
everycasewhereanydangerousdrugis
administered,deliveredOr soldtoa minorwhois
allowedtousethesameinsucha place.
proximatecauseofthedeathofa personusing the
sameinsuchden,diveor thepenalty of
death anda finerangingfrom Onemillion
(Pl,DDD,OOD.DD) toFifteen millionpesos _ :
(Pl5,DOO,DDD.OO) shallbeimposedonthemaintainer,
ownerand/oroperator.
personwhoOTganizes, managesor acts as a
"finander"ofanyoftheillegalactivities prescribed
inthisSection.
Definition:EmployeeofDen,DiveorResort. -
Thecaretaker, helper,watchman,lookou andother
personsworkingintheden,diveor resort,
employedby the maintainer,ownerand/ or
operatorwhereanydangerousdrugand/ or
controlledprecursorandessentinlchemicalis
administered,delivered,distributed,soldorused,
withorwithoutcompensation,in connectionwith
theoperationthereof.
Penalty:nvelve(12)yearsandone(1)dayto nventy(20)
yearsandafine rangingfromOnehundredthousandpesos
(PlOO,OOD.DD) toFivehunchedthousandpesos(P5DD,OOD.DD)
Personliable:anypersonorgroupofpersonswhoshall
maintainaden,dive, orresortwhereanycontrolled
precursor and essential chemical is usedorsoldinanyform.
penaltyofnvelve(U) yearsandone(1)daytonventy(20)
yearsofimprisonmentandafine rangingfrom Onehundred
thousandpesos(PlOO,OOO.OO) toFivehunchedthousand
pesos(PSDD,OOD.DD)
Personliable: "protector/coddler"
Definition:Den,DiveorResort. - Aplacewhereany
dangerousdrugand/orcontrolledprecursorandessential
chemicalisadministered,delivered, storedfor illegal
purposes,distributed,soldor usedinanyform.
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION7.EmployeesandVisitorsofa Den,Dive
or Resort
Penalty:nvelve(12)yearsandone(1)daytonventy
(20) yearsanda finerangingfromOnehunched
thousand pesos (PlDD,DOD.DO) toFivehunched
thousand pesos(P5DD,DOD.DO)
Personsliable:
Any employeeofaden,diveor whois aware
ofthenatureof the placeassuch.
Any personwhois awareofthenatureofthe place
assuchandshallknowingly visitthesame.
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION8.ManufactureofD..i.gerousDrugsand/ Or
ControUedPrecursorsandEssentialChemicals.
Penalty: lifeimprisonmenttodeathanda fine ranging
fromFivehundredthousandpesos(PSDD,OOO.OO) to
Tenmillion pesos(P1D,DOD,OOD.OO)
Personliable: anypersonwhoshallengageinthe
manufactureofany dangerous drug. .
4
12/4/13
Penalty:twelve(12)yearsandone(1) day to twenty
(20)yearsandafinerangingfromOnehu.ndred
thousandpesos(plOO,OOO.OO) toFivehu.ndred
thousandpesos(p500,000.OO)
Personliable:anypersonwhoshall OUlnufacture
any contro/led precursor and essential chemicaL
Penalty: twelve(U) yearsandone(1) dayto twenty
(20)yearsofimprisonmentAndafine rangingfrom
Onehu.ndred thousandpesos(PlOO,OOO.OO) toFive
hundredthousandpesos(pSOO,OOO.OO)
Personliable- "protector/coddler"
Aggravatingcircumstances
Anyphaseofthemanufacturingprocesswasconductedin
thepresenceorwiththehelp ofminoris;
Any phaseormanufacturingprocesswas or
u.ndertakenwithinonehundred(100) metersofa
residential, business,churchorschoolpremises;
Anyclandestinelaboratorywassecuredor pretededwith
booby traps;
Anyclandestinelaboratorywasconcealedwithlegitimate
business operations;or
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION9.IllegalChemicalDiversionof
ControlledPrecursorsandEssentialChemicals.
