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11

bynthtct,b /mjylfs^ xevfl _ cjvt[sf cf[tkbs lf nfycfwvkbs itvjlbjlyty lf bct cfmvbfyj,lyty@ ~bmdt^ ud& 43`& \|++ c& 40-bfy okt,blfy trjyjvbehvf fqvfdkj,fv mfhskbc vf/vflbfy vvfhsdtksf vakj,tkj,fib uflfcdkfcsfy thsfl ufpfhlf s,bkbcib cjv[ehb trktcbbcf lf dfzfhvtofhvtsf ufdktyf& #\|++ cfereybc 40-bfy okt,ib mfhskbc cfvtajc cfthsj gjkbnbrehtrjyjvbrehlfobyfeht,fcsfy thsfl bo.t,f fqv& cfmfhsdtkjc elbltcb cfmfkfmj wtynhbc _ s,bkbcbc fqvfdkj,fw& #fvbc fqvfdkj,fc fgbhj,t,lyty thsb v[hbd^ bhfysfy lfvjrblt,ekj,bc itlfht,bs [tkcf.htkb gjkbnbrehb ajhvf^ [jkj vtjht v[hbd bhfyjcvfktsbc 1639 okbc pfdb^ hjvtkvfw ,jkj vjeqj lfechekt,tk jvt,c fvbthrfdrfcbbc nthbnjhbfpt lf sbsmvbc 90 okbc ufyvfdkj,fib #epheydtk.j vidblj,bfyb w[jdht,f vf[kj,tk fqvjcfdktsib@ ~d& uf,fidbkb^ \|+-\|+++ cc& mfkfmt,b^ yfhrdtdt,b vf[k& fqv& mfkfm& bcn& +^ 1966^ ud& 183`& frfl& y& ,thtybidbkbc fphbs^ fq,ekb [fybc s,bkbcb&&& fqvjcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcbfib ths-thsb .dtkfpt vybidytkjdfyb mfkfmb uf[lf&&& tc mfkfmb vfhnj atjlfkehb mdt.ybc vvfhsdtkbc cflujvb rb fh b.j^ fhfvtl vybidytkjdfyb trjyjvbrehb wtynhbw ~y& ,thtybidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkj \+-\|+++ cfereytib^ cfm& bcn& cfrbs[t,b^ +|^ ud& 227`& mfhskbc cfnf[nj mfkfmb ofhvjflutylf vybidytkjdfy cfnhfypbnj geymnc^ hjvkbc vtidtj,bs ofhvjt,lf ufw[jdtkt,ekb dfzhj,f hjujhw fqv& rfdrfcbbc^ bct sehmtsbcf lf bhfybc mfkfmt,c ijhbc@ ~r& rewbf^ #s,bkbcbcf lf fqv& fvbthrfdrfcbbc mfkfmt,bc cfdfzhj ehsbthsj,f^ bt,fyb&&& 1976^ ud& 258`& [tkcf.htkb gbhj,t,bc lflujvbc itvltu cjv[ehb trktcbf fldbkfl phlblf sfdbcb vhtdkcf lf cfvo.cjc& mfhsdtkt,b bhfyibw vfc trtlkt,jlyty& #\|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib bhfycf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc ufw[jdtkt,ekb cfdfzhjtrjyjvbehb ehsbthsj,f fhct,j,lf&&& bhfytkb lf mfhsdtkb dfzht,bc mfhfdyt,b vblbvjlbjlyty bhfycf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc^ fvfdt lhjc^ mfhsdtkb dfzht,b^ hjujhw xfyc^ [fyuhkbdfl w[jdhj,lyty bhfybc mfkfmt,ib lf totjlyty fqt,vbwtvj,fc^ fvbc sfj,fpt wyj,t,b lfwekbf tdhjgtkb vjupfeht,bc s[pekt,t,cf lf mfhsek ljrevtyneh o.fhjt,ib&&& flfv jktfhbecbc lf bfy cnhtbcbc s[pekt,t,ib lfwekbf wyj,f^ hjv bcgffybc ufhte,fy /fcfyf,flib w[jdhj,lyty mfhsdtkb mhbcnbfyt,b^ hjvtksf ijhbc itcfybiyfdb dfzht,bw b.dyty^ bctdt hjujhw cjv[t,c ijhbcfwj ~u& ;jhlfybf^ ew[jtk vjupfehsf wyj,t,b mfhsdtksf itcf[t, \|++ cfereytib^ #vyfsj,b@^ 1962^ =8^ ud& 174^ 175`&&& mfhsdtkb dfzht,b bhfybc mfkfmt,ib cfrvfjl at[vjrblt,ekyb .jabkfy lf bm velvbdfl w[jdhj,lyty@& ,eyt,hbdbf^ hjv vfs rdibhehsbthsj,f /mjylfs tdhjgtk lf fpbtk dfzht,sfy& fvbc sfj,fpt cfbynthtcj wyj,fc udfodlbc #mekfvidblj,bc lfdsfhb@&&& hjujhw xfyc^ mfhsdtkb dfzht,b fhf vfhnj vblb-vjlbjlyty bhfycf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc^ fhfvtl okj,bs ~lf fstekb okj,bsfw` at[vjrblt,ekyb b.dyty bhfybc mfkfmt,ib lf vbcltdlyty dfzhj,fc& xdtyb fphbs^ fv ufhtvjt,fpt eylf vbesbst,ltc bcbw^ hjv bcgf/fybc ths-ths e,fyib xdtyfvlt vjfqobf mfhsek lf mfhsek-cjv[eh ofhotht,bfyvf cfakfdbc mdt,vf& fv ofhotht,c bhfyib cfvtwybthj vbdkbyt,bs lhjc vbfrdkbf vfufkb sjlefv& cfakfdt,b itvjhxtybkbf bcgf/fybc ]ekafib ythctcbc^ vbyfcbc lf cfhmbcbc cjv[eh trktcbfsf 12

