SAP R/3 Implementation

ABAP Programming Standards

Version: 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.3.5.2.1 Menu Standards............................................................................................................................26 3.3.5.2.2 Tabstrips in SAP Release 4.X......................................................................................................2 6.5.1.!.1 Inner "oin......................................................................................................................................!2 6.5.1.!.2 #e$t %uter "oin..............................................................................................................................!3

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1. Document Revision History Date Versi Re uester on # 1 'ineet -*atia 'ineet -*atia 'ineet -*atia C!an"e Descri#tion Initial 'ersion /*an+e to /TS 0amin+ Standards Pre$i1 Addition o$ Standards $or Report 2eader and .ooter

2! "anuar, 2))3 )5 .ebruar, 2 2))3 )4 Mar&* 2))3 3

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$. %ntro&uction T*is do&ument is a &ompilation o$ possible A-AP pro+rammin+ and e$$i&ien&, standards and 3ill pro4ide +uidan&e in &reatin+ readable5 maintainable &ode. It is intended $or all de4elopers in t*e SAP R/3 Implementation Pro6e&t 7iamond at 0o4artis5 8SA. T*e A-AP lan+ua+e is an 9e4ent dri4en:5 9top;do3n: pro+rammin+ lan+ua+e. T*e A-AP pro&essor &ontrols t*e e1e&ution o$ an e4ent. .or e1ample5 t*e e4ent AT S<#</TI%0; S/R<<0 is e1e&uted 3*en t*e user presses <0T<R on t*e sele&tion s&reen and t*e e4ent START;%.;S<#</TI%0 is e1e&uted 3*en t*e user e1e&utes t*e pro+ram. As t*e A-AP lan+ua+e in&orporates man, 9e4ent: =e,3ords5 it is ne&essar, to implement in;*ouse A-AP &odin+ standards to &reate &onsistent and e$$i&ient maintainable &ode. As a standard5 T*e %b6e&t -ro3ser s*ould be used $or all de4elopment in t*e SAP s,stem. A Sour&e /ode /*an+e Pro&ess s*ould be in pla&e and ad*ered to prior to ma=in+ &*an+es to produ&tion A-AP pro+rams and SAP sour&e &ode. T*e reader is also re$erred to t*e se&tion dealin+ 3it* t*e 0amin+ standards re>uired b, t*is pro6e&t 3*en dealin+ 3it* t*e CTS ?/orre&tion and Transport S,stem@5 t*is is &ontained 3it*in t*e Appendi1 o$ t*is do&ument.

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(enera) *ro"rammin" Stan&ar&s Namin" Conventions o+ ABA* Deve)o#ments All &ustom A-AP pro+ram names s*ould $ollo3 t*e namin+ standards stated belo3. <a&* A-AP pro+ram s*ould ad*ere to t*e A-AP internal namin+ &on4entions set $ort* in t*is do&ument. Standard namin+ &on4entions are in pla&e and s*ould be used at all times as detailed belo3 $or bot* tables5 stru&tures and A-AP et&(; *roc Re Num 1n&erscore Brie+ Desc 1 -$/ -1/ -$'/ -$/

, -1/ Ty#e -1/

, -c!aracter num.er 1/( /ustom A-AP pro+rams need to be+in 3it* ABC. Ty#es -c!aracter num.er $/( T*is 3ill be used to mention t*e t,pe o$ A-AP pro+ram. Possible 4alues are as $ollo3s( 0 ( In&lude T ( Table S ( Stru&ture R ( Report / ( /on4ersions $or le+a&, data upload I ( Inter$a&e M ( Module Pool $or 7ialo+s # ( #a,out Set/.orm *roc1 -c!aracters ' an& 0/( T*is 3ill be used to mention t*e main SAP module. .I ( .inan&ial A&&ountin+
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/%( /ontrollin+ MM ( Materials Mana+ement S7 ( Sales and 7istribution PP( Produ&tion Plannin+ PM( Plant Maintenan&e PS( Pro6e&t S,stems /S( /ustomer Ser4i&e D0 ( Deneral T*is 3ill be deri4ed $rom &*ara&ter 3 and 4 o$ t*e .un&tional spe&i$i&ation. Re uirement Num -c!aracter 23 4/( T*e ARe>uirement 0umberC 3ill be t*e runnin+ serial number 3it*in a SAP Module. T*e SAP Module and t*e re>uirement number to+et*er 3ill *elp as an inde1 in &ollation all de4elopment ob6e&ts su&* as .un&tional spe&i$i&ation5 Te&*ni&al spe&i$i&ation5 8nit test Plan5 A-AP de4elopment ob6e&ts E pro+ram/tables/et&. 1n&erscore ?&*ara&ter F@( T*e AGC s,mbol 3ill be de$ined as separator. Brie+ Descri#tion ?&*ara&ters ; 3)@(

/*ara&ters E 3) &an be used to brie$l, des&ribe t*e $un&tionalit,. T*is &an also be used to distin+uis* se4eral ob6e&ts o$ t*e same t,pe $or a &ommon 3or= list item5 su&* as multiple stru&tures used $or t*e same dialo+ module. E5am#)es( B/MM1!Gmaterial upload E /on4ersion pro+ram $or uploadin+ material masters in materials mana+ement module. BSMM23G)1GPurG*istor,5 BSMM23G)2GPurG*istor, E 2 number stru&tures de4eloped $or de$inition o$ $ield &atalo+s $or A#' report pro+ram to s*o3 pur&*asin+ *istor,. T*ese stru&tures are &reated $or re>uirement number 23 3it*in t*e main SAP Module in t*e main A-AP de4elopment 3or=list. *ro6ect *o)icy on Stan&ar& SA* c!an"es
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To be determined5 and in&luded in t*is do&ument later in t*e ne1t 4ersion. '.1.1 %nterna) &ata &ec)aration78 ?see se&tion 4@ '.1.$ Deve)o#ment C)asses 7e4elopment &lasses +roup to+et*er de4elopment ob6e&ts ?e.+. pro+rams5 tables5 $un&tion modules@ 3*i&* &an be &orre&ted and mi+rated to+et*er a&ross instan&es. A de4elopment &lass &an5 $or e1ample5 &onsist o$ a transa&tion or a +roup o$ related transa&tions alon+ 3it* pro+rams5 77I/ ob6e&ts5 menu painters5 s&reen painters5 lo&= ob6e&ts5 messa+e &lasses5 mat&* &odes5 et&. All &ustom de4elopment s*ould be assi+ned to a &ustom de4elopment &lass. Temporar, ob6e&ts ma, be assi+ned to &lass AHTMPC. %b6e&ts de$ined under t*e HTMP de4elopment &lass 3ill not be mi+rated. 7e4elopment &lasses $ollo3 t*e namin+ &on4ention( Deve)o#ment C)ass B7M/ B0/A B0// B0/7 B0/< B0/. B0/K B0/# B0/M B0/% B0/P
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Descri#tion <1tension o$ Aut*oriIation .ields 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; AM ; Assets A&&ountin+ 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; PP/ ; Produ&tion Plannin+ J /ontr 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; 7ASS 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; RI'A 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; .I ; .inan&ial A&&ountin+ 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; /ost A&&ountin+ 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; In4entor, Mana+ement 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; MM ; Materials Mana+ement 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; Lor=$lo3 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; 2uman Resour&es
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Deve)o#ment C)ass B0/M B0/S B0/T B0/' B0/X B0/B '.1.'

Descri#tion 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; MSS ; Mualit, Assuran&e 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; -asis 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; Temp. 7e4. ?/on4ersion pro+rams@ 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; Sales J 7istribution 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; Material Master 7ata Mana+ement 0o4artis /onsumer 2ealt* ; /ross appli&ation

Function (rou#s .un&tion +roups allo3 $or +roupin+ related $un&tion modules and t*eir &omponents into a &ommon area. Also5 &ommon 4ariables ma, be s*ared b, all $un&tion modules 3it*in a $un&tion +roup. .un&tion +roups s*ould ad*ere to t*e $ollo3in+ namin+ &on4ention( ,9CCa555555555555555555555 // E /ountr, /ode a ; Appli&ation I7 1 ; %pen

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Functions :o&u)es T*e SAP $un&tion modules are pro+rams 3ritten in A-AP t*at $orm lo+i&al units in $un&tion +roups. T*e, &an be s*ared b, multiple A-AP pro+rams and b, ot*er $un&tion modules. T*e, are mana+ed &entrall, in t*e $un&tion librar,. .un&tion modules are +rouped to+et*er usin+ t*e $un&tion +roups. .un&tion modules ma, be de$ined to one and onl, one $un&tion +roup. SAP;supplied $un&tion +roups s*ould ne4er be used to de$ine ne3 $un&tion modules.

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.un&tion modules are similar to pro+rams5 t*e primar, di$$eren&e is t*e, &an be &alled usin+ remote $un&tion &alls $rom t*e operatin+ s,stem5 &an be &alled 4ariabl, 3it*in and a&ross pro+rams5 and are not t,pi&all, built $or reportin+ usin+ sele&tion &riteria. .un&tion module names &an be a ma1imum o$ 3) &*ara&ters. T*e $ollo3in+ namin+ &on4ention s*ould be used( ,9CCa9555555555555555555555555 // E /ountr, /ode a ; Appli&ation I7 1 ; %pen ?separate 3ords 3it* unders&ores@ Remarks: All $un&tion modules s*ould $ollo3 pro+rammin+ standards outlined in t*is do&ument. T*ere is no di$$eren&e bet3een pro+rams and $un&tion modules 3*en &onsiderin+ lo+i& $lo3s5 s,nta15 unit testin+5 and 4ariable namin+. '.1.2 Functions :o&u)es Ta.)es Dec)aration Tables must be de&lared in D#%-A# 7ATA '.1.4 Layout Sets SAP s&ript is a tool in R/3 $or $ormattin+ te1t do&uments. T*e $ormattin+ rules are stored in R/3 ob6e&ts &alled a #a,out set. #a,out sets &an be used to $ormat R/3 standards te1t or to $ormat t*e output o$ A-AP reports. In parti&ular5 SAP s&ript &an be used to $ormat R/3 $orms ?Pur&*ase %rder/ DR0 / In4oi&e / et&@ 3*en t*e, are displa,ed on t*e s&reen or printed on a printer. A ma1imum o$ 16 &*ara&ters &an be used to name #a,out Sets. T*e $ollo3in+ namin+ &on4ention s*ould be used( ,CCa555555555555 // E /ountr, /ode a ; Appli&ation I7 1 ; %pen ?use unders&ores to separate 3ords and ma=e as meanin+$ul as possible@.
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Stan&ar& Te5t T*ese are standard pie&es o$ te1t t*at &an be slotted into a la,out set and &an &ontain pie&es o$ standard te1t t*at &an be &alled b, an, la,out set. An e1ample 3*ere standard te1t 3ould be used 3ould be to *old an address $or an in4oi&e appro4al slip. T*e address is &ontained 3it*in t*e standard te1t and &an be &alled in t*e la,out set to displa, t*e address 3*en re>uired. I$ t*e address &*an+es5 onl, t*e standard te1t needs to be modi$ied $or t*e &*an+es to be e$$e&ti4e immediatel, 3*ere it is &alled. T*e menu pat* $or standard te1t is Tools/Lord Pro&essin+/Standard Te1t or transa&tion S%1). T*e transport pro&edure is sli+*tl, di$$erent a+ain in t*at ,ou *a4e to &reate a blan= &orre&tion or repair5 and atta&* t*e standard te1t to it. T*e &orre&tion/repair &an t*en be released in t*e normal 3a,.

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:essa"es T*e abilit, to displa, messa+es s*ould also $ollo3 t*e prin&iples o$ maintainabilit, and be stored as indi4idual messa+es. Messa+e &lasses e1ist 3it* messa+es alread, in t*em. T*ere are alread, an e1tensi4e number o$ messa+es in ea&* o$ t*e &lasses t*ere$ore5 more t*an li=el,5 ,ou 3ill $ind t*e messa+e ,ou re>uire. Nou &an also &reate a ne3 messa+e and store it in an appropriate &lass. :essa"e C)asses7 Messa+e /lasses s*ould ad*ere to t*e $ollo3in+ namin+ &on4ention( ,CCa5555555555555555 // E /ountr, /ode a ; Appli&ation I7 1 ; %pen %ND%V%D1AL :ESSA(ES7

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<a&* messa+e is +i4en a se>uential number and &alled b, t*at number $rom t*e pro+ram5 3it* t*e se4erit, o$ t*e 3arnin+ bein+ de&ided ea&* time t*e messa+e is &alled.

'.1.1=Loc> O.6ect L*en &reatin+ a #o&= %b6e&t5 t*e $ile name must be+in 3it* E, and &an be a ma1imum o$ 14 &*ara&ters lon+. E,CCa9tttttttttttt // E /ountr, /ode A E Appli&ation I7 t ; primar, table name ?3*ere multiple #o&= %b6e&ts are re>uired $or t*e same primar, table5 assi+n a uni>ue di+it to t*e $inal position@.

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Transaction Co&es <a&* SAP transa&tion is identi$ied b, a uni>ue transa&tion &ode 3*i&* is listed in t3o SAP tables. Table TST/ &ontains t*e attributes o$ t*e transa&tion5 3*ile table TST/T &ontains t*e s*ort te1t asso&iated 3it* t*e transa&tion. Transa&tion &odes s*ould ad*ere to t*e $ollo3in+ namin+ &on4ention( ZCCaxx // E /ountr, /ode a E Appli&ation I7 1 E %pen All reports s*ould be e1e&uted $rom an area menu or $rom t*e reportin+ tree.

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1sin" Lo"ica) Fi)e Names 1. 8se T&ode E A.I#<C to &reate lo+i&al $ile names. .or &on4ersions t*e #o+i&al .ile pat* is BI7T.

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2. /*oose #o+i&al $ile name de$inition5 &ross;&lient

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3. /reate ne3 entr, $or ,our pro+ram as $ollo3in+ E #o+i&al $ile ( Opro+ram namePG.I#<1 0ame ( Os*ort des&riptionP P*,si&al $ile O$ile namePO7AT<P 7ata $ormat AS/ Appli&ation area .I #o+i&al pat* BI7T

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4. 8se t*e $ollo3in+ .un&.Module in ,our pro+ram to +et t*e p*,si&al $ile name. /A## .80/TI%0 Q.I#<GD<TG0AM<Q <XP%RTI0D R /#I<0T S SN;MA07T #%DI/A#G.I#<0AM< S Opro+ramGnamePG.I#<1 R %P<RATI0DGSNST<M S SN;%PSNS R PARAM<T<RG1 SQQ R PARAM<T<RG2 SQQ R PARAM<T<RG3 SQQ R 8S<GPR<S<0TATI%0GS<R'<R S Q Q R LIT2G.I#<G<XT<0SI%0 S Q Q R 8S<G-8..<R SQQ IMP%RTI0D R <M<RD<0/NG.#AD S R .I#<G.%RMAT S .I#<G0AM< S load$ile <X/<PTI%0S .I#<G0%TG.%807 S1 %T2<RS S 2. I. SN;S8-R/ OP ). R M<SSAD< I7 SN;MSDI7 TNP< SN;MSDTN 08M-<R SN;MSD0% R LIT2 SN;MSD'1 SN;MSD'2 SN;MSD'3 SN;MSD'4. <07I.. ( ( ( ( ( START;%.;S<#</TI%0. open dataset load$ile $or output in te1t mode messa+e 3sGmessa+e.

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*ro"ram Attri.utes Tit)e

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Pro+ram attributes are set $rom t*e 9Attributes: option on t*e initial A-AP editor s&reen. All pro+ram attributes $or an A-AP are to be set as $ollo3s( Title T*e title s*ould be a s*ort &on&ise des&ription. T*is is t*e title 3*i&* appears in t*e *eader se&tion o$ a report 3*en it is e1e&uted. E5am#)e( Create BDC Session +or Transaction ::=1 8 Create :ateria) :aster '.$.$ Ty#e T*e $ollo3in+ t,pes are a4ailable( <1e&utable pro+ram $or reports/inter$a&es In&lude pro+rams. T*ese are not dire&tl, e1e&utable and are in&luded in ot*er e1e&utable or non;e1e&utable pro+rams. Module pool pro&essin+ t*e $lo3 lo+i& o$ a d,npro. .un&tion +roup. Subroutine Pools. Inter$a&e pools /lass pools -lan= '.$.' Status SAP standard produ&tion pro+ram. /ustomer produ&tion pro+ram. S,stem Pro+ram. Test Pro+ram.
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 In SAP implementation5 all pro+rams are de4eloped as A/ustomer Produ&tion Pro+rams.C '.$.0 A##)ication T*e A-AP Appli&ation s*ould be set as mentioned in t*e $un&tional spe&i$i&ation name. '.$.2 Aut!ori?ation (rou# 8sed to restri&t a&&ess to users 3it*out a mat&*in+ aut*oriIation +roup in t*eir pro$ile. /*e&=s are per$ormed be$ore report e1e&ution5 and be$ore a&&ess to utilit, $un&tions5 report attributes5 and t*e A-AP editor. '.$.4 Lo"ica) Data.ase Assi+ns t*e lo+i&al database to be e4aluated b, t*e pro+ram. T*e 3or=ben&* pro4ides a&&ess to all lo+i&al database pro+rams deli4ered b, SAP. '.$.; From A##)ication 8sed in &on6un&tion 3it* t*e lo+i&al database $ield. T*e tables retrie4ed to a&&ess t*e parti&ular lo+i&al database depend upon t*is entr,. '.$.< Screen T*is is $or report pro+rams onl,. I$ a S&reen is not spe&i$ied t*e s,stem 3ill &reate a sele&tion s&reen based on t*e lo+i&al database ?i$ spe&i$ied@5 t*e pro+ram parameters and sele&t;options. To use an e1istin+ sele&tion s&reen5 enter t*e 4ersion in t*is $ield. 'ersions are &onne&ted to t*e pro+rammin+ o$ lo+i&al databases. 8se t*e 3or=ben&* to anal,Ie lo+i&al database s&reen 4ersions. '.$.@ E&itor Loc> To be set 3*ile a pro+ram is bein+ &reated or modi$ied. It allo3s onl, t*e user I7 to set t*e $la+ to modi$, t*e pro+ram. T*is is to pre4ent alteration o$ a pro+ram 3*ile a pro+rammer ma=es modi$i&ations to it. T*e <ditor #o&= s*ould not be $la++ed on.
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Fi5e& *oint Arit!metic I$ $la++ed5 all &al&ulations in t*e pro+ram are done usin+ $i1ed point arit*meti&. I$ t*e $ield is not &*e&=ed5 de&imal pla&es are onl, ta=en into &onsideration $or output5 not $or &al&ulations. All pro+rams s*ould *a4e t*is $la+ &*e&=ed.

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Start via Variant I$ &*e&=ed5 t*e pro+ram &an onl, be e1e&uted 4ia a 4ariant.

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1#&ate #ro"rams3 Comments3 Formattin"3 Structure 1#&ate #ro"rams All transa&tion update pro+rams are to o$$er t*e user t*e option o$ runnin+ t*e A-AP eit*er in -7/ Session or /all Transa&tion mode5 unless a spe&i$i& mode or a &ombination o$ t*em li=e /all Transa&tion $or all re&ords and -7/ Session $or $ailed re&ords is spe&i$ied in t*e Te&*ni&al Re>uirement Spe&i$i&ation. <nsure t*at a dupli&ate re&ord e1isten&e &*e&= must be made in e4er, data upload pro+ram

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Comments Internal &ommentin+ o$ an A-AP Pro+ram is essential $or pro+ram maintenan&e and must be done $or all pro+rams. In$ormati4e &omments s*ould pre&ede ea&* part o$ sour&e &ode and supplement 3*at &an be read $rom t*e &ode itsel$. T*is A-AP do&umentation must &ontain re$eren&es to t*e initial spe&i$i&ation and &*an+es made subse>uentl,. A-AP &ode is $airl, sel$;do&umentin+. 2o3e4er5 it is prudent to pro4ide $uture pro+rammers 3it* do&umentation o$ purpose5 &*an+es5 en*an&ements5 additions5 and deletions. <1plain t*e purpose5 desi+n5 stru&ture and an, testin+ *ints at t*e top o$ t*e pro+ram. In&lude an, =e, de&isions and assumptions made. Maintain a &*ronolo+i&al *istor, o$ modi$i&ation notesT 3it* t*e latest &*an+e bein+ t*e last entr, in t*e modi$i&ation lo+. T*e do&umentation blo&= s*ould be pla&ed at t*e top o$ t*e main pro+ram. An o4erall des&ription

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o$ t*e pro+ram s*ould be +i4en at t*e top o$ t*e pro+ram and s*ould *a4e t*e $ollo3in+ $ormat( <1ample( R;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRR R /on$idential and Proprietar, R /op,ri+*t A#ST%M5 Australia R All Ri+*ts Reser4ed RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRR R Pro+ram 0ame( B1111111

R /reated b,( GGGGGGGG R /reated on( mm/dd/,,,,. R 'ersion( n.n R;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; R Modi$i&ation #o+( R 7ate Aut*or /orre&tion 7es&ription R2!/)5/)1 S*i4apri,a 7<'1!)))1 AddedUU R;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; I$ a modi$i&ation is made to a tested A-AP pro+ram5 an entr, s*ould be made in t*e modi$i&ation lo+ 3it* t*e date5 pro+rammerCs initials5 &orre&tion number5 and brie$ des&ription. Also5 in t*e pro+ram &ode5 a &omment s*ould be added to t*e e$$e&ted lines indi&atin+ t*e &orre&tion number. <1ample( %F SA8S1BRC NE =. E5it. END%F. Or Be"in o+ DevC@====02 BDevC@====02 BDevC@====02 BDevC@====02

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%F SA8S1BRC NE =. ED%T. END%F. En& o+ DevC@====02 A-AP &ode s*ould be 3ritten modular rat*er t*an in line para+rap* or $orm st,le. /omple1 and lar+e &odin+ stru&tures s*ould be &ommented b, usin+ a blo&=ed o$$ &omment se&tion pre&edin+ t*e stru&ture. <1ample( EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E T!is +unction mo&u)e +ormats an& #osts E transaction :B=1 8 *ost (oo&s Recei#t E via CALL transaction EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE CALL F1NCT%ON F*OST9(OODS9RECE%*TG ED*ORT%N( TCODE H I9TCODE %:*ORT%N( DAN*ROTAB H %9BDC. '.'.' '.'.'.1 Formattin" Forms A lar+e and &omple1 strin+ o$ &odin+ statements s*ould be bro=en up and pla&ed in .%RMs to pro4ide eas, readabilit, and maintainabilit,. .%RMs are subroutines5 3*i&* allo3 a pro+rammer to de$ine a pro&ess on&e in a pro+ram and &all t*at routine $rom di$$erent pla&es 3it*in t*e pro+ram. I$ a blo&= o$ &ode is e1e&uted more t*an on&e5 it s*ould be pla&ed in a subroutine. T*is ma=es t*e &ode more readable5 re>uires less indentation5 and is easier to debu+ sin&e t*e debu++er &an 6ump t*rou+* an entire subroutine 4ia a P. =e,.