Penalty:twelve(U) yearsandone(1)daytotwenty
(20)yearsanda finerangingfrom Onehundred
thousand pesos(PlOO,OOO.OO) toFivehu.ndred
thousandpesos(pSOO,OOO.OO)
Personliable: anypersonwhoshallillegallydivert
anycontrolledprecursorandessentialchemical
Primafacie
(prima faCie bydefinitionis rebuttable)
Thepresenceofanycontrolled'lU'cwsor.andessential
chemic.alorlaboratoryeCriiip.mentln' the. cland!!!!l:!ne
laborid:oryisapritru.-iadeproofofmanufacture ofany
dangerousdryg.
'1therebenoevidencetothecontrary, the presumptionstands.
Conversely,thepreumptionJosesitslegal efficacy intheface of
prooforevidencetothecontrary." (Trans-PacificIndustrialSupplies,
Inc.vs.CourtofAppeals,GR.No.109172,19August1994).
"ApriIrafaciepreumption,alsoreferredtoasdisputable,
rebuttableorjuristantum,issatisfactoryifuncontradicted, butmay
becontradictedandovercomeby otherevidence."(pleytovs.
PhilippineNationalPoliceCriminallnvestigationandDetection
Group,GR. No.169982. Z3November2007).
Anyemploymentofa practitioner,chemical
engineer,publicofficialorforeigner.
ThemaximumpenaltyprOVided for underthis
Sectionshallbeimposed uponany person,who
organizes, mo.na.ges oractsasa "financier" ofany of
theillegalactivitiesprescribedinthisSection.
Definition.ClandestineLaboratory. - Any facility
used for theillegal manufactureofanydangerous
drugand/ orcontrolledprecursorandessential
chemical .
Definition.Chem.ic.al - Thesale,
distribution,supplyortransportoflegitiDUltely
imported.in-transit,manufacturedorprocured
controlledprecursorsandessentialchemicals,.i!l
diluted.mixturesorincOncentratedform,toany
personorentityengagedinthemanufactureofany
dangerousdrug,andshallincludepackaging,
repackaging,labeling,relabelingorconcealmen.tof
suchtransactionthroughfraud,destructionof/
documents,fraudulentuseofpermits,
misdeclaration,useoffrontcompaniesormail
fraud.
5
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION1O.ManufactureorDeliveryofEquipment,
Instrument,Apparatus,andOtherParaphexnaliafor
DangerousDrugsand! orControUedPrecursorsand
EssentialChemicals.
Penalty:twelve(U) yearsandone(1) daytotwenty
(20)yearsanda fine rangingfromOnehundred
thousandpesos(plOO,OOO.OO) toFive hundred
thousandpesos(P500,000.(lI:\J.
Aggravatingcircumstance
Themaximumpenaltyprovidedfor underthls
Sectionshall beimposeduponany person..who
usesa minorora mentally incapacitate9individual
todeliversuchequipment, instrument,apparatus
andotherparaphernaliafordangerousdrugs.
Personliable:
any personwhoshail
dehver,
possesswithintenttodeliver,or
withintentto
rstrument ap:para&ns awi other for
angerousdrUgs,
knowing,orundercircumstanceswhereonereasonably
shouldknow,
thatitwil lbeusedto propagate,cultivate,grow,
harvest,manufacture,compourid,convert,produce,
process, prepare,test, analyze, pack, repack,store,
containorconcealany darigerousdrugand!or
controlled precursorandessentialchemicalinviolation
ofthisAct
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECI10NU.PossessionofDangerousDrugs.