tpjt,ib ~trktcbt,b vlt,fhtj,lyty mdbcvsktksf^ sfdhbpbcf lf thtdybc mext,ib `^ ~b& vfufkb sjlef^ mfhsekb ytrhjgjkb bhfyib^ mfhsek-cgfhcekb tnbelt,b^ 1971^ ud& 196`& cfakfdsf evtntcj,fc ofhotht,b jh tyfpt _ mfhsekfl lf cjv[ehfl fmdc ufrtst,ekb& fm ud[dlt,f ujhtkb sf.fbidbkb pffk,trbc^ cffrfidbkb ubjhubc^ vb]fyfidbkb fsf,tufc^ fvbh,f,bfys tkbp,fhbc idbkbc ,fqsfcfhfc^ vbhbfys hfvfpbc idbkbc pehf,,trbc^ vbhbfys hfvfpbc idbkbc ubdb,trbc cfakfdt,b ~mfhsek-cjv[ehb ofhotht,bs` lf c[df&&& bcgffybc ]ekafib^ cjv[ehb trktcbt,bc tpjt,ib thsb udfhbc hfvltybvt rfwbf lfcfakfdt,ekb lf sfyfw c[dflfc[df lhjc^ hfw bvbc vfxdtyt,tkbf^ hjv cfakfdt,b flubkj,hbdb vw[jdht,kt,bcff& sf.byfidbkb vfvb]fyf ud[dlt,f 1679 okbc cf,est,ib ~ljrevtynt,b s,bkbcbc bcnjhbbcfsdbc^ \|+-\+\ cc& obuyb +^ 1962^ ud& 34`& ~cf,esb s,bkbcehb ofhvjij,bcff`^ sf.fbidbkb lfdbsf 1745 okbs lfsfhbqt,ek ~vfcfkt,b cfmfhsdtkjc trjyjvbehb bcnjhbbcfsdbc^ +++^ 1955^ ud& 52`^ [jkj sf.fbidbkb ubjhub \|+++ cfereybc ief [fyt,bc cf,est,ib b[ctybt,bfy ~bmdt^ ud& 544`&&&@ ~l& rfwbnft^ #mfhsdtkb dfzht,b bhfyib@^ bt,fyb&&& ud& 263-269`& cbyfvldbktib dby b.dyty tc mfhsekb udfhbc vfnfht,kt,b^ hjvkt,bw cjv[ehb trktcbfsf tpjt,ib lfbrhfkyty^ mfhsdtkt,b se cjv[t,b( l& rfwbnft^ v& nbrft lf c[df vtwybtht,b vfs eojlt,ty #cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bc mfhsdtk dfzht,c@ ~bmdt`^ vfuhfv cbyfvldbktib tc gbhbmbs eylf .jabkb.j^ bcbyb b.dyty cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt thjdyt,bs mfhsdtkb gbht,b^ cojhtl fvbnjv lfbrhfkyty bcbyb cjv[eh-uhbujhbfyek trktcbfib^ sfdbfysb cfhoveyjt,hbdb fqvcfht,kj,bc itcf,fvbcfl& .jdtkudfh cf,escf se ljrevtynib bcbyb abuehbht,ty hjujhw cjvt[b dfzht,b^ sevwf rb vfsb udfh-cf[tkt,b mfhsekb b.j^ mfhsekb ajhvbsdt uflvjcwtvlyty vfs udfh-cf[tkt,c bnfkbehfl lf kfsbyehfl^ ew[jtkt,bw vfs mfhsdtkt,c eojlt,lyty& cfthsjl^ bvltyfl lblb b.j uhbujhbfyek cfhoveyjt,fpt uflfcek mfhsdtksf hbw[db \|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib^ hjv sfdbcb f[fkb cfvo.cjcfsdbc cjv[ehb trktcbf kjwdt,cf lf cftrktcbj obuyt,c mfhsekb fcjt,bs fothbyt,lf cjv[eh tyfpt& f[kfl ufuhbujhbfytkt,ekvf mfhsdtkt,vf fh bwjlyty^ fy cecnfl bwjlyty cjv[ehb tyf^ vfs fhf se ityfhxeyt,ekb /mjylfs mfhsekb tybc wjlyf^ fv tybc ufhlf c[df fhw bwjlyty& ityfhxeyt,ekb /mjylfs mfhsekb udfht,b^ fsfl-otct,b lf xdtekt,t,b& vfs hbw[dc itethslyty sfylfsfyj,bs mfhsdtkb dfzht,bw fv cfereytt,ib^ bvltyfl hjv \+\ c& lfcfo.bcbcfsdbc .dtkf mfhsdtkb dfzfhb erdt cjv[fl bsdkt,jlf& #&&& cfmfhsdtkjc mfkfmt,ib vw[jdht,b cjvt[b dfzfh-[tkjcyt,b vzblhjl lf jhufyekfl b.dyty lfrfdibht,ekb mfhsek atjlfkeh cfpjufljt,fcsfy& #cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bc s,bkbctkb dfzht,bcf lf [tkjcyt,bcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb b.j mfhsekb otc-xdtekt,t,b^ ufthsbfyt,ekb b.dyty fmfeh dfzfhsf fv[fyfuj,t,ib lf [tkjcfysf #fcyfat,ib@^ [jkj #vjmfkfmtyb@ ~hjujhw mfkfmbc ptlfatybc ofhvjvflutykt,b` fchekt,lyty cfmfkfmj sfyfvlt,j,t,c ~mfkfmbc vtkbmb^ vtkbm-vfvfcf[kbcb^ ueihb,b^ mts[elt,b lf c[df` ~d& uf,fidbkb^ bjct, mfhsdtkbc dbyfj,bcf lf vjqdfotj,bc cfrbs[bcfsdbc^ sce ihjvt,b^ 116^ 1965^ ud& 335-336^ bmdt^ ud& 267`&