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 <a&* .%RM s*ould ser4e onl, one $un&tion. .%RMs s*ould be pla&ed at t*e end o$ t*e A-AP. All .%RM para+rap*s s*ould +enerall, be positioned in t*e order t*e, are &alled. T*e $un&tion o$ t*e $orm s*ould be des&ribed in t*e &omment se&tion. In t*e &ase o$ .%RMs t*at use parameters5 t*e parameters s*ould also be des&ribed. .%RM names s*ould be+in 3it* F9. T*is 3ill displa, all t*e pro+ram ob6e&ts to+et*er 3*en usin+ Lor=ben&*. T*e rest o$ t*e .%RM name s*ould des&ribe 3*at t*e .%RM is doin+. 8se t*e SAP de$ault .%RM &omment bo1. To use t*is $eature5 &ode t*e P<R.%RM statement and t*en double &li&= on t*e ne3 $orm name. T*e .%RM and <07.%RM statements and a de$ault &omment bo1 3ill be +enerated at t*e end o$ t*e A-AP. I$ an, parameters are passed in t*e P<R.%RM5 &omment lines allo3in+ indi4idual des&ription o$ t*ese parameters 3ill be +enerated as 3ell. Lit* 3.)5 t*e $ormat parameters must be t,ped usin+ TNP< or #IK< =e,3ords. T*is is a ne3 per$orman&e $eature in 3.) and also allo3s &orre&tin+ t,pin+ errors be$ore runtime. Pass input parameters as usin+ parameters and output parameters as /2A0DI0D parameters. T*e $ormal parameter does not o&&up, a memor, o$ its o3n. I$ in doubt5 pass t*e parameters b, 4alue. To a4oid s*ado3in+ problems5 al3a,s name ,our $ormal parameters di$$erent t*an t*e a&tual parameters. I$ Subroutines de$ined b, .%RM use/re>uire +lobal 4ariables t*en de$ine lo&al $ields $or use lo&all, 3it*in a subroutine and not use +lobal $ields <1ample( E8888888888888888888888888888888888888888E E FOR: F9xxxxxxxxxxxxxx *-8888888888888888888888888888888888888888E
1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
1!

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

E %nsert a &escri#tive te5t !ere E8888888888888888888888888888888888888888E FOR: F9xxxxxxxxxxxxxx In&ludes s*ould be used to brea= do3n lar+e pro+rams into se&tions t*at &an be maintained more easil, and to &reate pro+ram se&tions t*at &an be s*ared b, se4eral pro+rams. I0/#87< statements s*ould be &ommented indi4iduall, b, usin+ t*e &omment indi&ation ARC. /ode &ontained 3it*in t*e I0/#87< statement s*ould ad*ere to pro+rammin+ standards and namin+ &on4entions. <1ample( E %nsert a &escri#tive te5t to &escri.e t!e %NCL1DE E %NCL1DE 55555555. .or o4erall le+ibilit,5 an A-AP Pro+ram s*ould be neatl, indented. T*e PR<TTN PRI0T<R &ommand ?PP t,ped in t*e &ommand line@ &an be used to indent ea&* nested &ommand stru&ture b, 2 positions 3it* t*e settin+s indent and &on4ert to 8pper&ase. Statements 3it* multiple ob6e&ts s*ould be indented and ali+ned $or &larit,. '.'.'.$ Te5t E)ements <a&* A-AP pro+ram s*ould *a4e asso&iated te1t elements and &onstants $rom t*e sour&e &ode pla&ed 3it*in t*e Te1t <lements se&tion o$ t*e A-AP <ditor( Tit)es an& Hea&in"s 8 T*e *eadin+ s*ould al3a,s be &ompleted in as mu&* detail as possible. 8se 90o Standard Pa+e 2eadin+: p*rase and &ode a &ustom *eader. Se)ection Te5ts 8 All s,stem S<#</T;%PTI%0S and PARAM<T<RS are limited to < &*ara&ters and as a &onse>uen&e s*ould al3a,s *a4e sele&tion te1ts set to impro4e user understandin+. All Sele&tion Te1ts s*ould be in lo3er;&ase 3it* t*e $irst 3ord startin+ 3it* a &apital letter.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 Te5t8Sym.o)s 8 All te1t s,mbols used $or *eaders s*ould *a4e numbers 2)15 2)25 2)3U.et&. As $ar as possible5 use one te1t $or one report *eader line. All Te1t S,mbols used $or messa+es s*ould *a4e numbers M)15 M)25 M)3Uet&. <1ample( IR%TE7 J TEDT8==1. T*e ad4anta+e o$ t*is met*od is ease o$ maintainabilit, i$ T<XT;))1 is &oded se4eral times in t*e pro+ram and needs to be &*an+ed. Formattin" Comman&s <1ample( Correct IR%TE7 J =1 555555513 1= 5555555$3 12 5555555'. %ncorrect IR%TE7 J =1 555555513 1= 5555555$3 12 5555555'. 8se one line per ob6e&t 3*en de$inin+ multiple ob6e&ts o$ t*e same entit,. 7es&ribe t*ose ob6e&ts on t*at same line. <1ample( Correct TABLES7 T13 B&escri#tion T$3 B&escri#tion T'. B&escri#tion %ncorrect TABLES7 T13 T$3 T'. <a&* A-AP &ommand &onsists o$ a senten&e endin+ 3it* a period. SAP allo3s multiple &ommands to be on one lineT *o3e4er5 as a standard start ea&* ne3 &ommand on a ne3 line. T*is 3ill allo3 $or easier deletin+5 &ommentin+5 and debu++in+.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

<1ample( Correct %F I9D H ' AND I9A H $ AND I9, H 1. *ERFOR:K. END%F. %ncorrect %F I9D H ' AND I9A H$ AND I9, H 1 *ERFOR:K. END%F. '.'.0 ABA* Co&in" Structure Data De+inition 7ata elements must be +rouped in lo+i&al +roups. .or e1ample5 &onstants de&lared to+et*er5 4ariables +rouped to+et*er5 &ounters +rouped to+et*er. .or lar+e +roupin+s5 put items in alp*abeti&al order $or supportabilit,. L*ere &lari$i&ation is needed5 4ariable names must *a4e in;line &omments. <a&* 4ariable must be de&lared on a separate line. .or readabilit,5 di$$erent &omponents o$ t*e names must be separated b, unders&ores. 8se 9#i=e: 3*en de$inin+ data elements 3*ene4er possible. T*is 3ill ensure $ield 3idt* and ot*er domain attributes are &orre&t $ollo3in+ up+rades. Co&in" Structure T*e standard stru&ture $or A-AP Report &odin+ is( R<P%RT 2eader do&umentation TNP<S %R TNP<;P%%#S TA-#<S PARAM<T<RS S<#</T;%PTI%0S
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

/%0STA0TS 7ATA RA0D<S .I<#7;DR%8PS .I<#7S .I<#7;SNM-%#S R <4ent elements I0ITIA#IBATI%0 AT S<#</TI%0;S/R<<0 %0 PARAM<T<RS AT S<#</TI%0;S/R<<0 %0 -#%/K AT S<#</TI%0;S/R<<0 START;%.;S<#</TI%0 D<T <07;%.;S<#</TI%0 T%P;%.;PAD< <07;%.;PAD< /ontrol elements T%P;%.;PAD< 78RI0D #I0<;S<#</TI%0 AT #I0<;S<#</TI%0 AT P.nn AT 8S<R;/%MMA07 Subroutines .%RM / <07.%RM '.'.2 :o&u)e *ro"ram Structure Module pro+rams s*ould onl, &ontain In&lude statements and an, ne&essar, &omments. T*e module pool is also a means o$ lin=in+ all t*e asso&iated s&reens5 menus and $un&tion =e,s o$ t*e inter$a&e as a transa&tion. '.'.2.1 Screen F)oL Lo"ic Pla&e t*e AT <XIT;/%MMA07 at t*e be+innin+ o$ t*e $lo3 lo+i& in t*e PAI. <1ample(
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

*ROCESS AFTER %N*1T. :OD1LE ED%T911;= AT ED%T8CO::AND. :OD1LE *A%911;=. 8se .I<#7 and /2AI0 statements to =eep $ields in error open $or &orre&tion. <1ample( *ROCESS AFTER %N*1T. :OD1LE ED%T911;= AT ED%T8CO::AND. CHA%N. F%ELD BTCH11;=8MOBNA:E. F%ELD BTCH11;=81SERNA:E. F%ELD BTCH11;=8FRO:9DATE. F%ELD BTCH11;=8FRO:9T%:E. :OD1LE *A%911;=. ENDCHA%N. L*en usin+ t*e AT /8RS%R S<#</TI%05 &ode it a$ter t*e AT <XIT;/%MMA07. '.'.2.$ Screens an& Screen Sty)e Stan&ar&s L*en desi+nin+ S/R<<0S5 pla&e $ields on t*e s&reen in t*e se>uen&e in 3*i&* t*e, are most $re>uentl, used. Ali+n all labels and $ields 3it* nei+*borin+ lines and -%X an, related s&reen $ields to+et*er. Position t*e &ursor to t*e most $re>uentl, used $ield on t*e initial s&reen displa,. .or s&reen $ields t*at re>uire te1t input5 pla&e literal labels on t*e le$t and t*e data entr, $ields on t*e ri+*t o$ t*e label. .or s&reen $ields t*at use +rap*i&al elements5 pla&e t*e literal label to t*e ri+*t o$ t*e +rap*i& element. Apart $or t*e +eneral +uidelines +i4en abo4e5 t*e $ollo3in+ list des&ribes t*e &ommon st,le and $un&tionalit, t*at must be in&orporated into ea&* online transa&tion s&reen. T*is
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

in$ormation supplements t*e SAP R/3 Mini St,le Duide in SAP %n;line do&umentation5 3*i&* s*ould also be ad*ered to. Screen )itera)s L*ilst all s&reens are bein+ &onstru&ted in <n+lis*5 it is 4ital t*at t*e s&reens be produ&ed usin+ t*e $ield te1t asso&iated 3it* t*e data elements to ease translation to ot*er lan+ua+es. *arameters Ma1imum $ields t*at *a4e parameters de$ined s*ould use t*e D<T I7 and S<T I7 $la+s in s&reen painter to allo3 t*e stora+e and retrie4al o$ t*e parameter 4alues. Cey.oar& s!ortcuts All $un&tions must be a&&essible usin+ a =e,board s*ort&ut5 b, usin+ t*e tab =e, to s=ip bet3een $ields5 assi+nin+ a $un&tion =e, ?or &trl and a =e,@ to &ommon tas=s5 or b, allo3in+ a&&ess t*rou+* t*e menus5 3*i&* &an be a&&essed usin+ alt;O=e, lettter P ?normal menu na4i+ation @. See also t*e $ollo3in+ se&tion on menu de$inition@ Ta. stri#s Tab strips &an be used e$$e&ti4el, to s*o3 t*e user t*e di$$erent $a&ets o$ an ob6e&t. 2o3e4er5 t*e, s*ould not be used to maintain di$$erent ob6e&ts 3it*in t*e same s&reen5 and spe&i$i&all, must not be used to s3it&* bet3een ob6e&ts at di$$erent le4els 3it*in a lo+i&al *ierar&*,. Too).ar .uttons L*ere s&reens *a4e a sele&tion o$ $ilter $ields5 t*e <1e&ute -utton ?. @ s*ould be used to produ&e t*e list. *us! .uttons <1&ept in e1&eptional &ir&umstan&es5 -uttons s*ould be positioned on t*e appli&ation toolbar and identi$ied b, a suitable i&on. .loatin+ Tool tip te1t s*ould be de$ined $or all buttons to ease identi$i&ation. FHy#er)in>sG L*ere $ields s*o3n on a s&reen *a4e a sensible lin= to anot*er transa&tion ?$or e1ample t*e maintenan&e transa&tion $or t*e Ser4i&e &ode $ield@5 t*en allo3 t*e user to double &li&= on t*e $ield to in4o=e t*e asso&iated transa&tion5 passin+ t*e &ontents o$
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

t*e $ield to t*e ne3 transa&tion. 9-a&=: 3ill return to t*e ori+inal transa&tion 3it* all $ields populated as t*e, 3ere be$ore lea4in+ it. Variants All s&reens &ontainin+ lists s*ould be &apable o$ sa4in+ displa, 4ariants t*at ma, be retrie4ed b, t*e user in t*e normal 3a, and be &apable o$ allo3in+ t*e user to de$ine a de$ault 4ariant. All report sele&tion must be &apable o$ &reatin+ and retrie4in+ report sele&tion 4ariants. Layout Transa&tions t*at 3ill be used e1tensi4el, must be >ui&= and eas, to use 3it* a minimum o$ s&reen &*an+es5 button &li&=s or =e,stro=es. S&reens s*ould be laid out to present a &lear5 un&luttered 4ie3 3it* data presented in lo+i&al +roups 3it*in separate $rames.

'.'.2.$.1

:enu Stan&ar&s A menu must be de$ined $or ea&* s&reen t*at $ollo3s t*e standard SAP st,le o$ menus in&ludin+ all o$ t*e appropriate menu elements.

Oob6e&tP

E&it

Environment (ot o See belo 3 ;;;;;; ;;;;;; -a& = E5tr Environm Vie as ent L See See belo3 See belo belo 3 3 Settin "s See belo3 1ti)iti es See belo3

System He)#

No.6ect O %t*er Sele&t Oob6e&t all P /reate 7esele &t all /*an+e Sele&t blo&= 7ispla, /*oos e
1!42!6653.do&

/reate session s <nd session

Appli &ation 2elp SAP #ibrar , 8ser Dloss pro$ile ar, Ser4i&e ;;;;;;; s ;;;;;;;
'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Pa+e

26

/op,

;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;; /ut ;;;;;; Sa4e /op,

;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;; ;;;;;;; Print Paste

;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;; ;;;;;;; 7elete <1it Insert line 7elete line Sort... ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;; /an&el

; 8tilitie Relea s se notes #ist ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;; ; Lor=$l SAP o3 0et #in=s ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;; ; Pri4ate .eedb notes a&= %3n ;;;;;;; spool ;;;;;;; re>uest ; s %3n Settin 6obs +s S*ort messa+ e Status #o+ o$$

(oto is a mandator, element and s*ould be used to in4o=e $eatures 3it*in t*e &urrent transa&tion t*at are mandator, ?or are almost &ertainl, used@ to enter all t*e re>uired data $or t*e ob6e&t bein+ pro&essed T*e E5tras menu is not al3a,s re>uired5 but 3*ere appropriate is used $or ot*er $eatures or a&tions related to t*e ob6e&t bein+ pro&essed t*at are used less $re>uentl, $or additional ?non; mandator,@ in$ormation.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

T*e Environment menu is not al3a,s re>uired5 but 3*ere appropriate is used $or lin=in+ to ot*er appropriate $un&tions 3it*in t*e &urrent appli&ation area. T*e VieL menu is not al3a,s re>uired5 but 3*ere appropriate is used to allo3 t*e user to s3it&* bet3een di$$erent 4ie3s t*at are a4ailable $or t*e &urrent ob6e&t ?e.+ sin+le or multiline displa,s5 or +rap*i&al or te1t@ T*e Settin"s menu is not al3a,s re>uired5 but 3*ere appropriate is used to allo3 t*e user to set user;de$ined transa&tion parameters ?e.+. t*e number o$ se&onds bet3een automati& s&reen re$res*es@ T*e 1ti)ities menu is not al3a,s re>uired5 but 3*ere appropriate &ontains $un&tions t*at allo3 not onl, t*e pro&essin+ o$ t*e &urrent ob6e&t5 but also &ross;ob6e&t pro&essin+ su&* as &op,in+ in$ormation $rom one ob6e&t to anot*er. '.'.2.$.$ Ta.stri#s in SA* Re)ease 0.D Tabstrips are ne3 ob6e&ts in SAP 4.X t*at pro4ide an eas, 3a, to de$ine di$$erent appli&ation &omponents on t*e same s&reen and s3it&* bet3een t*em. T*eir intuiti4e desi+n also ma=es t*em easier $or end users. TabStrips enable t*e pro+rammer to ma=e it easier $or users to na4i+ate bet3een &omponents o$ &ompli&ated appli&ations. Moreo4er5 not onl, are TabStrips bat&* input &ompatible5 but t*e, &an also be used 3*ene4er &omponents or lo+i&al 4ie3s o$ a sin+le ob6e&t o&&ur on di$$erent s&reens. 2o3e4er5 Tabstrips s*ould not be used to represent di$$erent ob6e&ts. '.'.2.' Loc>in" an& 1n)oc>in" in Dia)o"J%nter+ace *ro"rams Loc> O.6ect Creation
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Related tables &an be in&orporated in a lo&= ob6e&t instead o$ *a4in+ lo&= ob6e&ts per table. A##)yin" t!e Loc> /all t*e <0M8<8< $un&tion be$ore t*e S<#</T Statement $or t*e transa&tional data to be &*an+ed/deleted. <1ample /all .un&tion <0M8<8<G<Olo&=Gob6e&tGnameP <XP%RTI0D GS/%P< S2 M%7< S A<C O=e,G$ield1P S O4alue1P . . . <X/<PTI%0S .%R<ID0G#%/K S 1 SNST<MG.AI#8R< S2 . I$ SN;S8-R/ S 1. #o&= <rror 2andlin+ pro&edure. 0ote; S,stem .ield SN;MSD'1 3ill *a4e t*e user name b, 3*om t*e table re&ord is lo&=ed. <07I.. S<#</T statement S,stem 'ariable SN;S8-R/ is bein+ &*e&=ed $or trappin+ e1&eptions. %nl, ?E@ <1&lusi4e lo&=s to be used until ot*er3ise stated spe&i$i&all,. 8se t*e standard settin+ _SCOPE = 2 $or <0M8<8< $un&tion module

Loc>in" Sta"es

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Num.erin" J Cey <1ternal Internal <1ternal / Internal <1ternal / Internal

*rocess /reate /reate /*an+e / 7elete Sele&t and delete in a multi;re&ords / multi; purpose transa&tion

Loc> J (et No7 Start o$ 8nit <nd o$ 8nit Start o$ 8nit A$ter re&ord is sele&ted and delete button is pressed

8se t*e .un&tion Module 7<M8<8<G<Olo&=Gob6e&tGnameP to unlo&= t*e re&ords lo&=ed as abo4e be$ore lea4in+ t*e pro+ram. 0ote( /all .un&tion 7<M8<8<GA## is not re>uired as /%MMIT L%RK releases all t*e lo&=s in t*e #8L ?re$eren&e readin+ re&ommended on #8L@. T*e $ollo3in+ points s*ould be &onsidered 3*ile lo&=in+ and unlo&=in+. #o&=in+ s*ould pre$erabl, be done at t*e re&ord le4el $or t*e re>uired set o$ $ields onl,. #o&=in+ s*ould ideall, be done outside a loop statement at a *i+*er le4el $or &ases 3*ere t*ere is a possibilit, o$ t*e no. o$ re&ords bein+ *i+*5 as it ma, lead to t*e problem o$ o4er$lo3 in t*e lo&= table. T*e 7e>ueue pro&essin+ s*ould ta=e pla&e onl, a$ter t*e /ommit Lor= Statement. Re&ords en>ueued s*ould also be de>ueued 3*en t*e pro+ram is terminated t*rou+* <1it//an&el et&. 2o3e4er t*is s*ould not *appen 3*en ,ou &all anot*er pro+ram be&ause t*e &all 3ill &ome ba&= to t*e &allin+ pro+ram. T*ere is no need to output a messa+e 3*en a lo&= is released. <0M8<8<GR<A7 $un&tion &an be used to &*e&= 3*et*er a lo&= *as been obtained5 *o3e4er it s*ould be a4oided.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

'.'.2.0

Data.ase 1#&ate Tec!ni ues

T*e main update te&*ni>ue $or bundlin+ database &*an+es in a sin+le database #8L is to use /A## .80/TI%0... I0 8P7AT< TASK. L*en t*e pro+ram en&ounters t*e /%MMIT L%RK statement5 3or= pro&ess t*at is pro&essin+ t*e &urrent dialo+ step starts an as,n&*ronous update 3or= pro&ess. Inside t*e update tas=5 no messa+e *andlin+ re>uired as SAP automati&all, does R%##-A/K in &ase o$ errors and sends an <1press 7o&ument in t*e user SAP o$$i&e mailbo1. L*ere more t*an one update is &arried out durin+ ASa4eC t*e updates s*ould all be &arried out in a sin+le 8P7AT< $un&tion &all 3it*in sa4e pro&essin+ $or better &ode or+aniIation. A su&&ess messa+e must be +i4en 6ust a$ter all t*e 4alidations be$ore appl,in+ t*e re&ords to t*e database are su&&ess$ull, &ompleted. T*e pro+ram $lo3 3ill be as $ollo3s ( /ode $or 'alidations UUUUU. Messa+e t,pe ASC A7o&ument su&&ess$ull, postedC. /all .un&tion O.un&tion moduleP in 8P7AT< TASK