Penalty:life imprisonmenttodeathanda fine ranging
fromFivehundredthousandpesos(p500,OOO.OO) to
Tenmillionpesos(PlO,OOO,OOO.OO)
Personliable:anyperson,who,unlessauthorizedby
law,shaUpossessanydangerousdruginthefollowing
quantities,regardlessofthedegreeofpuritythereof:
10gramsor moreofopium;
10gramsor moreofmorphine;
10gramsormoreofheroin;CTEDSI
10gramsor moreofcocaineorcocaine hydrochloride;
50gramsor moreofmethamphetaminehydrochlorideor
Hshabu
rl
;
10gramsormoreofmarijuanaresinor marijuanaresinoil;
500gramsOr moreofmarijuana;and
10gramsor moreofotherdangerousdrugssuchas, butnot
limited to, methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA)or
"ecstasy",paramethoxyamphetamine(PMA),
trimethoxyamphetamine(TMA), lysergicaciddiethylamine
(LSD),gammahydroxybutyrate(GHB), iUld thosesimilarly
designedornewlyintroduceddrugsand theirderivatives,
withouthavinganytherapeuticvalueorifthequantity
possessedisfar beyondtherapenticrequirements,as
determinedandpromulgatedby theBoardinaccordanceto
Section93, ArticleXI ofthisAct.
Opiumball
12/4/13
6
12/4/13
Morphine Heroin
Cocaine Shabu
Marijuana Ecstasy
7
if thequantityinvolvedislessthanthe
foregoingquantities, thepenaltiesshallbe
graduatedasfollows :
Lifeimprisonmentanda fine rangingfrom Four
hundredthousandpesos(p400,OOO.DO) toFive
hundredthousandpesos(pSOO,OOO.DO) - if"shabu"is
tenflO) gramsormorebutlessthanfifty (50) grams;
Twenty(20) yearsand one(1) day to life
imprisonmentanda finerangingfrom Fourhundred
thousandpesos(p4DO,OOO.DO) toFivehundred
thousandpesos(p5DO,000. 0Q,),. iffive(5) gramsor
morebutlessthantenflO) gramsofopium,
morphine,heroin.cocaineorcocainehydrochloride,
marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, "shabu",
Aggravatingcircumstance
SECfION13.PossessionofDangerousDrugs
DuringParties.SocialGatheringsorMeetings. -
Any personfound possessinganydan&,ousdrug
dUTinga party, oratasocialgatheringOr meeting,
orintheproximatecompanyofatleasttwo(2)
persons,sha"sufferthemaximumpenalties;
providedforInSection11ofthisAct,regardless of
the quanHty and purity Of such dangerous drugs.
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECfION12.PossessionofEquipment,Instrument,
ApparatusandOtherParaphernaliafor DangerousDrugs.
Penalty:six (6) monthsandone(1) daytofour(4)yearsanda
finerangingfromTenthousand pesos(PlO,DOO.DO) toFi fty
thousandpesos(pSO,OOO.DO)
Personliable:anyperson,who,shall possessorhaveunder
his/hercontrolanyequipment,instrument,apparatusand
otherparaphernaliafit orintendedforsmoking,consuming,
administering,injecting, ingesting,orintroducingany
dangerousdrugintothebody:
or otherdangerousdrugssuch as,"ecstasy",PMA,
TMA,LSD, GHB,andtheirderivatives,without
havinganytherapeaticvalueorifthequantity
possessedis far beyondtherapeuticrequirements;or
threehundre<i .(300)grams ormorebutlessthan
fivehundred1$00)grams of mjuijp;ma;and
Twelve(12) yearsandone(1)day totwenty(20)
yearsandafinerangingfromThreehundred
thousandpesos(P300,OOO.DO) toFourhundred
thousandpesos(p400,OOO.DO), ifthequantitiesofthe
foregOingdangerousdrugsarelessthanfive (5)
gramsx x x or less thanthreehundred(3DO) grams
of marijuana. .
PEOPLE vsJOEL GASPAR
G.KNo.192816.July6, 2011
U, n ofM9lps'
oftheofftroseofi.llegru f.lf d,ongerou.$
are:(1) theaceus.OO ite.m
Of olctwhil'his toheaprohlbib!<;!. qlllg;
(2)$UchFO$eSStonIs.notI\\Iithorizedby l,.w;and(3)
the and<:D.ns<:lo.usly possessedthe
saiddrug.
Primafacieevidenceofuse
Thepossessionofsuchequipnoknt, instrument,
apparatusandotherparaphernaliafitorintended
for anyofthepurposesenumeratedinthe
precedingparagraphshallbeprima fadeevidence
thatthepossessorbassmoked.consumed.
administeredto hiinselfIhersellnjected.ingested
orusedadangerousdrugandshallbepresumed
to haveviolatedSection15of this Act. .