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d& uf,fidbkc^ hjvtkvfw uf,fjybc [tkvjothbs lf,tzlbk lblt,ek hjvfyib #fbdybfyb mfkfmb@ cojhtl mfhsdtksf ufcjv[t,bc cehfsb lf[fnf^ rfhufl vjt[ctyt,f^ hjv cjvt[sf ufmfhsdtkt,bcfsdbc fhfdbsfhb gbhj,t,b fh fhct,j,lf \|++-\|+++ cc& cfmfhsdtkjib^ fvbnjvfw rfhufl vjt[ctyt,jlf s,bkbctkb dfzht,bc^ [tkjcyt,bcf lf vjmfkfmtsf yfobkb b.j fhf cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bc gbht,b^ fhfvtl uhbujhbfyekb trktcbbc vhtdkfl mwtekb mfhsdtkj,f& vjmfkfmtsf cjv[eh yfobkc fh ittkj ufmfhsdtkt,f lf fh ufmfhsdtkt,ekf^ bcbyb fhf #cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bcfyb@^ fhfvtl cjv[t,b b.dyty& [jkj vtwybthsfsdbc cftzdj #cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bc vmjyt@ mfhsekb otc-xdtekt,t,bcf lf udfht,bc vfnfht,tkb gbht,b _ .jabkb mfhsdtkt,b _ fye #mfhsekb ofhvjij,bc cjv[t,b@ fhbfy& #\|++-\|+++ ljrevtynt,ib .dtkufy^ hjujhw otcb^ cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bc mfkfmbc vj[tktt,bc^ dfzht,bc^ [tkjcyt,bc lf vfsb cf[kbc rfwt,bc dbyfj,f udfhbc fqvybidytkb mfhsekb ajhvbsff lfcf[tkt,ekb ~bmdt`& eylf fqbybiyjc bcbw^ hjv mfhsekb ajhvbsff uflvjwtvekb ujhtkb lf s,bkbctkb cjvt[b dfzht,bcf lf vjmfkfmtt,bc udfht,b kfsbyehfl lf bnfkbehfl& bidbfsb fh b.j vfsib ovbylf mfhsekb cf[tkt,bw@ ~bmdt`& s,bkbctkb lf ujhtkb dfzht,b bcgffyibw rb mfhsek .fblfpt lf,jkjt,ekb udfht,bs w[jdhj,lyty&&& cfakfdt,c bcgffybc ]ekafib cjv[ehb trktcbt,bc tpjt,ib ofhotht,b mfhsek-cjv[ehfl lf pjubthsc v[jkjl mfhsekfl fmdc ufrtst,ekb&&& fqcfybiyfdbf bcbw^ hjv mfhsek-cjv[ehb tgbnfabt,bc bhbsflb yfobkb mfhsekbf&&& bcgffybc ]ekafib w[jdhj,lyty lf fqt,vbwtvj,fc totjlyty s,bkbctkb lf ujhtkb dfzht,b^ bcbyb ofhvjij,bs cjv[t,b b.dyty^ vfuhfv bojlt,jlyty mfhsdtkt,fl@ ~bmdt`^ hfw fhfcojhbf^ gbhbmbs^ bcbyb ofhvjij,bs^ tsybrehb ofhvjvfdkj,bs mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty^ hfcfw vfsb udfht,b lf tgbnfabbc tyfw fvnrbwt,c^ vfuhfv cjv[t,fl bojlt,jlyty vfsb uhbujhbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc ufvj^ hfw vfsb cjv[eh trktcbfib lfrhfkdbs lfcnehlt,f& #tdhjgtkb vjupfeht,b lf bhfybc cfpjufljt,hbj,f vfs fyc[dfdt,lf bcgf/fybc ]ekafib vw[jdht,b cjv[t,bcfufy ~bcgffybc ]ekabc cjv[eh cfcfakfjt,pt^ hjujhw xfyc^ tsybrehfl mfhsdtkt,cfw ~mhbcnbfyt,c` fcfakfdt,lyty ~mfhsdtk mhbcnbfyt,c c[df ufvjcfdfkb fh /mjylfs^ bcgffyib mfhsekb trktcbt,b fh b.j@ ~l& rfwbnft^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 263-269`& vfhsfkbf^ bcgffyib fh b.j mfhsekb trktcbt,b^ vfuhfv mfhsdtkt,c ~vfhskvflblt,kt,c` ufyf yt,fc lfhsfdlyty^ uhbujhbfyek trktcbfib lftrhfkfs vbwdfkt,ekb( cjv[eh trktcbfib cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt gbht,b brhfkt,jlyty^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjvtkb tsybrehb ofhvjij,bc b.dyty bcbyb^ mehst,b se mfhsdtkt,b& fvbnjvfw cjv[eh trktcbt,ib lfrhfkekb mfhsdtkb gbht,b cfhoveyjt,bs uhbujhbfyt,b fye cjv[t,b b.dyty& hjujhw y& ,thtybidbkb othc^ itecofdktkb lf iteafct,tkbf \|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib cfmfhsdtkjib vbvlbyfht tsybrehb ghjwtct,b _ mfhsdtksf #ufsfsht,f@^ #ufktrt,f@^ #ufcjv[t,f@^ #uf,thyt,f@^ #ufjct,f@^ #lfrfhudf@& vf/vflbfyehvf bvgthbt,vf sfdbc vbpfyc yfobkj,hbd vbfqobtc bvbs^ hjv mfhsdtkt,bc tsybreh sdbsitvtwyt,fc cfaedtkb ufvjfwfktc& mfhsdtkj,f lf thjdyekb trktcbf

