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IMPORTANT DEFINITION: -
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS NOTES ON GROUP-B => MODULE-3 => BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
BEAM: - Beam is a horizontal structural member subjected to a system of external forces perpendicular to its axis. FLITCHED (COMPOSITE) BEAM: - The beam which is made of two or more different material is known as flitched or Composite beam. BENDING STRESS: - The stress developed within the beam material to resist bending of the beam due to bending moment is known as bending stress. PURE BENDING STRESS: - The bending stress developed within the no shear stress zone of the beam for resisting the bending of the beam is called Pure Bending
Stress.
MOMENT OF RESISTANCE: - It is the resistive moment offered by the beam material against the bending moment due application of external load.
Mathematically, Moment of Resistance = Mr = fz Where f = Bending Stress, z = Section Modulus. FLEXURAL STRENGTH: - Flexural Strength of Beam section is defined as the internal resistive strength or moment of resistance offered by the beam material to prevent. Mathematically, Flexural Strength = Moment of Resistance = fz Where f = Bending Stress, z = Section Modulus. FLEXURAL RIGIDITY: - The flexural rigidity of a beam section is defined as product of moment of inertia of the section about its neutral axis and Youngs modulus of elasticity of the beam material. Mathematically, Flexural Rigidity = EI Where E = Youngs Modulus of Elasticity, I = Moment of Inertia of beam cross section about it neutral axis. NEUTRAL PLANE: - It is defined as the layer (plane) within beam material where the value of bending stress (tensile or compressive) is zero. And it remains unchanged in size after bending but its shape changes. NETRAL AXIS: - It is defined as the line of intersection between neutral layer and transverse cross section of the beam RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF BEAM: - It is defined as the radius of curvature of neutral plane of the beam after bending. CURVATURE OF BEAM: - It is defined as the reciprocal of radius of curvature of the beam. SECTION MODULUS OF BEAM: - Section Modulus of a beam is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia of beam section about neutral axis & the distance between neutral axis of the beam and extreme fibre.
= ): -
For Deducing the bending Equation an very small elementary beam is taken
For the above case, let Bending Moment = M = = , Moment of Inertia of beam cross section about NL = I = = , f = Bending Stress at Layer EF at a distance of y from Neutral Axis, y = Distance of a layer on which bending stress is to calculated from neutral axis, E = Youngs Modulus of Elasticity & R = Radius of Curvature of N.L. Before bending, EF = MN & After bending, MN = mn ( As MN is Neutral Layer of the beam) Therefore EF = MN = mn (after bending) , the arc ef, mn are circular. From the above figure, Using Mathematics we get mn = R, So EF = MN = mn = R. & ef = (R+y) ( ) After Bending Strain on Layer ef is = = = = = From Hooke Formula, We know that Bending Stress on Layer ef = (Strain on layer ef) X (Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of the beam). Therefore, f = . => f = . (Putting = => = (i)
In the above figure let the area of the elementary strip of the section is dA. Then force developed in the strip = f.dA & the elementary moment of resistance due to the elementary force = dM = f.dA.y Total moment of resistance due to all such elementary forces = = . . => M = . . Putting f = y. , We get M = y. . . = . But = M = . => = (ii) = = (Proved) Hence from Eq.(i) & Eq.(ii) We get
FORMULAE FOR MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS Serial No Type of Beam Diagram Nature of Loading Maximum Bending Moment Point Where Maximum B.M. Occurs
Cantilever Beam
WL
Cantilever Beam
UDL (Uniformly Distributed Load) w Over entire Length. Point or Concentrated Load W at the free End + UDL (Uniformly Distributed Load) w Over entire Length. Point or Concentrated Load W at Mid Span.
wL
Cantilever Beam
WL +
WL
At the MidSpan
wL
At the MidSpan
Point or Concentrated Load W at Midspan + UDL (Uniformly Distributed Load) w Over entire Length.
At the MidSpan
Where W = Point/Concentrated Load, w = UDL= Uniformly Distributed Load & L = Span of the beam
(Where M=Bending Moment, I = Moment of Inertia About Neutral Axis, f = Bending Stress, y = Fibre Distance from N.A., E Youngs Modulus & R = Radius of Curvature)
Diagram
Rectangular Section
bd
Square Section
Circular Section
I = *I = = . . + . + . + . . + . *I . ={
(
+ a . (h ) + + + a . (h ) +
)
T-Section
b (d ) { + b d (h ) }
+ b d (h ) } +
Symmetrical I-Section
= = .
+ . + . + + . + . . + . . + . + .
I = *I + a . (h ) + + I + *I + a . (h ) + . ={ + +{
( ( ( ) ) )
+ b d (h ) } + b d (h ) }
Asymmetrical I-Section
= = .
+ . + . + + . + . . + . . + . + .
I = *I + a . (h ) + + *I + a . (h ) + + *I + a . (h ) + .
{ +{ b (d )
( )
+ b d (h ) }
+ b d (h ) } + b (d ) { + b d (h ) }
Parallel Axis Theorem => I = + , a1, a2 & a3 = Area of the Part Figure, y1, y2 & y3 = Distance of C.G. of Part Fig. From Bottom of the Beam. h1, h2 & h3 = Distance between Centroidal Axis of Part Fig. and Neutral Axis of Whole Fig., b1, b2 & b3 = Width of the Beam and d1, d2 & d3 = Depth of Beam.