12/4/13
8
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTIONIS.UseofDangerousDrugs.
Penalty- a minimumofsix(6) monthsrehabilitationina
governmentcenterfor the firstoffense,for'thesecond
offense,six(6) yearsandone(1) day to twelve(12) years
andafine rangingfrom Fiftythousandpesos(PSO,OOO.OO)
toTwohundredthousandpesos(p200,OOO.00). ,
Personliable: Apersonapprehendedorarrested,whois
foundto bepositivefor useofanydangerousdrug,aftera
confirmatorytest
Use. - Any actofinjecting,intravenouslyor
intramuscularly,ofconsuming,either by chewing,
smoking,sniffing, eating,swallowing,drinkingor
otherwiseintroducingintothephysiologicalsystem
of the body, anyofthedangerousdrugs.
ConfirmatoryTest - Ananalytical testusinga
device,toolorequipmentwithadifferentchemical
orphysicalprinciplethatis morespecificwhichwill
validateandconfirmtheresultofthescreeningtest
Aggravatingcircumstance
SECTION14.P088essionofEquipment
I!lBtrument.Apparatusand OtherParaphernalia
forDangerousDrugsDuringParties.Social
GatheringsorMeetings. - Themaximum penalty
prov idedforinSection12 ofthisActshallbe
imposeduponanyperson,whoshallpossessor
haveunderhis/hercontrolanyequipment,
instrument"apparatusandotherparaphernaliafit or
intendedfor smoking,conswrung,administering,
injecting, ingesting, orintroducinganydangerous
drugintothebody,duringparties,social
gatheringsormeetings,orintheproximate
companyofatleasttwo(2)persons.
Definition:LaboratoryEquipment - The
paraphernalia,apparatus,materialsorappliances
whenused, intendedfor useordesignedfor usein
themanufactureofanydangerousdrugand/or
controlledprecursorandessentialchemical,suchas
reactionvesseL preparative/ purifyingequipment"
fer mentors,separatoryfunnel,flask,heatingmantle,
gasgenerator,or theirsubstitute.
Definition:I!!Btrumenl - Any thingthatis usedin
orintendedtobeusedinany mannerinthe
commissionofillegaldrugtraffickingorrelated
offenses.
Provided,ThatthisSectionshallnotbeapplicable
wherethepersontestedisalsofoundtohaveinhis/
herpossessionsuchquantityof anydangerousdrug
providedfor underSection11, inwhichcasethe
provisiOnsstatedthereins"!l1apply.
Definition:DrugDependence.i- As basedonthe
World HealthOrganizationdefuution, itisaduster
ofphysiological,behavioralandcognitive
phenomenaofvariableintensity, inwhichthe
psychoactivedrugtakesona highprioritythereby
involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense
of compulsion to take lhgsu,bshmce.and the
difficultiesincontrollingsubstance-taIc.ing
behaviorintermsofits onset,termination, or levels
ofuse.
12/4/13
9
VoluntarySubmissionofaDrug
DependenttoConfinement,Treatment
andRehabilitation
SECTION54. - Adrugdependentoranyperson
whoviolatesSection15ofthisActmay, by himself/
herselforthrough his / herparent,spouse,guardian
or relativewithinthefourthdegreeofconsanguinity
Or affinity, apply totheBoardoritsdulyrecognized
representative,for treatmentandrehabilitationof
thedrugdependency.
Effect: SECTION55. A underthe
v oluntarysubmissionproglain, whoisfinally
dischargedfromconfinementshallbeexemptfrom
thecriminalliability underSection15.
(3)He/shehasnorecordofescapefromaCenter:
Provided,Thathadhe/ sheescaped, he/ she
surrenderedby himself/ herselforthro,!-.gh his/her
parent,spouse, guardianorrelativewithinthe
fourthdegreeof consanguinityoraffinity,within
one(1)weekfrom thedateofthesaid
(4)He/sheposesnoseriousdangertohimself/
herself,his/ herfamily orthecommunity by his/her
exemptionfromcriminalliability.