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mfhsdtkt,bc fhvtybpfwbf sehmt,vf rjycnfynbytgjkbc #f[kflitmvybk cjvt[sf cfgfnhbfhmjc lfevjhxbktc% cjv[t,b^ cbhbtkt,b^ mfkltdtkt,b^ rjgnt,b^ mfhsdtkt,b ~buekbc[vt,f fv lhjc sehmt,bc vbth cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjc lfg.hj,bkb ghjdbywbt,bc mfhsdtkt,b^ .fhc-fhphevbcf lf yfobkj,hbd bvbthb nfjc vbvlt,fht vblfvjt,bc mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,f`^ f,bcbybtkt,b@ ~u& jhvfybfyb^ cjv[ehb trktcbf^ 1913^ ud& 74* i& kjvcft^ #udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy@^ 1979^ ud& 27`& cjv[ehb cfgfnhbfhmjcflvb lfvjhxbkt,ekb mfhsdtkt,b cjv[lt,jlyty^ fhf vfhnj bvbnjv^ hjv vfs trktcbt,ib bythut,jlf cjv[ehb tyf lf bcbyb uhbujhbfylt,jlyty^ fhfvtl bvbnjvfw^ hjv vfsb cfvjmfkfmj-cfcfvfhsfkj cfmvtt,cfw rb o.dtnlf rjycnfynbytgjkbc cjvt[sf cfgfnhbfhmj@ ~bmdt^ ud& 24`& rjycnfynbytgjkbc fqt,bc itvltu sehmt,vf uffemvtc ,thyekb gjkbnbrehb [tkbceakt,f& #fvbthblfy hxt,jlf v[jkjl ,thyekb vfhskvflblt,kehb trktcbf^ rjycnfynbytgjkbc cfgfnhbfhmj^ hjvtkbw mdt.fyfib ]th rbltd lblb ufdktybs cfhut,kj,lf& vjcfkjlytkb tmcwtct,bc sfdblfy fcfwltyfl^ hjujhw jcvfkt,b abmhj,lyty^ cfzbhj b.j ufvjyf[ekb.j vtcfvt fkf^ hjvtkbw lfegbhbcgbhlt,jlf rjycnfynbytgjkbc cfgfnhbfhmjc^ ,pfhc itbnfylf vfhsflvflblt,tksf eakt,t,ib lf vbc htfkeh rjyrehtynfl uflfbmwtjlf& ceksfybc vsfdhj,fv fcts vtcfvt fkfl vbbxybf jcvfktsbc bvgthbfib vw[jdht,b cjv[t,b lf cjv[eh-uhbujhbfyekb trktcbf^ hjvtkbw trjyjvbehfl vfiby cfrvfjl vjqjybtht,ekb xfylf&&& ceksfy vt/vtl ++-c rjycnfynbytgjktkb cjv[t,b vbfxylf sfdbcb bynthtct,bc thsuek lfvwdtkfl& cfthsjl^ mhbcnbfyek htkbubeh vbvlbyfhtj,fib cjvt[sf sfdbct,ekb ctmnf^ hjvtkcfw vjudbfyt,bs ~1836 o&` uhbujhbfyj,f itthmdf^ cjv[t,c ufycfresht,ek lf itlfht,bs ghbdbktubht,ek vlujvfhtj,fib f.tyt,lf hjujhw sehmtsib^ bct bhfyib& fct itbmvyf vtjht cjv[ehb cfgfnhbfhmj rjycnfynbytgjkib& fvhbufl^ cjvt[b [fk[b cjv[ehb cf[tkvobajc fhfhct,j,bc gbhj,t,ib ew,fl jhb cfgfnhbfhmjc ~txvbfbybrjycnfynbytgjkbc` lf jhb cfrfsfkbrjcjc ~cbcbc lf f[nfvfhbc` gfnhjyb uf[lf@ ~i& kjvcft^ #udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy@^ 1979^ ud& 22-24`& cfmfhsdtkj uf.jabkb b.j sehmtscf lf bhfyc ijhbc& se cfmfhsdtkjc sehmek yfobkib mfhsdtkt,bc ufcjv[t,fc sehmt,b eo.j,lyty [tkc^ bhfyek yfobkib ~mfhskcf lf rf[tsib` mfhsdtkt,bc ufcjv[t,f cgfhctkt,bc yt,bs [lt,jlf& bv lhjc cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjcb tdltvjp lbcfvbt cgfhcvf [tkbceafkvf rklblfy uflffult,byf^ [jkj rfsfkbrjcb ljvtynb cnfv,jkbc wb[tib b.j ufvjrtnbkb^ bhfybc ltlfmfkfmib cgfhctsbc if/t,bc [tkito.j,bs fut,lyty cjv[eh trktcbt,c ,ho.bydfkt fhmbntmnehekb uflfo.dtnbs^ vjjmhekb zthbsf lf uev,fst,bs^ lf[dtobkb utvjdyt,bs

