SIMPLE BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS:

IMPORTANT DEFINITION: -

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS NOTES ON GROUP-B => MODULE-3 => BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS

BEAM: - Beam is a horizontal structural member subjected to a system of external forces perpendicular to its axis. FLITCHED (COMPOSITE) BEAM: - The beam which is made of two or more different material is known as flitched or Composite beam. BENDING STRESS: - The stress developed within the beam material to resist bending of the beam due to bending moment is known as bending stress. PURE BENDING STRESS: - The bending stress developed within the no shear stress zone of the beam for resisting the bending of the beam is called Pure Bending
Stress.

MOMENT OF RESISTANCE: - It is the resistive moment offered by the beam material against the bending moment due application of external load.
Mathematically, Moment of Resistance = Mr = fz Where f = Bending Stress, z = Section Modulus. FLEXURAL STRENGTH: - Flexural Strength of Beam section is defined as the internal resistive strength or moment of resistance offered by the beam material to prevent. Mathematically, Flexural Strength = Moment of Resistance = fz Where f = Bending Stress, z = Section Modulus. FLEXURAL RIGIDITY: - The flexural rigidity of a beam section is defined as product of moment of inertia of the section about its neutral axis and Youngs modulus of elasticity of the beam material. Mathematically, Flexural Rigidity = EI Where E = Youngs Modulus of Elasticity, I = Moment of Inertia of beam cross section about it neutral axis. NEUTRAL PLANE: - It is defined as the layer (plane) within beam material where the value of bending stress (tensile or compressive) is zero. And it remains unchanged in size after bending but its shape changes. NETRAL AXIS: - It is defined as the line of intersection between neutral layer and transverse cross section of the beam RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF BEAM: - It is defined as the radius of curvature of neutral plane of the beam after bending. CURVATURE OF BEAM: - It is defined as the reciprocal of radius of curvature of the beam. SECTION MODULUS OF BEAM: - Section Modulus of a beam is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia of beam section about neutral axis & the distance between neutral axis of the beam and extreme fibre.

FACTORS ON WHICH THE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF BEAM SECTION DEPENDS

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Quantity of area of transverse section of the beam. The Shape of the transverse sectional area of the beam (Circular section, Rectangular section, T-section, I-section ect.). The types of the beam material (Concrete, steel, Wood)

ASSUMPTIONS IN THE SIMPLE BENDING THEORY

The beam material should be perfectly homogeneous & isotropic. The beam material should be stressed within its elastic limit & thus it obeys Hookes Law. The transverse sections of beam which were plane before bending will remain plane after bending. The value of Youngs Modulus of Elasticity is the same both in tension & compression. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently. The beam should be subjected to pure bending stress & as a result it will take the shape of circular curve. The beam will be initially straight & will be of uniform cross sectional area. The radius of curvature of beam will be much greater than the depth of the beam. The resultant pull or push on any transverse beam section will be zero. The loads will act perpendicular to the axis of the beam.

DEDUCTION OF THE BENDING EQUATION( =

= ): -

For Deducing the bending Equation an very small elementary beam is taken

For the above case, let Bending Moment = M = = , Moment of Inertia of beam cross section about NL = I = = , f = Bending Stress at Layer EF at a distance of y from Neutral Axis, y = Distance of a layer on which bending stress is to calculated from neutral axis, E = Youngs Modulus of Elasticity & R = Radius of Curvature of N.L. Before bending, EF = MN & After bending, MN = mn ( As MN is Neutral Layer of the beam) Therefore EF = MN = mn (after bending) , the arc ef, mn are circular. From the above figure, Using Mathematics we get mn = R, So EF = MN = mn = R. & ef = (R+y) ( ) After Bending Strain on Layer ef is = = = = = From Hooke Formula, We know that Bending Stress on Layer ef = (Strain on layer ef) X (Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of the beam). Therefore, f = . => f = . (Putting = => = (i)

In the above figure let the area of the elementary strip of the section is dA. Then force developed in the strip = f.dA & the elementary moment of resistance due to the elementary force = dM = f.dA.y Total moment of resistance due to all such elementary forces = = . . => M = . . Putting f = y. , We get M = y. . . = . But = M = . => = (ii) = = (Proved) Hence from Eq.(i) & Eq.(ii) We get

FORMULAE FOR MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS Serial No Type of Beam Diagram Nature of Loading Maximum Bending Moment Point Where Maximum B.M. Occurs

Cantilever Beam

Point or Concentrated Load W at the free End

WL

At the Fixed End

Cantilever Beam

UDL (Uniformly Distributed Load) w Over entire Length. Point or Concentrated Load W at the free End + UDL (Uniformly Distributed Load) w Over entire Length. Point or Concentrated Load W at Mid Span.

wL

At the Fixed End

Cantilever Beam

WL +

At the Fixed End

Simply Supported Beam

WL

At the MidSpan

Simply Supported Beam

UDL (Uniformly Distributed Load) w Over entire Length.

wL

At the MidSpan

Simply Supported Beam

Point or Concentrated Load W at Midspan + UDL (Uniformly Distributed Load) w Over entire Length.

At the MidSpan

Where W = Point/Concentrated Load, w = UDL= Uniformly Distributed Load & L = Span of the beam

IMPORTANT FORMULA TO SOLVE PROBLEMS USING Serial No. Name of Section

(Where M=Bending Moment, I = Moment of Inertia About Neutral Axis, f = Bending Stress, y = Fibre Distance from N.A., E Youngs Modulus & R = Radius of Curvature)

Diagram

Distance of Neutral Axis from Bottom fibre of Beam * +

Moment of Inertia of Beam Section about Neutral Axis* +

Rectangular Section

bd

Square Section

Circular Section

I = *I = = . . + . + . + . . + . *I . ={
(

+ a . (h ) + + + a . (h ) +
)

T-Section

b (d ) { + b d (h ) }

+ b d (h ) } +

Symmetrical I-Section

= = .

+ . + . + + . + . . + . . + . + .

I = *I + a . (h ) + + I + *I + a . (h ) + . ={ + +{
( ( ( ) ) )

+ b d (h ) } + b d (h ) }

Asymmetrical I-Section

= = .

+ . + . + + . + . . + . . + . + .

I = *I + a . (h ) + + *I + a . (h ) + + *I + a . (h ) + .
{ +{ b (d )
( )

+ b d (h ) }

+ b d (h ) } + b (d ) { + b d (h ) }

Parallel Axis Theorem => I = + , a1, a2 & a3 = Area of the Part Figure, y1, y2 & y3 = Distance of C.G. of Part Fig. From Bottom of the Beam. h1, h2 & h3 = Distance between Centroidal Axis of Part Fig. and Neutral Axis of Whole Fig., b1, b2 & b3 = Width of the Beam and d1, d2 & d3 = Depth of Beam.