/%MMIT L%RK '.'.2.2 (1% Status .or ea&* D8I5 use SAP de$aults proposed b, Menu Painter 3it*in Lor=ben&* $or Menu. /reate a title bar $or ea&* s&reen 3it*in a transa&tion t*at identi$ies 3*at $un&tion and area t*e s&reen is to be used $or. T*e standard set o$ P. Ke,s s*ould use t*e SAP de$aults proposed b, Menu Painter $rom Lor=ben&*.
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 %n all initial entr, s&reens5 be sure t*e -A/K5 /A0/<#5 and <XIT $un&tions are a&ti4ated. T*e $ollo3in+ $un&tions s*ould *a4e a standard $un&tion &ode asso&iated to t*em( Function A77 /2A0D< 7<#<T< 7ISP#AN SA'< -A/K /A0/<# <XIT /2%%S< .IRST PAD< PR<'I%8S PAD< 0<XT PAD< #AST PAD< PRI0T '.'.2.4 Function Co&e A77 /20D 7<#T 7ISP SA'< -A/K /A0/ <XIT /2S< P;; P; PV PVV PR0T < < Function Ty#e

Bac>3 E5it an& Cance) Navi"ation .or understandin+ o$ t*e abo4e5 allo&ate logical numbering o$ t*e s&reen be$ore *and.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Bac> E++ect <1its ob6e&t &omponent Returns pre4ious le4el

E5it

Cance)

<1its tas= <1its ?appli&ation@ pro&essin + to S&reen &allin+ t*e S&reen tas= &allin+ t*e tas= Nes 0o

Mum# tar"et

Nes Save o#tion-&ia )o"ue Lin&oL/ C!ec>s Se uence o+ saveJc!ec > E5am#)e tit)e o+ &ia)o"ue Lin&oL Dia"nosis te5t in &ia)o"ue Lin&oL Nes

Nes

0o

/*e&=s $irst5 sa4e Sa4e option ;;; option later $irst5&*e&=s later

-a&=

<1it D/# do&ument /an&el editin+

0o dia+nosis te1t

0o dia+nosis te1t

8nsa4ed data 3ill be lost ?e.+.@

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Bac> E5am#)e te5t in &ia)o"ue Lin&oL 7o ,ou 3ant to post t*e *eld do&umentW Or 7o ,ou 3ant to post t*e *eld do&ument 4F12W

E5it 7o ,ou 3ant to post t*e *eld do&umentW Or 7o ,ou 3ant to post t*e *eld do&ument 4F12W

Cance) 8nsa4ed data 3ill be lost. ;;; blan= line ;;; 7o ,ou 3ant to &an&el t*e editin+W ?1st line is dia+nosis te1t@ Nes5 0o

*us!.utto Nes5 0o5 /an&el ns in &ia)o"ue Lin&oL -&e+au)t ansLer un&er)ine &/ Function mo&u)e popupGtoG&on$irm Gstep

Nes5 0o5 /an&el

popupGtoG&on$irm Gstep

popupGto G&on$irm GlossGo$ G data Edit .12 ?'12@

Action menu F8>ey

Goto .3 ?'3@

<object> .15 ?'15@

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

'.'.2.;

:essa"es Messa+es &an be used to &ommuni&ate 3it* users. T*e, are mostl, used $or error *andlin+ durin+ pro&essin+ o$ ot*er user dialo+s Nou send messa+es usin+ t*e A-AP statement M<SSAD<. T*e statement spe&i$ies t*e messa+e &lass5 number5 and t,pe o$ t*e messa+e. All Messa+e statements supplemented in &ode 3it* &omment t*at des&ribes t*e te1t o$ t*e messa+e. T*e messa+e &lass and number are used to identi$, t*e messa+e in table T1)). T*e messa+e t,pe is one o$ A5 <5 I5 S5 L5 or X5 . Messa+e pro&essin+ depends on t*e messa+e t,pe spe&i$ied in t*e M<SSAD< statement5 and t*e pro+ram &onte1t in 3*i&* t*e statement o&&urs. Messa+e T,pes A Termination T*e messa+e appears in a dialo+ bo15 and t*e pro+ram terminates. L*en t*e user *as &on$irmed t*e messa+e5 &ontrol returns to t*e ne1t;*i+*est area menu. 7ependin+ on t*e pro+ram &onte1t5 an error dialo+ appears or t*e pro+ram terminates. T*e messa+e appears in a dialo+ bo1. %n&e t*e user *as &on$irmed t*e messa+e5 t*e pro+ram &ontinues immediatel, a$ter t*e M<SSAD< statement. T*e pro+ram &ontinues normall, a$ter t*e M<SSAD< statement5 and t*e messa+e is displa,ed in t*e status bar o$ t*e ne1t s&reen. 7ependin+ on t*e pro+ram &onte1t5 an error dialo+ appears or t*e pro+ram terminates. 0o messa+e is displa,ed5 and t*e pro+ram terminates 3it* a s*ort dump. Pro+ram
'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3
35

< I

<rror In$ormation

Status

L X

Larnin+ <1it

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e

terminations 3it* a s*ort dump normall, onl, o&&ur 3*en a runtime error o&&urs. Messa+e t,pe X allo3s ,ou to $or&e a pro+ram termination. T*e s*ort dump &ontains t*e messa+e I7. (ui&e)ines +or :essa"e !an&)in" -A/K / <XIT Tit)e 8 E5it *rocessin" Messa+e te1t ; 7o ,ou 3is* to sa4e ,our data $irstW

DELETE Title E 7elete Pro&essin+ Messa+e te1t ; 7o ,ou 3ant to delete t*e re&ordsW TABLE LOCC Transa&tion aborted. 8nable to #o&= t*e 7atabase Tables ?used $or Abort messa+e@ %b6e&t re>uired is lo&=ed b, anot*er user ?used $or <rror messa+e@ DATABASE 1*DAT%ON J Re&ord?s@ su&&ess$ull, J ?<+. 1 Re&ord su&&ess$ull, &reated@ J Re&ord?s@ su&&ess$ull, &reated J Re&ord?s@ su&&ess$ull, updated J Re&ord?s@ su&&ess$ull, deleted J Re&ord *as alread, been deleted J Re&ord?s@ not deleted ?<+. Reason &ode is used in ot*er tables. Re&ord?s@ not deleted@ 0o &*an+es made

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

DATABASE SELECT%ON 0o re&ord?s@ $ound mat&*in+ t*e sele&tion &riteria TABLE CONTROL L%NE SELECT%ON Position t*e &ursor on a 4alid entr, Sele&t a re&ord $rom t*e list Sele&t a J re&ord $rom t*e list J ?<+. Sele&t a "ourne, re&ord $rom t*e list to allo&ate@ Multiple sele&tions not allo3ed :ANDATORA F%ELDS SAP messa+e s*ould &ome i$ a $ield is de$ined Mandator, ?<+. Ma=e an entr, in all re>uired $ields@ *ro"ram s#eci+ic Please enter J ?e+. Please enter Ser4i&e Droup@ Va)i&ation C!ec>s SAP messa+e s*ould &ome 3*ere4er $orei+n =e, is de$ined t*rou+* &*e&= table.

*ro"ram s#eci+ic I$ SAP $orei+n =e, is disabled/does not e1ist t*en *andle pro+rammati&all, e+. Reason &ode does not e1ist Reason /ode does not e1ist $or Reason &ode t,pe *ro"ram C!ec>s J e1ists $or t*e J J J ?e+. Ser4i&e Droup e1ists $or t*e Plant5 Reason /ode e1ists $or t*e Reason &ode t,pe@ Start time is later t*an end time .rom date is later t*an to date .rom date is in past
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

.rom date is in $uture *ro"ram s#eci+ic <1ample <$$e&ti4e $rom date is o4erlappin+ $or plant and dail, s&*edule <$$e&ti4e $rom date $or 7ail, s&*edule and Rota set to 7ate $rom

'.'.2.<

Va)i&ations an& Data Vo)umes in Dia)o" *ro"rams A4oid redundant &ode $or 4alidation o$ s&reen inputs 3*en t*e data di&tionar, is alread, *andlin+ it t*rou+* &*e&= tables. Attention s*ould be paid in terms o$ 3*i&* all user;&ommands and transa&tions ?7ispla, et&.@ do not re>uire 4alidations. In a dialo+ 6ob it is ne&essar, to distribute t*e 4alidations a&ross s&reens instead o$ &umulatin+ at one pla&e li=e SA'< et&. T*e pro+rammer s*ould be a3are o$ t*e 4olume o$ data to be *andled in t*e dialo+ pro+ram and its +ro3t* rate durin+ t*e Te&*ni&al spe&i$i&ation sta+e. T*e al+orit*m in t*e Te&*ni&al spe& s*ould be re4ie3ed 3it* t*e $un&tional &onsultant and a peer.

'.'.2.@

*ro"ram ca)) t!rou"! a Function :o&u)e 0ormall, Set/Det parameters are used to pass data bet3een &allin+ J &alled pro+ram. -ut i$ a pro+ram is &alled b, a number o$ pro+rams5 it be&omes easier i$ t*e &alled pro+ram is &oded as a $un&tion module. Parameter passin+ &an t*en be done t*rou+* t*e e1port/import inter$a&e o$ $un&tion module. T*e $ollo3in+ are t*e steps to a&*ie4e t*e abo4e ( /reate a .un&tion +roup $or t*e $un&tion module.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 Do to t*e %b6e&t <ditor ?S< )@ and 3it*in t*e &reated $un&tion +roup &reate t*e s&reens5 in&ludes5 D8I status J title as re>uired b, t*e &alled pro+ram. T*e top in&lude 3ill be automati&all, &reated $or t*e $un&tion +roup. Do t*e main pro+ram o$ t*e $un&tion +roup and add t*e in&lude statements $or in&ludes li=e I)15 %)15 .)15 et&. Lrite t*e pro&essin+ lo+i& $or t*e s&reens 6ust li=e an, ot*er dialo+ pro+ram. .inall, 3it*in t*e .un&tion +roup &reate t*e $un&tion module. /all to t*e initial s&reen o$ t*e transa&tion 3ill be made b, t*e $un&tion module. T*e P-% lo+i& o$ t*e initial s&reen 3ill be 3ritten in t*e $un&tion module be$ore t*e &all. T*e parameters 3*i&* need to be passed to or returned b, t*e &allin+ pro+ram 3ill be de$ined in t*e import/e1port parameters o$ t*e $un&tion &all.

'.0

ALV Re#orts /aution ( A#' reports &an not be run in ba&=+round. In A#' reports use D8I TIT#< $or settin+ t*e title o$ t*e report and D8I STAT8S $or t*e menu bar. Al3a,s use data elements $or A#' /olumn *eadin+s and Sele&tion S&reen blo&= *eadin+ to a4oid *ard &odin+. .or A#' Reports5 al3a,s $ollo3 t*e $ollo3in+ instru&tion $or $ield &atalo+( A in&icates #resence o+ te5t in res#ective +ie)& )a.e)

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Out#ut in :e&ium ALV Re#ort *rint S!ort te5t te5t o+ Lon" te5t +or +ie)& *revieL o+ Data Data o+ Data Hea&in cata)o" +ie)& o+ ALV E)ement E)ement E)ement " co)&&ict5t re#ort N #on+ Te1t #on+ Te1t As set ?#5 M5 N N N S@ S*ort Set R ; N N N N 2eadin+ 2eadin+ As set ?#5 M5 N N S@ Medium Al3a,s use di&tionar, stru&ture?s@ as per output re>uirement o$ A#' report. T*is 3ill pro4ide a &lean &ode. Stru&ture des&ription s*ould sa, Ato be used onl, $or t*e spe&i$ied pro+ram.C %nl, a ma1imum o$ ! &olumns &an be sorted in an A#' Report. /olumn *eadin+ o$ A#' report &omes $rom t*e $ield label o$ data element. T*e $ollo3in+ are $our t,pes o$ $ield labels asso&iated 3it* a data element S*ort5 Medium5 #on+ and 2eadin+ T*e $ollo3in+ rules appl, $or determinin+ 3*i&* te1t 3ill be sele&ted as $ield label. I$ 2eadin+ e1ists t*en de$ault &olumn *eadin+ 3ill be 92eadin+: te1t o$ t*e $ield label. I$ 2eadin+ doesnCt e1ist t*en de$ault &olumn *eadin+ 3ill be 9S*ort: te1t o$ t*e $ield label .

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 I$ 92eadin+: and 9s*ort: bot* do not e1ist t*en de$ault &olumn *eadin+ 3ill be 9Medium: te1t o$ $ield label . I$ not*in+ else e1ists 9#on+: 3ill be used. '.2 Core :o&i+ications Prior to ma=in+ SAP sour&e &ode modi$i&ations5 a Sour&e /ode /*an+e Pro&ess must be in pla&e and re>uirements s*ould be appro4ed. As a standard5 onl, SAP aut*oriIed repairs s*ould be allo3ed to t*e SAP &ode. L*en ma=in+ modi$i&ations to SAP &ore pro+rams5 it is 4er, important to do&ument t*e &*an+es made 3it*in t*e pro+ram. Lit*in t*e &omments se&tion at t*e be+innin+ o$ t*e pro+ram5 in&lude t*e $ollo3in+ as part o$ a modi$i&ation lo+( Repair number o$ t*e modi$i&ation ?s,stem assi+ned@ 0ame/initials o$ person ma=in+ t*e modi$i&ation 7ate 7es&ription o$ t*e modi$i&ation <1ample( EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEE *ro"ram 55555555 EDescri#tion7 KKKK E88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888E ERe#air No. Date Aut!or Descri#tion EKKKKKK ..J..J.. KKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EE Lit*in t*e bod, o$ t*e pro+ram5 &omment e4er, addition o$ &ode or &*an+e in &ode. In&lude in t*e &omments t*e repair
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

number5 initials5 date5 and des&ription o$ add/&*an+e. 0o &ode s*ould be deleted $rom an, SAP &ore pro+ram. #ines o$ &ode t*at are no lon+er used s*ould be &ommented out. <1ample( EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEE ERe#air num.er7 :S1C@===<< E Descri#tion7 A&& co&e to KKK EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EE SELECT S%N(LE E FRO: LFA1 IHERE C1NNR EP %9TAB8C1NNR. BDEVC@===<< %F SA8S1BRC NE =. E5it. BDEVC@===<< BDEVC@===<< END%F. BDEVC@===<< Or Be"in o+ DEVC@===<< SELECT S%N(LE E FRO: LFA1 IHERE C1NNR EP %9TAB8C1NNR. %F SA8S1BRC NE =. E5it. En& o+ DEVC@===<< '.4 Creation o+ a&&itiona) ta.s in SA* Stan&ar& *ro"rams Lit! Ta.8 stri#s T*e steps $or &reatin+ additional tabs in SAP Standard Pro+rams 3it* tab;strips are as $ollo3s <1e&ute Transa&tion &ode '.-S /reate $un&tion &odes Spe&i$, t*e pro+ram name ?S<3 @ and t*e subroutine name.

END%F.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 /all a $un&tion module in t*e subroutine. /all a s&reen in t*e $un&tion module. /reate t*e s&reen and &ode in t*e $un&tion +roup o$ t*is $un&tion module.

3.7

Smart Forms T*e SAP Smart .orms is used $or &reatin+ and maintainin+ $orms $or mass printin+. T*e, repla&e t*e SAP s&ript $orms5 *o3e4er SAP s&ript $orms 3ill also be supported b, SAP in $uture. SAP Smart .orms allo3 ,ou to e1e&ute simple modi$i&ations to t*e $orm and in t*e $orm lo+i& b, usin+ simple +rap*i&al tools. T*e $ollo3in+ points s*ould be &onsidered 3*en &reatin+ or maintainin+ Smart .orms ( A ba&=up o$ t*e la,out prepared t*rou+* Smart .orm s*ould be =ept in t*e s,stem 3it* t*e name ,O$ormnamePGb=OnnP ?nn bein+ t*e se>uen&e no. o$ t*e ba&=up@. T*is is important as 4ersion mana+ement is not supported $or t*ese $orms. T*e &urren&, $ield to be printed usin+ Smart .orms s*ould be de$ined as a $ield o$ t*e same t,pe in t*e +lobal de$initions. 0o *ard &odin+ s*ould be done in in&lude te1t and address 3indo3 in Smart .orms.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4. 0.1

ABAP Internal Names Data Ty#es All data t,pes used b, a pro+ram s*ould be $irst de$ined to t*e A-AP 7i&tionar, as a TNP<;DR%8P. %ne or more TNP<; DR%8PS &an be used b, t*e TNP<;P%%#S statement. Lit* release 3.) t*ere is a &lear distin&tion bet3een t*e data t,pe and t*e data ob6e&t( 7ata t,pes are de&lared usin+ t*e =e,3ord TNP<. 7ata t,pes are pure t,pe des&riptions. T*e, do not re>uire an, stora+e spa&e. A data t,pe &*ara&teriIes t*e te&*ni&al properties o$ all data ob6e&ts5 3*i&* *a4e t*is t,pe. 7ata ob6e&ts are &on&rete instan&es o$ data t,pes. <a&* data ob6e&t *as a parti&ular t,pe and re>uires all appropriate stora+e spa&e. 8ser de$ined data t,pes &an be &reated usin+ TNP<S statement. T*e, &an be eit*er elementar, or stru&tured. 8ser de$ined data t,pes allo3 ,ou to &reate all appli&ation spe&i$i& t,pe uni4ersall,. T*is stru&ture &an be de$ined &entrall, and t*us made =no3n to t*e A-AP pro+rammin+ en4ironment.

0.$

Data Fie)&s SA* RJ' Re uirements(

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 A-AP 4ariable names &an be a ma1imum o$ 3) &*ara&ters lon+ $or 7ATA $ields S<#</T;%PTI%0S and PARAM<T<RS &an be a ma1imum o$ < &*ara&ters lon+. Stan&ar&s( All 4ariables s*ould be de$ined usin+ t*e t,pe de&lared in t*e TNP< pool. L*en &ustom 4ariables *a4e a &orrespondin+ SAP 4ariable5 use t*e name t*at re$le&ts t*at parti&ular SAP data element or $ield name. 7o not use 4ariable names &ontainin+ A;A. as t*e, &an be &on$used 3it* table $ields. 8nders&ores s*ould be used to separate 3ords &ontained in 4ariable/&onstant names. In addition5 ma=e t*e names des&ripti4e. .or pro+ram readabilit, and maintainabilit,5 remo4e de$ined $ields5 3*i&* are ne4er re$eren&ed5 and &ode5 3*i&* &an ne4er be lo+i&all, e1e&uted. L*ene4er possible5 t*e #IK< parameter s*ould be used to de$ine 3or= $ields. *osition Descri#tion Va)ues 1;2 'ariable /G 7es&ription PG SG R-G /-G P-G 'G TG #G XG LAG <G /#G /%G
1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
45

:eanin" .or /onstants .or Parameters .or Sele&t;%ptions .or Radio buttons .or /*e&=bo1 .or pus*buttons .or Dlobal 'ariables .or Internal Tables .or #o&al 'ariable .or T,pes/ Stru&tures .or Lor= Areas $or Internal Tables ?Also $or #a,outs in A#'@ .or <4ents .or /lasses .or /ontainer
'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

DRG /IG RG .ldG /ntG .l+ 3V .reel, 7e$inable

.or Drid .or /lass Instan&e .or Ran+e .or .ield .or /ounters .or .la+s use abbre4iations $or &lear and &on&ise names.

0.'

A..reviations L*en de$inin+ 7ata .ields5 use &lear and understandable names. In &ases 3*ere abbre4iations are used5 utiliIe an a+reed upon set o$ standard abbre4iations. It is important t*at abbre4iations are used &onsistentl, in all names. To determine an abbre4iation $or 3ords not listed belo35 strip out all 4o3els and insi+ni$i&ant &*ara&ters. 0ames5 3*i&* be+in 3it* a 4o3el5 retain t*e 4o3el in t*e abbre4iation. Add 4o3els ba&= in 3*en abbre4iations $or t3o di$$erent names are ali=e. Abbre4iations 3ill be based on <n+lis* names. Name /ustomer /ost 0ame 'endor #ast .irst Middle <mplo,ee Identi$i&ation Muantit, /ounter A..reviation /us /st 0m 'nd #st .rst mdl <mp Id Mt, /nt

0.0

Stan&ar& Hea&er an& Footer

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

All pro+rams t*at produ&e reports ?ie/ Reports5 Inter$a&es5 /on4ersions@ s*ould use a Standard 2eader and .ooter. T*e Standard 2eader s*ould be as $ollo3s( Co)or7 &olG*eadin+ intensi$ied on Com#any Name7 S*ould be in upper &ase ; /entered Re#ort Descri#tion7 <a&* 3ord in Senten&e /ase ; &entered and ali+ned 3it* /ompan, name. A line at t*e end o$ t*e 2eader. .ooter s*ould &omprise o$ a line at t*e end o$ t*e pa+e.

pic00235.pcx

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

2.

ABA* D%CT%ONARA L*en &reatin+ a &ustom table5 &are$ull, plan its desi+n and stru&ture. 7e$ine t*e table $ields appropriatel,. Al3a,s pla&e t*e =e, $ields startin+ 3it* MA07T ?&lient@ $ield at t*e $ront o$ t*e re&ord la,out. 8se t*e SAP database administrator to *elp desi+n t*e table and its attributes5 inde15 and bu$$er settin+s.

2.1

Ta.)es L*en de$inin+ &ustom tables al3a,s pla&e t*e =e, $ields at t*e $ront o$ t*e re&ord stru&ture.

2.1.1

Trans#arent Ta.)es L*en &reatin+ &ustom tables5 Transparent Tables s*ould be used in most &ases. A Transparent table is a table 3it* s,stem stru&ture5 3*i&* +i4es an identi&al stru&ture inside SAP as outside. T*ere$ore t*e table &an be a&&essed b, bot* internal and e1ternal appli&ations. All updates to SAP Tables s*ould be per$ormed 3it*in SAP.

2.1.$

VieLs .or reportin+ purposes5 use 'I<L tables to e$$e&ti4el, 6oin related tables t*at are ta=in+ lar+e amounts o$ time $or data retrie4al. A database 'ie3 is not p*,si&all, stored5 but it is a table deri4ed $rom multiple tables. 7atabase 'ie3s allo3 $ields $rom se4eral tables to be a&&essed in one 4ie3. Denerall,5 a&&essin+ a database 4ie3 is $aster t*en sele&tin+ tables indi4iduall,. Lit* Release 4.X 4ie3s &an be bu$$ered in t*e same manner as tables.

2.1.'