15

itchekt,ekb v[fndhj,bs ~1605-1663 oo&`2 ^ fvfdt lhjc rb s,bkbcbc cbjyb rbyfqfv vf/vflbfyeh vtxtsfl uflffrtstc& #eahj vtnbw^ cgfhctsib ufcf[kt,ek cjv[t,c if/b yt,fc hsfdlf lf gbhflflfw t[vfht,jlf trktcbt,bc vityt,kj,fib^ lflbjlf vfsc mhbcnbfyek lqtcfcofekt,pt^ tcoht,jlf mhbcnbfyek wthtvjybfkt,c^ vbcb ufycfresht,ekb ,hfyt,bs c]blyty .dtkfc^ dbyw cjvt[ mhbcnbfyc itehfw[.jafc vbf.tyt,lf&&& f,hfv thtdfywb ceksfy f/vfl +++-c cjvt[sf rtsbklqtj,fpt vpheydtkcf lf #cjvt[b [fk[bc vtehdtc@ tf[bc^ eahj vtnbw^ yflbh-if/bc vbth cjv[t,bcflvb ufvjwtvekb hf.fvt,blfy vtjs[t hf.fvib drbs[ekj,s _ #se hjvtkbvt cjvt[b mhbcnbfyb vbbqt,c vf/vflbfyeh cfhoveyjt,fc^ vfiby vfc xfvjthsvtjlf vstkb vbcb vtvrdblhtj,f@3 & fvfdt lhjc mfhsdtkt,c bekt,bs fvf/vflbfyt,lyty^ vfifcflfvt^ se mfhsdtkc mhbcnbfyfl lfhxtyf eyljlf^ bc eylf ufcjv[t,ekb.j^ hflufyfw cjv[bc ufvf/vflbfyt,fc rfyjyb rhfkfdlf& fv tgjmfib mfhsk-rf[tsb bhbsflfl cgfhctkt,bc [tkib b.j lf cgfhctsbc cf[tkvobajib itlbjlf^ fvbnjvfw cfmfhsdtkjib^ bctdt hjujhw vstk cgfhctsib^ cjv[t,b ghbdbktubht,ek vlujvfhtj,fib b.dyty^ [jkj mfhsekb trktcbbc vhtdkb ltdybkb& bvbc itvltu^ hfw #&&&bhfybc if/vf txvbfbyc^ hjujhw cjvt[sf cfhoveyjt,hbd wtynhc^ vjo.fkt sdfkbs it[tlf@4^ cjvt[sf cfhoveyjt,hbdb wtynhb ufyepjvkfl ufvlblhlf^ ufafhsjdlf lf sfdbcb ufdktyf uffdhwtkf vtpj,tk mdt.yt,pt& txvbfbyc vybidytkjdfyb vfvekt,b /mjylf sfdhbpcf lf s,bkbcib^ vfvekt,sfy thsfl bcbyb .blekj,lyty fuhtsdt .vf-ukt[t,c^ hjvkt,bw fveifdt,lyty yf.bl vbot,c& vfu&^ 1715 o& rfsfkbrjc fcndfwfneh fvflytkvf s,bkbcib b.blf .vt,fl [f[enfidbkt,bc hfvltybvt j]f[b^ hbc itvltu bcbyb txvbfbybc yfc.bl .vt,fl bsdkt,jlyty@5& wyj,bkbf^ hjv bc mfhsdtkb .vf-ukt[t,b^ hjvtksfw txvbfbyb lf^ cfthsjl^ cjv[ehb trktcbf .blekj,lf^ bqt,lyty uhbujhbfyek cfhoveyjt,fc lf cjv[lt,jlyty& mfhsdtkb ukt[t,bc ufcjv[t,bc afmnb fqothbkb fmdc vbcbjyth fv,hjpbc& vfc itevxytdbf^ hjv cjv[lt,jlyty fhf vfhnj cjv[ehb trktcbbc vbth yf.blb mfhsdtkb ukt[t,b^ fhfvtl cjv[lt,jlf bv mfhsekb cjakt,bc vjcf[ktj,f^ hjvkt,cfw btylyty vlblfhb cjv[t,b& 1640 otkc bc hjvib upfdybc othbkc& mfhsdtkt,bj^ _ othc^ _ #hfrb vfsb [tkmdtbsb uf[lt,bfy^ ,tdhb vfsufyb uflflbc cjv[bc otcptl&&&@^ vlblfhb cjv[t,b rb^ hjvtksfw ittkjs cfmfhsdtkjib cjakt,bc^ vfvekt,bcf lf .vt,bc ittyf^ vhfdkfl b.dyty hjujhw cgfhctsib^ bct sehmtsib ~sehmtsib itlbjlf mfhsk-rf[tsb^ sehmtsib _ vtc[tsb`& cgfhctsbc cjv[t,vf #itmvytc ]ekabc cfdfzhj rjvgfybf^ rfdibhb lffv.fhtc bnfkbbc^ cfahfyutsbc^ ghecbbc cfvhtodtkjt,sfy^ itmvytc sfdbfysb rfynjht,b byljtsbc sbsmvbc .dtkf lbl mfkfmib^ bfdfcf lf abkbgbybc reyekt,pt lf c[d&&& sehmtsbcf lf vtjht v[hbd^ cgfhctsbc vtcdtehsf gjkbnbrbc o.fkj,bs \|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib cjv[ehb cfdfzhj rfgbnfkb cfthsfijhbcj fhtyfpt ufdblf& vfs d[tlfds ifdb pqdbc^ tutjcbc pqdbc^ fnkfynbcf lf byljtsbc jrtfytt,bc fept,ib lf c[df@6& cojhtl fv lhjc^ hjwf cjv[t,c sfdbfysb cb,hybcf lf ujybtht,bc vtj[t,bs cfiefkt,f /mjylfs cbvlblht vjtgjdt,byfs byljtsbcf lf o.yfhb jrtfytt,bc cfyfgbhj 16