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION16.CultivationOr CulhueofPlants
ClassifiedasDangerousDrugsorareSources
Thereof.
Penalty: lifeimprisonmentto deathandafine
rangingfromFivehundred thousandpesos
(P500,OOO.OO) to Ten millionpesos(pl0,OOO,OOO.OO)
Personliable:anyperson.whoshallplant,cultivate
Or culturemarijuana,opiumpoppyorany other
plantregardlessofquantity,whichis or may
hereafterbeclassifiedasadangerousdrugOr asa
sourcefromwhichanydangerousdrugmaybe
manufacturedorderived.
Conditionsforexemption
fromliability
(I)He/shehascompliedwiththerulesand
regulationsoftheCenter,xxxincludingtheafter-
careandfollow-up programfor atleasteighteen
(18) monthsfollOwingtemporarydischargefrom
confinement in the Center Of, in the case of a
dependentplacedunderthecareofthe DOH-
accreditedphysician, theafter-careprogramand
follow-upscheduleformulated by theDSWDand
approvedbytheBoard
(2)He/shehas never been chargedorconvictedof
any offensepunishableunder thisAct, the Revised
PenalCode,asamended;oranyspecialpenallaws;
Fortheunqualified,Probationor
communityserviceasalternative
SECTION57.ProbationandCommunityService
UndertheVoluntarySubmissionProgram. - A
drugdependentwhoisdischargedas rehabilitated
by theDOH-accredjtedCenterthroughthe
voluntarysubmission program,butdoesnot
qualify forexemptionfromcriminalliability
underSection55 ofthis Act, may bechargedunder
theprovisionsofthis Act,butshallbe placedon
probationandundergoacommunityserviceinlieu
ofimprisonmentand/ orfine in thediscretionofthe
court,withoutprejudicetotheoutcomeofany
pendingcase filed incourt
De.fini.tion:Cultivateor - Anyactof
knowingly planting,growing,-raising,or permitting
theplanting,growingorraisingofanyplantwhich
is thesourceofadangerousdrug.
o Note: ThelAnd or portions thereofand/or
greenhousesonwhichanyofsaidplantsis
cultivated orculturedshallbeconfiscatedand
eschmtedinfavoroftheState,
unless theownerthereofcanprovelackof
knowledgeofsuchcultivationorculturedespitethe
exercise ofduediligenceon his/her part.
12/4/13
10
..
F..rfinancier:Death pfthe
penahyills,ectionl6.)
.. twelve(12)yearsandone
(1)dayto twenty(20)yearsofimprisonmentanda
fine rangingfrom Onehundredthousandpesos
(Pl00,000.00)toFivehundri!:!thousandpesos
(1'500, 000.00)
additionalpenalty:
revocationofthelicenseto practicehis/her
profession,incaseofapractitioner,or df the
business, in case of a manufacturer, selJer, importer,
distributor,dealerorretailer.
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION19.UnlawfulPrescriptionofDangerous
Drugs.
Penalty:life imprisonmenttodeathanda fine
rangingfrom Fivehundred thousandpesos
(1'500,000.00) toTenmillionpesos(PlO,OOO,ooo.OO)
Personsliable: any person,who,shallmakeorissue
a prescriptionoranyotherwritingpurportingto be
aprescriptionforanydangerousdrug.
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION17.MaintenanceandKeepingofOriginal
Records ofTransactionsonDangerousDrugsand/
orControlledPrecursorsand EssentialChemicals.
penalty;: one(1) yearandone(1) daytosix(6) years
anda fine fromTenthousandpesos
(PlO,OOO.OO) toFiftythousandpesos(PSO,OOO.OO)
Personsliable:anypractitioner, manufacturer,
wholesaler,importer,distributor,dealerorretailer
whoviolatesorfails tocomplywiththe
maintenanceandkeepingoftheoriginalrecords of
transactionsonanydangerousdrugand/ or
controlledprecursorandessentialchemicalin
accordancewithSection40 ofthisAct
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION18.UnnecessaryPrescriptionof Dangerous
Drugs.