%n&e5 T*e purpose o$ an Inde1 is to >ui&=en t*e s&annin+ pro&ess 3*en sear&*in+ $or spe&i$i& re&ords in a table. An Inde1 is a &op, o$ a table redu&ed to parti&ular sorted $ields to enable $aster a&&ess to needed data.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 Inde1es ma, be de4eloped 3*en t*e re>uired a&&ess to a database table is based on $ields ot*er t*an t*e primar, =e, o$ t*e table. %nl, in&lude $ields in an inde1 i$ t*e, redu&e t*e sele&ted data si+ni$i&antl,. As inde1es are ad6usted ea&* time table &ontents are &*an+ed5 &reate se&ondar, inde1es dis&ernin+l, to minimiIe t*e impa&t on t*e s,stem. L*en S<#</Tin+ data $rom a table5 loo= at t*e stru&ture o$ all o$ t*e a4ailable inde1es and tailor t*e L2<R< &lause to ta=e ad4anta+e o$ t*e most sele&ti4e inde1. 8se all $ields in t*e L2<R< &lause in t*e same order $or an inde15 as s=ippin+ one $ield disables t*e inde1. Pla&e t*e most 9&ommon: &olumns at t*e be+innin+ o$ an inde1. T*e most 9&ommon: &olumns are t*ose 3*ere reports are sele&tin+ &olumns 3it* no ran+es ; t*e L2<R< &lause $or t*ese &olumns is an 9e>ual to: e1pression. Rearran+e &olumns o$ an inde1 to mat&* t*e sele&tion &riteria. .or e1ample5 i$ a S<#</T statement is 3ritten to in&lude &olumns 1 and 2 3it* 9e>ual to: e1pressions in t*e 3*ere &lause and &olumn 3 and 4 are sele&ted 3it* 4alue ran+es5 t*en t*e inde1 s*ould be &reated 3it* &olumns in t*e se>uen&e o$ 15 25 35 4. Pla&e /olumns to3ard t*e end o$ t*e inde1 i$ t*e, are eit*er in$re>uentl, used in S<#</TS or are part o$ reportin+ S<#</TS t*at in4ol4e ran+es o$ 4alues. -e sure to order t*e &olumns in t*e L2<R< &lause o$ a S<#</T in t*e same order as an inde1 table. Inde1es s*ould be small ?$e3 $ields@. Some optimiIers are able to &ombine t3o or more inde1es to e1e&ute a >uer,. T*is is not possible 3it* 3ide inde1es.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 Multiple inde1es o$ one table s*ould be dis6oint ?*a4e $e3 &ommon $ields@5 in order not to &on$use t*e optimiIer 3*i&* inde1 to use. <a&* inde1 slo3s t*e inserts into t*e table do3n. 8pdates are onl, slo3ed do3n i$ inde1ed $ields are updated. %n t*e ot*er *and5 t*e inde1es in&rease t*e e$$i&ien&, o$ reads. T*ese tradeo$$s must be 3ei+*ed a+ainst one anot*er. In +eneral5 $re>uentl, updated tables s*ould *a4e onl, $e3 inde1es 3*ile $re>uentl, sele&ted tables mi+*t *a4e more. Remo4e unused inde1es or ones t*at &*an+e due to report desi+n &*an+es. /aution( T*e &reation o$ an inde1 &an a$$e&t per$orman&e ad4ersel,. T*e most suitable inde1 $or t*e sele&t &riteria mi+*t not be t*e inde1 &*osen $or use b, t*e database optimiIer. /reatin+ Inde1es s*ould be done &are$ull, and 6ointl, 3it* t*e SAP 7atabase Administrator. 'alidate t*e use o$ table inde1es b, per$ormin+ a SM# Tra&e. 1.$ Structures Identi$, t*e $ields t*at are used in &onstru&tin+ a s&reen in 7ialo+ pro+ram /reate Stru&tures in t*e 7ata 7i&tionar,. Add t*e $ields t*at are re>uired in t*e stru&ture. Nou &an &op, t*e $ields &ontained in a di&tionar, stru&tures5 table or 4ie3s 3it* Edit / Include / Insert / /op, &omponents Maintain t*e $orei+n Ke,s o$ t*e Stru&ture

T*e re$eren&e $ield and re$eren&e table must be spe&i$ied $or &omponents o$ t,pe /8RR ?&urren&,@ and M8A0 ?>uantit,@.

Atta&* a Sear&* 2elp to a stru&ture $ield t*at &an be used b, all s&reen $ields t*at re$er to t*e stru&ture $ield

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
5)

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 In A-AP pro+rams ,ou &an a&&ess t*e $ields dire&tl, 3it* <Structure name>-<Field name> All s&reen and A#' Reports ?$or meetin+ t*e re>uirement o$ .ield /atalo+@ s*ould use 7i&tionar, stru&tures $or s&reen $ields instead o$ usin+ table de$initions or pro+ram 4ariables 2.' Data E)ements A data element de$ines t*e des&ription $or t*e $ield. T*e semanti& in$ormation ?des&ription and $ield labels@ is assi+ned to t*e data element alon+ 3it* an, on;line do&umentation. I$ possible5 use t*e standard SAP 7ata <lements su&* as -8KRS5 -<#0R et&. T*e data element is t*e $un&tional name asso&iated 3it* a domainT e.+.5 one o$ t*e data elements asso&iated 3it* domain /2AR3) ma, be A77R<SS. L*ene4er A77R<SS is entered as a data element5 t*e &*ara&teristi&s o$ t*e domain /2AR3) appear. 2.0 Domains A domain des&ribes t*e p*,si&al $ormat o$ t*e data su&* as t*e t,pe and len+t* o$ t*e data. .ields re$errin+ to a domain ?4ia t*e data elements assi+ned to t*em@ assumed t*e data $ormat de$ined b, t*e domain.

2.2

Searc! He)#s Q SA* Re)ease 0.D -re#)aces matc!co&es/ S<AR/2 2<#PS are a ne3 $eature in 4.X. T*e, are more po3er$ul t*an input *elp &reated usin+ mat&*&odes and *elp 4ie3s. A S<AR/2 2<#P is an ob6e&t t*at des&ribes t*e pro&edure $or possible 4alues *elp. T*e 4.X up+rade 3ill automati&all,

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

&on4ert mat&*&odes and *elp 4ie3s to sear&* *elps. ?T*e e1istin+ mat&*&odes and *elp 4ie3s 3ill 0%T be deleted.@ A S<AR/2 2<#P is an impro4ed met*od o$ displa,in+ allo3able 4alues $or an input $ield 3*i&* &an return multiple 4alues to t*e underl,in+ s&reen. A sear&* *elp e1it is a $un&tion module 3it* a standard inter$a&e &alled $rom ea&* step in t*e *elp pro&ess. T*ese s*ould onl, be used in e1&eptional &ases5 as t*e, ma=e input *elp *arder to maintain. 0otes( .or more in$ormation5 t*ere is a sear&* *elp &on4ersion pro+ram &alled R8T2'MID. 2.4 Ta.)e Bu++erin" 7atabase tables &an be stored lo&all, on ea&* appli&ation ser4er. Per$orman&e time ma, be impro4ed be&ause readin+ $rom t*e bu$$er a4oids dire&tl, a&&essin+ t*e database. Lit*in SAP5 onl, P%%#<7 and TRA0SPAR<0T tables allo3 bu$$erin+. T*e de&ision to bu$$er a table s*ould be made b, t*e SAP 7atabase Administrator. /onsiderations( %nl, bu$$er a table t*at *as read;onl, a&&esses made a+ainst it and is re$eren&ed $re>uentl,. %nl, bu$$er t*ose tables t*at &ontain t*e business and ot*er transa&tion pro&essin+ rules5 t*at are setup durin+ t*e implementation o$ t*e SAP R/3 s,stem and are &*an+ed 4er, in$re>uentl,. Tables t*at &ontain master and transa&tion data s*ould not be bu$$ered. %nl, bu$$er tables t*at are modi$iable5 i$ 3rite a&&ess o&&urs in$re>uentl,. /*an+es to bu$$ered tables +et automati&all, lo++ed in t*e database and are trans$erred to t*e appli&ation ser4ers at re+ular inter4als. I$ bu$$ered tables are modi$ied $re>uentl,5 t*e additional pro&essin+ needed ma, &an&el an, per$orman&e +ains attained b, bu$$erin+.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 0ati4e SM#. T*ese &ommands al3a,s b,pass t*e bu$$er and a&&ess t*e database dire&tl,. I$ nati4e SM# 3as to update a bu$$ered table dire&tl,5 t*e bu$$er status is not &*an+edT t*is &ould result in in&onsisten&ies bet3een data in t*e bu$$er and t*e database. 2.; Data Ty#e Conversion 8nderstandin+ and usin+ data t,pe &omparisons and &on4ersions is 4er, important in A-AP. .ollo3in+ is a list $rom SAP R/3 s,stem t*at lists *o3 e1ternal data t,pes are mapped to t*e A-AP data t,pes usin+ standard domains. E5terna) ABA* Data Ty#e Descri#tion Data Ty#e A//P 0?6@ Postin+ period NNNNMM /2AR n /#0T /8KN /?n@ /?3@ /?5@ /*ara&ter strin+s /lient /urren&, =e,5 re$eren&ed b, /8RR $ields /urren&, $ield5 stored as 7</ /ounter or amount $ield 3/ &omma J si+n 7ate $ield ?NNNNMM77@ stored as &*ar? @ .loatin+ point number5 a&&urate to b,tes 1;b,te inte+er 2;b,te inte+er 4;b,te inte+er #an+ua+e =e, 8ninterpreted se>uen&e o$ b,tes #on+ &*ara&ter strin+5 re>uires
'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3
53

/8RR n5 P??nV2@/2@ m5 s 7</IMA# m 7</ n5 m5 s 7ATS .#TP I0T1 I0T2 I0T4 #A0D #RAL #/2R
1!42!6653.do& Pa+e

P??nV2@/2@ 7</IMA# m 7? @ .? @ I I I /?2@ X?n@ /?n@

E5terna) ABA* Data Ty#e Data Ty#e 08M/ n 0?n@ M8A0 n m5 s RAL n TIMS 80IT 'AR/ n n( no. o$ pla&es P??nV2@/2@ 7</IMA# m X?n@ T?6@ /?n@ /?n@ m( number o$ de&imal pla&es.

Descri#tion

pre&edin+ I0T2 $ield /*ara&ter $ield 3it* onl, di+its Muantit, $ield5 points to a unit $ield 3it* $ormat 80IT #on+ b,te strin+ needs pre&edin+ I0T2 $ield Time $ield ?**mmss@5 stored as &*ar?6@ 8nit =e, $or M8A0 $ields #on+ &*ara&ter strin+5 not supported $rom Release 3.) s( si+n $la+

/onsiderations( L*en non;standard &on4ersions are needed to displa, di$$erentl, t*an SAPCs internal $ormat or 4i&e;4ersa5 &reate a /on4ersion <1it $or t*e 7omain. T*is s*ould be done b, &reatin+ t3o $un&tion modules in t*e same $un&tion +roup. one module to &on4ert $rom displa, $ormat to internal $ormat. t*e ot*er to &on4ert $rom internal $ormat to t*e e1ternal $ormat. 7ata t,pes o$ P and I are treated t*e same on all SAP supported plat$orms. 0ote t*at $loatin+ points *a4e an a&&ura&, up to 15 de&imal pla&es on all plat$orms5 and t*at t*e roundin+ be*a4ior ma, &*an+e. SAP ad4ises t*at 3*en t3o $loatin+;point numbers
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

need to be tested $or e>ualit,5 t*at t*e di$$eren&e is 4er, small. Reports *a4e been made t*at errors o&&ur 3*en a $ield *a4in+ de&imal pla&es is &ompared to A)C be&ause SAP interprets an, number less t*an ).5 as e>ual to ). As a standard5 &reate a &onstant( /GB<R% 3it* t*e &orre&t number o$ de&imal pla&es and use it $or &omparisons instead o$ *ard &odin+ t*e &onstant in t*e pro&essin+ lo+i&. <1ample( DATA7 C9,ERO =.== TA*E * DEC%:ALS $ VAL1E

/reatin+ &onstants 3ill also *elp 3it* debu++in+ and testin+ &onditions. T*e debu++er 3ill allo3 t*e /GB<R% 4alue to be &*an+ed to test 4arious &onditions easil,. 8se pro+ram RSA0A#)) to e1e&ute &on4ersions b, an A-AP.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4. 4.1

ABA* COD%N( TECHN%P1ES %NTERNAL TABLES An Internal Table is a +roup o$ re&ords &reated at runtime. It is re&ommended to de$ine all internal tables usin+ user;de$ined data t,pes and 3it*out a *eader line. <1ample( TNP<S( -e+in o$ TGde$inition 7ri4er li=e dri4erdut,;dri4er5 <nd o$ TGde$inition 7ATA( IGtable TNP< STA07AR7 table o$ TGde$inition. /onsiderations( T*e initial siIe addition is similar to t*e %//8RS parameter in 4ersion 3.X. L*en t*e initial siIe is not =no3n5 it ma=es more sense to lea4e it to SAP to determine b, spe&i$,in+ initial siIe ).

4.1.1

Fi))in" an %nterna) Ta.)e In$ormation re+ardin+ usin+ sele&t statements( sele&t sin+le s*ould onl, be used i$ t*e entire =e, is =no3n 2@ sele&t ?$ields@ s*ould be used i$ ,ou are e1tra&tin+ less t*an 1/3 o$ t*e database $ields or a ma1imum o$ 16 $ields

4.1.1.1

Se)ect %nto L*en an Internal Table needs to be &reated dire&tl, $rom one database table5 use t*e S<#</T I0T% to $ill t*e Internal Table. T*e &ontents o$ IGT))1 3ill be repla&ed b, t*e sele&ted data so a R<.R<S2 is not needed. <1ample( SELECT E FRO: T==1 %NTO TABLE %9T==1.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

I$ an Internal Table is to be &reated dire&tl, $rom database tables and t*e &ontents &urrentl, in t*e Internal Table need to be =ept5 add t*e APP<07I0D TA-#< parameter. <1ample( SELECT S%N(LE E FRO: T==1I A**END%N( TABLE %9:ARA IHERE IERCS H I9 IERCS. Consi&erations( T*is is onl, rele4ant $or Internal Tables t*at are as 3ide or 3ider t*an t*e database table bein+ S<#</Ted. It is al3a,s $aster to use t*e I0T% TA-#< 4ersion o$ a S<#</T statement t*an to use APP<07 statements. 4.1.1.$ A##en& Append adds a ne3 entr, to an Internal Table. T*e s,stem does not &*e&= i$ a re&ord 3it* t*e same =e, e1ists. /onsiderations( As APP<07 adds ne3 entries to an Internal Table5 dupli&ate entries ma, o&&ur. I$ t*e internal table alread, &ontains t*e number o$ entries allo&ated b, t*e s,stem ?Initial siIe ) addition@5 t*e additional entries are rolled to t*e pa+in+ area5 resultin+ in lon+er runtimes. L*en usin+ Internal Tables 3it* a *eader line5 a4oid unne&essar, assi+nments to t*e *eader line. 8se statements5 3*i&* *a4e an e1pli&it 3or= area. <1ample( :ore E++icient A**END I9TAB TO %9TAB. Less E++icient %9TAB H I9TAB. A**END %9TAB
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 8se t*e /#<AR &ommand a$ter t*e APP<07 &ommand to &lear t*e &ontents o$ t*e internal tableQs *eader re&ord. As o$ Release 3.)/5 t*e addition #I0<S %. &an be added to t*e APP<07 statement. T*e statement is used to add a blo&= o$ lines to an Internal Table. L*en appropriate5 use APP<07 3it* t*e blo&= &ommand instead o$ APP<07I0D sin+le lines durin+ a #%%P. T*e blo&= &ommand is $aster and easier to read. <1ample( :ore E++icient A**END L%NES OF %9TAB1 TO %9TAB$. Less E++icient LOO* AT %9TAB1. A**END %9TAB1 TO %9TAB$ ENDLOO*. 4.1.1.' %nsert 8se I0S<RT to add sin+le ro3s or blo&=s o$ ro3s to an Internal Table as a spe&i$i& position. <1ample( %NSERT %9TAB %NDED 4. Consi&erations( L*en a blo&= o$ lines is to be inserted at a spe&i$i& position5 use t*e #I0<S %. parameter o$ t*e I0S<RT statement. I0S<RTin+ a blo&= o$ lines is $aster t*an I0S<RTin+ one ro3 at a time durin+ a #%%P. T*is e1ample 3ill insert ro3s 3 t*rou+* F $rom IGTA-1 into IGTA-2 as ro3s 45 55 65 and line 4 $rom IGTA-2 3ill be&ome line F a$ter t*e I0S<RT. <1ample( %NSERT L%NES OF %9TAB1 FRO: ' TO 2 %NTO %9TAB$ %NDED 0.
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.1.$ 4.1.$.1

Retrievin" +rom an %nterna) Ta.)e Rea& Ta.)e R<A7 TA-#< is used to read a sin+le ro3 $rom an Internal Table. R<A7 TA-#< IGTA- is used to read a Internal Table usin+ t*e Internal TableCs *eader line as t*e output area. R<A7 TA-#< IGTA- I0T% LA is used to read an Internal Table and use t*e 3or= area as t*e output area. /onsiderations( L*en readin+ a sin+le re&ord in an Internal Table5 t*e R<A7 TA-#< LIT2 K<N.. is not a dire&t R<A7. T*ere$ore5 S%RT t*e table on t*e =e, ?to be used $or e>ualit,@ in ACSEND%N( ORDER be$ore*and and use R<A7 TA-#< LIT2 K<N.. -I0ARN S<AR/2. T*e binar, sear&* 3ill $ail in &ase t*e table ?=e,@ is sorted in a 7<S/<07I0D order. L*en t*e -I0ARN S<AR/2 is used5 t*e s,stem starts t*e sear&* in t*e middle o$ t*e table. It t*en &*e&=s t*e $irst *al$ or se&ond *al$ dependin+ i$ t*e =e, $ields are bi++er or smaller t*an t*e middle entr,.

4.1.$.$

LOO* #%%P U L2<R< is $aster t*an #%%P//2</K be&ause #%%P U L2<R< e4aluates t*e spe&i$ied &ondition internall,. <1ample( :ore E++icient ECey access Lit! LOO* IHERE LOO* AT TAB IHERE C H CVAL. R ... ENDLOO*. Less E++icient

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

:ore E++icient ECey access Lit! LOO*JCHECC LOO* AT TAB. CHECC TAB8C H CVAL. R ... ENDLOO*. Ma=e t*e &omparison operators s*are a &ommon t,peT as 3it* an, lo+i&al e1pression5 t*e per$orman&e is better i$ t*e operands o$ a &omparison s*are a &ommon t,pe. Per$orman&e &an be $urt*er en*an&ed i$ t*e #%%P L2<R< is &ombined 3it* .R%M i1 and/or T% i2. 4.1.$.' Neste& Loo#s Per$orman&e in readin+ t*e internal tables &an be en*an&ed b, usin+ t*e &ombination o$ 9Read table: and 9#oop: statements. 9Read table: 3ill lo&ate t*e inde1 o$ t*e re&ord and 9loop: statement &an be used 3it* t*e addition 9.rom:. /aution( T*e nested loop table s*ould be sorted on t*e basis o$ 3*ere &lause $ields. It *as to be ensured t*at sortin+ a table on a parti&ular $ield s*ould not a$$e&t t*e pro+ram $lo3 at a subse>uent lo&ation in t*e pro+ram $lo3 3*ere a di$$erent sort is e1pe&ted. T*ere$ore5 in su&* &ases t*e internal table must be resorted as per $ields e1pe&ted. <1ample( :ore E++icient

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6)

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Sort %9ta. .y +1. Rea& ta.)e %9ta. Lit! >ey +1 H L9+1. %+ sy8su.rc H =. L9in&e5 H sy8ta.i5. En&i+. LOO* AT %9ta. +rom L9in&e5. %+ L9+1 NO %9ta.8+1. E5it. En&i+. KKKK*rocessin" Lit!in )oo# KKKK ENDLOO*.