mdt.yt,ibw rb^ mfhsdtkj,fc fn.dtdt,lyty lf cfvij,kjlfy fcf[kt,lyty^ ltdyblyty lf fvf/vflbfyt,lyty& if/-f,fcvf rf[tsbc mfhsdtkj,f ~xfyc^ 300 000 cekb` lffn.dtdf^ cgfhctsib uflffcf[kf lf bekt,bs uffvf/vflbfyf^ fvfdt lhjc rb if/-f,fcbc vtsdfk.ehtj,bs itylt,jlf bcgf/fy-]ekafc ,ho.bydfkt cjv[ehb trktcbt,b& cgfhctkt,b mfhskbc frkt,bc lhjcfw efvhfd mfhsdtkc fn.dtdt,lyty lf cgfhctsib vbthtrt,jlyty& cojhtl fcts lhjc cjv[ehb trktcbf t[vfht,jlf lf n.dtj,blfy b[cyblf uhbujhbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt vjcf[ktj,fc& lfn.dtdt,bcf lf uflfcf[kt,bc lhjc bhqdtjlf mfhsekb j]f[t,b^ vfvf bhfybc ths res[tib b.blt,jlf^ idbkt,b rb _ c[dfufy^ sfdbceakt,f lf .jdtkudfhb flfvbfyehb qbhct,f bcgj,jlf& fv cfibytkb ufcfzbhblfy sfdbc lf[cyf itbkt,jlf uhbujhbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc vbqt,bs^ hflufyfw bhfyib fhct,ekb rfyjyt,bs^ hjujhw fqybiyekb b.j^ uhbujhbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt vjcf[ktj,f ltdyfc fh ufybwlblf& #&&&1741 o& fudbcnjib^ hjwf .bpbk,fit,vf mfhskb fbrktc^ vtht ufecbtc vfh,btkb fdqfybcf lf cfwf hfv lfhxtybkb.j^ lffn.dtdtc&&& ufvfh]dt,ekvf cgfhctkt,vf^ hjwf mfhskbc n.dtt,b lffuhjdtc lf bhfyib ufcfhtrfl uffvpfltc^ fv lhjc yflbh-if/bc obyfit ufvjw[fllyty cjv[ehb trktcbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b^ vbfhsdtc vfc 300 sevfyb aekb^ 300 aesb [jh,fkb lf b[cytc ijhtek bhfyib ufcfhtrfl ufvpflt,ekb 300 cjv[ehb j]f[b& bvbc ufvj^ hjv mfhsdtksf ijhbc fctsb cf[cht,b ytkfl cfijdfhb b.j^ xdtyc mdt.fyfc lblfkb [fk[b trfhut,jlf& tc dbsfht,f gjgekfhekcf lf vbvpbldtkc [lblf@7& cvj[eh cfhoveyjt,fc cfmfhsdtkjib

mfhsdtksf ufcjv[t,fc vfcj,hbdb [fcbfsb vbeqbf lf .jdtklqbehfl sehvt bvlhjbyltkb lfvrdbhdt,tkb cfresfhb sdfkbs [tlfdlf^ se hjujh cjv[lt,jlyty mfhsdtkt,b& tc bmblfy xfyc^ hjv fv afmnc flfcneht,c bctsb ufvjxtybkb vjqdfot _ vjupfehb^ hjujhbw b.j ybrjkjp xjkj.fidbkb ~ybrbajht bh,f[b`& ybrjkjp xjkj.fidbkb cfmfhsdtkjib ths-thsb .dtkfpt ufdktybfyb cfcekbthj gbhb b.j& vfc tkxflfw fupfdyblyty tdhjgfib^ vbbqj tcgfytsbc vtatv^ hjvib mfhsekb obuybc ufvjwtvbcfsdbc bpheyf^ gfnbdc cwtvlf hjvbc gfgb& bc fhf vfhnj rf[tscf lf mfhskib^ fhfvtl cfvtuhtkjibw vjqdfotj,lf^ fvbnjvfw cbn.df bv rfwbcf^ hjvtkbw rfhufl bwyj,lf fhf vfhnj cfmfhsdtkjc .jdtkb res[bc^ fhfvtl bvlhjbyltkb vcjakbjc w[jdht,fc^ ztivfhbnb b.j lf v[jkjl cbvfhsktc itbwfdlf& vfy ths rht,fpt^ hjvtkcfw tcoht,jlf hjcnjv vtat^ cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjcb lf tgbcrjgjct,b^ ufyfw[flf% #.jdtklqt xdtyb sdfkbs d[tlfds^ hjv vhfdfkyb mfhsdtkyb cjv[lt,bfy lf eahj vjvtnt,ekb vfsufyb vf/vflbc cfhoveyjt,fcfw qt,ekj,c@8& hjcnjv vtat^ rfsfkbrjcb lf tgbcrjgjct,b vfc lftsfy[vyty& cgfhcsf lf sehmtsbc vbth lfg.hj,bk cfmfhsdtkjc res[tt,ib mfhsdtkt,b ufyfcfresht,bs cjv[lt,jlyty ~fye uhbujhbfyek cfhoveyjt,fc bqt,lyty` mfkfmt,cf lf upbcgbhf cfdfzhj cjakt,ib& flfvbfybc ufcjv[t,f bvbs ufvjb[fnt,jlf^ hjv bc fqbfht,lf sfdbc sfdc cjv[ehb trktcbbc otdhfl&

