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ud& 163`& fv f]fy.t,bc itvltu^ #1863 otkc flubkb /mjylf mhbcnbfyb byubkjt,bc bekt,bs bctd vf/vflbfyeh cfhoveyjt,fib lf,heyt,fc@ ~ud& 163`& cojhtl fv vlujvfhtj,bc ufvj lqtbcfsdbc mfhsdtkb vf/vflbfyt,bc hbw[db zfh,j,c mhbcnbfyt,bcfc& hecvf [tkbceakt,fv erfy lfb[bf lf fh lft[vfhf mfhsdtkt,c^ fqtlubyfs mhbcnbfyj,f& vjthblyty vf/vflbfyt,bc f]fy.t,fc& eylf bsmdfc^ hjv \+\ cfereybc + yf[tdfhib .dtkf mfhsdtkb vf/vflbfyb afhekb mhbcnbfyb b.j& fvbnjv hectsbc [tkbceakt,fc fldbkfl ittkj .dtkfc ufmhbcnbfyt,f itcf,fvbcb [th[t,bs^ vfuhfv bub gjvgtpeh-,behjrhfnbekfl vbeluf fv cfrbs[c& ptvjfqybiyekb 8 byubkj sdbs vsfdfhvfhst,tkvf lf evfqktcvf fhbcnjrhfnbfv vjyfskf& byubkjsf vjyfsdkfc ,behjrhfnt,vf vbcwtc hfqfw epfhvfpfhb pfh-ptbvbc [fcbfsb& vjxdtyt,bsb .ehflqt,bs afmnbehfl xfifktc byubkjsf ufmhbcnbfyt,bc cfmvt^ hflufyfw fvfy vbbg.hj vf/vflbfyt,bc .ehflqt,f lf lblb obyffqvltuj,f ufeobtc mfhsdtksf ijhbc mhbcnbfyj,bc fqlutyfc& vfhsfkbf^ xbyjdybrt,vf bvgthfnjhbcfufy vbbqtc xby-vtlkt,b lf cfxemht,b^ vfuhfv afmnbehfl cfbyubkjib mhbcnbfyj,f fh fqcluf^ sevwf rb bv lhjbcfsdbc .dtkf byubkj vjoflbyt,ekb b.j^ sfdbcb afhekb cfhoveyjt,f fqtlubyf& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv cfbyubkjib vjkt,c lblb cjwbfkehb itqfdfst,b /mjylfs& bcbyb uflfcf[flt,c fh b[lblyty& hecvf [tkbceakt,vf rfhufl bwjlyty^ hjv cfbyubkj mfhsek vbof-o.fkc ofhvjflutylf^ lfg.hj,bkc ktrsf vbth& vjcfkjlytkb b.j^ hjv tc [tkbceakt,f fqflutylf bcnjhbek cfvfhskbfyj,fc lf ktr vbofsvakj,tkt,c erfyjyjl ofhsvtek vbot,c xfvjfhsvtdlf^ vfuhfv tc fct fh vj[lf& ]th rbltd 1803 otkc #vsfdfhvfhst,tkb zfh-,tkfmytk ktrt,c gbhlt,jlf^ hjv bub fkbf,flbc mfhsek cjakt,c^ hjvtkybw ufhrdtekb lhjblfy ktrsf vakj,tkj,fib b.j^ [tkite[t,kfl lfnjdt,lf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 108`& tc^ vfhskfw^ fct vj[lf fhf vfhnj fkbf,flbc vbvfhs^ fhfvtl c[df cjakt,bc vbvfhsfw& #&&&wfhbpvb chekbfl [tkite[t,kfl lf ewdktkfl njdt,c zfh-,tkfmfyib vfyfvlt fhct,ek byubkj ukt[t,bc cfmtimtkj dfklt,ekt,fc zfhtkb fqfkfht,bc vbvfhs@ ~bmdt^ ud& 154`& #&&&hectsbc wfhbpvvf ~ufvjlbjlf hf hectsbc bvgthbbc cf[tkvobajt,hbdb bynthtct,blfy` jabwbfkehfl wyj zfh-,tkfmytkb ktrb fqfkfht,bc vtvfvektj,f lf bcbyb vfs vbth ecfvfhskjl vbnfwt,ekb rf[tsbc cfvtajc .jabkb vbof-o.kbcf lf fv vbofo.fkpt vw[jdht,b vrdblhb mfhsdtk-byubkj ukt[t,bc rfyjybth vakj,tkfl fqbfhf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 167`& sdbs rf[tkt,b ~byubkjt,b` rb c[dfc bs[jdlyty [tkbceakt,bcfufy& bcbyb bs[jdlyty mfhsekb vbof-o.kbc ktrsfufy ufysfdbceakt,fc& fvbnjvfw hec [tkbceakt,c othlyty% #ktrt,vf xdtyb vbof-o.fkb lf xdtyb obyfght,b v[jkjl bfhfqbc fkbs lfbvjhxbktc& vfs sfdbfysb eakt,t,bc lfcfvnrbwt,kfl fhfdbsfhb afmnbehb cf,esb fh vjtgjdt,fs& fvbc ufvj ktrt,c fhfdbsfhb eakt,f fhf fmds velvbdfl akj,lyty xdtyc vbot,c lf udfbekt,lyty vfs cfcfhut,kjl db[fljs uflfcf[flt,b@ ~bmdt^ ud& 165`& mfhsdtkt,c fhf se vbof-o.fkb lfe,heytc^ fhfvtl mhbcnbfyj,fw rb dth fqelubytc& sevwf rb rfhufl eo.jlyty cfmvbc yfvldbkb dbsfht,f& vfufkbsfl^ 1806 otkc vsfdfhvfhst,tkc othty% #fv cjakt,ib vw[jdht,b ukt[t,b^ hjvkt,bw zfhtk ktrt,c fkvjvhtj,bs vbesdbct,bfs^ fhbfy fv v[fhtib^ ktrsf vakj,tkj,bc lfv.fht,bcfc sfdbfys vfvf-gfgtek vbof-o.fkpt lfhxtybkb mfhsdtkt,b&&&@ ~ud& 119`& 1830 otkc bvgthfnjhb ybrjkjp + fvnrbwt,c otct,c^ hjvkt,ibw^ rthjl^ yfsmdfvbf% #zfhbc ghjdbywbf lqtdfyltkb vlujvfhtj,bc vb[tldbs ufyb.jaf jh rkfcfl% uf,fnjyt,ek vakj,tkt,fl^ hjvtkybw evsfdhtcfl ktrt,bcfufy itlut,bfy^ lf vfs vbth lfvjhxbkt,ek mfhsdtkt,fl^ hjvtksfsdbcfw ktrt,c bekt,bs vf/vflbfyehb cfhoveyjt,f vbeqt,byt,bfs@ ~bmdt^ ud& 153`& vfhsfkbf^ 1840 otkc #zfh-,tkfmybc jkmb^ ,tkfmybc vfphbc cf[tkojlt,bs^ cfmfhsdtkj-bvthtsbc ue,thybfc vbtresdyf@ ~ud& 147`^ hjvtkbw ,tkfmybc^ tkbctybcf lf tkbcec e,yt,fl b.jajlf^ vfuhfv 1842 otkc bc fv ue,thybbcfufy ufvj.dtc _ eojltc zfh,tkfmybc cfv[tlhj jkmb& afmnbehfl^ fqvjcfdktkb rf[tkb ukt[t,bc ~byubkjt,bc` vlujvfhtj,f ewdktkb lfhxf& vfsb ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbf \+\ cfereytibw ufuhtklf^ sevwf thsvf yfobkvf uvbhekb sfdlflt,bs thjdyt,f itbyfhxeyf&

mfhsdtksf ufktrt,bc cf[t^ ufktrt,eksf udfht,b 11

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