4.1.$.0

Events insi&e t!e LOO* L*ile usin+ e4ents li=e 9At start o$:5 9At end o$:5 9At $irst:5 9At #ast:5 9%n &*an+e o$: in side t*e loop5 al3a,s trans$er t*e *eader re&ord into a 3or= area. -e&ause 3*en &ontrol &omes to 9At end o$: or 9At start o$: 5 all t*e &*ara&ter $ield o$ *eader line be&omes star?R@. <1ample Correct :et!o& Loo# at ita. L!ere K. Ia9ita. H ita.. At en& o+ #)ant. En&at. En&)oo#.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.1.' 4.1.'.1

:o&i+yin" an %nterna) Ta.)e Co))ect T*e /%##</T statement s&ans t*e Internal Table $or an entr, 3*ere t*e de$ault =e, mat&*es t*at o$ t*e entr, in t*e Lor= area / Internal TableCs *eader re&ord. I$ a mat&* is $ound5 t*e s,stem sums an, $ield o$ t,pe .5 P5 I5 0 in t*at re&ordT i$ no re&ord e1ists t*e *eader re&ord is inserted into t*e Internal Table. L*en addin+ data to SAP tables ?as opposed to totalin+ numbers@5 use t*e APP<07 statement instead o$ t*e /%##</T statement. T*is impro4es speed and a4oids &omparisons to e1istin+ data /onsiderations( L*en 3or=in+ 3it* Internal Tables5 re&all t*at t*e /%##</T statement is 4er, /P8 intensi4e. L*en /%##</Tin+ on an Internal Table 3it* +reater t*an 5) entries5 use t*e $ollo3in+ alternati4e &ode( K.. READ TABLE %9TAB I%TH CEA .. B%NARA SEARCH. CASE SA8S1BRC. IHEN =. %9TAB8A:T H %9TAB8A:T S I9NEI9A:T. :OD%FA %9TAB %NDED SA8TAB%D. IHEN 0. %NSERT %TAB %NDED SA8TAB%D. IHEN <. A**END %9TAB. ENDCASE K.. E .or Internal Tables 3it* less t*an 5) entries t*e /%##</T is a&&eptable.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 A$ter t*e /%##</T statement *as been e1e&uted5 t*e inde1 o$ t*e modi$ied or ne3 entr, is 3ritten to t*e s,stem $ield SN;TA-IX. L*en ,ou $ill an internal table5 do not use /%##</T in &ombination 3it* an, ot*er table;$illin+ statements ?APP<075 I0S<RT5 and/or M%7I.N@. I$ ,ou mi1 /%##</T 3it* t*e ot*er statements5 /%##</T &annot use its *as* al+orit*m. In t*is &ase /%##</T resorts to a normal linear sear&*5 3*i&* is dramati&all, slo3er. 4.1.'.$ :o&i+y 8se t*e M%7I.N &ommand to &*an+e a line 3it*in an Internal Table <1ample( LOO* AT %9TAB. :OVE C9%N%T%AL%,E TO %9TAB8%N%T%AL%,E. :OD%FA %9TAB. ENDLOO*. 4.1.'.' De)ete 8se t*e 7<#<T< &ommand to delete a ro3 or +roup o$ ro3s $rom an Internal Table. L*en 7<#<T<in+ a +roup o$ ro3s $rom an Internal Table5 delete t*em usin+ a 7<#<T< L2<R< &lause instead o$ a sin+le ro3 at a time durin+ a #%%P5 unless ot*er a&ti4it, ta=es pla&e durin+ t*e #%%P. <1ample( DELETE %9TAB IHERE IERCS EP C9==1=. I$ possible5 L2<R< s*ould be used to+et*er 3it* .R%M...and/or T% ... to en*an&e per$orman&e e4en more. <1ample( DELETE %9TAB TFRO:KU TTOKU IHEREK.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

/onsiderations( To delete all ro3s in an Internal Table5 use t*e R<.R<S2 statement. L*en 3or=in+ 3it* Internal Tables5 use t*e .R<< &ommand to release t*e memor, a$ter t*e Internal Table *as ser4ed its purpose and 3ill not be used a+ain. <1ample7 I$ Table IGTA- is 1)M-5 use FREE %9TAB. I$ an Internal Table is de$ined lo&all, in a subroutine5 t*e allo&ated memor, is released upon &ompletion o$ t*e subroutine5 so t*e R<.R<S2 statement is not needed. 4.1.0 Sortin" %nterna) Ta.)es Muali$, all S%RT statements 3it* t*e -N option and limit t*e sortin+ o$ data to $ields t*at must be used to satis$, t*e re>uirements. S%RTs5 in +eneral5 are e1pensi4e. /onsiderations( -e a3are o$ t*e e$$e&t on &*ara&ter se>uen&e usin+ S%RT. 8pper &ase &*ara&ters &an be sorted be$ore lo3er &ase letters or5 lo3er &ase &an be sorted be$ore upper &ase. T*e sort mi+*t pla&e letters be$ore numbers or 4i&e 4ersa. S%RT<7 Internal Tables L*en S%RTin+ Internal Tables5 spe&i$, t*e $ields to be S%RTed. <1ample( :ore E++icient SORT %TAB BA FLD1 FLD$ Less E++icient SORT %TAB.
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 -uildin+ S%RT<7 Tables I$ t*e amount o$ data is less t*an 2) entries5 or i$ read a&&ess to t*e Internal Table is needed 3*ile t*e ITA- is bein+ $illed5 use a one;step approa&* usin+ R<A7/I0S<RT. I$ t*e data amount is lar+er and read;a&&ess is onl, needed to t*e &ompletel, $illed table5 use t*e t3o;step pro&ess. <1ample( One8ste# A##roac!7 READJ%NSERT E %9DEST is +i))e& Lit! 1=== entries REFRESH %9DEST. LOO* AT TAB9SRC %NTO IA9SRC. READ TABLE %9DEST I%TH CEA C H TAB9SRC8C B%NARA SEARCH. %NSERT IA9SRC %NTO %9DEST %NDED SA8 TAB%D. ENDLOO*. R8se on small tables ?OS 2) ro3s@ TLo8ste# A##roac!7 A**END3 SORT E %9DEST is +i))e& Lit! 1=== entries REFRESH %9DEST. LOO* AT TAB9SRC %NTO IA9SRC. A**END IA9SRC TO %9DEST. ENDLOO*. SORT TAB9DEST BA C. R8se on lar+e tables 4.1.2 4.1.2.1 (enera) %nterna) Ta.)e Tec!ni ues DESCR%BE 7<S/RI-< determines t*e number o$ entries in an Internal Table. <1ample( :ore E++icient DESCR%BE TABLE %9TAB L%NES I9LNE9CNTR Less E++icient
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

LOO* AT %9TAB. I9LNE9CNTR H I9LNE9CNT S 1. ENDLOO* 4.1.2.$ RAN(ES T*e RA0D<S statement &reates Internal Tables t*at *a4e t*e stru&ture o$ a S<#</T;%PTI%0 table5 but t*e RA0D<S do not *a4e t*e same $un&tionalit,. T*e stru&ture &reated b, t*e RA0D<S statement is( <1ample( -<DI0 %. RGtab5 SID0?1@5 %PTI%0?2@5 #%L #IK< U..5 2ID2 #IK< U..5 <07 %. RGtab.

As a standard5 3*en usin+ t*e I0 operator in &ombination 3it* S8-MIT5 S<#</T5 /2</K5 L2I#<5 or I.5 al3a,s de$ine t*e asso&iated Internal Table usin+ S<#</T;%PTI%0S or RA0D<S 0e4er de$ine t*e sele&tion &riteria in an Internal Table dire&tl,. 8sin+ RA0D<S 3ill ma=e $or easier maintainabilit,5 readabilit,5 and &on$orms to SAP re&ommendations. As a standard5 3*en an Internal Table is to be used as abo4e5 use t*e RA0D<S de$inition to de$ine t*e ran+e. <1ample( Stan&ar& RAN(ES R9ta. +or )+.18Bu>rs Non8Stan&ar&

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

7ATA(

-<DI0 %. IGTA-5 %//8RS nn5 SID0?1@5 %PTI%0?2@5 #%L #IK< U..5 2ID2 #IK< U..5

<07 %. IGTA-5. Consi&erations 3*en usin+ RA0D<S( RA0D<S are not sele&tion s&reen $ields. RA0D<S are not passed to t*e lo+i&al database pro+rams. RA0D<S do not support t*e s*ort $orm o$ lo+i&al e1pressions5 RA0D<S are to be used in t*e L2<R< &lause o$ %P<0 SM# statements in e1pressions 3it* t*e I0 parameter. 4.1.2.' :isce))aneous :ore E++icient A**END IA9 TO %TAB. Less E++icient :OVE IA9 TO %TAB. A**END %TAB. :ore E++icient %NSERT IA9 %NTO %TAB. Less E++icient :OVE IA9 TO %TAB. %NSERT %TAB.

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
6F

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

:ore E++icient COLLECT IA9 %NTO %TAB. Less E++icient :OVE IA9 TO %TAB. COLLECT %TAB. 8se t*e .R<< statement to release t*e memor, allo&ated to Internal Tables. T*e .R<< statement s*ould $ollo3 t*e last statement used to pro&ess t*e data in t*e table. 8se t*e .R<< statement 3*ere ,ou no lon+er need t*e internal table in ,our pro+ram. As noted abo4e in APP<075 3*en usin+ Internal Tables 3it* a *eader line5 a4oid unne&essar, assi+nments to t*e *eader line. 8se statements t*at *a4e an e1pli&it 3or= area( <1amples( L*en per$ormin+ &ontrol brea= lo+i& on Internal Tables and .I<#7;DR%8PS5 ma=e use o$ t*e AT 0<L5 AT <07 %.5 %0 /2A0D< %.5 and S8M &ommands. T*e use o$ A-APCs &ontrol brea= &ommands 3ill pro4ide easier readabilit, and maintainabilit, 4ersus &odin+ t*e brea= lo+i& 3it*out t*e bene$it o$ t*e &ommands. L*en usin+ t*e &ontrol brea= lo+i& statements5 one must ne&essaril, use t*e 3or= area instead o$ internal table *eader. 4.1.4 F%ELD (RO1*S SAP R/3 Re>uirements( .I<#7;DR%8PS &ombines se4eral e1istin+ $ields to+et*er under one name. 8sed in &on6un&tion 3it* I0S<RT5 <XTRA/T5 and #%%P. /on&eptuall,5 it is similar to pro&essin+ Internal Tables. /onsiderations( .I<#7;DR%8P are used to build internal tables t*at *a4e a &ommon =e, stru&ture but di$$erent ar+uments. T*e, are
1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
6

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

supported b, 3.) and more e$$i&ient t*an internal tables be&ause o$ &ompression. .I<#7;DR%8P s*ould be used to pro&ess lar+e amounts o$ data. Smaller amounts o$ data s*ould be stored in Internal Tables. As soon as t*e $irst dataset $or a .I<#7;DR%8P *as been e1tra&ted 3it* <XTRA/T5 t*e .I<#7;DR%8P &an no lon+er be e1tended 3it* I0S<RT. .I<#7;DR%8PS &an onl, *a4e re&ords added to t*em be$ore a sort or loop &ommand is per$ormed. 4.1.; (eneration o+ Error Lo" +rom a Dia)o" *ro"ram I$ a list is re>uired ?e.+ an <rror or /on$irmation #o+@ $rom dialo+ pro&essin+5 use t*e statement A#<A'< T% #IST; PR%/<SSI0DC. Its e$$e&t is to start t*e list pro&essor and displa, t*e basi& list a$ter t*e PAI pro&essin+ o$ t*e &urrent s&reen. T*en its possible to use all t*e usual list la,out &ommands li=e LRIT<5 SKIP5 et&. All list pro+rammin+ options are possible5 e.+ line sele&tion5 $un&tion =e,s5 3indo3s. #ist pro&essin+ &an be e1ited b, usin+ t*e -A/K/<XIT//A0/<# o$ t*e D8I status de$ined $or t*e list usin+ AS<T P.GSTAT8S U..C. -, de$ault5 t*e dialo+ pro&essor returns to t*e P-% o$ t*e s&reen $rom 3*ere t*e list 3as &alled.

<1ample

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
6!

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Sam#)e Co&e set #+8status W$0B:9ERRW. )eave to )ist8#rocessin". Lrite te5t8==0. )oo# at i9return L!ere ty#e H WEW. E Data to .e &is#)aye& Lrite at J i9return8messa"e en&)oo#.

4.1.<

Dis#)ay o+ Tra++ic Li"!ts Tra$$i& li+*ts ?Red5 Nello3 and Dreen@ mi+*t *a4e to be displa,ed $or di$$erent error situations i.e. Red $or <rror5 Nello3 $or Larnin+ and Dreen in &ase t*ere is no error or 3arnin+. T*e $ollo3in+ pie&e o$ &ode demonstrates t*e met*od( Sam#)e Co&e E Ty#e &e+ine& +or mo&u)e )eve) va)i&ations ty#es7.e"in o+ t9mo&u)e3 E T!e +ie)& -BstatusiconV/ re#resents t!e icon +or tra++ic )i"!ts statusicon ty#e icons8te5t3 R +or status icon inc)u&e structure ?cramo&!&. ty#es7 en& o+ t9mo&u)e. Data L9icon9stat ty#e icons8te5t. Data %9mo&u)e ty#e stan&ar& ta.)e o+ t9mo&u)e Lit! !ea&er )ine. E Creatin" t!e tra++ic )i"!ts in t!e status +ie)& &e#en&in" on t!e corrstat -Error Status +ie)&/ o+ t!e recor& in t!e ta.)e ?cramo&!& c)ear7 L9stat3 L9icon9stat. L9stat H i9mo&u)e8corrstat.

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F)

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

#er+orm +9"et9)i"!ts usin" L9stat c!an"in" L9icon9stat. i9mo&u)e8statusicon H L9icon9stat. +orm +9"et9)i"!ts usin" #9L9stat c!an"in" #9L9icon9stat. &ata7 )9stat )i>e ?cramo&!&8corrstat3 )9icon9stat ty#e icons8te5t3 )9icon9name-4=/ ty#e c. )9stat H #9L9stat. )9icon9stat H #9L9icon9stat. i+ )9stat H c9e. )9icon9name H c9re&. e)sei+ )9stat H c9L. )9icon9name H c9ye))oL. e)sei+ )9stat H s#ace. )9icon9name H c9"reen. en&i+. E T!is +unction mo&u)e Li)) return t!e icon -)9icon9stat/ ca)) +unction W%CON9CREATEW e5#ortin" name H )9icon9name im#ortin" resu)t H )9icon9stat e5ce#tions KK i+ sy8su.rc NO =. E Status )i"!t not create&. Error :essa"e en&i+. #9L9stat H )9stat. #9L9icon9stat H )9icon9stat. en&+orm. R F9(ET9L%(HTS

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.1.@

(eneration o+ Se uence Num.ers 7ependin+ on t*e business re>uirements t*e +eneration o$ se>uen&e numbers &an ta=e pla&e in t*e $ollo3in+ 3a,s( I$ t*e number to be +enerated is independent o$ an, ot*er entit,5 t*e number &an obtained b, usin+ a standard or user;de$ined $un&tion module 3*i&* +ets t*e ne1t a4ailable number $or t*e domain. E5am#)e E For e5terna) num.er ran"e "et t!e ne5t num.er avai)a.)e ca)) +unction W(ET9NEDT9N1:BERW e5#ortin" &omname H c9&omn9name9i& im#ortin" n5tnum H L9rci& e5ce#tions inva)i&9num.er9ran"e H 1 inva)i&9#arameter9ty#e H $ ot!ers H '.

L*en usin+ t*e standard or user de$ined $un&tion modules to +enerate t*e ne1t se>uen&e number5 t*ere &an be a number loss in &ase o$ an error. T*is loss o$ number is not a&&eptable in statutor, transa&tions li=e DR5 IR5et&. 3*ere one s*ould tr, to &on$irm t*e 4alidations in test mode be$ore +eneratin+ t*e number. To =eep t*e loss to a minimum5 t*e number s*ould be +enerated a$ter all 4alidations and 6ust be$ore t*e en>ueue $un&tion $or lo+i&al lo&=in+ i$ t*e number $ield is part o$ t*e lo&= =e, else 6ust be$ore t*e update statement. I$ t*e number is to be internall, +enerated 3it*out a number ran+e 3e +et t*e last used number $rom t*e database table5 in&rement it b, one to +et t*e ne1t number5 and lo&= it immediatel,.

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
F2

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

E5am#)e E (et t!e )ast use& va)ue o+ #)ant reci& +or #)ant an& &ate se)ect ma5- #)ntreci& / into L9#)anti& +rom Js)ssvJc#)ntrec L!ere #)ant H #9#)ant an& )&&ate H #9&ate. L9#)anti& H L9#)anti& S 1. %mme&iate)y en ueue L9#)anti&.

4.1.1=

1se o+ *ac>e& Num.ers 8se &aution 3*en per$ormin+ arit*meti& 3it* pa&=ed numbers. -e a3are t*at i$ t*e numbers are de$ined 3it* a di$$erent number o$ de&imal pla&es ,ou ma, +et une1pe&ted results. A-AP per$orms t*e arit*meti& i+norin+ t*e de&imal pla&es and inserts t*e de&imal on t*e ans3er. /are$ul testin+ is essential. All Pa&=ed $ields are treated as 3*ole numbers. /al&ulations in4ol4in+ de&imal pla&es re>uire additional pro+rammin+ to in&lude multipli&ation or di4ision b, 1)5 1))5 1)))5 et&.. T*e 7</IMA#S spe&i$i&ation 3it* t*e 7ATA de&laration is e$$e&ti4e onl, $or output 3it* t*e LRIT< statement. I$5 *o3e4er5 $i1ed point arit*meti& ?pro+ram attributes@ is a&ti4e5 t*e 7</IMA#S spe&i$i&ation is also ta=en into a&&ount. In t*is &ase5 intermediate results are &al&ulated 3it* ma1imum a&&ura&, ?31 de&imal pla&es@. T*is applies parti&ularl, to di4ision. .or t*is reason5 ,ou s*ould al3a,s set t*e pro+ram attribute X.i1ed point arit*meti&X5 unless t*ere are te&*ni&al re>uirements needin+ $loatin+;point.

4.1.11

A&&in" Lea&in" ,eros To displa, a numeri& 4alue in a la,out or a report 3it* all leadin+ Ieros5 instead o$ usin+ ,our o3n &ode use t*e $un&tion module

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
F3

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

A/%0'<RSI%0G<XITGA#P2AGI0P8TC. T*is $un&tion &on4erts a padded 4alue to a 4alue 3it* leadin+ Ieros. e.+. I$ ,ou +i4e t*e input as A123C J t*e $ield len+t* is 1) t*en t*is module 3ill +i4e t*e output as A)))))))123C. 4.1.1$ Han&)in" Dates in BDC Session 7ate 4alues in a -7/ session s*ould al3a,s be &on4erted to a 4alue as per t*e user master so as to maintain &onsisten&,. To a&*ie4e t*e abo4e5 ma=e use o$ t*e $un&tion module A7AT<GSTRI0DG/%0'<RTC. In t*e input parameters o$ t*is $un&tion 3e spe&i$, t*e $ormat o$ t*e e1istin+ date and its 4alue. T*e output o$ t*e $un&tion module is t*e date as per t*e 8ser Master. e.+. .%RM ab&. data( 3sGdate li=e s,;datum. ( ( R;;; .i1 date. /A## .80/TI%0 Q7AT<GSTRI0DG/%0'<RTQ <XP%RTI0D 7AT<G.%RMAT S Q4Q X4 S NNNN.MM.77 7AT<GSTRI0D S dateG4alue R STARTG7AT< S SN;7AT8M IMP%RTI0D R<S8#TG7AT< S 3sGdate. 3rite 3sGdate <07.%RM. to U... X ab&

2ere 3sGdate &ontains dateG4alue as t*e $ormat in t*e 8ser Master. 4.1.1' %F Com#arison -e$ore doin+ I. &omparisons on elements o$ di$$erent t,pes ?i.e.5 numeri& to &*ara&ter@5 mo4e one element to a 4ariable o$ t*e same t,pe as t*e ot*er element so t*at ,ou 3ill not e1perien&e une1pe&ted results. L*ile A-AP 3ill automati&all, &on4ert
1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

elements o$ unli=e t,pes $or ,ou5 t*e end result ma, not be 3*at t*e pro+rammer e1pe&ts. L*en &omparin+ >uantit, $ields5 ma=e sure t*e >uantities are in t*e same unit o$ measure. 0ote t*at t*is is normall, done b, loo=in+ at 3*i&* $ield is used 0%T b, &odin+ in a unit &on4ersion or 4alidation. 4.$ %nterna) Ta.)es 8 SA* Re)ease 0.5 7ata( OitabP TNP< Oitab=indP o$ Ot,peP Y3it* Y80IM8<Z/0%0 80IM8<Z O=e,de$P YI0ITIA# SIB< OnPZ5 O3or= areaP TNP< Ot,peP.

Ta.)e Dec)aration an& :emory A))ocation T,pes( -<DI0 %. Ot,peP5 O$ieldnamesP 5 <07 %. Ot,peP.

E5am#)es Stan&ar& 8 0on;8ni>ue Ke,5 a&&essed b, =e, or inde1in+ ?predominantl, b, inde1in+5 also =no3n as Inde1 Tables@. L*en t*e =e, is used5 t*e time in&reases linearl, 3it* t*e number o$ table entries. TNP<S( -<DI0 %. TGMAT5 7ATA( IGMAT TNP< STA07AR7 L<RKS #IK< MS<D; TA-#< %. TGMAT L<RKS5 LIT2 K<N 0%0;80IM8< MAT0R #IK< MS<D; MAT0R MAT0R5 I0ITIA# SIB< )5 <07 %. TGMAT. LAGMAT TNP< TGMAT. Sorte& 8 Ke, is eit*er 8ni>ue or 0on;8ni>ue5 a&&essed primar, b, =e, or inde1in+ ?predominantl, b, Ke,@. L*en t*e =e, is used5 t*e time is lo+arit*mi& in relation to t*e number o$ table entries. TNP<S( -<DI0 %. TGMAT5 7ATA( IGMAT TNP< S%RT<7 TA-#< L<RKS #IK< MS<D; %. TGMAT L<RKS5 LIT2 80IM8< K<N MAT0R #IK< MS<D; L<RKS MAT0R5 I0ITIA# SIB< 1))))5 <07 %. TGMAT. LAGMAT TNP< TGMAT. Has!e& 8 8ni>ue Ke,5 a&&essed onl, b, Ke,. Response time is &onstant and does not depend on t*e number o$ entries.
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

TNP<S( -<DI0 %. TGMAT5 L<RKS #IK< MS<D; L<RKS5 MAT0R #IK< MS<D; MAT0R5 <07 %. TGMAT.

7ATA( IGMAT TNP< 2AS2<7 TA-#< %. TGMAT LIT2 K<N L<RKS I0ITIA# SIB< 1))))5 LAGMAT TNP< TGMAT.

T*e table t,pe de$ines *o3 A-AP a&&esses indi4idual table entries. T*ere are no3 t*ree di$$erent t,pes o$ internal tables in SAP Release 4.1( standard5 sorted and *as*ed. In a stan&ar& ta.)e5 re&ords &an be a&&essed usin+ eit*er t*e table inde1 or t*e =e,. I$ a =e, is used5 t*e response time is in linear relation to t*e number o$ table entries. T*e =e, o$ a standard table is al3a,s 0%0;80IM8<. Standard tables are +eneri&all, =no3n as in&e5 ta.)es. In a sorte& ta.)e5 t*e entries are al3a,s sa4ed sorted a&&ordin+ to t*e =e,. It is possible to a&&ess t*e table usin+ eit*er t*e table inde1 or t*e =e,. L*en t*e =e, is used5 t*e response time is in lo+arit*mi& relation to t*e number o$ table entries5 sin&e t*e s,stem uses a binar, sear&*. T*e =e, or a sorted table &an be eit*er 80IM8< or 0%0;80IM8<. Sorted tables are +eneri&all, =no3n as in&e5 ta.)es. Has!e& ta.)es &an onl, be a&&essed usin+ t*eir =e,. T*e response time is &onstant5 and does not depend on t*e number o$ table entries5 sin&e t*e s,stem uses a *as* al+orit*m to a&&ess entries. T*e =e, o$ a *as*ed table must al3a,s be uni>ue. Sorted or *as*ed tables usin+ inde1 operations ?I0S<RT U 5 I07<X5 APP<07@ &annot be $illed. Also it is not possible to S%RT a sorted table. T*ere are t3o t,pes o$ =e,s $or internal tables. Stan&ar& >ey &onsists o$ all o$ t*e non;numeri& $ields $rom t*e internal table t*at are not internal tables. 1ser8&e+ine& >ey &an &onsist o$ an, $ields $rom t*e internal table t*at are not internal tables. T*e additions 80IM8< and 0%0;80IM8< determine 3*et*er t*e table 3it* t,pe Oitabt,peP ma, &ontain entries 3it* dupli&ate =e,s.
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.$.1

:emory A))ocation +or %nterna) Ta.)es in SA* 0.5 7ue to all o$ t*e internal table nestin+ t*at o&&urs5 SAP *as needed to ta=e better &ontrol o$ t*e memor, allo&ation pro&ess $or internal tables. In Release 3.X5 t*e memor, $or internal tables 3as allo&ated in K- blo&=s. In Release 4.X t*ere 3ill be a ne3 al+orit*m to allo&ate memor,. <ssentiall,5 internal tables 3ill no3 be e1pe&ted to de&lare t*eir table t,pe 3it* an( O initial siIeP R Oro3 len+t*P S initial allo&ation. I$ t*at initial allo&ation is e1&eeded5 t*e abo4e e>uation 3ill be repeated up to 3 times. A$ter t*at initial allo&ation *as been e1&eeded 3 times5 memor, is simpl, allo&ated in 12K- blo&=s. #i=e3ise5 i$ no initial siIe is spe&i$ied5 SAP 9+uesses: ?i.e. uses an undis&losed al+orit*m@.