17

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19

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lfothbkb^ vhfdfkc mhbcnbfyc vfhskvflblt,kj,bc upblfy fwltylf& cjvt[sf rfsfkbrjcb kfpfht sfdbc s[pekt,fib #cjvt[sf trktcbfc fqbfht,lf .dtkf trktcbt,bc eahjcfl lf cjvt[sf rfsfkbrjcc .dtkf mhbcnbfyt,bc vsfdfh v,hfyt,kfl& kfpfhtv sfdbcb s[pekt,f&&& vhfdfk [tkyfotht,ib uffdhwtkf mfhsdtkt,ib^ hjujhw fhmbtgbcrjgjcb nbvjst vjovj,c^ tc ihjvf cfmfhsdtkjib vlf,bj [fk[ib brbs[t,jlf lf ,tdhb rtsbkvjhoveyt vjn.et,fib it/.fdlf@20& cojhtl fvudfh mvtlt,fc oby fqeluf rfsfkbrjcb fynjyb lf vhfdfk mfhsdtkc iteyfhxeyf fhf vfhnj vfhsfkb hovtyf^ fhfvtl iteyfhxeyf thjdyt,f _ mfhsdtkj,f& fh itbkt,jlf tc egfce[jl lfhxtybkb.j^ fynjyb fctsb uf,tlekt,bcfsdbc eylf lfc]bkb.j lf lfbcf]f rbltw _ 1755 otkc vfc xfvjfhsdtc cfrfsfkbrjcj nf[nb lf ufftdtc& vfhsfkbf^ c[df vjnbdbs& fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv fynjybc vfhw[ib thbf txvbfbybc [tkb^ hjujhw othc u& vfbcehft _ #txvbfbyc .dtkfpt eahj vtnfl thtrkt ++-bc ahfyusvjv[htj,f fqbpbfyt,lf&&& fvfcsfy^ rfsjkbrtsf vjvfuht,f hecekb ufdktybc ytnbhfkbpt,fcf lf cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc sfylfsfyj,bs ufyltdyfcfw bodtdlf& fvbnjv se^ thsb v[hbd^ fv fkfpt lf.hlyj,f thtrkt ++-c lbgkjvfnbehb kfdbht,bc cfiefkt,fc fktdlf^ vtjht v[hbd^ vbc obyffqvltu hects-txvbfbybc rfdibhbc itmvyfc eo.j,lf [tkc& fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv 50-bfy okt,ib thtrkt-++-bc fctsb vfhw[b fctsb rfdibhbc itltub .jabkb.j@ 21& fynjy rfsfkbrjcb vjyjabpbnt,bcfsdbc .dtkfpt vbeqt,tkb gbhb b.j cfmfhsdtkjib& uhbujhbfyt,c lblb fkf /mjylfs bvbc itvltu^ hfw 1762 otkc thtrkt vtjhtv fynjyb lff,heyf cfmfhsdtkjib lf vbcwf rdkfd cfrfsfkbrjcj nf[nb^ cjv[ehb trktcbbc vtsfehvf rfsfkbrjcvf vrfwhfl uffahs[bkf thtrkt ++ lf sbsmvbc lftvemhf rbltw& vbc othbkib^ w[flbf^ fhf eiefkjl fynjyptf cfe,fhb^ fhfvtl rfsjkbrt,pt& #hf vjekjlytkbw fh eylf b.jc^ cjvt[b rfsfkbrjcbc cbn.dt,ib fhf vfhnj ghjntcnb bcvbc thtrktc gjkbnbrbcflvb^ fhfvtl thsudfhb afhekb vemfhfw& tc vbs eahj cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv wjnf [fyib txvbfbyb mfhsdtkb vtabc cfobyffqvltuj vjmvtlt,fc ufvjfv;qfdyt,c& vjnfybkb othbkb 1765 okbc ufpfa[ekbsff lfsfhbqt,ekb& bvfdt okbc ltrtv,thib rb thtrktv fv[bkf mfhsdtk sfdflsf itsmvekt,f gffnf ,fnjybidbkbc vtsfehj,bs^ hjvtkibw txvbfbybc ofhvjvflutytkb fqfkjw fqvjxylf xfshtekb&&& hectsbc rfdibhb gffnfc itsmvekt,fcsfy sbsmvbc firfhff& se tc vjcfpht,f itcfo.yfht,tkbf^ vfiby thtrkt ++-bc obyffqvltu hectsbcf lf txvbfbybc rfdibhb fv itvs[dtdfibw cfdct,bs lfcfidt,bf@22& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv f]fy.t,ekt,b thtrktv cfcnbrfl lfcf]f^ [jkj txvbfbybc ofhvjvflutytkb fqfkj fh lfcf]f23& tc vbesbst,c^ se hf kbth fkfc ofhvjflutylf cfmfhsdtkjib cjv[ehb trktcbf& #s,bkbcbc cjvt[ dfzht,c tdhjgtksf rjyrehtywbbcf tibyjlfs^ cjv[eh trktcbfc rb _ rfsjkbrtsf ufdktybc phlbcf& fv v[hbd^ txvbfbyc fhw thtrktcf lf fynjy +-bc ahfyusvjv[htj,f vjcojylf& ybifylj,kbdbf^ hjv 1755 otkc s,bkbcib vjo.j,bk rfsjkbrtsf lfh,tdfib txvbfbybc [tkbw thbf@ 24& cojhtl 1755 o& ufyltdytc fynjyb&