Penalty:twelve(12)yearsandone(1)daytotwenty(20)
yearsandafine rangingfrom 0 ne hundredthousand
pesos(PlOO,OOO.OO) to Fivehundredthousandpesos
(pSOO,OOO.OO)
additionalpenalty: revocationoflicense to practice
Personsliable:thepractitioner,whoshallprescribeany
dangerousdrugto any personwhosephysicalor
physiologicalconditiondoesnotrequiretheuse orinthe
dosageprescribedthereinxxxparticularlythosewho
areinvolvedinthecareofpersonswithseverepain
Ispleabargainingallowed?
SECTION23.Plea-BargainingRrovision. - Any
personcharged underany provisionofthis Act
regardlessoftheimposablepenaltyshallnotbe
allowedto availoftheprovisiononplea-bargaining.
12/4/13
11
Isprobationlawapplicable
toviolators?
SECTION24.Non-ApplicabilityoftheProbation
LawforDrug TraffickersandPushers. - Any
personconvictedfor drugtraffickingorpuslting
underthis Act,regardlessofthepenaltyimposedby
theCourt,cannotavailoftheprivilegegrantedby
theProbationLaworPresidentialDecreeNo. 968, as
amended.
Attemptorconspiracy
tobemetedthesamepenalty
SECTION26.AttemptorConspiracy. - Any
attemptorconspiracytocommitthefollowing
unlawfulactsshallbe penalizedby thesame
penaltyprescribedfor thecommissionofthesame
asprovidedunderthis Act I
(a)Importationofanydangerousdrugand/ or
controlledprecursorandessentialchemicJlJ; ,
(b)Sale,trading,administration,dispensation,
delivery, distributionandtransportationofany
dangerousdrugand/ orcontrolledprecursorand
essentialchemical;
CriminalLiabilityofa
PublicOfficerorEmployee
SECTION27. Offense:
Misappropriation,MisapplicationorFailureto
Accountfor theConfiscated,Seizedand/ or
SurrenderedDangerousDrugs,PlantSourcesof
DangerousDrugs,ControlledPrecursorsand
EssentialChemicals,Instruments/Paraphernalia
and/ orLaboratoryEquipmentIncludingthe
ProceedsorPropertiesObtainedfromtheUnlawful
ActCommitted.
Penalty:lifeimprisonmenttodeathandafine
rangingfromFivehundredthousandpesos
(P500,OOO.OO) toTenmillionpesos(PlO,OOO,OOO.OO)
RA9165asqualifying
circumstance
SECTION25.QualifyingAggravatingCircumstances
intheCommissionofaCrimebyanOffenderUnder
theInfluenceofDangerousDrugs. -
Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofanylawtothe
contrary,a positivet"lndingfort,heuseof
dangerousdrus""ruillbeaqualifying:aggravating:
circumstancein thecommissionof acrimebyan
offender.andthe applicationofthe penalty
providedfor intheRevised PenalCodeshallbe
applicable.
(c)Maintenanceofaden,diveorresortwhereany
dangerousdrugis usedinanyform;
(d)Manufactureofanydangerousdrugand/ or
controlledprecursorand~ e n t i l chemical;and
(e)Cultivationorcultureofplantswhicharesources
ofdangerousdrugs.
Addllfunalpenalty:absoluteperpetual
disqualificationfromany publicoffice
Note:
Any electivelocalornationalbfficialfoundtohave
benefitedfromtheproceedsofthetrafficking of
dangerousdrugsas prescribedinthis Act, or have
receivedanyfinancialormaterialcontributionsor
donationsfrom naturalorjuridicalpersonsfound
guiltyoftraffickingdangerousdrugsasprescribed
inthisAct, shall be removed from o(fice and .
perpetually disttUa/ified from holding any elettive
or appointive positions in thegovernment,its
divisions
l
subdivisions, and intermediaries,
includinggovernment-ownedor-controlled
corporations.
12/4/13
12
12/4/13
CriminalLiabilityfor
PlantingofEvidence.