4.'

Co&e to a&& Function Cey to Re#orts 8se t*e $ollo3in+ &ode to add .un&tion =e,s to Reports. T*e &ode *elps in &reatin+ $un&tion buttons in a report 3it*out t*e use o$ P.;STAT8S. R;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; Rtable $or $un&tion button tables( ss&r$ields5 d)1)). ( ( RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR R S<#</TI%0 S/R<<0 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Rbutton to &*e&= sm35 sele&tion;s&reen $un&tion =e, 1. Rbutton to &*e&= sm35 R$or more buttons use =e, 2 and =e, 3 and =e, 4.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

( ( I0ITIA#IBATI%0. R prepare SM35 button ss&r$ields;$un&t1tG)1 S Q'ie3 SM35Q. X$or =e, 1 ( ( at sele&tion;s&reen. i$ ss&r$ields;u&omm S Q./)1Q. 7)1));MAP0 S PAGDR%8P. S<T PARAM<T<R I7 QMP0Q .I<#7 7)1));MAP0. /A## TRA0SA/TI%0 QSM35Q A07 SKIP .IRST S/R<<0. endi$. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;; T*e limitation to t*e abo4e &ode is t*at ma1 4?$our@ $un&tion =e,s &an be added to t*e sele&tion s&reen.

4.0

Lo"ica) Data.ase In most &ases5 it is li=el, t*at &odin+ database retrie4als 3it* S<#</T statements 3ill pro4e more e$$i&ient t*an usin+ a #o+i&al 7atabase ?#7-@ pro+ram. A #7- pro+ram reads tables 3it* nested S<#</T loops. T*e dept* o$ t*e S<#</T into t*e #7- *ierar&*, depends on t*e D<T statement in t*e A-AP &orrespondin+ to t*e tables lo&ated at t*e lo3est le4el o$ t*e #7- *ierar&*,. I$ a pro+ram does not need in$ormation $rom a superior table in t*e *ierar&*,5 unne&essar, reads 3ill o&&ur. -e$ore usin+ a #7-5 be sure t*e lo+i& &annot be &oded more e$$i&ientl, usin+ S<#</T. T*e #o+i&al 7atabase allo3s readin+ o$ *ierar&*i&all, related tables usin+ D<T statements. T*e ad4anta+es o$ t*e lo+i&al databases are( <ase o$ pro+rammin+

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 Sele&tion s&reen and $ilterin+ o$ t*e data Aut*oriIation &*e&=in+ I$ a #7- is &*osen5 t*e most e$$i&ient lo+i&al database possible s*ould be used. Stud, t*e sele&tion &riteria and 3*i&* se&ondar, inde1es are used $or t*at 4ie3. Pro4ide t*e appropriate sele&tion &riteria to limit t*e number o$ database reads. .or&e users to pro4ide sele&tion &riteria b, e4aluatin+ t*e sele&tion &riteria entered on t*e sele&tion s&reen durin+ AT S<#</TI%0; S/R<<0 e4ent. 8se Mat&*&odes $or sele&tion and report sortin+. Consi&erations( A&&ess to database in$ormation 4ia D<T pro4ides automati& se&urit, &*e&=in+ and &*e&=in+ on =e, $ields $rom t*e sele&tion s&reen. T*e S<#</T statement 3ill re>uire bot* o$ t*ese operations to be &oded. L*en +ettin+ in$ormation $rom a *ierar&*, database 4ia a lo+i&al database 4ie35 t*e order in 3*i&* ,ou &*e&= statements is important. Attempt to eliminate an, data 3*i&* is not re>uired at t*e earliest sta+e possible. An A-AP report &an 3or= 3it* onl, one lo+i&al database5 but e4er, lo+i&al database &an be s*ared b, se4eral reports. L*en usin+ a lo+i&al database5 t*e sele&tion s&reen o$ t*e report is &alled automati&all, b, t*e lo+i&al database pro+ram. L*en usin+ t*e S<#</T statements t*e sele&tion s&reen must be pro+rammed. <4en i$ a lo+i&al database 3ill not be atta&*ed to ,our A-AP Report5 transa&tion S<36 is use$ul to learn. ; espe&iall, t*e se&ondar, inde1 tables and relations*ips bet3een tables. #o+i&al 7atabase Pro+rams &annot be atta&*ed to .un&tion Modules. L*en usin+ #o+i&al 7atabases5 ,ou must ta=e into &onsideration t*e $ollo3in+(
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 7etermine i$ some o$ t*e sele&tion s&reen $ields &an be re>uired $ields. T*is 3ould $or&e t*e users to put in a 4alue into t*ese $ields limitin+ t*e number o$ ro3s retrie4ed 3it*in t*e lo+i&al database pro+ram. T*e sele&tion s&reen &an be d,nami&all, modi$ied b, t*e pro+ram usin+ t*e lo+i&al database and usin+ AT S<#</TI%0;S/R<<0 output e4ent. 8se t*e D<T dbtab O$ieldsPU option to retrie4e onl, t*e $ields needed b, ,our pro+ram. T*is option re>uires t*e initialiIation e4ent to populate all internal tables 3it* t*e table name and t*e $ield name. 8se *elp on D<T $or additional in$ormation. 4.0 Su.routines T*e t*ree subroutine alternati4es are( .%RM routines In&lude pro+rams /all $un&tions /allin+ A-AP subroutines &an &reate &on$li&ts bet3een t*e +oals o$ transparen&,5 maintainabilit, and per$orman&e. In ea&* indi4idual &ase5 &onsider t*e $ollo3in+( 2o3 o$ten is t*e $orm &alledW 2o3 mu&* time is re>uired b, t*e respe&ti4e module &allW T*e +uideline 4alues $or resour&e &onsumption( Su.routine Ty#e Internal P<R.%RM <1ternal P<R.%RM /A## .80/TI%0 /A## 7IA#%D :icrosecon&s 3 2);5) 2);1)) 1)5)));15)5)))

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.0.1

Forms .%RMS are subroutines t*at allo3 a pro+rammer to de$ine a pro&ess on&e in a pro+ram and &all t*at routine $rom di$$erent pla&es 3it*in t*e pro+ram or $rom ot*er pro+rams. A .%RM s*ould be used $or lar+e &odin+ blo&=s. /ommon se&tions o$ &ode a&&essed $rom se4eral points in an A-AP s*ould also be put into .%RMS. I$ a blo&= o$ &ode is e1e&uted more t*an on&e5 it s*ould be pla&ed in a subroutine at t*e bottom o$ t*e &ode. T*is ma=es t*e &ode more readable5 re>uires less indentation5 and is easier to debu+ sin&e t*e debu++er &an 6ump t*rou+* an entire subroutine 4ia a P. =e,. .or +ood modulariIation5 t*e de&ision o$ 3*et*er or not to P<R.%RM a subroutine s*ould be made be$ore t*e subroutine is &alled. <1ample( :ore E++icient %F +1 NE =. *ERFOR: su.1. END%F. FOR: su.1. KK. ENDFOR:. Less E++icient *ERFOR: su.1. FOR: su.1. %F +1 NE =. ED%T. END%F. ENDFOR:.. Consi&erations( 7onCt use P<R.%RMO$orm nameP?Opro+ram nameP@ unne&essaril,. %4erall runtime 3ill be in&reased be&ause t*e

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1

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

entire pro+ram &ontainin+ t*e a&tual per$orm must be loaded into memor,. .or mana+eabilit,5 subroutines s*ould be &reated 3it* t*e &on&ept o$ a 9bla&= bo1: in mind. T*e routine 3ill *a4e &ertain input and output parameters5 and =no3led+e o$ t*e parameters s*ould be su$$i&ient to use t*e routine. Subroutines s*ould not5 as a rule5 re$eren&e +lobal data. Alterations made to +lobal data 3it*in t*e bla&= bo1 produ&e less mana+eable &ode. /allin+ a subroutine 3it*out parameters re>uires minimal e1tra /P8 time. T*e more parameters passed5 t*e more /P8 time a subroutine &all re>uires. Passin+ b, re$eren&e re>uires less /P8 time t*an passin+ b, 4alue. T*e amount o$ /P8 time re>uired to pass a sin+le parameter b, 4alue is dependent on t*e siIe ?$ield len+t*@ o$ t*e parameter. .ormal parameters must be $ull, t,ped. 4.0.$ %nc)u&es An I0/#87< is a se&tion o$ &ode 3*i&* *as been separated due to pro+ram siIe or it is in &ommon use b, se4eral pro+rams. <$$e&ti4e use o$ in&ludes &an redu&e de4elopment and maintenan&e time. /onsideration( A pro+ram t*at uses in&lude in&orporates it at +eneration time5 so i$ t*e in&lude is altered all t*e pro+rams t*at use it must be re; +enerated. SAP *as to re+enerate i$ t*e last update date and t*e re+eneration date o$ t*e pro+ram are not t*e same. 4.0.' Function :o&u)es .or speed5 internal routines are t*e $astest. .un&tions s*ould be used $or +eneral routines so maintenan&e &an be per$ormed &olle&ti4el,. T*e routines are loaded into a bu$$er so t*eir $irst a&&ess is 4er, slo3. T*e most $re>uentl, a&&essed $un&tions are *eld se>uentiall, in memor,5 and as ne3 routines are used t*e least $re>uent routines are dropped.
1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
2

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

.or speed internal routines are >ui&=er t*an .un&tions. /reate $un&tion &alls dis&ernin+l,. Per$orm does not re>uire t*e AloadC o$ in&ludes5 et&. t*at &all $un&tions do. T*ere$ore5 &reate $un&tion &alls 3*en &ode is used b, multiple pro+rams5 ot*er3ise use per$orm. Consi&eration( A .un&tion module and t*e &allin+ pro+ram *a4e separate 3or= areas. T*e separated 3or= area means t*ere is no data inter$a&e bet3een t*e $un&tion module and t*e &allin+ pro+ram. T*e, are limited to t*e passin+ o$ import and e1port parameters. T*is impro4es abstra&tion and mana+eabilit, at t*e &ost o$ e$$i&ien&,. A /A## to a .un&tion Module &auses t*e loadin+ o$ t*e entire .un&tion Droup. T*ere$ore5 al3a,s limit t*e number o$ $un&tion modules 3it*in a +roup to less t*an $i4e. Error !an&)in" in Function :o&u)es I$ t*e <1&eptions are &ommented t*en t*e .un&tion module 3ill displa, t*e error i$ t*e messa+e &ommand is 3ritten in it ot*er3ise t*e displa, o$ t*e messa+e 3ill be t*e responsibilit, o$ t*e &allin+ pro+ram. It is re&ommended t*at t*e <1&eptions s*ould not be &ommented and rat*er t*e, s*ould be *andled in t*e &allin+ pro+ram b, &*e&=in+ t*e 4alue o$ s,;subr&. <1ample Ca)) +unction K. E5#ortin" KK %m#ortin" KK Ta.)es KK E5ce#tions KK i+ sy8su.rc NO =. messa"e i& sy8ms"i& ty#e sy8ms"ty num.er sy8ms"no
1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
3

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Lit! sy8ms"v1 sy8ms"v$ sy8ms"v' sy8ms"v0. en&i+. T*e s,stem 4ariables in t*e messa+e in t*e e1ample abo4e are populated in t*e $un&tion module. It &an *o3e4er 3it* substituted 3it* a pro+ram spe&i$i& messa+e. 4.0.0 Su.mit3 Ca))3 Leave To T*e &ommands S8-MIT and S8-MIT A07 R<T8R0 &an be used to start anot*er report and /A## and #<A'< T% &an be used to start anot*er transa&tion. T*ese &ommands &an be 4er, use$ul to build inte+rated $un&tions. Consi&erations( /ommands 3*i&* 9+o ba&=: a$ter e1e&ution use additional R%## area5 t*ere$ore5 to prote&t s,stem per$orman&eT &omplete one S8-MITU. A07 R<T8R0 prior to initiatin+ anot*er. #<A'< T% &annot be used in a transa&tion usin+ -7/ pro&essin+. 4.2 4.2.1 SPL ABA* O#en SPL T*e SAP pro+rammin+ lan+ua+e A-AP *as its o3n diale&t o$ SM#. T*is is a rudimentar, SM# lan+ua+e desi+ned $or database &ompatibilit, and independen&e. T*e desi+n p*ilosop*, 3as to redu&e SM# $un&tionalit, to su&* a le4el t*at &ode 3ritten usin+ A-AP %P<0 SM# 3as suitable $or e1e&ution a+ainst all o$ t*e ma6or databases used b, SAP5 t*us impro4in+ portabilit,. L*en usin+ t*e S<#</T statement5 stud, t*e =e, and al3a,s pro4ide as mu&* o$ t*e le$t;most part o$ t*e =e, as possible. I$ t*e entire =e, &an be >uali$ied5 &ode a S<#</T SI0D#< not 6ust a S<#</T

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
4

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 %rder t*e &olumns in t*e L2<R< &lause in t*e same order as t*e =e,. A4oid t*e use o$ #IK< 3it* a pattern in an A-AP %P<0 SM# statement 3*en a&&essin+ a lar+e table .It is less e$$i&ient and &an &ause s&annin+ o$ t*e table. .ields t*at are &ompared in S<#</T statements s*ould *a4e similar attributes. I$ t*e, donCt t*e s,stem 3ill *a4e to &on4ert t*e data e4er, time a &omparison is made. L*en t*e data $ields &anCt be mat&*ed 4ia table de$initions5 mo4e t*e data to a temporar, $ield in t*e pro+ram be$ore doin+ t*e &ompare ?i$ ,ou 3ill be usin+ t*e same $ield $or se4eral &omparisons@ .amiliariIe ,oursel$ 3it* t*e data bein+ pro&essed be$ore usin+ t*e S<#</T statement. Table t,pes +reatl, in$luen&e *o3 t*e A-AP pro+ram s*ould pro&ess t*e data. L*en usin+ A-AP %P<0 SM#5 t*e user is restri&ted to data pertainin+ to t*e &lient t*e, are &urrentl, lo++ed into unless t*e table is &lient independent or 9&lient;spe&i$ied: is used. L*en S<#</Tin+ data $rom a table5 loo= at t*e stru&ture o$ all o$ t*e a4ailable inde1es and tailor t*e L2<R< &lause to ta=e ad4anta+e o$ t*e most sele&ti4e inde1. As o$ Release 3.)5 spe&i$i& $ields &an be sele&ted instead o$ usin+ t*e S<#</T R statement. Spe&i$,in+ $ields in t*e S<#</T statement redu&es t*e amount o$ data to be retrie4ed $rom t*e database. T*ere$ore to impro4e per$orman&e sele&t onl, t*e $ields t*at are re>uired. 4.2.1.1 Data Se)ection +rom Trans#arent an& *oo) Ta.)es L*en sele&tin+ $rom a Transparent or Pool Table5 al3a,s >uali$, t*e S<#</T statement as $ull, as possible 3it* t*e L2<R< option. T*is in&ludes data $ields t*at ma, not be part o$ t*e =e,. T*is allo3s t*e database to e4aluate t*e re&ords and return onl, t*e re&ords mat&*in+ t*e sele&tion &riteria. <1ample(
1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
5

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

R :ore e++icient +or Trans#arent X *oo) ta.)es SELECT E FRO: ,,LT$ IHERE RLDNR H I9LD(R AND RRCTA H F=G AND RVERS H F==1G AND RAEAR H I9AR AND B1CRS H I9C:*NA AND RACCT H I9ACCT AND RCNTR H I9CNTR. KK. ENDSELECT Ii)) Lor>3 .ut re uires more memory X .u++ers SELECT E FRO: ,,LT$ IHERE RLDNR H I9LD(R AND RRCTA H F=G AND RVERS H F==1G AND RAEAR H I9AR. CHECC I9C:*NA. CHECC I9ACCT. CHECC I9CNTR. KKK ENDSELECT.

4.2.1.$

Data Se)ection +rom C)uster Ta.)es L*en 3or=in+ 3it* /luster tables5 onl, >uali$, t*e S<#</T statements 3it* $ields t*at are part o$ t*e =e,. I$ t*e table is a &luster table5 use t*e /2</K &ommand to eliminate re&ords a$ter t*e sele&tion *as been narro3ed 4ia t*e L2<R< &lause $or =e, $ields. /luster tables &annot be pro&essed b, t*e database dire&tl,5 &ompared to transparent tables. In most &ases $or&in+ t*e database to unpa&= and &*e&= $ields ?as 3it* S<#</T statements &ontainin+ non;=e, $ields in L2<R< &lauses@ is less e$$i&ient t*en >uali$,in+ onl, 3it* =e, $ields and lettin+ A-AP &*e&= non;=e, $ields a$ter t*e data is returned.

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6

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

<1ample( .or &luster table -S<D 3it* =e,s MA07T5 -8KRS5 -<#0R5 D"A2R5 and -8B<I( R 1se t!e C!ec> statement to eva)uate non >ey +ie)&s L!en se)ectin" +rom C)uster ta.)es SELECT E FRO: BSE( IHERE B1CRS H BS%C8B1CRS AND REB,( H BS%C8BELNR. CHECC BS%C8L%FNR H BSE(8L%FNR. CHECC BSE(8SHC,( H FSG. CHECC BSE(8COART H FCG. KK.. ENDSELECT. RLor=s more e$$i&ientl, $or &luster tables5 espe&iall, in multiple appli&ation ser4er en4ironments. E Iit! C)uster ta.)es &onGt s#eci+y non8>ey +ie)&s in t!e IHERE c)ause SELECT E FRO: BSE( IHERE BELNR H BS%C8BELNR AND B1CRS H BS%C8B1CRS AND L%FNR H BS%C8L%FNR AND SHC,( H FSG AND COART H FCG. KK.. ENDSELECT. RLill 3or=5 but re>uires a lot o$ a4ailable memor,5 bu$$er spa&e and database time to unpa&= non;=e,ed data $or 4eri$i&ation/in&lusion. T*is 3or= ta=es pla&e at t*e database le4el and &an be &ostl,. /an o4erload sin+le 7- ser4ers and slo3 per$orman&e $or all user.

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
F

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.2.1.'

SELECT A""re"ates L*en ,ou need to $ind t*e ma1imum5 minimum5 sum5 and a4era+e 4alue or t*e &ount o$ a database &olumn5 use a sele&t list 3it* a++re+ate $un&tions instead o$ &omputin+ t*e a++re+ates ,oursel$. T*e net3or= load is &onsiderabl, less. <1ample( Se)ect usin" an a""re"ate +unction SELECT :AD-:S(NR/ FRO: T1== %NTO C0A IHERE S*RSL H FDG AND ARB(B H F==G. RMore <$$i&ient Se)ectK. I!ere S C!ec> C0A H F===G. SELECT E FRO: T1== IHERE S*RSL H FDG. CHECC T1==8:S(NR O C0A. C0A H T1==8:S(NR. ENDSELECT. RLill 3or=5 but not %ptimall,

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.2.1.0

SELECT Lit! B1FFER su##ort. I$ bu$$erin+ is allo3ed $or a table in t*e A-AP 7i&tionar,5 t*e S<#</T statement al3a,s reads t*e data $rom t*e bu$$er in t*e database inter$a&e o$ t*e &urrent appli&ation ser4er. 2o3e4er5 as a rule5 onl, data t*at does not &*an+e $re>uentl, s*ould be bu$$ered5 and usin+ t*e bu$$er 3*ere appropriate impro4es per$orman&e. T*is option s*ould be used 3*ere reall, ne&essar,. Sele&tin+ $rom bu$$ered tables is intended $or tables t*at are $re>uentl, used and read;onl,. Addin+ t*e -NPASSI0D -8..<R parameter to t*e S<#</T statement is less e$$i&ient. <1ample( Se)ect Lit!out .u++er su##ort SELECT E FRO: T1== BA*ASS%N( B1FFER IHERE S*RSL H FDG AND ARB(B H F==G AND :S(NR H F@@@G. R453!5 mi&rose& Se)ect Lit! .u++er su##ort SELECT E FRO: T1== IHERE S*RSL H FDG AND ARB(B H F==G AND :S(NR H F@@@G. R242 mi&rose&

4.2.1.2

(rou# Leve) Data Access In +eneral5 e1ternal table I/% ?table reads5 inserts5 updates@ are mu&* more e$$i&ient 3*en done at a +roup le4el. Droup;le4el table a&&esses are less e1pensi4e in terms o$ dis= I/% and /P8 &,&les5 and t*e, are usuall, &leaner and easier to read. <1ample 1( Se)ect into Ta.)e REFRESH %9T==4. SELECT E FRO: T==4 %NTO TABLE %9T==4. R.aster

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
!