22

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25

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28

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29

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30

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33

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37

1` i& kjvcft^ udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy^ 1979^ ud& 27* 2` j& udbkfdf^ bcgf/fyb^ ibhfpb^ mfifyb^ 1980^ ud& 103* 3` i& kjvcft^ udbfyb&&&^ ud& 39* 4` i& kjvcft^ udbfyb&&&^ ud&38* 5` bmdt^ ud& 40* 6` bmdt^ ud& 38* 7` bmdt^ ud& 40* 8` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ bcnjhbf rfsjkbrj,bc^ mfhsdtksf ijhbc^ 1902^ ud& 127* 9` i& kjvcft^ cfvw[t-]fdf[tsb^ 1975^ ud& 302* 10` bmdt^ ud& 32* 11` bmdt^ ud& 302-303* 12` u& vfbcehft^ mfhsdtk lf cjvt[ [fk[t,bc ehsbthsj,f^ 1982^ ud& 315* 13` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl cjv[bc vothkt,c^ 1904^ ud& 67* 14` bmdt^ ud& 78* 15` td& ybrjkft^ cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc bcnjhbf^ 1918^ ud& 145* 16` bmdt^ ud& 146* 16f` bmdt^ ud& 146* 17` c& fdfkbfyb^ fynjy gbhdtkb^ 1987^ ud& 21* 18` #vpfvtn.dtkt,f@ mvybkb fynjy + cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrj,bcfufy^ 1882^ ud& 5* 19` td& ybrjkft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 147-148* 20` bmdt^ ud& 147* 21` u& vfbcehft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 226227* 22` bmdt^ ud& 267-268* 23` bmdt^ ud& 269* 24` bmdt^ ud& 264* 25` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&&^ ud& 75* 26` dtkb mfhsekb kbnthfnehbc tukt,b^ 1978^ ud& 287* 27` vpfvtn.dtkt,f^ ud& 596-597* 28` bmdt^ ud& 112* 29` u& vfbcehft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 265* 30` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 78* 31` u& vfbcehft^ ud& 166* 32` bmdt^ ud& 149* 33` bmdt^ ud& 166* 34` bmdt^ ud& 167* 35` u& ;jh;jkbfyb^ cfmfhsdtkj \|++ c& 30-50-bfy okt,ib^ 1987^ ud& 62* 36` bmdt^ ud& 63* 37` bmdt^ ud& 71* 38` bmdt^ ud& 71-72* 39` bmdt^ ud& 72* 40` u& vfbcehft^ ud& 172* 41` bmdt^ ud& 175* 42` bmdt^ ud& 175* 43` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 238* 44` u& vfbcehft^ ud& 176* 45` bmdt^ ud& 304* 46` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 238* 47` bmdt^ ud& 205* 48` p& zbzbyft^ mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,b^ 1906^ ud& 68* 49` u& vfbcehft^ ud& 305* 50` uh& hj,fmbt^ udtkbc gthfyub^ 1988^ ud& 70* 51` u& vfbcehft^ ud& 319* 52` bmdt^ 312* 53` bmdt^ ud& 312* 54` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 234* 55` bmdt^ ud& 310* 56` bmdt^ ud& 311* p& zbzbyft^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 105* 58` bmdt^ ud& 94-112* 59` i& kjvcft^ cfvw[t-]fdf[tsb^ ud& 501-502* 60` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 232* 61` h& sjaxbidbkb^ \+\ c& vjcf[ktj,bc fqothbc vfcfkt,b^ vyfsj,b^ 1987^ =13^ ud& 158-160* . , , - , . 1978, . 16-17. 62` h& sjaxbidbkb^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 160* 63` m& ifhfibt^ thtdfyib vbdkbyt,bc vfcfkt,b^ #vhfdfksfdb@ \+++^ 1986^ ud& 115* 64` bmdt^ ud& 117* 65` cfm& bcnjhbbc yfhrd& n& 1^ 1970^ ud& 330& ,jkjcbn.df hecb tsyjuhfab djkrjdf^ vbelujvtkb mfhsdtksf ufcjv[t,bc cfrbs[ib^ cffhmbdj vfcfkt,pt lf.hlyj,bs othc^ hjv \\ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib iblf mfhskib txvbfbyc /.fdlf sbsmvbc fcb fsfcbfyb vhtdkb& bcbyb tsybrehb ofhvjij,bs mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty ~cfhoveyjt,hbdfl .jabkb vfhskvflblt,kt,b^ ufvjcekyb mfhsekb trktcbbc obfqblfy`& sbsmvbc fvfdt wbahc fcf[tkt,c cfereybc lfcfo.bcib wyj,bkb vrdktdfhb fktmcfylht ahjytkb^ hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw vbcb lhjbcfsdbc ufcjv[t,ekb fye ufuhbujhbfyt,ekb b.j 400 000 mfhsdtkb& vfy efvhfdb wjw[fkb vfufkbsbc vjnfybs lffvnrbwf^ hjv mfhsdtkt,bc ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbc evsfdhtcb vbptpb b.j jcvfksf^ cgfhctksf lf ktrsf vbth mfhsekb trktcbbc vbpfyvbvfhsekb ltdyf^ bub 1914 otkc othlf% #dby babmht,c^ hjv hjv mfhsdtkyb cek hfqfw 130 okbc obyfs fct bxfuht,jlf^ ,tdhc pqfghfl vjtxdtyt,f jhb vbkbjyb 38

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40