SECTION29. - Anypersonwhoisfoundguiltyof
"planting"anydangerousdrugand! orcontrolled
precursorandessentialchemical,regardless of
quantityandpurity,shallsufferthepenaltyof
death.
UnlawfulActsand
Penalties
SECTION37lssuance ofFalseor FraudulentDrug
TestResults. -
Penalty:six(6)yearsandone(1)daytotwelve(12)
yearsandafine rangingfromOne
thousandpesos(PlOO,OOO.OO) toFivehundred
thousandpesos(pSOO,OOO.OO).
Personliable:Anypersonwhoissuesfalst>.oi
fraudulentdrugtestresultsknowingly,willfullyor
throughgrossnegligence
Anadditionalpenalty:revocationofthelicenseto
practicehis! her professionincaseofa practitioner,
andtheclosureofthedrugtestingcenter.
.. Inthis the-lU'restIDg; \"lcilli.er nor
explainedjuslifulblegrowtdsfor fllihtret<! 11)ma.ke!
mmgtl m... Gllt;JR
g(th$Usa,;_!3l1ll"htirthYW wb&om
them.ecUI tbe Iljl!tk<:CDQl).
e!eqs:d offidflbWbeepc!!J$ded;mdweiepresent
dsringthe_!tins.oftheib'''''''These were
bythefaetthat theof;ficershadampletimeto
complywiththesele$aIrequiremen\S,.asth"}'had
monitoredO!l<l puta;:c.used-oppelJlmtsonth<!i.r Wll-tchl.ist..The
totalitynfthesecirCl:l.D'lS1;an<;hasled..,.toconcludethirlthe
appnltumclingQfficersdeliberatelyd.i.H<:glIrtled:thelegal:
pro<;e<lure...nderR.A9165."rhes.eIapses- effectiv-alyproduce<!
seriou1>doqbtsontheIrttegriotyandidentityofIh<l- corpUJ>
intheIl\A;e ofalleglttiOIl.$of
WQcu:ldthllreby be fromthe
ofwhichthllyw_ .
PlantingofEvidence
Thewillfulactbyanypersonofmaliciouslyand
surreptitiouslyinsetting,placing,addingor
attachingdirectlyillindirectly,throughanyovertor
covertact,whateverquantityofanydangerous
drugand! orcontrolledprecursorandessential
chemicalintheperson,house,effects or inthe
immediatevicinityofaninnocentindividualfor the
purposeofimplicating,incriminatingorimputing
thecommissionofanyviolationofthisAct.
Jurisprudence
PEOPLEvsJOELANCHETA
C.RNo.197371.June13,2012
..WI}reitemt",tAA.tR.A.91(15 Il fQ:r the
arresting t\> withth'i!
we notethat,WQcrethll
SIlovtng,,\a.usep.rQvlql!4lS.04er ;$GaIl be
21 (Il)<lf tor1"O'le the
!Win <If
(iii) <If /pD\U\W!iilnd:
(b.)pres.etVlltionQfthein.tegri:ty AAd theevidentilllj'
viillue<If thesei:te<;i i-te!l\.S.
PEOPLEVs DONAlDCAPC;:O
G.R NQ. 183088.September17,2009
(Non-presentationoflnfonnantis immaterial)
Wiii log:iCllltmdcriti<:ill mtiOllilJebclUn<:! tIwo.ccepte<l
oflellvinj;oat... lnfDnrllmtfI-<>m the
..of As inPeoplev.
Pe:Mfiotidlio, 9the ofan tsn<!t
_ .lIlialfor __ W..

be omd Moreimportan.tly,It;S
Jr'AA4Qtb.e; drt!.gClIl!e$\ellen.
by not as lIt iI$tMre
bittW.ed to thell:td<i!ntityomd th...6
i:D>pQrtant Inlaw..,moe!mem.UvinSinthefringe.s
ofthetl\'ldeJwodd,thesepclkeAA'ietsllIiiIywellbe- unwilling
to th,<!tn;Sclv"" \0 liqW4l1tWnbyQNg
syndicAtes'Ulct then: allillsshQuldtheiridentilie$berevll<lle<l.
13