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Se)ect an& t!e a##en& statement REFRESH %9T==4. SELECT E FRO: T==4 %NTO %9T==4. A**END %9T==4. ENDSELECT. RLill 3or=5 but i$ possible5 use I0T% TA-#< <1ample 2( T*e +roup update 3ill $ind all mat&*in+ ro3s in t*e e1ternal table and update t*em 3it* t*e ro3s in t*e internal table. (rou# 1#&ate usin" Ta.)e 1*DATE TAD%R 1S%N( TABLE %9OBMECTS. R More <$$i&ient Non8"rou# u#&ate LOO* AT %9OBMECTS. SELECT E FRO: TAD%R IHERE *(:%D H %9OBMECTS8*(:%D AND OBMECT H %9OBMECTS8OBMECT AND OMB9NA:E H %9OBMECTS8 OBM9NA:E. TAD%R H %NT9OBMECTS. 1*DATE TAD%R. ENDSELECT. ENDLOO*. R #ess <$$i&ient

4.2.1.4

Co)umn 1#&ate L*en possible5 use &olumn updates instead o$ sin+le;ro3 updates to update database tables <1ample( Co)umn u#&ate 1*DATE VER%9CLNT SET F1NCT%NT H F1NCT%NT S 1 R More <$$i&ient

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
!)

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Sin")e )ine u#&ate SELECT E FRO: VER%9CLNT. VER%9CLNT8F1NCT%NT H VER%9CLNT8 F1NCT%NT S 1. 1*DATE VER%9CLNT. ENDSELECT. R Lill 3or=5 but #ess <$$i&ient

4.2.1.;

Fi))in" %nterna) Ta.)es It is al3a,s $aster to use t*e I0T% TA-#< 4ersion o$ a S<#</T statement t*an to use APP<07 statements <1ample 1( Se)ect %nto Ta.)e SELECT E FRO: T==4 %NTO TABLE %9T==4. R More <$$i&ient Se)ect S A##en& Statement REFRESH D==4. SELECT E FRO: T==4 %NTO %9T==4. A**END %9T==4. ENDSELECT. R More <$$i&ient As a +eneral rule5 use database 4ie3s or t*e I0T% TA-#< 4ersion o$ a S<#</T statement 3it* t*e addition .%R A## <0TRI<S I0 TA-#< ITA- rat*er t*an usin+ nested S<#</T statements. T*e latter ?$or all entries@ is less e$$i&ient t*an usin+ database 4ie3s but is more e$$i&ient t*an nested sele&ts. L*en usin+ A.or All <ntries in Table ITA-C5 it must be ensured t*at ITA- is not initial.

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
!1

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.2.1.<

1* TO nn ROIS T*e A-AP 98P T% nn: &onstru&t &auses as man, .<T/2s to be e1e&uted until su$$i&ient ro3s *a4e been returned to satis$, t*e nn re>uirement. L*en &odin+ a &onstru&t o$ t*is t,pe5 use SM# Tra&e to e1amine t*e output to see *o3 man, re&ords &an be retrie4ed 3it* a sin+le .<T/2 and ad6ust ,our Initial SiIe and 8P T% 4alues appropriatel,. L*en e1aminin+ t*e tra&e s&reen5 loo= $or t*e 9.<T/2 11 Arra,( nnn: statement. T*is +i4es t*e optimum 4alue $or t*e siIe o$ t*e 8P T% and Initial SiIe in t*e pro+ram

4.2.1.@ 4.2.1.@.1

ABA* O#en SPL En!ancements Q SA* Re)ease 0.5 %nner Moin Inner "oin E Pro4ides t*e &apabilit, to produ&e a set o$ results $rom multiple tables 4ia one S<#</T statement. S<#</T .1[/ARRI7 .1[/%00I7 .1[.#7AT< .2[/8ST%MI7 I0T% ?S.#ID2T;/ARRI75 S.#ID2T;/%00I75 S.#ID2T; .#7AT<5 S-%%K;/8ST%MI7@ .R%M S.#ID2T AS .1 I00<R "%I0 S-%%K AS .2 %0 .1[/ARRI7 S .2[/ARRI7 A07 .1[/%00I7 S .2[/%00I7 A07 .1[.#7AT< S .2[.#7AT<. T*e I00<R "%I0 pro4ides t*e &apabilit, to produ&e a set o$ results $rom multiple tables 4ia one S<#</T statement ?as opposed to nested sele&ts@. 'ie3s &reated in t*e data di&tionar, &an be &onsidered as inner 6oins. Sin&e 4ie3s are bu$$ered5 t*ere 3ill be instan&es 3*en a 4ie3 3ill be used o4er an inner 6oin dependin+ on t*e tables. .urt*er in4esti+ation per situation s*ould be done usin+ t*e Runtime Anal,sis Tool in S<3). I$ $ield names are used in t*e $ield list t*at o&&ur in bot* tables o$ t*e inner 6oin5 t*e, must be made uni>ue b, eit*er pre$i1in+ t*em 3it* an alias name and a tilde %R t*e table name and a tilde. %4erall5 t*e result o$ an inner 6oin is t*e same5 re+ardless o$ 3*et*er t*e &ondition is e1pressed in t*e %0 or L2<R< &lause.

1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
!2

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

8sin+ a 6oin *as t*e added ad4anta+e t*at onl, one statement is e1e&uted in t*e database. 2o3e4er5 it *as t*e disad4anta+e t*at redundant data $rom t*e outer table appears in t*e result i$ t*ere is a 1(0 relations*ip bet3een t*e outer and inner tables. .or t*is reason5 3*en a 6oin is used5 onl, ne&essar, $ields s*ould be spe&i$ied. #i=e3ise5 t*e per$orman&e o$ a 6oin depends *ea4il, on t*e per$orman&e o$ t*e database optimiIer t*at is used5 espe&iall, i$ t*ere are more t*an 2 tables in t*e 6oin. 4.2.1.@.$ Le+t Outer Moin Outer Moin E Similar to an Inner "oin5 e1&ept t*e result o$ a #<.T %8T<R "%I0 depends on 3*et*er t*e &ondition is spe&i$ied in t*e %0 or t*e L2<R< &lause. S<#</T .1[/ARRI7 .1[/%00I7 .1[.#7AT< .2[/8ST%MI7 I0T% ?S.#ID2T;/ARRI75 S.#ID2T;/%00I75 S.#ID2T; .#7AT<5 S-%%K;/8ST%MI7@ .R%M S.#ID2T AS .1 #<.T %8T<R "%I0 S-%%K AS .2 %0 .1[/ARRI7 S .2[/ARRI7 A07 .1[/%00I7 S .2[/%00I7 A07 .1[.#7AT< S .2[.#7AT< %R7<R -N .1[/ARRI7 .1[/%00I7 .1[.#7AT<. 8nli=e an I00<R "%I05 t*e result o$ a #<.T %8T<R "%I0 depends on 3*et*er t*e &ondition is spe&i$ied in t*e %0 or t*e L2<R< &lause. Lit*out a L2<R< &lause t*e resultin+ table 3ill al3a,s &ontain all t*e lines o$ t*e le$t table5 3*ereas 3it* a L2<R< &lause5 re&ords $rom t*e le$t table &an be ta=en out. Table entries appear in t*e 6oin result e4en i$ t*ere is no &orrespondin+ re&ord in t*e ri+*t;*and table. T*is is t*e e>ui4alent o$ t*e nested S<#</T statement in t*e result set. T*ere are restri&tions on t*e #<.T %8T<R "%I0. .or e1ample5 t*e onl, lo+i&al e1pressions allo3ed 3it* t*e %0 &lause are ASA J A07. Also5 t*e %0 &lause must &ontain $ields $rom t*e ri+*t; *and table and t*e %0 &lause must &ontain at least one $ield &omparison o$ t*e $orm tab1[$ield1 S tab2[$ield1. In addition5 t*e L2<R< &lause &an onl, &ontain $ields $rom t*e le$t;*and table.
1!42!6653.do& Pa+e
!3

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.2.1.1=

Catc! J En&catc! Catc!JEn&catc! ; T*e /AT/2 and <07/AT/2 statements allo3 $or t*e implementation o$ +lobal e1&eption *andlin+. /AT/2 SNST<M;<X/<PTI%0S /%0'TG0%G08M-<R S 1 -/7GB<R%7I'I7< S 2 %T2<RS S 3. <07/AT/2. /AS< SN;S8-R/. L2<0 1. LRIT<( / Q0umeri& &on4ersion error.Q. L2<0 2. LRIT<( / Q7i4ide b, Iero error.Q. L2<0 3. LRIT<( / Q8n=no3n run time error *as o&&urred.Q. <07/AS<. T*e /AT/2 and <07/AT/2 statements allo3 $or t*e implementation o$ +lobal e1&eption *andlin+. T*e, $orm a pro&essin+ blo&= to allo3 t*e trappin+ o$ A-AP runtime errors ?and errors $rom $un&tion modules and met*ods 3it* 4.)/@. T*e /AT/2U<07/AT/2 statements &an be nested to an, dept*. I$ t*e rele4ant runtime error o&&urs in t*e /AT/2 pro&essin+ blo&=5 t*e s,stem 6umps $rom t*e A-AP statement 3*ere t*e error o&&urred dire&tl, to t*e <07/AT/2 statement re+ardless *o3 man, &ontrol stru&ture le4els e1ist ?e.+.5 I.5 7%5 S<#</T5 /AT/2U@. In addition5 t*e return 4alue Or&nP assi+ned to t*e s,stem e1&eption Oe1&ptnP is pla&ed in t*e s,stem $ield SN; S8-R/. I$ t*ere is more t*an one e1pression Oe1&eptnP S Or&nP5 t*e Or&nP t*e $irst e1pression is returned. T*is is parti&ularl, important i$ t3o di$$erent <RR%R &lasses &ontain t*e same runtime error.

4.2.$

Native SPL T*e use o$ nati4e SM# pro4ides t*e pro+rammer 3it* +reater $le1ibilit, but in&reases t*e responsibilit, to produ&e e$$i&ient &ode. In addition5 nati4e SM# &an impro4e per$orman&e but in&reases responsibilit,. Personnel need to be multis=illed as maintenan&e be&omes more di$$i&ult.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Consi&erations( T*e bu$$erin+ o$ tables 3ill not be bene$i&ial i$ 0ati4e SM# is used. 8nli=e A-AP %P<0 SM#5 t*e pro+rammer needs to be &on&erned 3it* t*e MA07T $ield. In A-AP %P<0 SM#5 L2<R< MA07T S is added to t*e S<#</T statementT 3it* nati4e SM#5 t*e pro+rammer needs to &ode L2<R< MA07T S (SN;MA07T. T*e use o$ nati4e SM# $or I0S<RT5 8P7AT<5 and 7<#<T< operations is not re&ommended $or standard SAP tables. As nati4e SM# dire&tl, a&&esses t*e underl,in+ database and b,passes t*e bu$$er $or SAP bu$$ered tables5 nati4e SM# s*ould onl, be used $or read;onl, tables. Lit* t*e use o$ SM#5 t*ere is a potential loss o$ portabilit,. 4.4 4.4.1 Strin" :ani#u)ation CONCATENATE 8se t*e /%0/AT<0AT< statement instead o$ pro+rammin+ a strin+ &on&atenation. <1ample( 1se o+ t!e CONCATENATE statement

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

:OVE FManeG TO I9:A. :OVE F:i))erG TO I9:B. :OVE FNeL Aor> CityG TO L9:C. CONCATENATE F:rs.G L9:A L9:B F+romG L9:C %NTO CHA SE*ARATED BA S*ACE. B:rs. Mane :i))er +rom NeL Aor> CityV is t!e +ina) va)ue o+ CHA R More <$$i&ient :ovin" Lit! O++set :OVE FManeG TO L9:A. :OVE F:i))erG TO L9:C. %1 H STRLEN- L9:A /. %$ H STRLEN- L9:B / :OVE F:rs.G TO I9CHA. :OVE L9:A TO CHAS2. %1 H %1 S 4. :OVE L9:B TO CHAS11. 1 H %1 S 1$ S 1. :OVE F+rom FTO CHAS%1.%1 H %1 S 2. :OVE L9:C TO CHAS11. B:rs. Mane :i))er +rom NeL Aor> CityV is t!e +ina) va)ue o+ CHA R #ess <$$i&ient Some strin+ manipulation $un&tions *a4e be&ome obsolete in Release 3.) and &an be repla&ed b, an A-AP statement or $un&tions( STR%N(9CONCATENATE CONCATENATE STR%N(9S*L%T S*L%T STR%N(9LEN(TH STRLEN-/ STR%N(9CENTERED IR%TE K TO K CENTERED STR%N(9:OVE9R%(HT IR%TE K TO K R%(HT8M1ST%F%ED <1ample(
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

1se o+ t!e CONCATENATE Statement CONCATENATE T1==8ARB(B T1==8:S(NR T1==8TEDT %NTO L9CLA. R Standard in Release 3.) 1se o+ a CONCATENATE +unction mo&u)e CALL F1NCT%ON FSTR%N(9CONCATENATE9'G ED*ORT%N( STR%N(1 H T1==8ARB(B STR%N($ H T1==8:S(NR STR%N(' H T1==8TEDT %:*ORT%N( STR%N( H L9CLA EDCE*T%ONS TOO9S:ALL H =1. R %bsolete in Release 3.) 4.4.$ Removin" Lea&in" S#aces I$ leadin+ spa&es in a strin+ are to be deleted5 use t*e A-AP statement SH%FT K LEFT DELET%N( LEAD%N(

A4oid usin+ S2I.T inside a L2I#< loop. <1ample( 1sin" SH%FT K LEFT DELET%N( LEAD%N( B I9CLA contains t!e stin" BF E&itor )ine nG. SH%FT I9CLA LEFT DELET%N( LEAD%N( S*ACE. R More <$$i&ient S!i+tin" .y SA8FD*OS #)aces

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

B I9CLA contains t!e stin" BF E&itor )ine nG. %F I9CLA CN S*ACE. END%F. SH%FT I9CLA BA SA8FD*OS *LACES LEFT. R #ess <$$i&ient

4.4.'

S*L%T 8se t*e SP#IT statement instead o$ pro+rammin+ a strin+ split. <1ample( 1se o+ t!e S*L%T statement E I9C:A contains W-01=/8021;0844'20'1$W an& s!a)) .e s#)it into E I9AREA9CD3 I9TEL9NBR13 TEL9NBR$ S*L%T I9C:A AT W8W %NTO I9AREA9CODE I9TEL9NBR1 I9TEL9NBR$. R More <$$i&ient 1se o+ SEARCH an& :OVE Lit! o++set EI9C:A contains W-01=/8021;0844'20'1$W an& s!a)) .e s#)it into EAREA9CD3 TEL9NBR13 TEL9NBR$. SEARCH I9C:A FOR W8W. :OVE I9C:A-SA8FD*OS/ TO I9AREA9CD. %1 H SA8FD*OS S $. SEARCH I9C:A FOR W8W START%N( AT %1. %1 H %1 8 1. :OVE I9C:AS%1-SA8FD*OS/ TO TEL9NBR1. %1 H %1 S SA8FD*OS S 1. :OVE I9C:AS%1 TO TEL9NBR$. R #ess <$$i&ient

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.4.0

STRLEN T*e A-AP $un&tion STR#<0 returns t*e len+t* o$ a strin+ up to t*e last &*ara&ter t*at is not a spa&e. <1ample E Dis#)ay t!e )en"t! o+ t!e varia.)es L9Lor&13 L9Lor&$ an& L9Lor&' DATA7 I9%NT TA*E %3 I9IORD1-$=/ VAL1E WABCDEW. I9IORD$-$=/. I9IORD'-$=/ VAL1E W 0 W. I9%NT H STRLEN- I9IORD1 /. IR%TE I9%NT. I9%NT H STRLEN- I9IORD$ /. IR%TE J I9%NT. I9%NT H STRLEN- I9IORD' /. IR%TE J I9%NT. T!e resu)ts are 2 3 =3 an& 1 res#ective)y.

4.;

F%ELD8SA:BOLS 8se t*e ASSID0 and .I<#7;SNM-%#S statements to pro4ide t*e po3er$ul $un&tionalit, o$ !ointers. .I<#7;SNM-%#S are pla&e *olders $or $ields. A .I<#7;SNM-%# does not o&&up, memor,5 but !oints to a position t*at *as been ASSID0ed to t*e .I<#7;SNM-%# at runtime. A$ter t*e .I<#7;SNM-%# *as been ASSID0ed to an ob6e&t5 it &an be 3or=ed 3it* t*e same 3a, as t*e ob6e&t itsel$. <1ample( A data strin+ &ontains t3o t,pes o$ $ields. .ield 1 &ontains t*e len+t* o$ .ield 2T .ield 3 &ontains t*e len+t* o$ .ield 4. T*is o&&urs until t*e len+t* $ield &ontains ) or t*e total len+t* is o4er 3))). *ARA:ETERS7 *9FL9%N-;=/.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

DATA7 %N*T9RCRD-'===/3 *OS%T%ON TA*E %3 LEN(TH TA*E N. SA:BOLS NENTRAO.

F%ELD8

DO. READ DATASET *9FL9%N %NTO %N*T9RCRD. %F SA8S1BRC NE =. ED%T. END%F. LEN(TH H %N*T9RCRDS*OS%T%ON-'/. %F LEN(TH H =. ED%T. END%F. ADD ' TO *OS%T%ON. ASS%(N %N*T9RCRDS*OS%T%ON-LEN(TH/ TO NENTRAO. IR%TE NENTRAO. %F *OS%T%ON OH '===. ED%T. END%F. ENDDO. Consi&erations( As .I<#7;SNM-%# re$eren&es are onl, establis*ed at runtime5 t*e s,nta1 does not al3a,s dete&t errors su&* as t,pe &on$li&ts. T*is &ould &ause runtime errors or in&orre&t data assi+nments. As o$ Release 3.)5 to a4oid t*e possibilit, o$ a t,pe &on$li&t5 ,ou &an de&lare .I<#7;SNM-%#S 3it* a TNP<.

4.<

(enera) Statements #o+i&al e1pressions are e4aluated $rom le$t to ri+*t. T*e e4aluation is ended 3*en t*e $inal result *as been establis*ed ?elimination or &omplete in&lusion@. T*ere$ore5 3*en usin+ A07 or %R operator ?in I.5 L2<R<5 et&.@5 t*e most li=el,

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

elimination &riterion s*ould be spe&i$ied $irst. T*e opposite 3ill be true $or ne+ati4e &omparisons and some %R &onditions. <1ample( T*e $ollo3in+ table is to be read 3it* printin+ o$ emplo,ees $rom A-/ &ompan, in Deor+ia( E:*LOAE E ))1 ))2 ))3 ))4 ))5 ))6 ))F )) ))! )1) NA:E 7oe5 " 7oe5 M "ones5 A. "ones5 -. "ones5 /. "ones5 7. "ones5 <. Smit*5 A. Smit*5 -. Smit*5 /. CO:*AN A A-/ A-/ XNB A-/ A-/ XNB A-/ A-/ A-/ A-/ STATE TX %K TX DA TX DA TX DA TX %K

Less E++icient %F CO:*ANA H FABCG AND STATE H F(AG. IR%TE K END%F. Lill 3or=5 but 3ill need to e4aluate bot* t*e &ompan, and state $ields $or ei+*t o$ ten re&ords. :ore E++icient %F STATE H F(AG AND CO:*ANA H FABCG. IR%TE K END%F. Lill need more time to pro&ess5 sin&e it &an eliminate all re&ords 3it*out STAT< S ADAC and t*ere$ore 3ill need to e4aluate bot* &ompan, and state $or onl, 3 re&ords.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

 8se spe&ial operators /% ?/ontains %nl,@5 /A ?/ontains An,@5 /S ?/ontains Strin+@ instead o$ pro+rammin+ t*e operations ,oursel$. I$ A-AP statements are e1e&uted per &*ara&ter on lon+ strin+s5 /P8 &onsumption &an rise substantiall,. <1ample( Do8Loo# Lit! Fie)&8Sym.o)s ASS%(N CHA-1/ TO NCO. DO $== T%:ES. %F NCO H F-F OR NCO H F/G. BK.. any actions ED%T. END%F. ASS%(N NCOS1 TO NCO. ENDDO. 1263 mi&rose& 1sin" t!e CA O#erator %F CHA-$==/ CA F-/G. BK any actions. END%F. 443 mi&rose& L*en testin+ $ields 9e>ual to: somet*in+5 use eit*er t*e nested I. or t*e /AS< statement. /AS< is better $or t3o reasons. It is easier to read and a$ter about $i4e nested I.s t*e per$orman&e o$ t*e /AS< is more e$$i&ient. L*en re&ords a and b *a4e t*e e1a&t same stru&ture5 it is more e$$i&ient to M%'< a to b t*an to M%'<; /%RR<SP%07I0D a to b5 i$ re&ords a and b *a4e t*e e1a&t same stru&ture. <1ample( :ore E++icient :OVE BSE( TO EBSE( Less E++icient :OVE8CORRES*OND%N( BSE( TO EBSE(
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

4.@

SA* Re)ease 0.=D O.6ect Oriente& *ro"rammin" E5am#)e7 R<P%RT .li+*tdemo. TNP<S( tpassen+er?2)@. /#ASS &G$li+*t 7<.I0ITI%0. P8-#I/ S</TI%0. 7ATA( &arrid li=e sp$li;&arrid5 &onnid li=e sp$li;&onnid5 $ldate li=e sp$li;$ldate. M<T2%7S( boo= IMP%RTI0D passen+er TNP< tpassen+er. PRI'AT< S</TI%0. 7ATA( passen+erlist t,pe tpassen+er o&&urs 1). <07/#ASS.s /#ASS &G$li+*t IMP#<M<0TATI%0. M<T2%7 boo=. APP<07 passen+er to passen+erlist. <07M<T2%7. <07/#ASS. START;%.;S<#</TI%0. 7ATA( $li+*t TNP< R<. to &G$li+*t. /R<AT< %-"</T $li+*t. .li+*t;P&arrid S A#2C. .li+*t;P&onnid S A)56FC. .li+*t;P$ldate S A1!!F)!) C. /A## M<T2%7 $li+*t;Pboo= <XP%RTI0D passen+er S APeter MillerC. %b6e&t %rientated Pro+rammin+ ?%%P@ re;de$ines modulariIation and &an produ&e so$t3are more tolerant o$ &*an+e. C)asses E 7e$ine %b6e&ts Sections

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Publi& E &omponents are 4isible outside t*e &lass Prote&ted E &omponents are 4isible to sub&lasses o$ t*at &lass Pri4ate E &omponents are onl, 4isible 3it*in t*e &lass itsel$. Attri.utes an& :et!o&s E Assi+ned to a se&tion Attri.utes E de$ine t*e internal state o$ an ob6e&t5 de$ined usin+ a 7ATA statement. Store an ob6e&ts properties Re$eren&e ot*er ob6e&ts 'irtual5 &ontrolled b, set/+et met*ods and Read %nl, :et!o&s E %perations t*at are applied to ob6e&ts. Inter$a&e is similar to $un&tion modules. Import and e1port parameters Pass a return 4alue and &an raise e1&eptions. O.6ects E Instan&es o$ /lasses %b6e&ts belon+ to &lasses and *a4e t*e same attributes and respond to t*e same met*ods as ot*er ob6e&ts in t*at &lass. %b6e&ts *a4e( State5 as des&ribed b, its attributes5 be*a4ior5 des&ribed b, its met*ods5 and an identit,. %b6e&ts ma, intera&t( b, a&&essin+ publi& attributes5 b, &allin+ met*ods5 or b, raisin+ and *andlin+ e4ents.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

;.

Hints an& Ti#s Nou &an use t*e E&it and *attern Statement to set up statements5 $or e1ample LRIT< or /AS<. Nou 3ill +et t*e s*ell o$ ,our statement alread, set up and ,ou 6ust *a4e to enter ,our 4ariables. I$ problems o&&ur 3it* data in ,our internal tables5 &*e&= t*at t*e $ields are de&lared in t*e data de&laration se&tion in t*e same order t*at t*e, o&&ur in t*e ori+inal table. Also5 &*e&= to see t*at 3*en ,ou are +rabbin+ t*e 4alues $or t*e internal table t*at t*e $ields are in t*e same order as in t*e de&lared table statement. 8se t*e Prett, Printer to line up ,our &ode so t*at statements su&* as i$;endi$ are eas, to read. Sele&t Prett, Printer 3it* t*e settin+s indent and &on4ert to #o3er&ase. /op, and paste 3or=in+ &ode $rom ot*er reports as mu&* as possible to sa4e time and a4oid errors. Put all 3ords and names t*at appear on ,our reports into te1t elements so t*at t*e, &an be maintained easil,. L*en inputtin+ %SS notes5 i$ ,ou *a4e to input lar+e se&tions o$ &ode5 &op, t*e %SS note to .t1t $ormat and t*en usin+ t*e Too)s and 1#)oa& $un&tionalit,5 upload t*e &ode dire&tl, into ,our pro+ram t*ere$ore redu&in+ t*e &*an&e o$ an, spellin+ errors or mista=es. -e$ore a pie&e o$ &ode +oes li4e5 it is al3a,s a +ood idea to as= anot*er pro+rammer to do a &ode re4ie3 $or ,ou. T*e, &an eit*er loo= at t*e pro+ram in t*eir o3n time or ,ou &an +o t*rou+* t*e pro+ram 3it* t*em. T*e &*e&=er ma,be able to see an, problems or possible per$orman&e en*an&ements o$ ,our &ode and ma, be able to o$$er ad4i&e. 7o not de&lare t*e initial siIe o$ an internal table. #ea4e t*is as ) o$ 3*i&* t*e s,stem 3ill d,nami&all, allo&ate memor, to *o3e4er man, are re>uired. It is more e$$i&ient t*an

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

de&larin+ o&&urren&e o$ 1))) and t*e s,stem allo&ates memor, $or 1))) but ,ou onl, use a $e3. L*en de&larin+ a $ield5 tr, to use t*e #IK< statement to +i4e ,our 4ariable t*e same &*ara&teristi&s o$ an alread, de$ined 4ariable. Al3a,s &*e&= A-AP statements return 4alue SN;S8-R/5 3*et*er an operation 3as su&&ess$ul. /an be used in AR<A7C5 AI0S<RTC5 AM%7I.NC5 A7<#<T<C5 AS<#</TC5 A/A## .80/TI%0C et&. .or more details re$er to t*e A-AP &ode re4ie3 &*e&=list 3*i&* is +i4en in t*e Appendi1 belo3. 8se APer$ormC instead o$ a ne3 print pro+ram $or la,out 6obs. Remo4e redundant &ode $rom t*e pro+ram in t*e $inal deli4er,. L*en S<#</Tin+ data $rom te1t table ensure t*at t*e lan+ua+e is in&luded in t*e 3*ere &lause usin+ SN;#A0D8.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

A##en&i5 1J Conversion *rocess T*e purpose o$ t*is Appendi1 is to pro4ide &lear +uidelines $or buildin+ /on4ersion Pro+rams and /on4ersion Reportin+. 1. Bui)&in" Conversion *ro"rams SAP pro4ides a number o$ Standard 8pload /on4ersion pro+rams. I$ no Standard /on4ersion pro+ram e1ists a /ustom A-AP pro+ram 3ill be built. L*ere a Standard /on4ersion pro+ram does e1ist5 t*e pro+ram re>uires t*e input data in a spe&i$ied stru&ture/$ormat. /onse>uentl,5 a &ustom A-AP pro+ram must be built to manipulate and map t*e data. T*ere$ore t*e standard pro&ess 3ill be t*e de4elopment o$ a /ustom A-AP pro+ram to produ&e a $ile t*at meets t*e SAP Standard 8pload pro+ramCs re>uirements. T*e ne3 $ile 3ill be passed into t*e Standard A-AP. A list o$ standard SAP pro+rams $or data upload is pro4ided later. 1.1 Fi)e 1#)oa& In inter$a&e pro+rams5 3*en ,ou upload t*e data $rom $ile to internal table t*en all t*e $ields s*ould be &*ara&ter t,pe onl, ot*er3ise it ma, &ause a s*ort dump. %n&e t*e data is t*ere in t*e &*ara&ter $ields it is t*en 4alidated $or &ontainin+ 4alues as per its re>uired $ield t,pe. In&orre&t re&ords are re6e&ted as errors and &orre&t re&ords are passed a*ead $or $urt*er pro&essin+. T*is pre4ents an, s*ort dumps. Also5 translate to upper &ase all &*ara&ter $ields ?e1&lude des&ripti4e te1t $ields@ o$ inbound $iles $irst5 and t*en use t*em in 4alidations a+ainst SAP tables. 1.$ Fi)e Trans+er

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

L*en a trans$er o$ t*e $ile $rom 3or=station to appli&ation ser4er is re>uired t*en trans$er mode s*ould al3a,s be AS/II onl,. L*en t*e $ile is opened $or readin+ t*e data $rom appli&ation ser4er t*en use 9in te1t mode:. <+. open dataset pGi$ile $or input in te1t mode. L*ere pGi$ile is $ile name 3it* pat*.

I0 T<XT M%7< <$$e&t( I$ t*is addition is used5 t*e &ontents o$ t*e $ile are stru&tured in lines. <a&* time t*e R<A7 7ATAS<T or TRA0S.<R statement are used5 t*e s,stem reads or 3rites a sin+le line. I0 -I0ARN M%7< <$$e&t( T*e &ontents o$ t*e $ile are not stru&tured in lines in t*e R<A7 7ATAS<T or TRA0S.<R operations. Instead5 t*e, are input or output as a stream. T*ere is no need to spe&i$, t*e I0 -I0ARN M%7< addition e1pli&itl,. Note %nl, one o$ t*e additions I0 T<XT M%7< and I0 -I0ARN M%7< &an be used in a sin+le statement. :o&e o+ u#)oa& :o&e o+ o#enin" Resu)t t!e &ata t!e +i)e -inar, -inar, mode A\C appears as &*ara&ter in re&ord -inar, Te1t mode A\C appears as &*ara&ter in re&ord AS/II -inar, mode A\C appears as &*ara&ter in re&ord AS/II Te1t mode Lit*out A\C.
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a last ea&* a last ea&* a last ea&*

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

1.'

Te5t +i)e +or .CSV Fi)e L*ile uploadin+ t*e $ile ?R./S'5 /omma separated $ile@ in inter$a&e 6ob5 i$ &ontents o$ an, o$ t*e te1t $ield in t*e input $ile &ontains &omma :5: it must be separatel, ta=en &are o$ ?automati&all, ta=en &are in MS <1&el@ and t*e te1t s*ould *a4e identi$ier 9 9 to si+ni$, t*e start and end o$ te1t $ield data. <+. ( Plant5 S&*edule /ode5 S&*edule 7es&ription5 7ate 7ata Re&ord no. 1 ( P1))57#N1))57ail, S&*edule5)1)12))1 7ata Re&ord no. 2 ( P1))57#N2))5:Monda,5 Tuesda,5S&*edule:5)1)12))1 7ata Re&ord no. 3 ( P1))57#N2))5Monda,5 Tuesda,5S&*edule5)1)12))1 0ote( Recor& no. $ in t*e $ield s&*edule des&ription &ontains A 9 A as an identi$ier5 >uotes si+ni$, t*e start and end o$ t*e s&*edule des&ription and &omma inside t*e >uotes is data itsel$ and not a $ield separator. 0ote( Recor& no. ' doesnCt &ontain >uotes $or s&*edule des&ription. As a result s,stem 3ill &onsider 9Monda,: as Sc!e&u)e Descri#tion and 9Tuesda, 9 as Date.

$.

Conversion Re#ortin" <a&* /on4ersion pro+ram s*ould +enerate t*e $ollo3in+ reports( 1/ /on4ersion Statisti&s Report( T*is is a brea=do3n o$ &on4ersion statisti&s ?ie/ Total number o$ re&ords in t*e input $ileT total number o$ re&ords pro&essedT total number o$ re&ords &ontainin+ errors@. 2/ Ma6or <rror Report( T*is is a list o$ all t*e re&ords5 3*i&* &ontained ma6or errors ?ie/ 0o 4alue $or a mandator, $ieldT in&orre&t/non SAP Standard 4alue $or a mandator, $ieldT in&orre&t/non SAP standard 4alue $or an, $ield 3it* a &*e&= table@. It s*ould also detail re&ords 3*i&* *a4e $ailed be&ause

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Sele&t statements *a4e not been able to return an SAP 4alue ?e+/ Pur&*ase %rder /on4ersion 3ill ta=e a le+a&, s,stem 'endor number and use it to tr, to $ind t*e SAP 'endor 0umber@. A pa+e brea= s*ould e1ist bet3een t*ese reports. <a&* o$ t*e &on4ersion pro+rams s*ould use t*e same Report $ormat. '. BDC Sessions vs. Ca)) Transactions I$ t*e re>uirements deem t*at -7/ sessions are not needed in a $inis*ed state ?$or user re4ie3/&om$ort@5 use /A## TRA0SA/TI%0 and &reate a -7/ session $or error transa&tions 3it* errors. 0. Conversion Testin" All /ustom /on4ersion A-APs s*ould be unit tested prior to bein+ si+ned o$$ as &ompleted. It is assumed t*at in &ases 3*ere t*e /on4ersion pro&ess &omprises a SAP Standard and a /ustom A-AP A-AP5 bot* 3ill be unit tested. T*e te1t $ile 3ill be passed t*rou+* t*e SAP Standard A-AP5 all t*e 3a, to e1e&utin+ t*e -7/ Session. Test s&ripts and data s*ould be pro4ided to t*e /on4ersion $un&tional and te&*ni&al 7esi+ners.

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

$J ED% :o&i+ications L*en modi$,in+ SAP supplied <7I $un&tion modules5 t*e $ollo3in+ steps s*ould be $ollo3ed( 1. Co#y SA* stan&ar& +unction mo&u)e An e1a&t &op, o$ SAPCs standard <7I $un&tion modules 3ill be made $or t*ose transa&tions t*at 0o4artis 3ill be usin+. T*ese &opies 3ill =eep t*e same name as t*e ori+inal5 but 3ill be pre$i1ed 3it* ABG//aC ? // S /ountr, /ode5 a S appli&ation I7@. T*e name o$ t*e $un&tion module 3ill ser4e as t*e Alin=C ba&= to t*e SAP ori+inal 4ersion. $. :o&i+ications an& commentin" Modi$i&ations are made dire&tl, in t*e &ode o$ t*e &ustomer $un&tion module. T*e modi$i&ation s*ould be &ommented in su&* a 3a, as to allo3 eas, readabilit, and tra&=in+ o$ updates. Modi$i&ations s*ould onl, in&lude addin+ lines o$ &ode and &ommentin+ out o$ SAP &ode5 i$ ne&essar,. SAP standard &ode s*ould ne4er be deleted or &*an+ed. T*e modi$i&ations s*ould be &ommented and mar=ed 3it* a sear&* strin+ as des&ribed in Se&tion 4 abo4e. '. OSS notes s!ou)& .e a##)ie& simu)taneous)y to SA* stan&ar& an& custom +unction mo&u)es T*is 3ill ensure t*at bot* $un&tion modules are =ept in s,n&. It also ensures t*at t*e onl, di$$eren&es in t*e t3o $un&tion modules are t*e &ommented modi$i&ations made as a result o$ as DAP. T*is 3ill ma=e it easier in t*e $uture to identi$, SAP bu+s independentl, $rom t*e modi$i&ations made at 0o4artis. T*e ad4anta+es and disad4anta+es to t*is met*od are outlined in t*e $ollo3in+ table( A&vanta"es <ase o$ &ode maintenan&e and modi$i&ation
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Disadvantages SAP la&= o$ support $or &ustomer $un&tion modules

'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Minimal up+rade impa&t. /ustomer $un&tion modules 3ill remain un&*an+ed. ; no &*an&e o$ o4er3rite. Per$orman&e &an be $ine;tuned more easil, b, remo4in+ unne&essar, +eneri& loo=ups ?depends on &ustomer;spe&i$i& needs@.

Mi+ration o$ up+raded en*an&ements in SAP standard $un&tion modules to &ustomer $un&tion modules.

'J Correction an& Trans#ort System -CTS/ Namin" Stan&ar&s 1. %ntro&uction T*e purpose o$ t*is do&ument is to outline t*e namin+ &on4ention t*at s*ould be $ollo3ed $or t*e &reation o$ Transports $or A-AP de4elopment 6obs in t*e de4elopment en4ironment. A ri+orous namin+ &on4ention is t*e &ornerstone o$ e$$e&ti4e 4ersion mana+ement and &*an+e &ontrol in an SAP lands&ape. T*e Transport des&ription 3ill allo3 t*e te&*ni&al team to audit / tra&= / +roup &*an+es in t*e s,stem. It 3ill also allo3 t*e te&*ni&al team to identi$, and &orre&t errors 3*en t*e, o&&ur. In s*ort a +ood namin+ standard 3ill allo3 t*e te&*ni&al team and t*e -asis en+ineers to better support t*e pro6e&t. It s*ould be noted t*at t*e basis team 3ill be instru&ted not to mo4e an, transports $rom 7e4elopment 3*i&* do not &ompl, 3it* t*e namin+ standard outlined belo3. $. Stan&ar& Out)ine T*is se&tion 3ill re4ie3 some o$ t*e main $ields o$ rele4an&e in t*e transport5 and 3*i&* are re+ularl, used as a basis $or reportin+. Transport 0o. T*e transport no is automati&all, assi+ned b, t*e SAP s,stem to ea&* /TS.
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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

Sample Transport 0o(

7%3K))342

T*e $irst 3 letters re$er to t*e Instan&e 3*ere t*e transport is bein+ &reated5 ?transport noCs are &lient independent@. K 7elimiter. .inall, a se>uential 6 di+it number t*at identi$ies t*e transport. .or in$o. SAP supplied transports e.+. $or Ser4i&e Pa&=s/ 2ot Pa&=ets $ollo3 t*e SAP namin+ &on4ention i.e. T*ese are not pre$i1ed 3it* our s,stem Id S!ort Descri#tion T*is $ield is t*e main $o&us o$ t*is do&ument. T*e s*ort des&ription is a 6) &*ara&ter $ree te1t $ield 3*i&* is &ompleted b, t*e &reator o$ t*e transport re>uest. T*is is one o$ t*e primar, $ields used b, t*e te&*ni&al team $or reportin+. %utlined belo3 is t*e stru&ture 3*i&* must be $ollo3ed 3*en &reatin+ a Transport re>uest. Position 1;3 4 5.6 name@ F ;11 Te1t 'alid 3;&*ara&ter pre$i1 e.+. 0// 7as* A;A SAP module name ?Pi&= $rom .un&tional spe&

7as* A;A T,pe o$ pro+ram ?Pi&= $rom .un&tional spe& name e.+. /%05 R<P5 et&.@ $ollo3ed b, a spa&e 12 7as* A;A 13.16 'alid se>uen&e number ?Pre$i1 ) to t*e 3 di+it number obtained $rom .un&tional spe& name@ 1F.24 'alid date in NNNNMM77 $ormat 25V 'alid R/3 user id5 $ollo3ed b, spa&e5 $ollo3ed b, $ree $orm te1t. <1ample( NCC8F%8CON Q===$$=='=1$1RO1TRAB1 C!art o+ Accounts Conversion

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3

T*e 3;&*ara&ter pre$i1 $or t*e transport des&ription s*ould be &*osen $rom t*e $ollo3in+ table( *re+i5 CAT DMC DNT DVC GUE NCC OSS USC UUE Descri#tion CATT SCRIPTS DEDUCTION MANAGEMENT DO NOT TRANSPORT! DEVELOPMENT CLASSES GLOBAL USER EXIT NOVARTIS CONSUMER CORE OSS NOTES US SECURITY AND CONTROLS US USER EXIT

Note7 L*en &reatin+ Transport Re>uests $or an, 8ser <1it 6obs5 please use t*e pre$i1 A(1EG. T*e $ollo3in+ aspe&ts related to or+aniIation o$ /TS s*ould be ad*ered to( %b6e&ts o$ t*e same pro+ram in one transport re>uest. %b6e&ts $or +lobal use in separate re>uest one $or ea&* A-AP ob6e&t. /reate related +roup o$ +lobal ob6e&ts in one re>uest.

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0J SA* Stan&ar& Conversion *ro"rams Business O.6ect Financia) Accountin" .inan&ial A&&ountin+ .inan&ial A&&ountin+ .inan&ial A&&ountin+ .inan&ial A&&ountin+ F%8Ban> Data A&&ountin+ do&uments Assets D/# a&&ount master /ustomer master 'endor master Trans$er o$ -an= 7ata ?Austrian@ Trans$er o$ -an= 7ata ?/anada@ Trans$er o$ -an= 7ata ?Derman,@ Trans$er o$ -an= 7ata ?Dreat -ritain@ Trans$er o$ -an= 7ata ?Italian@ Trans$er o$ -an= 7ata ?Spanis*@ Trans$er o$ -an= 7ata ?S3iss@ Master data ?%r+aniIational 8nits@ Pa,roll a&&ount Personnel plannin+ data /reate &*ara&teristi&s /reate &lasses *ro"ramJTransaction Co&e R.-I-#)) RAA#T7)1 ?-at&* Input@ RAA#T711 ?7ire&t Input@ R.-ISA)) R.-I7<)) R.-IKR)) R.-'ATG) R.-'/AG) R.-'7G G2 R.-'D-G) R.-'ITG) R.-'<SG) R.-'/2G) RP8ST7)) RP8#KT)) R2A#T7)) R//T-I)1 R//#-I)1
'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3
4i

.I;Deneral #ed+er .I;Deneral #ed+er .I;Deneral #ed+er Human Resources 2uman Resour&es 2uman Resour&es :ateria)s :ana"ement Materials Mana+ement
1!42!6653.do&

Pa+e

Business O.6ect Materials Mana+ement Materials Mana+ement Materials Mana+ement Materials Mana+ement Materials Mana+ement /reate &lassi$i&ation /*an+e &lassi$i&ation Material master Pur&*ase in$ormation re&ords Pur&*ase re>uisitions %pen pur&*ase order

*ro"ramJTransaction Co&e

Materials Mana+ement Materials Mana+ement Materials Mana+ement :ateria)s :ana"ement -EHXS/

R//#-I)2 R//#RI)3 RM7ATI07 RM)6I-I) RM)6--I) RM)6<<I) Pur&*ase %rder RM)6<<I1 %rder 7e4elopment RSTX#IT. #on+ Te1ts Reser4ations RM)FRR<S Sto&=s ?In4entor, Mana+ement@ RM)FMM-# 'endor master R.-IKR)) P*rases /D31 Sour&es Substan&es /D32 /D33 RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP RII-IP))/I-IP
'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3
4ii

*)ant :aintenance Plant Maintenan&e Plant Maintenan&e Plant Maintenan&e Plant Maintenan&e Plant Maintenan&e Plant Maintenan&e Plant Maintenan&e Plant Maintenan&e Plant Maintenan&e Plant Maintenan&e
1!42!6653.do&

Measurin+ point Measurement do&ument 0oti$i&ations ; +eneral .un&tional lo&ation %b6e&t lin= <>uipment Maintenan&e plan S&*edulin+ maintenan&e plan %rder &on$irmation <>uipment tas= list Deneral maintenan&e tas= list

Pa+e

Business O.6ect Plant Maintenan&e *ro&uction :aster Data Produ&tion Master 7ata Produ&tion Master 7ata Produ&tion Master 7ata Produ&tion Master 7ata *ro&uction *)annin" SA*8E%S Sa)es an& Distri.ution Sales and 7istribution Sa)es an& Distri.ution on .un&tional lo&ation tas= list /reate bill o$ material /*an+e bill o$ material /reate 4ariant bill o$ material /reate bill o$ material 3it* lon+ te1ts Routin+s/tas= lists 7o&umentation in$o re&ord 7emand mana+ement Se4eral re&ords $or SAP;<IS /ondition re&ords ?pri&in+@ /ustomer master %pen sales orders In4oi&in+ e1ternal transa&tions Iare!ouse :ana"ement Stora+e bins Sto&=s on Stora+e -ins

*ro"ramJTransaction Co&e RII-IP))/I-IP R/S-I)1) R/S-I)2) R/S-I)3) R/S-I)4) R/PTRA)1 R/'-I)1) RMMM6)-I ?-at&* Input@ RM6)I0)) ?7ire&t Input@ RK/.I#<) R'14-T/I R.-I7<)) R'I0'-)) R'A.SS)) R#P#AT)) R#-<ST))

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'ersion( 3 )4 Mar&* 2))3